l`xyil ibelepkh oekn - oeipkhd dwihnznl dhlewtd (104216) zeiwlg zeil`ivpxtic ze`eeyn lebxz jxrn

oiihyhex eiqxe` - oecrq zx`tz

mipipr okez
3 4 11 16 xac gzt `ean oey`x xcqn zeix`pil g"cn oey`x xcqn zeix`pil-ifeew g"cn 1 2 3 4

17 . . . . . . . . . . . (zixhnxtd dhiyd) miipiite`d mieewd zhiy 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'bpxbl zhiy 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mixehxte` 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zipepw dxevl xarn

4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2

26

ipy xcqn zeix`pil g"cn

44 52 57 60 70 77 82

iteqpi` xzin xear zipbenedd milbd z`eeyn iteqpi` ivg xzin xear zipbenedd milbd z`eeyn iteqpi` ivge iteqpi` xzin xear zipbened-`ld milbd z`eeyn mipzyn zcxtd zhiy - iteq megza megd z`eeyn

6 7 8 9

mipzyn zcxtd zhiy - iteq megza milbd z`eeyn 10 iteq megza zeipbened `l megde milbd ze`eeyn 11 iteq megza miipbened `l dty i`pz mr megde milbd ze`eeyn 12

96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oalna q`ltl z`eeyn 13.1 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lebira q`ltl z`eeyn 13.2

94

q`ltl z`eeyn 13

1 wxt xac gzt

miwxtl dwelgd .zeiwlg zeil`ivpxtic ze`eeyn qxewl lebxz ikxrn ef zxaega -nqa mipzyn mxcqe ,`yep lkl miycwend milebxzd xtqn .mi`yep itl dpid (zipepw dxevl xarn e` ,ipy xcqn mixehxte` enk) mi`yep yie ,mipey mixhq .llk milbxezn mpi` mizirly z` mieednd milibxzd eixg`e ihxe`z rwx riten miwxtd aex zligza milibxzdn wlg `l` milibxzd lk z` exzti `l milbxznd .envr lebxzd .mdl minec milibxz e` mipezpd geqip lk .ogand z`xwl llk jxca ,mcwzn cenill ecrep daygnl zel`y -xrd xirde zxaega oiir xae'vpit dcedi .cg`k zcnelle cnell crein xkf oeyla .l"pd llkl llkdn `vei o`k `aend xnega ze`xl oi`e ,zxfeg mlerl zerh .eize .zx`tze eiqxe` dnirp d`ixw

2 wxt `ean
-l`ivpxtic d`eeyn oexzt xikfp ,ziwlg zil`ivpxtic d`eeyn xicbp df sirqa envr lebxza .zxyxyd llk z` oiivpe ,ipye oey`x xcqn dlibx zix`ipil zi -iya zeiwlg ze`eeyn xeztl minieqn mixwna ozip cvik mi`xnd milibxz ep`vny divwpety dwica mibcdl i`ck onf yi m`e ,zelibx ze`eeyn ly zeh .oexzt deedn ok` dxevdn d`eeyn `id :(g"cn) ziwlg zil`ivpxtic d`eeyn

f (x; y; :::; u; ux; uy ; :::; uxx; uyy ; :::) = 0:

mipzyn ly u divwpet x; y; ::: miielz izla mipzyn xtqn zllek d`eeynd .ux; uy ; :::; uxx; uyy ; ::: ef divwpet ly zeiwlg zexfbpe u = u(x; y; :::) el` .da ritend deab ikd xcqdn zeiwlgd zexfbpd ly xcqd `ed g"cnd xcq ,g"cnd xcq cr zetivx zeiwlg zexfbp zlra u divwpet `ed d`eeynd oexzt .zizedf miiwzz d`eeynd ,d`eeyna dizexfbp zavde dzavd i"ry ipya ipye oey`x xcqn zeiwlg zeil`ivpxtic ze`eeyna weqrp epgp` :dxrd .mipzyn mipzynd z` da miraewyky ,d`eeyn :zix`ipil ziwlg zil`ivpxtic d`eeyn -xfbpe u mipzyna dpey`xd dlrndn mepilet milawn f` ,x; y; ::: miielz izlad . u; ux; uy ; ::: dpey`x dlrna dize :`id mipzyn ipya ipy xcqn xzeia zillkd zix`ipild g"cnd :`nbec

auxx + buxy + cuyy + dux + euy + fu + g = 0;

4

.x; y ly zeivwpet a; b; c; d; e; f; g xy`k ytgp `l miax mixwna .d`eeynd zepexzt lk sqe` `ed g"cn ly illk oexzt .mitqep mi`pz miiwny oexzt `l` illkd oexztd z` :zeix`pil ze`eeynl divifetxteqd oexwr mireaw c1 ; ::cn eidie Lu = 0 zipbened zix`ipil g"cn zepexzt u1; :::un eidi (1 .g"cn dze` ly oexzt deedn c1 u1 + :::cnun f` .mdylk ly ihxt oexzt

v m`e ,Lu = 0 zipbenedd g"cnd ly illkd oexztd u m` (2 .Lw = f ly illkd oexztd w = u + v f` ,Lv = f

,D megz ly (x; y ) zecewpa zxcben u = u(x; y ) idz :zxyxyd llk ,u = u(x; y ) = u(x(s; t); y (s; t)) = v (s; t) onqpe ,x = x(s; t); y = y (s; t) gipp f` ,D a zexifb x; y e D a zetivx u; ux ; uy gippe

@v = @u @x + @u @y ; @t @x @t @y @t @v = @u @x + @u @y @s @x @s @y @s

y = y(x) miytgn :oey`x xcqn zix`ipil (x"cn) dlibx zil`ivpxtic d`eeyn oexzt y jk (x) divxbhpi` mxeb `vnp .yx + a(x)y = b(x) miiwzy yx + a y = ( y)x , a y = xy , x = aR , ln =R adx , = e adx:
(ye adx)x = be adx R R adx = R be adx dx + c: , ye
R

lawpe

=e

adx a d`eeynd itb` ipy z` letkp

y = e?

Z adx (

be
5

:oexztl zillk dgqep eplaw

adx dx + c):

.yxx + b(x)yx + c(x)y = d(x) :ipy xcqn zix`ipil x"cn oexzt oexzt miytgn ipy alyae ,zipbenedd d`eeynl oexzt u miytgn oey`x alya didi illkd oexztd .mixhnxtd ziv`ixe zhiya zipbened i`d d`eeynl v ihxt .y = u + v mnekq xicbp .(mireaw mincwnd) b(x) = b;

c(x) = c ik gipp

.ipiite`d mepiletd iyxey md (r"r) miinvr mikxrd r2 + br + c = 0 ipiite` mepilet :mixwn dyelyl wlgp :r1 ; r2 mipey miiynn r"r ipy (1 .u = c1 er1 x + c2 er2x illk oexzt .v = c1 (x)er1x + c2 (x)er2x dxevdn zipbened-i`d d`eeynl ihxt oexzt miytgn .mincwnd z`ivne d`eeyna ezavd i"r mi`ven ihxtd oexztd z`

v = c (x)er x sin(r x) + dxevdn zipbened-i`d d`eeynl ihxt oexzt miytgn .c (x)er x cos(r x) :r cigi iynn r"r (3 rx + c xerx illkd oexztd u=c e rx + c (x)xerx dxevdn zipbened-i`d d`eeynl ihxt oexzt miytgn .v = c (x)e
1
1

