1

.
2

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:
:

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)(Image

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()video on demand

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) (Pixel.
.
Pixel

) : (1 bit
256 :(8 bit) Grayscale
(Red Green Blue : )24 bit

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 1024x768 2
1024x768 *1 = 768 Kb = 0.75 Mb = 0.09MB
()8bit
1024x768 *8 = 6144 Kb = 6 Mb =0.75MB
()24bit
1024x768 *24 = 18432Kb = 18 Mb = 2.25MB

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64 flash card

1024x768 ( )24 bit 2.25MB

.
64MB/ 2.25MB =28
28 !

64 Kbps
2.25*1024*8 Kb / 64Kbps= 18432Kbit / 64Kbps =288 s

288 s= 4.8 m

5 !

.
9

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( 30 )25 ( ) .

352*248*24*30 = 59.94Mb=7.49 MB
CD
650 MB / 7.49 MB = 86.8
78 !!!
CD 74 .
10

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11

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12

64 kb/sec

4 kb/sec

16

1.5 Mb/sec

128 - 768 Kb/sec

12 -2

30 Mb/sec

64-768 kb/sec

480 - 40

VCD

60.83 Mb/sec

1.5 Mb/sec

40

HDTV

1.33 Gb/sec

20 Mb/sec

69

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 Compression
:

.1
.2

13

()WinZip , WinRar

) :(Encoder .
( :)Decoder
.

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:
:

.
1. Entropy

2. Redundancy

: Entropy
-
: Redundancy

14

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Entropy Redundancy
Redundancy
.

Entropy ()
.

15

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Entropy and Redundancy

16

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: Lossless

: Lossy

.1
.2

17

(. )Zip,Rar

.

: .

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.
.

18

() .
.

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19

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20

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 Redundancy
( spatial Redundancy )
spatial Redundancy Temporal
( Redundancy ) .
Entropy
Redundancy .
Redundancy
.

21

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 Lossless
()
.
:
.1 : Entropy
.
.2 :
.3 : .

(. )
22

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 Lossy

.
Entropy .

: .
: (. )PSNR

:
.1 : Entropy .
.2
.3
.4
23

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( )
24

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 lossy

--

--

25

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( )
( video on demand )
( )VCD,DVD :

26

FF

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FF

--

27

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 Lossless
a, b ,c ,d
1000
:
Code
00
01
10
11

Symbol Number
a
900
b
50
c
25
d
25

Coding: 2 bits per symbol

total bits = 2x1000 = 2000
28

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.
Bits
900
100
75
75

Code
0
10
110
111

Symbol Number
a
900
b
50
c
25
d
25

Total bits = 900 + 100 + 75 + 75 = 1150

Average bits/symbol = 1150/1000 = 1.15 < 2
Compression = source bits/code bits = 2/1.15 =1.74

29

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 :
Symbol Number Code
a
900
0
b
50
10
c
25
110
d
25
111

Bits
900
100
75
75

)( Encoding: Source = abaaaaca Code = 01000001100

) (Decoding: Code 0011100100 Decode = aadaaba

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30



.
N
:
N =26.
.
N =2^24 = 16,777,216

31

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i pi.
Entropy :
N

bits

) H pi log 2(1/ pi
i 1

H .
32

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 :
1
N = 2, binary source
H = .469 bits

i
pi

0.1

0.9

l og2 (1/p i )

3.32 2

0.15 2

pi l og2 (1/p i )

0.33 2

0.13 7

2
N = 6, p = 1/6 for all symbols

H 6 (1/ 6log 2(6)) log 2 6

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log10 6
2.58
log10 2

bits

33

4586478948
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
s1 = 4, s2 = 5 , s3 = 6 , s4 = 7 , s5 = 8 , s6 = 9
p1 = p5 = 3/10, p2 = p3 = p4 = p6 = 1/10
Pi
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1

H = 2.371 bits.

34

Symbol Number
4
3
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
3
9
1

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 Variable Length Code

( )si li .
.

(. )prefix

Lave H

35

pi l i

i 0

Lave

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 :
Symbol Probability Codeword
a
0.5
0
b
0.25
10
c
0.125
110
d
0.125
111

H = 1.75

Av. bits. per symbol 1 0.5 2 0.25 3 0.125 3 1.25

0.5 0.5 0.375 0.375 1.750

Lavg=H
Compression = code bits/source bits = 2/1.75 =1.143

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36

 ( )Huffman

() .
Codeword
.
.
prefix (. )

37

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.1

.2
.3

.4
.5

38

.

.
1

0 1
.

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 :
Symbol Probability
?
0.10
e
0.30
k
0.05
l
0.20
r
0.20
u
0.10
w
0.05
H = 2.55

ST 1
e 0.30
l 0.20
r 0.20
? 0.10
u 0.10
k 0.05
w 0.05

ST 2
e 0.30
l 0.20
r 0.20
? 0.10
u 0.10
A 0.10

ST 4
e 0.30
C 0.30
l 0.20
r 0.20

ST 6
ST 5
D 0.40 D 0.40
e 0.30 E 0.60
C 0.30
E=e,C
D=l,r

C=B,?

B=u,A

A=k,w

00
01
10
1100
11010
11011
111

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ST 3
e 0.30
l 0.20
r 0.20
B 0.20
? 0.10

r
l
e
u
k
w
?

?
e
k
l
r
u
w

111
10
11010
01
00
1100
11011

3
2 Lave
5
2
2
4
5

pi l i

i 0

0.10 3 0.30 2
0.05 5 ... 0.05 5
2.6

39

werul

3
2
5
2
2
4
5

111
10
11010
01
00
1100
11011

?
e
k
l
r
u
w

110111000110001
40

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k . 2k
.
: .
L 2k-l .

K = 5 32 .
r 25-2=8 00 .
00
r
r 2.
01
l
e
?
u
k
w
41

10
111
1100
11010
11011
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Symbol
a
b
c
d

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Code
0
10
110
111

code symbol length

000
a
1
001
a
1
010
a
1
011
a
1
100
b
2
101
b
2
110
c
3
111
d
3

42

 :
11011100011000110111

43

5 . Output = w, l = 5 .11011
.
10 .Output = e, l = 2 .10001
2 .
00 .Output = r, l = 2 .00110
2 .
1100 .Output = u, l = 4 .11000
4 .
......01101

r
l
e
?
u
k
w

00
01
10
111
1100
11010
11011

4/29/2012