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ZZOOOOPPLLAANNKKTTOONNSS
Dr. Subhendu Datta
Sr. ScientistKolkata, IndiaThe zooplnktons are exclusively of animal origin. In ponds, they mainly comprise protozoans,rotifers, cladocerans, copepods and their larval forms. In older classification, Protista, akingdom into which all organisms of simple biological organization were classified. Inmodern classification, it has been replaced by the Protoctista. Protoctista is a kingdomconsisting of unicellular or simple multicellular organisms that posses nuclei and cannot beclassified as animals, plants or fungi. Protoctista includes protozoa, algae, dinoflagellate,oomycota and slime moulds. Common freshwater zooplanktons are described here with theiridentifying characters.
Protozoa
(Greek, Protos-first; zoon- animal)Characteristics: Single celled or in colonies of like cells (no tissues); symmetry-spherical,bilateral or none. Size usually microscopic. 30000 species present.
Paramecium:
Older classification New classificationKingdom-Protista Kingdom-ProtoctistaPhylum- Protozoa Phylum- CiliophoraClass- Ciliata Class- CiliataOrder- Holotricha (or, Holotrichida) (rest is same)Family- ParamecidaeGenus- ParameciumMicroscopic, unicellular organisms, body slipper shaped, posterior end pointed, body coveredwith small cilia. Two contractile vacuoles, one in front and another in rear half of cell.Protozoa
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Amoeba:
Older classification New classificationKingdom-Protista Kingdom-ProtoctistaPhylum- Protozoa Phylum- RhizopodaClass- Sarconida (Rhizopoda) Class- LobosaOrder- Amoebaea (or, Amoebina) (rest is same)Family- Chaosidae, Mayorellidae, Hartmannellidae, HyalodiscidaeGenus- AmoebaThe amoeba appears to be the simplest possible living animals, an independent cell withnucleus and cytoplasm but no permanent organelles. Movement by forming and extendingtemporary fingerlike extensions or pseudopodia (pseudo-false; pods- foot). Contractile fluidfilled vacuole and food vacuoles are present. Pseudopodia lobose, fingerlike.
Rotifera
(Rotatoria- wheel animalcules)A phylum of microscopic (0.04 – 2.00 mm), pseudocoelomate aquatic animals characterizedby a crown of cilia at the head end. These are used in locomotion and in some species forfeeding the crown (corona), resemble a rotating wheel when the cilia are beating. Rotifersposses jaws and are covered with a layer of chitin (the lorica). There is no circulatory systemand gas exchange occurs across the body surface. Some rotifers reproduce byparthenogenesis. On the anterior end is a retractile disc or corona (often double) rimmed withcilia. Most of the common aquatic bdelloid rotifers can usually be recognized at a glanceunder low power because of the characteristics “2-wheeled” appearance when swimming orfeeding, or by the method of crawling on the substrate. Most of the bdelloids may crawl ininchworm or leech fusion on surfaces with the corona withdrawn.
Classification:
Old classificationPhylum- Aschelminthes (Trochelminthes)Class- RotatoriaNew classificationPhylum- RotiferaClass- Monogononta, (freshwater rotifers, 1 ovary, Bdelloidea- 2 ovaries)Seisonidae (marine rotifers)A. Order- Ploima(i). Family- BrachionidaeSub-family- Brachioninae Examples of genera: Keratella, Kellicottia, Brachionus etc.(ii). Family- Asplanchnidae Example of genera: Asplanchna(iii) Family- Synchaetidae Example of genera: PolyarthaB. Order- Flosculariaceae(i). Family- Testudinellidae Example of genera: Filinia
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Keratella:
Conical in shape, outer covering or lorica box-like with polygonal facets. Fourto six spines at anterior margins while 1-2 at posterior (spine are symmetric although notnecessarily equal).
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Kellicottia:
Body enclosed in a transparent box or lorica; anterior spines asymmetricallyunequal in length.
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Brachionus:
Inhabit wide range of water bodies such as freshwater, backwater, saltlakesand brackishwater. Size 120-250
µ
. Body enclosed in dumble shaped lorica, even number(generally six) of spines projecting at anterior margin, foot annulated and retractile.
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Asplanchna:
Body large sac-like, lorica absent, spines absent, foot absent.
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Filinia:
Two to three very long movable appendages extends from anterior side, bodyshape indefinite, foot absent (appendages are setiform extensions of cuticle).
FiliniaBrachionusKeratellaKellicottiaAsplanchna
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Zooplanktons
Indentifying characters of important freshwater zooplanktons are given in this manual. Qualitative and quantitative methods of plankton analysis are also included.
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