:r = r + ir i"r mdn cg` onqp ,miakexn r"r (2 u = c er x sin(r x) + c er x cos(r x) illkd oexztd
1 2 1
1

davd i"r `id ipy xcqn g"cn xeztl mikxcd zg` ,minieqn miihxt mixwna -ynd z` d`iand v (x; y ) = uy (x; y ) e` ,v (x; y ) = ux(x; y ) :dycg divwpet ly dycgd d`eeynd z` mixzet .cala mipzynd cg` itl zexfbp yi ea avnl d`ee l`k qgiizp ipyd dpzynlyk ,lawzdy dpzyna dlibx zil`ivpxtic d`eeynk u(x; y) z`ivn didi oexg`d alyd .(ea ielz divxbhpi`d reaw xnelk) xhnxt .xhnxt ipyd dpzynd aeyyk ,mi`znd cg`d dpzyna d`eeynd oexzt i"r 1 'qn libxz .x2 uxy + xuy = y d`eeynd z` xezt :oexzt xeztpe v = uy xicbp

x vx + xv = y:
2

xy`k x ly divwpet miytgn xnelk ,dlibx x"cn l`k d`eeynl qgiizp xy`k ,(xlie` z`eeyn) oey`x xcqn zix`ipild x"cnd oexzt .xhnxt y

v y vx + x = x ;
2

y v = y ln x + c(x ) : x
2

`ed

u z` `evnl xzep eiykr Z Z y ln x + R c(y)dy + d(x); u = uy dy = vdy = 2x x

~y u = y 2ln x + c(x ) + d(x): x
2

ln ~( ux = 21x y ? y 2x x ? cxy) + dx(x); x y ln ~( uxy = 21x 2x ? 2y x x ? cyx y) ; 2 ~( uy = 2y2ln x + cyxy) x

2 2 2 2 2 2

:dwica

x uxy + xuy = (y ? y ln x ? cy (y)) + (y ln x + cy (y)) = y: ~ ~

2

:daygnl dl`y ? illkd oexztd edf m`d 2 'qn libxz .uyy = x2 u d`eeynd z` xezt 7

:oexzt zix`ipil d`eeyn xeztp ,xhnxt

x xy`k cala y ly divwpet l`k u l qgiizp

.(mireaw mincwn mr) ipy xcqn ,r2 ? x2 = 0 :ipiite` mepilet r2 = ?x ,r1 = x :miinvr mikxr okl u = c1 (x)er1 y + c2 (x)er2y :illk oexzt

u = c (x)exy + c (x)e?xy :
1 2

uy = xc
2

(x)exy ? xc

(x)e?xy
2

dwica

uyy = x c (x)exy + x c (x)e?xy

1 2

uyy = x (c (x)exy + c (x)e?xy ) = x u:

2 1 2 2

(95 lixt`) 3 'qn libxz :mi`pzd z` miiwnd ust + sus = s2 t d`eeynl oexzt `vn

u(0; t) = 0; us(s; 1) = s
:oexzt xhnxt s xy`k t dpzyna oey`x xcqn d`eeyn lawpe v = us aivp

vt + sv = s t:
2

dycgd d`eeynl illk oexzt

v = st ? 1 + e?st c(s):
8

lawpe v (s; 1) = s i`pzl lewyd us (s; 1) = s i`pzd z` aivp

s = v(s; 1) = s ? 1 + e?sc(s);
1 = e?s c(s):
zxne` z`f o`kn

c(s) = es:
:cg` i`pz mr dycgd d`eeynl oexzt

v = st ? 1 + e?stes; v = st ? 1 + es?st :
:cg` i`pz mr zixewnd d`eeynl oexzt

es?st u = usds = vds = s2t ? s + 1 ? t + d(t):

2

lawpe u(0; t) = 0 ipyd i`pzd z` aivp

0 = u(0; t) = 1 e t + d(t); ?
0

1 d(t) = ? 1 ? t :

zxne` z`f

:didi mi`pzd ipy mr zixewnd d`eeynl oexzt okl

es?st 1 u = s2t ? s + 1 ? t + t ? 1 :
2

us = st ? 1 + es?st; ust = s ? ses?st: ust + sus = s ? ses?st + s t ? s + ses?st = s t;

2 2

dwica

:d`eeynd cg` i`pz

1 u(0; t) = 1 e t + t ? 1 = 0; ?
0

us

(s; 1) = s ? 1 + es?s

= s:

ipy i`pz

:daygnl dl`y ? cigi `ed m`d cg` oexzt eplaw

10

3 wxt oey`x xcqn zeix`pil g"cn

`id oey`x xcqn zix`ipil g"cn ly zillkd dxevd (3.1)

a(x; y) ux + b(x; y) uy + c(x; y) u = d(x; y);

zeiwlg zexfbp mr zetivx zeivwpet od d -e a; b; c xy`k xeyina D megza xeztl ick .(jaj + jbj > 0) 0 odizy `l od b -e a -e D -a oey`x xcqn zetivx :mi`ad mialyd ixg` aewrp (3.1) d`eeyn z` :(3.1) ly zipiite`d d`eeynd z` miazek (1 (3.2)

dy = b ; dx a

dpezpe ,miipiite` minewr mi`xwpd ,minewr ly zixhnxt-cg dgtyn dxicbny ,(3.2) ly zepexztd i"r

(x; y) = c;
.reaw c mr
8 > < > :

:dni`znd mipzynd ztlgd z` mixicbn (2

s=
11

(x; y);

t = x:

:zxyxyd llk i"r milawne ,w(s; t) = u(x; y ) miazek (3

ux = ws uy = ws

x + wt ; y:

:milawne (3.1) jeza miaivn (3.3)

d c wt + a w = a :

dxfga miaivne dze` mixzet .oey`x xcqn zix`ipil x"cn `id (3.3) d`eeyn bviind ,(3.1) ly illkd oexztd z` lawl liaya y -e x miixewnd mipzynd z` -hpi` mirvan df illk oexzt lawl icky oeeikn .xyu agxna mighyn zgtyn ,s -a wx ielz didi mvra ,f ,divxbhpi`d "reaw" ,cala t dpzynd itl divxb reawy zxne` z`f ,(y -e ,x mipzyna oezp illkd oexztd xy`k) (x; y ) -a e` .f (x; y )] dxevdn didi divxbhpi`d ,oezp mewr liknd (oexzt) ilxbhpi` ghyn `evnl ezernyn ihxt oexzt `evnl -e x = x(s); y = y (s) i"r zixhnxt dxeva oezp C -y gipp .xyu agxna ,C z` mieeyne illkd oexzta y (s) -e x(s) z` miaivn f z` `evnl ick .u = (s) witqne igxkd i`pz .dirad ly cigid oexztd z` lawp ixyt` df m` . -l u .dcewp s`a (3.1) ly ipiite` ew ly oeeka `l `ed C mewrdy `ed zecigie meiwl .zepexzt seqpi` miniiw e` miiw `l oexztd if` ,miiwzn `l df m` :1 'qn libxz .u(x; x) = x2 i`pzd z` zniiwnd x ux ? y uy + u = x d`eeynd z` xezt :oexzt i"r dpezp zipiite`d d`eeynd

dy = ? y ; x = 0: dx x 6
12

`id dni`znd mipzynd ztlgd .reaw c mr xy = c milawne dze` mixzet

8 > < > :

s = x y; t = x:

milawne zil`ivpxticd d`eeyna t -e s miaivn (3.4)

t wt + w = t:
i"r oezp (3.4) ly illkd oexztd

t w(s; t) = 2 + f (ts) ;
itl divxbhpi` eprvay jkn d`vezk driteny zizexixy divwpet `id f xy`k illkd oexztd z` milawn y -e x mipzynl dxfg i"r .t

xy u(x; y) = x + f (x ) : 2
illkd oexzta u(x; x) =

x i`pzd z` miaivn ihxtd oexztd z` lawl ick

2

x u(x; x) = x + f (x ) = x : 2
2 2

milawne

u(x; x) = x + x y ? y : 2 2
1 2 3 2

`ed ihxtd oexztde f (x) = x 2

3

? x okl
2

:daygnl zel`y .miipiite`d mieewd sqe` z` `vn (` .zeilqxaqpxhd i`pz z` weca (a ?(x; y ) = (0; 0) zaiaqa dxew dn (b :2 'qn libxz 13

(cxtpa cg` lk) mi`pzd z` zniiwnd ux + 2 uy + u = 0 d`eeynd z` xezt

u(x; x) = x; (`) u(x; 2 x) = x; (a) u(x; 2 x) = e?x: (b)

