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Anatomy and Physiology Introduction(Marieb 5
th
Edition)
Anatomy
•
“To cut”
(tomy) and
“ana”
(apart).
•
Study of the shape and structure of the body & body parts and their relation to one another.Studies of Anatomy
1.Gross Anatomy
•
Study of 
large, easily observable body structures.
•
Ex. Our own body; heart, bones2.Microscopic Anatomy
•
Study of 
very small body structures seen through a microscope
•
Ex. Cells and tissuesPhysiology
•
“nature”
(Physio);
“study of”
(ology)
•
Study how the body and its parts work or function.Studies of Physiology
1.
 Neurophysiology- workings of nervous system.
2.
Cardiac physiology– workings of the heart.Relationship of Anatomy and Physiology are always related
•
Structure determines what functions can occur; therefore if the structure changes, the functionmust also change.
•
Ex. Lungs can’t pump blood like the heart. But because the walls of their air sacs are very thin,gaseous exchange happens.Layers of Structural Organization1.Chemical Level
•
Atoms
(tiny building blocks of matter)
combine to form Molecules (Organic and InorganicMolecules)
2.Cellular Level
•
Cells,
basic or smallest unit of life are made up of molecules
3.
Tissue Level
•
Group of similar cells that has a common function.
•
4 Tissues:
Epithelial, Connective, Smooth Muscle, and Nervous Tissue.4.Organ Level
•
Different types of tissues that perform together with one or more common functions.
•
Ex. Stomach5.Organ System Level
•
Group of Organs
 
with a common function or set of functions.
•
Must have an
Integration of Organ System
for an organism to survive. 
6.
Organism Level (Highest Level)
 
•
Human Organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on oneanother
(11 Organ Systems)The 11 Organ Systems1.Integumentary System 
a.
Structure:
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands. b.
Functions:
•
Receives stimuli
(changes in the environment; temperature, pressure, and pain)
•
Protection against pathogens
(disease causing microorganism from environment) and
chemicals
•
Protection against injury on deeper tissues.
•
Regulates body temperature
•
Prevents water loss
•
Excretes salts and urea in perspiration
•
Synthesize Vitamin D
(from UV Rays)2.Skeletal System
a.
Structure:
206 Bones, Cartilages, Joints, Ligaments
 b.
Functions:
•
Protects and support the body
•
Provides Framework to allow movement
•
Protects internal organs
(skull protects the brain)
•
Produces RBCs
 (Hematopoiesis) 
within the cavities
•
Storage of minerals and fats
(calcium deposits on the hard substance of bones)3.Muscular System
a.
Structure
: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Smooth Muscle b.
Functions:
•
To contract or shorten = Produce Body movements
•
Maintains posture
and
brings facial expression
•
Produces body heat
•
Protection (contain nerves)
4.
Lymphatic / Circulatory / Immune System (“Defense System”)
a.
Structure:
Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Thoracic Duct
 b.
Functions:
•
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
•
Combats diseases
(Vitamin C boosts up immune system)
•
Regulates tissue fluid balance
•
Absorb fats from GI tract
•
Lymphatic Vessels
 
 
returns fluid leaked from the blood and blood vessels forcontinuous blood circulation.
•
Lymph Nodes 
 
cleans blood
;
protects WBCs
 5.Respiratory System
a.
Structure:
Nose, Lungs, Pharynx / Throat, Larynx / Voice Box, Trachea, Bronchial Tubes
 b.
Function: Gaseous exchange
(Oxygen in; Carbon Dioxide out)
 
6.Digestive System
a.
Structure:
Mouth / Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, SI, LI, Rectum, Liver, Pancreas b.
Functions
•
Breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes through the anusas “feces or stool” to reclaim water.
•
Liver
produces bile that helps to break down fats
•
Pancreas
 
delivers digestive enzymes to SI
7.
 Nervous System (“Fast Acting Control System”)
a.
Structure:
CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord), Nerves, Sensory Receptor  b.
Functions
•
Major regulatory system that responds to stimuli
;
reaction is direct to the organ
•
Sensory Receptorsdetects stimulus and sends info thru nerve impulses to CNS. CNSresponds by activating appropriate muscles and glands
8.
Endocrine System (“Major Metabolic System”; “Slow Acting System”)
a.
Structure:
Glands (Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Hypothalamus, Thymus Gland,Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Testis, Ovary
 b.
Functions:
•
Major regulatory system
;
secreteHORMONESto regulate target organs
.
•
Growth and Sexual Development
•
Metabolism
•
Reproduction
•
Regulates Water and Minerals
9.Cardiovascular System
a.
Structure:
Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood b.
Functions
•
Transporting Fluid,Blood
 
transports O2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
•
Blood Pump,Heart
•
Cleans Immune System
•
Regulates Body Temp
•
WBCs
 
protects body from foreign invaders (bacteria, tumor, toxins)
10.
Urinary System
a.
Structure
: Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra b.
Functions
•
Excretes Nitrogen wastes eliminated thru Urine
.
•
Maintains Water and Salt Balance
•
Regulates Electrolyte and Acid Base balance (Blood Ph)
•
Production of RBCs
11.
Reproductive System (“Organ of Copulation”)
a.
Structures in Men:
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, vas deferens, penis, testis, scrotum
 b.
Functions
•
Production of offspring
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