jrefrmhk;d &m rdausmif; wl&,

d m
&efif; (awmifwHcg;)

oHav; csnaf csmif;

omonfh apmif;ESifh
rdausmif; !SdKv_yf
jiif; vufckyfvnf;
aerd bHkcef;ysdK
Sift*~orm"d
(jrefrm ouU&mZf 841-914)
jrefrmhdk;&m rdausmif; wl&d,m u }udK;oHk;acsmif;wyfxm;+yD; vufcwfeJwD;&wJh wl&d,mjzpfygw,f?
rdausmif; wudk,fvHk;yHkukd ydawmufom; opfom;xif; yef;yk kyfvHk;jzpfap/ ppfpD;om;dk;udkif+yD; om;a&eJ
usux
f m;wJh opfom;udk,x
f nfrSm rdausmif; acgif; eJ t+rD;yHkukd wyfvdkjzpfap xkvyk fxm;ygw,f?

opfom;xif; rdausmif; wl&d,m

oHom jrav;
oDau; !if; apmif;
rdausmif; pnf;qkyf

yk*H+rdKa[mif; "rR&mZdu bk&m;eH&H rifpm vuFm

taemufzufvefrif; vufxuf
tif;acwf (jrefrm ouU&mZf 967-990)
'Duae refdk;&m wD;dkif;awrSm Kyam vdkac:wJh rdausmif;wl&d,mudk oHk;pJaeqJjzpfayr,fh jrefrmh
dk;&mwD;dkif;awrSmawmh toHk;rdSawmhoavmufyJrdk jrefrmjynfxJrSmawmifrS rdausmif; wl&d,m&J toHukd
=um;zl;wJhol enf;yg;vmyg+yD?

rdausmif;wl&d,m (Kyam ) eJ vjcrf;yHk a=u;aemif (Bat Kine)

refdk;&m wD;dkif;
rdausmif;wl&d,m&J toHxu
u
f
jrefrmhdk;&m }udK;wyfwl&d,m apmif;aumuf eJ apmif;q&m}uD;
apmif;OD;boef; wDxi fwJh 16 }udK;wyf apmif;jym; aweJ rwlHkruyJ apmif;wD;uuf [efyefaweJvnf;
umjcm;ygw,f? rdausmif;wl&d,m&J toHu wa,mvdk ywfqJwhJ toHSnfrsdK; r[kwaf yr,fh vufcwfukd
tom; tjyef cwf+yD; cyfoufouf wD;wJh vufuufaw ygwma=umifh jrefrmhar;pm;
}udK;wyfwl&d,mawjzpfwJh 'Hkrif;/ r,f'vif/ bif*sdK/ Asyfapmif;/ jrefrm*Dwm aweJvnf; ododomom
uJjym;ygw,f?
apmif; nif; rdausmif;
atmif;uav;wjcm;/ ywWvm; ESifh
vufzsm;oHaESm/ wa,m [lonf
ajcmufrnf +idrfhrsdK;
em&'ysdK
rHka;q&mawmf
(jrefrm ouU&mZf 1128-1196 )

jrefrm/ ref axmifwa,m (Graw)

jrefrm'Hkrif;

jrefrmr,f'vif (mandolin)

jrefrmbif*sdK (banjo)

jrefrm*Dwm (slide guitar)

Asyfapmif; (rlv wkwfEdkifiH Zmwd)

jrefrmh rdausmif; wl&d,m

pkrm=w/ *sm;Am;/ zdvpfydkifuef;pk/ xdkif;vif;/ uarBm'D;,m;/ jrefrm tpdSwJh tmSEdkifiHawrSm rdausmif;

wl&d,m rsdK;E,ftkyfpkif qifwl wl&d,maygif; trsm;}uD;dSygw,f? }udK;eJ vufuuf ta&twuf trsdK;rsdK;/
emrnftrsdK;rsdK;dS=uayr,fh tajccHyHkpHuawmh cyfqifqifwl=uwJh rdausmif;yHkpHawcsnf;ygyJ?