:oexzt

dy = 2: dx
> < > :

i"r dpezp zipiite`d d`eeynd

ztlgd .reaw c mr y ? 2 x = c miipiite`d mieewd z`eeyn z` milawne mixzet `id dni`znd mipzynd 8

s = y ?2 x t= x:

milawne zil`ivpxticd d`eeyna t -e s miaivn

wt + w = 0;
`ed illkd dpexzty oey`x xcqn ix`ipil x"cn

w(s; t) = f (s) e?t;

oexztd z` milawne y -e x mipzynl mixfeg .zizexixy divwpet `id f xy`k illkd

u(x; y) = f (y ? 2 x) e?x:

:miihxt zepexzt .u(x; y ) = (2 x ? y ) ex?y -e f (x) = ?x e?x okl ,u(x; x) = f (?x) e?x = x (`) z` miiwnd oexzt miiw `l :f (0) =

x ex okl ,u(x; 2 x) = f (0) e?x = x (a)

14

.i`pzd

-iwnd zepexzt seqpi` miniiw :f (0) = 1 okl ,u(x; 2 x) = f (0) e?x = e?x (b) .f (0) = 1 -y `ed cigid ueli`dy oeeik i`pzd z` mini meiw oi` mxeary ,(b) -e (a) oial ,cigi oexzt yi exeary ,(`) oia lcadd dn ?zecigie eay (`) -l cebipa (y ? 2 x = 0) ipiite` ew lr oezp dlgzdd i`pz (b) -ae (a) -a .ipiite` ew `l `edy ew lr oezp i`pzd

15

4 wxt oey`x xcqn zeix`pil-ifeew g"cn

(4.1)

a(x; y; u) ux + b(x; y; u) uy = c(x; y; u);

`id oey`x xcqn zix`ipil-ifeew g"cn ly zillkd dxevd

zeiwlg zexfbp mr zetivx zeivwpet od c -e b; a xy`k xyu agxna megza xcqn zix`ipil g"cn oaenk .0 odizy `l od b -e a -e -a oey`x xcqn zetivx divwpet `id c-e ,u-a zeielz `l b -e a xy`k (4.1) ly ihxt dxwn `id oey`x .u ly zix`ipil itk .xyz agxna z = u(x; y ) ghyn i"r ,u(x; y ) ,(4.1) ly oexztd z` bviip -hpi` mighyn mi`xwp g"cn ly zepexzt mdy mighyn mircei xak epgp`y zepezpd zeivwpetd .(ux; uy ; ?1) xehwed i"r oezp z = u(x; y )-l lnxepd .miilxb megza e`) xyz agxna ixehwe dcy zexicbn c(x; y; u) -e b(x; y; u) ,a(x; y; u) -yny ze`xl xyt` .miipiite` mipeeik mi`xwp elld mixehweed ly mipeeikd .( -l dlewy (4.1) d`ee

(a; b; c) (ux; uy ; ?1) = 0;

xehwed ly oeeikl avip `ed -a dcewp lka ilxbhpi`d ghynl lnxepd xnelk -iyn md dcewp lkay mighyn md miilxbhpi` mighyny zxne` z`f .(a; b; c) .miipiite`d mipeeikl miw jk
miipiite` mieew

zgtyn miqgiin epgp` (a; b; c) miipiite`d mipeeikd dcyl miiwzn ipiite` ew jxe`l .(a; b; c) dcyl miwiyn md dcewp lkay

(4.2)

dx = dy = du a(x; y; z) b(x; y; z) c(x; y; z)

16

xcqn x"cnd zkxrn z` lawp ,miipiite`d mieewd jxe`l ,t ,xhnxt qipkp m` :d`ad oey`x 8 (4.3)
> < > :

dx = dt = a(x; y; z); dy = dt = b(x; y; z); du = dt = c(x; y; z):

silgdl ezernyn xg` xhnxta ynzydl .zizek`ln `id xhnxtd zxiga .xyz agxna miipiite`d mieewd z` zepyn `ly zeipeivxetext zeienka (a; b; c) ghyn `ed (4.1) ly miipiite` mieew ly cegi` `edy ghyn lky ze`xdl xyt` mieew ly cegi` `ed (4.1) ly ilxbhpi` ghyn lk ,jtdle (4.1) ly ilxbhpi` ipiite` ew xaer (4.1) ly ilxbhpi`d ghyna dcewp lk jxc ,xnelk ,miipiite` mewr jxc xaerd (4.1)-l ilxbhpi` ghyn miytgn ep` :dlgzd ziira .ea lkend

u(s) = u(x(s); y(s))-y jk ,u(x; y) ,(4.1)-l oexzt ,zxne` z`f .agxna C oezp .C mewrd ly divfixhnxt `ed s xy`k s lkl miiwzn
(zixhnxtd dhiyd) miipiite`d mieewd zhiy 4.1

-ynd ly ipiite` ew ("mixtez") "mixiarn" epgp` dlgzdd ziira z` xeztl ick milawn epgp` miipiite`d mieewd zgtyn z` .C -a dcewp lk jxc (4.1) d`ee :(4.3) ly oexzt i"r 8
> < > :

x = x(s; t); y = y(s; t); z = z(s; t);

.C mewrd lr xhnxt `ed s xy`k

= a ys ? b xs :

xicbp :zeilqxaqpxhd i`pz

oexzt miiw dlgzdd ziiral if` ,C lr dcewp lka 6= 0 m`y gikedl xyt` ziiral if` ,C lr dcewp lka = 0 m` .dlgzdd ew zaiaqa cigie cg` .zepexzt seqpi` miniiw f`e ipiite` mewr `ed C ok m` `l` oexzt oi` dlgzdd 17

:1 'qn libxz
(

:d`ad dlgzdd ziira z` xezt

uy = x u ux; u(x; 0) = x:
:oexzt :`id miipiite`d mieewd ze`eeyn zkxrn

(4.4)

8 > < > :

dx = dt = x u; dy = dt = ?1; du = dt = 0:

d`eeyna eze` miaivn .u = c3 `ed (4.4)-a ziyilyd d`eeynd ly oexztd diipyd d`eeynd ly oexztd .x = c1 ec3 t = c1 eu t milawne mixzet ,dpey`xd mikzgp miipiite`d mieewd t = 0 xy`ky jk xgap t xhnxtd .y = ?t + c2 `ed i"r zixhnxt dxeva oezpd C izlgzdd ewd mr (4.5)
8 > < > :

x = s; y = 0; u = s:

:mireawd ly mikxrd z` lawl ick (4.5)-l deeype (4.4) ly zepexzta t = 0 aivp lawpe (4.4) ly zepexzta c3 -e c2 ; c1 z` aivp .c3 = s -e c2 = 0 ,c1 = s (4.6)
8 > < > :

x = s eu t ; y = ?t; u = s:

eze` aezkl ozip .zixhnxt dxeva ilxbhpi`d ghynd z` zpzep (4.6) d`eeyn .x = u eu y :dnezq dxeva eplaw ok`e , = 1 o`kn ,b = ?1 -e a = s2 -y miiwzn ,C ,izlgzd mewrd lr .cigi oexzt :2 'qn libxz 18

:d`ad dlgzdd ziira z` xezt

x ux ? y uy = u + x y; u(x; x) = x :
2

x>0
:oexzt

:`id miipiite`d mieewd ze`eeyn zkxrn (4.7)

8 > < > :
2 1

dx = dt = x; dy = dt = ?y; du = dt = u + x y:

y = c e?t -e x = c et md (4.7)-a zepey`xd ze`eeynd izy ly zepexztd du = u + c c : dt

1 2

milawne ziyilyd d`eeyna mze` miaivn .m`zda

jk xgap t xhnxtd mcewd libxza enk .u = c3 et ? c1 c2 milawne mixzet dxeva oezpd C izlgzdd ewd mr mikzgp miipiite`d mieewd t = 0 xy`ky i"r zixhnxt 8 (4.8)
> < > :

x = s; y = s; u=s :
2

:mireawd ly mikxrd z` lawl ick (4.8)-l deeype (4.7) ly zepexzta t = 0 aivp lawpe (4.7) ly zepexzta c3 -e c2 ; c1 z` aivp .c3 = 2 s2 -e c2 = s ,c1 = s (4.9)
8 > <

x = s et ; y = s e?t; > : j u + s j= 2 s et:

2 2

eze` `iadl ick .zixhnxt dxeva ilxbhpi`d ghynd z` zpzep (4.9) d`eeyn q ziyilyd d`eeyna aivp . x = et-ye x y = s2 -y al miyp zyxetn dxevl y p p ,u = ?x y 2 x x y zxne` z`f j u + x y j= 2 x x y; y > 0 lawpe (4.9)-a p .u(x; x) = x2 i`pzd z` miiwn u = ?x y + 2 x x y wx la` . = s2 > 0 o`kn ,b = s -e a = s-y miiwzn ,C ,izlgzd mewrd lr 19

:daygnl zel`y ? zix`ipil (4.7) a ziyilyd d`eeynd recn (` ? (x > 0 wx `le) ,x 2 R lkl zxcbend dlgzdd ziiraa dxew dn (a :3 'qn libxz
(

ux + uy = u ; u(x; 0) = h(x):
2

:d`ad dlgzdd ziira z` xezt

:oexzt
8 > < > :

(4.10)

dx = dt = 1; dy = dt = 1; du = dt = u :
2

:`id miipiite`d mieewd zkxrn

.u = c31 t -e y = t + c2 ,x = t + c1 md (4.10) ly zepexztd ? miipiite`d mieewd t = 0 xy`ky jk xgap t xhnxtd ,mincewd milibxza enk i"r zixhnxt dxeva oezpd C izlgzdd ewd mr mikzgp (4.11) miaivnyk .c3 = h(1s) -e (4.12)
2

8 > <

x = s; > y = 0; : u = h(s):
1

c = 0 ,c = s :milawn (4.11) -e t = 0 mr (4.10)-n milawn (4.10) ly zepexzta c -e c ; c 8 > x = t + s; > < y= t; > hs : > u= : ?t h s
3 2 1 ( ) ( )

( ) u = 1 ?hyxh?xy? y) : (

okl ,x ? y = s -y (4.12)-a ze`xl lw

. = 1 o`kn ,b = 1 -e a = 1-y miiwzn ,C ,izlgzd mewrd lr 20

'bpxbl zhiy

4.2

i"r oezp ,z`fd dyibd itl ,(4.1)- ly oexzt

F ( ; ) = 0;
i` ef zxbqna .(4.2) ly miielz izla miilxbhpi` mighyn md -e xy`k ,mireaw c2 -e c1 mr , = c2 -e = c1 mighynl milnxepdy dzernyn zelz = -e = c1 mighynd ipy oia jezigd .jezig zcewp meya miliawn `l md zriaw .(4.3) z`eeyn z` miniiwnd minewr ly zixhnxt-ec zkxrn ozep c2 .mipiite` minewr ly zixhnxt-cg dgtyn ozep F (c1 ; c2) = 0 i`pzd :zecaer llk jxcay zehiy izy yi la` -e z` `evnl ick zillk dhiy oi`

wx ielzd (lynl ) oexzt yi (4.2)-a ze`eeynd zebef zyelyn cg`l m` (1 ,ipyd befa -e x ly migpena y aezkp m` f` (`nbecl y -e x) mipzyn ipya . z` lawl xyt` dpnne u -e y wx miaxern day x"cn lawp miiwzn -o , lkly ze`xdl ozip (2

dx = dy = du = dx + dy + du ; a(x; y; z) b(x; y; z) c(x; y; z) a+ b+ c

dxigad .heyt oexzt `evnl icka -e , z` reawl xyt` f`e .zexiyi xeztl ozip minrtly dx + dy + du = 0 zpzep a + b + c = 0 :1 'qn libxz ly illkd oexztd z` `vn

(y + u) ux + y uy = x ? y;
.?1 < x < 1 ,u = 1 + x ,y = 1 mewrd z` liknd ilxbhpi`d ghynd z`e

21

:oexzt i"r mixcben miipiite`d mieewd

dx = dy = du : y+u y x?y
milawne = 1 -o

= 0 , = 1 mixgea

d(x + u) = dy : x+u y
zpzep = 0 -o

= ?1 , = 1 ztqep dxiga . = x y u = c milawne mixzet

+ 1

d(x ? y) = du ; u x?y

`ed illkd oexztd o`kn . = (x ? y )2 ? u2 = c2 `ed dpexzty

F x + u ; (x ? y) ? u = 0; y
2 2

(x ? y) ? u = f x + u : y
2 2

e`

illkd oexzta i`pzd z` miaivn epgp` oezpd mewrd z` lelki ghyndy icka milawne 2 2 (4.13) (x ? 1) ? (1 + x) = f (1 + 2 x);

2 (x ? y) ? u = ? y (x + u ? y):
2 2

,(4.13)-a davd i"r ,okle f (x) = 2 (1 ? x) ozepd

zepexzt mr zireaix d`eeyn ef

1 u= y

1 x?y + y ;
22

zxne` z`f ,izlgzd mewrd z` likn + oniq mr oexztd wx la`

2 u = y + x ? y:
oexztd . = ?1 o`kn ,b = 1 -e a = 1 + 2 s -y miiwzn ,C ,izlgzd mewrd lr .y > 0 xear wx xcben `ed okl y = 0 -a ixlebpiq `ed :daygnl dl`y ? meiwd htyn z` zxzeq `l ef dcaer m`d :2 'qn libxz ly illkd oexztd z` `vn

(y ? u ) ux ? x y uy = x u;
2 2

.x = y = u;

x > 0 mewrd z` liknd

:oexzt

i"r mixcben miipiite`d mieewd (4.14) f`

dx = dy = du : y ? u ?x y x u
2 2

= u -o = y , = x xgap m` . = y u = c `ed ipyd befd ly oexztd

1

-l deey `ed (4.14)-a mixaydn cg` lk

x dx + y dy + u du ; 0
`ed illkd oexztd . = x2 + y 2 + u2 = c2 i"r oezp ipyd lxbhpi`d okl

F (y u; x + y + u ) = 0;
2 2 2

23

u y = f (x + y + u ):
2 2 2 2
2

e`

x = y = u i`pzd z` miaivn epgp` oezpd mewrd z` lelki ghyndy icka ,okl .f (x ) = x -y milawne illkd oexzta
3

3 u y =x +y +u :
2 2 2

milawn f`e mi`znd oniqd z` mixgea ,zireaixd d`eeynd z` mixzet

u = 3 y ? (5 y2 ? 4 x ) :
2 2 1 2

:3 'qn libxz d`eeynd dpezp (4.15)

(u ? y ) ux + 2 x y uy = ?2 x u;
2 2

x > 0;
mewrd oezpe

C = f(x; y; y) : y = xg;

oexzt miiw mxear xy` xhnxtd ly mikxrd mdn raw .xhnxt `ed xy`k .C lr u = x i`pzd z` miniiwnd C mewrd zaiaqa cigie cg` :oexzt
8 > < > :

i"r zixhnxt dxeva ebivdl ozip C mewrd

x= y= u=

?1

s; s:

s;

xear okle

= ?2 s o`kn .2 x y = 2 s -e u ? y = 0 -y miiwzn C lr .C jxc xaerd (4.15)-l cigie cg` oexzt miiw 6= 0

2 2 2 2

24

?( x > 0 wx `le) ,x 2 R ,

:daygnl zel`y ? = 0 xear dxew dn (` 6= 0 dlgzdd ziiraa m` dxew dn (a :4 'qn libxz ly illkd oexztd z` `vn

x u ux + y u uy = ?x y;
:oexzt i"r mixcben miipiite`d mieewd (4.16) f` = 2 u -o

dx = dy = du : x u y u ?x y
= x , = y xgap m` . = x = c `ed oey`xd befd ly oexztd y
1