aomhoD;aw udk rdausmif;acgif;zufrSmxm;wJh yHkpHuJ rdausmif; wl&d,m

tmS EdkifiHawu rdausmif; qifwl wl&d,mrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh rdausmif;wl&d,mudk ysLacwfuwnf;u oHk;pJae=uw,fvdk ajymEdkifp&m
rSwfwrf;dSygw,f? c&pf ouU&mZf *01-804 ckESpf/ 9 &mpkESpftwif; wkwfEdkifiHrSm wef rif;quf (T'ang
Dynasty) tkyfpdk;aepOfwkef;u cspf=unfa&; *Dw azsmfajzr_wcktwuf wkwfEdkifiHudk c&D;om;cJh=uwJh
+*DauQ=w (oD&dacwW&m) ysL wl&d,mSifaweJ wl&d,mawta=umif; acwf+ydKif wkwfrSwfwrf;wck
awdSxm;ygw,f? tJ'D ysL acwf u rdausmif;wl&d,mrSm }udK; 18 acsmif;ygw,fvdkvnf; rSwfom;&ygw,f?
'Duae wkwfEdkifiHrSm oHk;pJaewJh }udK;wyfwl&d,m (Guzheng) yHkpHrsdK;yJvm;vdk cefrSef;=unfh&ygw,f?

}udK;wyfwl&d,m Guzheng (wkwfjynf)

jrefrmh rdausmif;wl&d,m u }udK;oHk;acsmif;udk uspfxm;wJh ydk;}udK;aweJvkyfygw,f? vufEdSyfuufawukad wmh

opfom;wHk;i,faw/ owWK/ qifp,f ypPnf;trsdK;pHkok;H ygw,f? trsm;tm;jzifhawmh vufEdSyfuuf 6
uuyf gavhdSygw,f? }udK;oHk;acsmif;qdkawmh 18 uuaf ygh? }udK; 3 }udK;udk tvww
f ;D oH 3 oHygqdk&if qdkawmh
pkpkaygif; 21 oH xuyf gw,f? vufEdSyfuuf 11 uuf yg&ifawmh pkpkaygif; 36 oH xuyf gw,f?
nmvufu vuf!dK;/ vufr eJ jzpfap/ vufcwfeJ jzpfap/ wD;cwf+yD; b,fvuf u vufacsmif;aweJ
vufEdSyfuufawtay:rSm }udK;awudk axmuf+yD; wD;w,fvdk rSwfom;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ apmif;/
wa,mwdkeJ rwlwhJ oD;jcm; [efyef wD;uuaf w Sdygw,f?
rdausmif;acgif;udk wD;wJho&l J nmzufrSmxm;+yD; wD;ygw,f? wD;wJholeJ teD;qHk;}udK;u 4 ayguf atmufoH
(toHedrfh)/ tvnf}udK;u 1 aygufoHrSef/ aemufqHk;}udK;u oHpOfwckjrifhwJh 4 aygufoH xm;+yD;
wD;=uygw,f? 5 aygu/f 1 ayguo
f rH Sef/ 5 ayguf !d+yD; wD;wmvnf;dSa=umif; rSwfom;&ygw,f?

rdausmif; wl&d,m u }udK;oHk;acsmif; eJ }udK;!dwJh aomhoD; 'vufaw

apmif;q&m}uD; a'ENm armifarmif}uD;u apmif;udk p+yD; rwD;cif rdausmif;twD;rSmvnf;
xl;cefolwOD;yg? rif;wkef;rif;}uD;vufxuf aSawmfajy;wD;dkif;rSm apmif;q&m}uD; armifarmifodkuf
apmif;wD;aepOfu armifarmif}uD;u rdausmif;wD;ygw,f? aemufawmh armifarmif}uD; u
apmif;udkajymif;wD;ygw,f?
oDaygrif;vufxufa&mufawmhrS a'ENmbJ &ygw,f? oDaygrif;&J aSawmfajy;wD;dkif;rSm a'ENm
armifarmif}uD; u apmif;/ urf;zdk;xdef;OD;rd_ u wa,m wD;=uygw,f? a'ENm armifarmif}uD;u
rdausmif;twD;
uae
apmif;udkajymif;wD;olqdkawmh
apmif;wD;wJhtcg
vuf!dK;wD;csuaf w
odyfaumif;ygowJh?