-l deey `ed (4.16)-a mixaydn cg` lk

y dx + x dy + 2u du ; 0
i"r oezp ipyd lxbhpi`d o`kn .y

dx + x dy + 2 u du = d(x y + u ) = 0 okl `ed illkd oexztd . = x y + u = c

2 2 2

F x ; x y + u = 0: y
2

25

5 wxt ipy xcqn zeix`pil g"cn

:`id ipy xcqn zix`ipil g"cn ly zillkd dxevd (5.1)

auxx + 2buxy + cuyy + dux + euy + fu = g;

g divwpetde a; b; c; d; e; f mincwnd ik migipn ,D megza dcewp x; y xy`k oey`x xcqn zetivx zeiwlg zexfbp mr x; y mipzynd ly zetivx zeivwpet od .0 ozyely `l a; b; c zeivwpetd xy`ke D megza
mixehxte` 5.1
dni`zn davd i"r ipy xcqn ze`eeyn xeztl ozip mizirly epi`x oey`xd wxta .zlawznd x"cnd oexzte zeqgiizd i"r `id ipy xcqn g"cn ly miihxt mixwn oexztl ztqep jxc g"cnd oexzte oey`x xcqn mixehxte`l ewexit ,dxicbn d`eeyndy xehxte`l .zelawzny oey`x xcqn (95 lixt`) 1 'qn libxz .uxx ? uyy + ux ? uy = 0 d`eeynd dpezp .d`eeynl illk oexzt `vn (` .u(x; 0) = x i`pzd z` miniiwnd zepexztd lk z` `vn (a .u(x; x) = x ,u(x; 0) = x mi`pzd z` miniiwnd zepexztd lk z` `vn (b 26

:oexzt xehxte` zxeva d`eeynd z` meyxp (`

(Dx ? Dy + Dx ? Dy )u = 0:
2 2

dltknl xehxte`d z` wxtl ozip

(Dx ? Dy )(Dx + Dy + I )u = 0;
(5.2) (5.3)

(Dx ? Dy )u = 0; (Dx + Dy + I )u = 0:

m` oexzt deedn u okl m` e`

:(5.2)-n zlawznd g"cnd z` xeztp (5.4)

ux ? uy = 0:
.y = ?x + const dpexzt .y 0 = ?1 `id zipiite`d d`eeynd

,v (s; t) = u(x; y ) divwpete t(x; y ) = x ,s(x; y ) = y + x miycg mipzyn xicbp d`eeyn lawp (5.4)-a aivpe

(vs + vt) ? (vs) = 0;

v(s; t) = vtdt = 0dt = f (s); u(x; y) = f (x + y):

(5.5)

dpexzt miixewnd mipzynae

:(5.3)-n zlawznd g"cnd z` xeztp

ux + uy + u = 0:
27

miycg mipzyn xicbp .y = x + const dpexzte ,y 0 = 1 `id zipiite`d d`eeynd lawpe (5.5)-a aivp .v (s; t) = u(x; y ) divwpete t(x; y ) = x ,s(x; y ) = x ? y d`eeyn

(vs + vt) ? (vs) + v = 0;

R
1

v(s; t) = e?

Z dt(

0dt + g(s)) = g(s)e?t:

dpexzty

u(x; y) = g(x ? y)e?x:

miixewnd mipzyna

`ed illk oexzt ,(ipy xcqn d`eeynl mi`zn) miielz izla zepexzt ipy eplaw zepexztd mekq (5.6) u(x; y) = f (x + y) + g(x ? y) e?x; .x = u(x; 0) = f (x) + g (x)e?x lawpe (5.6)-a x = u(x; 0) i`pzd z` aivp (a oexzt lawpe (5.6)-a f z` aivpe xefgp f (x) = x ? g (x)e?x xnelk (5.7)

u(x; y) = (x + y) ? g(x + y)e? x

( + )

+ g(x ? y) e?x:

oezpy jkl mi`zn) ,g divwpetd zxigaa ielz `l` cigi epi`y oexzt eplaw aivp .x = u(x; x) i`pzd sqeezn mcewd sirqa oezpd i`pzl (b .(cg` i`pz did ,x = u(x; x) = 2x ? g (2x)e?(2x) + g (0)e?x :lawpe (5.7) eplawy oexzta eze` g(0) lr i`pz lawzn m` wecal ick x = 0 aivp .g(2x) = xe2x + g(0)ex xnelk :lawpe milawne mi`zi reaw lk okl ,g (0) = 0 + g (0)

g(x) = x ex + ke x : 2
2

lawpe (5.7) a dxfg aivp

u(x; y) = (x + y) ? e? x

1 (x + y)ex y + ke x y ] + 2 1 (x ? y)ex?y + ke x?y ] = +e?x 2 = x + y ? ke? x y + x ? y e?y + ke? x y : 2 2

( + )

1 ( + ) 2

1 ( 2

1 ( + ) 2

1 ( + ) 2

28

u(x; y) = x + y + x ? y e?y : 2 2

oexztd xnelk

(e"pyz aia`) 2 'qn libxz

Lu = uxx ? uyy + ux ? uy = 0:

d`eeynd dpezp

.oey`x xcqn mixehxte`l dwext i"r d`eeynd ly illk oexzt `vn (`

Lu = sin(x ? y) d`eeynd ly ihxt oexzt `vn (a

:oexzt mcewd libxza epxzt df sirq (`

u(x; y) = f (x + y) + g(x ? y)e?x:

.t = x e s = x ? y aivp dgep xzei divwpet ,sin(x ? y ) mewna ,lawl ick (a .uyy = vss ,uy = ?vs uxx = vss + 2vst + vtt ,ux = vs + vt lawpe xefbp zpzep d`eeyna davd

2vst + vtt + 2vs + vt = sin s:

witqn eqt`zi vt e vtt ,vst miiehiady oeeike ,v = v (s) oexzt ytgp zehyt myl xnelk ,2vs = sin s yexcl
Z Z 1 1 v = vsds = 2 sin sds = ? 2 cos s;

:miixewnd mipzynl xefgpe

1 u(x; y) = 2 cos(x ? y):

29

ly illkd oexztd mekq `ed Lu = sin(x ? y ) d`eeynl illkd oexztdy xirp sirqa ep`vny ihxtd oexztde ,oey`xd sirqa ep`vny ,zipbenedd d`eeynd .ipyd

1 u(x; y) = f (x + y) + g(x ? y)e?x + 2 cos(x ? y):

(93 xanhtq) 3 'qn libxz d`eeynd ly zepexztd lk z` `vn

uxx + 2uxy ? 3uyy + ux + 3uy = 0; .ux (x; x) ? uy (x; x) = 0 -e u(x; x) = 0; mi`pzd z` miniiwnd
:oexzt mi`znd xehxte`d z` aezkp

(Dx + 2DxDy ? 3Dy + Dx + 3Dy )u = 0:

2 2

miix`ipil minxebl wxtp

(Dx + 3Dy )(Dx ? Dy + I )u = 0;

:dpey`xd d`eeynd .zelawznd ze`eeynd izy z` xeztpe (5.8)

ux + 3uy = 0:
.y 0 = 3 `id zipiite`d d`eeynd .v (s; t) = u(x; y ) ,t(x; y ) = x ,s(x; y ) = y ? 3x miycg mipzyn :(5.8) d`eeyna davd

?3vs + vt + 3vs = 0:

.u(x; y ) = f (y ? 3x) miixewnd mipzynae ,v = f (s) dlawzdy d`eeynd oexzt :dipyd d`eeynd (5.9) ux ? uy + u = 0: .y 0 = ?1 `id zipiite`d d`eeynd 30

.v (s; t) = u(x; y ) ,t(x; y ) = x ,s(x; y ) = y + x miycg mipzyn :(5.9) d`eeyna davd

vs + vt ? vs + v = 0:

0 = ux(x; x) ? uy (x; x) = (?3f 0 (?2x) + g0(2x)e?x ? g(2x)e?x) ? (f 0(?2x) + g0(2x)e?x); lawpe ze`vezd izy z` xagp .0 = ?4f 0 (?2x) ? g (2x)e?x eplaw xnelk :f (s) z` aygpe s = ?2x xhnxt aivp .0 = ?4f 0 (?2x) + f (?2x) d`eeyn ~ .f (s) = ce s xnelk ln f = s + c divxbhpi` ixg`e ,f 0 (s) = f (s) ,g (s) z` `vnpe oey`xd i`pzdn eplawy d`eeyna aivp eiykr s s oexzta g z`e f z` dxfg aivpe ,g (s) = ?f (?s)e = ?ce? s e = ?ce s
1 4

,v = g (s)e?t okl ln v = ?t + g (s) dpexzt , @v = ?v :dlawzdy d`eeynd ~ @t .u(x; y ) = g (y + x)e?x miixewnd mipzynae .u(x; y ) = f (y ? 3x) + g (y + x)e?x illk oexzt .0 = u(x; x) = f (?2x) + g (2x)e?x oey`xd i`pzdn ipyd i`pzdn

1 4

1 4

1 4

1 4

u(x; y) = ce

1 ( 4

1 y?3x) ? ce 4 (x+y) e?x

0:

:illkd

xcqn d`eeyn efy oeeik ,u(x; y ) 0 `ed oexztdy y`xn ygpl epleki ik xirp zniiwn qt`d zivwpete ,cigi dpexzt miax mixwna okl mi`pz ipy mr ipy .mi`pzd z`e d`eeynd z`

zipepw dxevl xarn

(5.10)

5.2

:`id ipy xcqn zix`ipil-ifeew g"cn ly dheytd zillkd dxevd .oey`x xcqn zetivx zeiwlg zexfbp mr zetivx zeivwpet a; b; c; f xy`k t = t(x; y) ,s = s(x; y) miycg mipzyn zbvd i"r ,w(s; t) = w(s(x; y ); t(x; y )) = u(x; y ) dycg divwpete :ze`ad zeipepwd zexevd zg`l ipy xcqn d`eeyn xiardl xyt` llk jxca -xtid `id d`eeynd f` b2 ? ac > 0 mieqn megza m` :zileaxtid d`eeyn (1 zipepwd dzxeve ,df megza zilea

auxx + 2buxy + cuyy + f (u; ux; uy ) = 0:

wst = g(ws ; wt; w; s; t):

31

zihtil` `id d`eeynd f` b2 ? ac < 0 mieqn megza m` :zihtil` d`eeyn (2 zipepwd dzxeve ,df megza

wss + wtt = g(ws ; wt; w; s; t):

zileaxt `id d`eeynd

b ? ac = 0 mieqn megza m` :zileaxt d`eeyn (3

2

zipepwd dzxeve ,df megza

wss = g(ws; wt; w; s; t):

miytgn miax mixwna ,minieqn mixwna wx zixyt` illkd oexztd zriaw aigxp zepeyd zeipepwd ze`eeynd oexzt lr .mitqep mi`pz miiwny ihxt oexzt mixwn xeztpe ,zipepwd dxevl xarnd z` d`xp df wxta .mi`ad miwxta .miheyt

t(x; y) ,s(x; y) miycgd mipzynd z` xy`k ,mipzyn ztlgd rvap :oey`x aly
2 2

zxyxyd llk itl .d`eeynd beq itl jynda rawp

ux = vssx + vttx; uxx = vsssx + 2vstsxtx + vtttx + vssxx + vttxx; uxy = vss sxsy + vstsxty + vsttxsy + vtttxty + vssxy + vttxy ; zpzep (5.10) d`eeyna davd .uyy ,uy z` milawzn ote` eze`ae vss (asx + 2bsxsy + csy ) + vst(2asxtx + 2bsxty + 2bsy tx + 2csy ty )+ vtt(atx + 2btxty + cty ) + vs(asxx + 2bsxy + csyy + dsx + esy )+ (5.11) vt(atxx + 2btxy + ctyy + dtx + ety ) + fv = g
2 2 2 2

.mincwndn wlg qt`l mivex ,zipepw dxev lawl ick :ipy aly mixwn dyelyl wlgp .b2 ? ac > 0 :ileaxtidd dxwnd (` .cala zeaxern ipy xcqn zexfbpd da d`eeynl xearl mivex .oey`xd mcwnd z` qt`l mivex ,a 6= 0 dligz gipp (1) (5.12)

asx + 2bsxsy + csy = 0:

2 2

32

-n`a dze` xeztl xyt` .zix`ipil `l ,(diipy dlrnn) oey`x xcqn g"cn ef :ozep minxebl wexit .zeix`ipil-ifeew ze`eeyn izy ly dltknl wexit zerv

asx + (b ? b ? ac)sy ] asx + (b + b ? ac)sy ] = 0:

2 2

-yn izy ly miipiite`d mieewd ze`eeyn .zeix`ipil-ifeew ze`eeyn izy eplaw :od el` ze`ee p (5.13)

dy = b dx

b ? ac : a
2

.(5.10) ly zeipiite`d ze`eeynd ze`xwp (5.13) zo`eeyn -ite` mieew mi`xwp ,(5.13) a elawzpy x dpzyna oey`x xcqn x"cnd zepexzt .miipi lawpe x itl divxbhpi` rvap mireaw mincwn mr ze`eeyna xaecnyk lynl

y; =b
12

b ? ac x + const: a
2

.(5.12) d`eeynl miipite` mieew ly zegtyn izy ep`vn xnelk

b ? ac x ? y = const: a
2

p s(x; y) = b+ ba2 ?ac x ? y p t(x; y) = b? ba2?ac x ? y

miycg mipzyn xicbp

t lye davde (5.12) d`eeyna s ly davd .v(s; t) = u(x; y) dycg divwpete d`eeyn oziz (5.11) a t e s ly davd okl .0 zpzep (5.12) d`eeyna
2(asxtx + bsxty + bsy tx + csy ty )vst + vs(asxx + 2bsxy + csyy + dsx + esy ) + vt(atxx + 2btxy + ctyy + dtx + ety ) + fv = g;
ly davde sy ty a dwelg zxg` ik ,asx tx + bsx ty + bsy tx + csy ty 6= 0 xy`k tx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 zepexzt y1;2y oeeike ,ay1 y2 ? by1 ? by2 + c = 0 zpzep y2 = ? ty lye y1 = ? sx sy 1 0 ? y 0 )2 = 0 e` ay 0 y 0 ? 1 (ay 0 2 + c) ? 1 (ay 0 2 + c)+ c = 0 milawn (5.12) ly a(y1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 33

0 0 lawle vst ly mcwna wlgl xyt` okl .y1 ? y2 =

p2 b ?ac a

> 0 dgpdl dxizq efe

(5.14)

vst + ~vs + ~vt + cv = d: a b ~ ~

dxevdn d`eeyn

d`eeynd f` c = 0 m` . b 6= 0 zileaxtid d`eeyndy oeeik ,a = 0 eiykr gipp (2) zelawznd miipiite`d mieewd ze`eeyn f` c 6= 0 m` .(5.14) dxevdn y`xn :md (5.14) d`eeyn ly wextn .miipiite` mieew ly zegtyn izy ozep x"cnd ly oexzt .ty = 0 e 2btx + cty = 0 s(x; y) = dgtynd z` y0 = 2cb d`eeyndn lawp mireaw mincwn xear lynl v(s; t) = u(x; y) aivp ,t(x; y) = x dgtyn z` lawp diipyd x"cndne ,y ? 2cb x lawpe (5.11) d`eeyna

2bsy vst + vs(asxx + 2bsxy + csyy + dsx + esy ) + dvt + fv = g; wlgp okl .(y 0 = cb 6= 0 ly oexzt deedn ik) sy 6= 0 okl ,b 6= 0 xen`k xy`k .(5.14) dxevdn d`eeyn aey lawpe vst ly mcwna
2

.b2 ? ac < 0 :ihtil`d dxwnd (a -`e miiynn d`eeynd incwn m` ,okl ,a = 0 okzi `l ,oezpdny al miyp (1) ,micenv miakexn zepexzt ipy yi (5.13) d`eeynl f` ,miihilp

y0

12

ac = b i a ?b :
2

d`eeynl akexn oexzt lawp .dlawzdy x"cnd z` xeztpe mdn cg` xgap :(5.12)

F (x; y) = <F (x; y) + i=F (x; y):

,t(x; y ) = =F (x; y ) ,s(x; y ) = <F (x; y ) mipzyn aivp (2) lawpe aivp (5.12) ly oexzt deedn F (x; y )y oeeik ,v (s; t) = u(x; y ) divwpete

a(sx + itx) + 2b(sx + itx)(sy + ity ) + c(sy + ity ) = 0;

2 2

milawn qt`l dnecne iynn wlg z`eeyd i"re

a(sx) + 2bsxsy + c(sy ) ? (a(tx) + 2btxty + c(ty ) ) = 0;