a'ENm armifarmif}uD;
(jrefrm ouU&mZf 1216-1291)
aersdK;Avausmfol bJ& mpm;}uD; pdefaA'gu rdausmif;wD;enf; ynmudk rdcif a':rrav; eJ tr a':oD
wdkqDu qufcHw,fvkdqdkygw,f?
&wem*D&d a&mufaewJh oDaygrif;&J orD;awmfaw em;xif;r*FvmyJ udk apmif;q&m}uD; a'ENm
armifarmif}uD; eJ mpm;}uD; pdefaA'g wdktzJu c&pfESpf 1911 twif;rSm om;a&muf+yD; azsmfajzcJh=uw,f?
&wem*D&d rSm apmif;q&m}uD; a'ENm armifarmif}uD; wD;wJh apmif;vufoH&J zrf;pm;r_udk
cH&+yD;uwnf;u mpm;}uD; pdefaA'g vnf; apmif;ynmudk tdwfoef zgarSmuf/ u}uD; uae t txd
qdkovdkyJ a'ENm armifarmif}uD; xHrSm wynfhcH+yD; oif=um;cJhw,f? a'ENm armifarmif}uD; qDu
rdausmif;wD;enf; ynmudkyg xyfavmif;&dScJhygw,f?

aersdK;Avausmfol mpm;}uD; pdefaA'g

(jrefrm ouU&mZf 1244-1304)

apmif;ynmudk ydkifydkif EdkifEdkif wwfurf;vmwJhtcgrSm mpm;}uD; pdefaA'g u wynfhawukd qdkif;ynma&m

apmif;ynmyg oif=um;ay;cJhw,f? vufoifwynfhaw apmif;wD;=uwJhtcg mpm;}uD; pdefaA'g u tJ'D
wD;vHk; wD;uuaf wudk rdausmif; eJ vdkufvdk xdef;ausmif;+yD; wD;ay;avhdSygw,f? tJ'Dtcsufudk
axmufxm;&&if rdausmif;wl&d,m&J wD;uuaf wu jynfawmfjyef/ ykvJ/ atmufjyef/ !if;vHk;/ jrifpdkif;/
'l&u/ ajcmufo,f!ef pwJh toHpOftrsdK;pHkeJwD;wJh apmif;wD;uuaf wukd r,SOf+ydKifEdkif&ifawmifrS
teD;pyfqHk;a&mufatmifawmh xyfcsyf uyf+yD; vdkufEdkifw,fvkd qdk&ygvdrfhr,f?

jrefrmhyefwsmausmif;/ *Dwoifwef;u apmif; eJ rdausmif;

r_wfwD; jiif; apmif;
aeif;aemif;ESifh
rdausmif; +ydKifaqmf
jynfawmf ykvJ
atmufjyef EJvsuf
zvdudrme/ aerd bHkcef;ysdK
Sift*~orm"d
(jrefrm ouU&mZf 841-914)
txl;aus;Zl;wifpmeJ udk;um;jcif;
(1) aerd bHkcef;ysdK/ Sift*~orm"d/ jrefrmEdkifiH Ak'<bmomtzJyHkEdSyfwdkuf/ 1971
(2) r[m*Dw/ y/ 'k/ w-wJ aygif;csKyf/ EdkifiHawmfrl/ yr t}udrf/ 'DZifbmv/ 1997
(3) *Dw0daom"eDusrf;/ armifarmifvwf/ qrt}udrf ykHESdyf/ arv 1994
(4) jrefrmhp,pf Hkusrf;/ tydkif;-u/ tw-J 9/ 1964
(5) jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;/ vlxka':trm/ arv/ 1964
(6) jrefrmhr[m*Dw/ vlxak ':trm/ Zefv/ 1994

(7) http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/EasternAsia/2618CrocodileZither/Zither2618.html
(8) www.wikipedia.org