2 2 2 2

2asxtx + 2bsxty + 2bsy tx + 2csy ty = 0:

34

ik al miype A = a(sx)2 + 2bsx sy + c(sy )2 = a(tx)2 + 2btx ty + c(ty )2 onqp z` aivp .dgpdl dxizqa (5.12) d`eeynl iynn oexzt deedn A zxg` ,A 6= 0 lawpe (5.11)a v (s; t) divwpetde s(x; y ); t(x; y ) mipzynd

Avss + Avtt + Bvs + Cvt + Dv = g;

.milawznd mincwnd A; B; C; D xy`k .b2 ? ac = 0 :ileaxtd dxwnd (b `id dpezpd d`eeynde c 6= 0 e b = 0 okl a = 0 gipp (1)

cuyy + dux + eut + fu = g:

dxevdn d`eeyn lawp c a dwelge t = x e s = y mipzyn ztlgd i"r (5.15)

vss + Avs + Bvt + Cv = D:

.milawznd mincwnd A; B; C; D xy`k

b lawpe x"cnd z` xeztp ,y 0 = a (5.13)l cg` iynn oexzt yi f` ,a 6= 0 gipp (2) mieew ly zg` dgtyn eplaiw .F (x; y ) = const (5.12) l zepexzt ly dgtyn .miipiite`

.v (s; t) = u(x; y ) divwpete t(x; y ) = F (x; y ) e s(x; y ) = x mipzyn xicbp (3) ,(5.12) ly zepexztd zgtynl jiiy s(x; y ) xnelk ,mipzynd oia zelz yi m` gipdl xyt` okl .epltih xak df dxwnae ,a = 0 e` ,as2 + 2bsx sy + cs2 = 0 f` y x okl ,(dycg zehpicxe`ew zkxrn ok` eplaiw xnelk) miielz izla mipzyndy lawle (5.10) a aivdl xyt`

vssa + vst(2atx + 2bty ) + vsd + vt(atxx + 2btxy + ctyy + dtx + ety ) + fv = g;

b x ? tty = a xnelk (5.13) ly oexzt ? ttyx = y0 ,(5.12) ly oexzt t(x; y)y oeeik la`

.(5.15) dxevdn d`eeyn eplaw okle

lawle s(x; y ) = y ,t(x; y ) = F (x; y ) aivdl gep xzei minrtl (3')

vssc + vst(2btx + 2cty ) + vse + vt(atxx + 2btxy + ctyy + dtx + ety ) + fv = g:

35

c b tx wlgd day d`eeyn aey eplaw okle ? ty = a = b milawn ,b2 = ac y oeeik oia silgdl xyt` mixwnd ipyay xexa dixhnqdn .zipepw dxeva iy`xd .mipzynd

(93 xanhtq) 1 'qn libxz ipy xcqn zileaxtid d`eeyn dpezp (5.16)

auxx + 2buxy + cuyy + dux + euy + f = g;

idz .D ixeyin megza x; y mipzyna zetivxa zexifb zeivwpet a; b; c; d xy`k gked .D a dkitde dwlg zizexixy mipzyn ztlgd s = s(x; y ) ,t = t(x; y ) .zileaxtid zx`yp mipzyn ztlgd xg`l d`eeynd ik zexiyi :oexzt lawpe ,(5.16) a aivpe zxyxyd llk itl u z` xefbp v (s; t) = u(x; y ) onqp

vss (asx + 2bsxsy + csy ) + vst(2asxtx + 2bsxty + 2bsy tx + 2csy ty ) + vtt(atx + 2btxty + cty ) + vs(asxx + 2bsxy + csyy + dsx + esy ) + vt(atxx + 2btxy + ctyy + dtx + ety ) + fv = g:
2 2 2 2

onqp ,v divwpet mr ipy xcqn d`eeyn eplaw

Avxx + 2Bvxy + Cvyy + Dvx + Evy + Fv = G: la` .B ? AC > 0 y wecal xzep ,zileaxtid d`eeyndy ze`xdl ick B ? AC = (2asxtx + 2bsx ty + 2bsy tx + 2csy ty ) ? (asx + 2bsxsy + csy )(atx + 2btxty + cty ) = (5.17) sxtxsy ty (2ac + 2b ? 4b ) + sx ty (b ? ac) + sy tx (b ? ac) = (b ? ac)(sxty ? sy tx) ;
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

B ? AC = (b ? ac)(sxty ? sy tx) :
2 2 2

xnelk

okl qt`zn `l dly o`iaewrid ,dkitde dwlg mipzynd ztlgdy oeeik eiykr eplaw okl ,b2 ? ac > 0 zileaxtid d`eeynn ep`viy oeeike ,sx ty ? sy tx 6= 0 .zileaxtid dycgd d`eeynde B 2 ? AC > 0 36

:daygnl dl`y .d`eeynd qetih z` dpyn dpi` zizexixy mipzyn ztlgd ik gked (95 x`exat) 2 'qn libxz

uxx + 2uxy + 1 ? q(y)]uyy = 0;

8 > < q=> :

d`eeynd dpezp

?1
0 1

y < ?1 jyj 1 xy`k y>1

d`eeynd ea megzd ,zileaxtid `id d`eeynd ea xeyina megzd z` `vn (` .zihtil` d`eeynd ea megzde ,zileaxt d`iand mipzyn ztlgd `vn mcewd sirqa z`vny minegzdn cg` lka (a .(zipepw dxevl d`eeynd z` `iadl jxev oi`) zipepw dxevl d`eeynd z` :oexzt okle ,b2 ? ac = q okl ,c = 1 ? q ,2b = 2 ,a = 1 (` .y > 1 xy`k xnelk ,q > 0 xy`k zileaxtid d`eeynd .y < ?1 xy`k xnelk ,q < 0 xy`k zihtil` d`eeynd .jy j 1 xy`k xnelk ,q = 0 xy`k zileaxt d`eeynde
2

0 .y1;2 = 1

pq diyxey ,y0 ? 2y0 + (1 ? q) = 0 miipiite`d mieewd ze`eeyn (a

0 .y1;2 = 1 1 miiynn miyxey ipy ,y > 1 zileaxtid d`eeyn (1) .y2 = 2x + const ,y1 = const :(miipiite` mieew) elawzdy x"cnd zepexzt .t(x; y ) = y ? 2x ,s(x; y ) = y miycg mipzyn

y0 ; = 1 i miakexn miyxey ipy .y < ?1 zihtil` d`eeyn (2) lawpe ,y 0 = 1 + i cg` yxey xgap .y = (1 + i)x + const oexzt .t(x; y ) = x ,s(x; y ) = y ? x miycg mipzyn
12

.jy j

.y = x + const x"cnd oexzt 37

,y 0 = 1 cg` iynn yxey

1 zileaxt d`eeyn (3)

.s(x; y ) = x, t(x; y ) = x ? y miycg mipzyn :daygnl zel`y .zeni`znd zeipepwd zexevd z` `vn (` ?y = 1 xear dxew dn (a .ileaxtidd dxwna miipiite`d mieewd zegtyn z` xiiv (b (93 xanvc) 3 'qn libxz

1 xuxx ? yuyy + 2 (ux ? uy ) = 0:

d`eeynd dpezp

xeyina minegzd z`e zihtil` d`eeynd mda xeyina minegzd z` `vn (` .zileaxtid d`eeynd mda d`eeynd z` d`iand dni`zn mipzyn ztlgd `vn minegzdn cg` lka (a .(zipepw dxevl d`eeynd z` `iadl jxev oi`) zipepw dxevl :oexzt xnelk ,b2 ? ac = xy okl ,c = ?y ,2b = 0 ,a = x md d`eeynd incwn (` xy`k zileaxte ,xy < 0 xy`k zihtil` xy > 0 xy`k zileaxtid d`eeynd .megz epi` df j` ,xy = 0
y ze`eeyn izy eplaw ,y 0 = x miiynn miyxey ipy yi xy > 0 megza (1) p px = const e` ,2py = 2px + const opexzty , p = p dy dx xicbp . y y x px e s(x; y) = py + px miycg mipzyn py ? .t(x; y ) =
q

y .y 02 = x e` xy 02 ? y = 0 zipite` d`eeyn (a

,y 0 =

y y i j x j xgap ,y0 = iqj x j miakexn miyxey ipy yi xy < 0 megza (2) q .2sgn(y ) jy j = i2sgn(x) jxj + const `ed d`eeynd oexzt q q q q jyj + jxji = e` , jyj = ? jxji + const lawpe 2sgn(y) = ?2sgn(x) a wlgp q q .t(x; y ) = jy j e s(x; y ) = jxj miycg mipzyn xicbp .const

:daygnl zel`y .zeni`znd zeipepwd zexevd z` `vn (` 38

?xy = 0 cil dxew dn (a .ileaxtidd dxwna miipiite`d mieewd zegtyn z` xiiv (b (c"pyz aia`) 4 'qn libxz (5.18)

uxx ? 6uxy + 9uyy = xy ;

2

d`eeynd dpezp .xeyind lka .d`eeynd beq raw (` .zepexztd lk z` `vn (a

.x lkl uy (x; 0) = cos x-e u(x; 0) = sin x; miniiwnd zepexztd lk z` `vn (b :oexzt xnelk ,b2 ? ac = (?3)2 ? 9 = 0 okl ,c = 9 ,2b =

?6 ,a = 1 mincwnd (`

.zileaxt d`eeynd

.y + 3x = const okl ,y 0 = ?3 diyxey ,y 02 + 6y 0 + 9 = 0 zipite` d`eeyn (a dpexzty d`eeynl dliaen ,s = x e t = y + 3x ly dlibxd davdd df libxza divwpete ,t(x; y ) = y ,s(x; y ) = y +3x miycg mipzyn zxcbd eli`e ,jex` hrn :dheyt d`eeyn zpzep (5.18) d`eeyna mzavde v (s; t) = u(x; y ) 1 aivpe .x = 3 (s ? t) ,y = t :s; t ly divwpetk x; y z` aezkp (5.19)

(9vss ) ? 6(3vss + 3vst) + 9(vss + 2vst + vtt) = 1 (s ? t)t : 3

2 1 .9vtt = 3 (s ? t)t2 d`eeynd zlawzn

divxbhpi` miinrt rvape ,xhnxt s xy`k cala t ly divwpet l`k v l qgizp t itl

1 vt = 27 1 st ? 1 t + f (s); 3 4 1 1 1 1 v = 27 12 st ? 27 20 t + tf (s) + g(s)

3 4 4 5

39

:`ed illkd oexztd miixewnd mipzynae (5.20)

1 1 1 1 u(x; y) = 27 12 (y + 3x)y ? 27 20 y + yf (y + 3x) + g(y + 3x):

4 5

zavd .g (x) = sin x okl ,sin x = u(x; 0) = g (3x) zpzep oey`xd i`pzd zavd (b 3 lawp g z` aivp m`e ,cos x = uy (0; x) = f (3x) + g 0 (3x) :zpzep ipyd i`pzd 2 illkd oexzta g z`e f z` aivp .f (x) = 3 cos x okl cos x = f (x) + 1 cos x 3 3 3 3 : oexztd z` lawpe (5.20)

1 1 2 1 1 u(x; y) = 27 12 (y + 3x)y ? 27 20 y + y 3 cos y + 3x + sin y + 3x : 3 3

4 5

(96 x`exat) 5 'qn libxz d`eeyndy gked (` (5.21)

uxx + 6uxy ? 16uyy = 0;

.zileaxtid `id .zipepw dxevl d`eeynd z` `ad (a .oexzt mpne` df ik d`eeyna davd i"r wecae u(x; y ) illk oexzt `vn (b .u(x; 0) = sin 2x-e u(?x; 2x) = x miiwny u(x; y ) oexzt `vn (c :oexzt

d`eeynde

b ? ac = 9 + 16 = 25 > 0 okl ,c = ?16 ,2b = 6 ,a = 1 (`

2

0 zepexztde ,y1;2 = 3 25 diyxey ,y02 ? 6y0 ? 16 = 0 zipiite` d`eeyn (a ,s(x; y ) = 8x ? y miycg mipzyn xicbp .y2 = ?2x + const ,y1 = 8x + const lawpe (5.21) a aivp ,v (s; t) = u(x; y ) divwpete ,t(x; y ) = 2x + y

.zileaxtid

(64vss + 4vtt + 32vst ) + 6(?8vss + 8vst ? 2vst + vtt) ?16(vss ? 2vst + vyy ) = 0;
40

:zipepw dxeva d`eeyn eplaw xnelk (5.22)

vst = 0:

d`eeyn lawle W (X; Y ) = v (s; t) ,Y = ?s + t ,X = s + t aivdl xyt` lawpe s itl k"g`e t itl ,(5.22) lr divxbhpi` rvap (b .WXX ? WY Y = 0 :illkd oexztde v (s; t) = f (s) + g (t) (5.23)

u(x; y) = f (8x ? y) + g(2x + y):

dwica

uxx + 6uxy ? 16uyy = (64f 0 (8x ? y) + 4g0 2x + y)) +6(?8f 0 (8x ? y) + 2g02x + y)) ? 16(f 0 (8x ? y) + g02x + y)) = 0: f (x) = g ?x okl ,x = u(?x; 2x) = f (?10x)+ g(0) oey`xd i`pzd z` aivp (c sin 2x = g ? x + :f z` aivp .sin 2x = u(x; 0) = f (8x)+ g(2x) ipyd i`pzdne :g (0) lr ueli` lawzn m` wecal x = 0 aivp g (x) = sin x ? g ? x : okl g (2x) z`e f z` aivp . g (x) = sin x + x e ,f (x) = ?x e g (0) = 0 okl .g (0) = ? g :lawpe (5.22) illkd oexzta g u(x; y) = y ? 8x + sin(2x + y) + 2(2x5+ y) : 10
(0) 10 (0) 8 10 2 5 (0) 4 10 10 (0) 10

(96 xanvc) 6 'qn libxz d`eeynd dpezp (5.24)

uxx ? 2 sin xuxy ? cos xuyy ? cos xuy = 0:

2

.zipepwd dzxevl d`eeynd z` d`iand divnxetqpxhd z` `vn (` .illkd oexztd z` `vne ,vst = 0 `id zipepwd dxevd ik d`xd (a zeivwpet

g ,f xy`k ux(0; y) = g(y) ,u(0; y) = f (y) miiwnd oexzt `vn (b

41

.zepezp

.wnp ,izin` oexzt `ed u(x; y ) oexztd ik migihand g e f lr mi`pzd mdn (c :oexzt ,y 02 + 2 sin xy 0 ? cos2 x = 0 zipiite` d`eeyn (` p 2 y1;2 = = ? sin x sin x + cos2 x = ? sin x 1 diyxey .t(x; y ) = cos x ? x ? y ,s(x; y ) = cos x + x ? y mipzynd okl .cos x x
0 :zepexztde ,y1;2

vss(? sin x + 1) + 2vst(? sin x + 1)(? sin x ? 1) + vtt(? sin x ? 1) +vs(? cos x) + vt(? cos x)] ?2 sin x vss(sin x ? 1) + vst(sin x ? 1) + vst(sin x + 1) + vtt(sin x + 1)] ? cos x vss + 2vst + vtt] ? cos x ?vs ? vt] = 0; .vst = 0 :zipepwd dxevde (?2 ? 2 sin x ? 2 cos x)vst = 0 xnelk e` ,v = f (s) + g (t) illk oexzt (5.25) u(x; y) = F (cos x + x ? y) + G(cos x ? x ? y):
2 2 2 2 2

lawpe (5.24) a v (s; t) = u(x; y ) divwpetd z` aivp (a

ipyd i`pzdne ,f (y ) = u(0; y ) = F (1 ? y ) + G(1 ? y ) oey`xd i`pzdn (b lawpe mitb`d ipy lr divxbhpi` rvap .g (y ) = ux (0; y ) = F 0(1 ? y ) ? G0 (1 ? y )
Zy
0

g(s)ds = ?F (1 ? y) + F (1) + G(1 ? y) ? G(1):

oey`xd i`pzdn dlawzdy d`eeynl xagp

Zy
0

g(s)ds + f (y) = 2G(1 ? y) + F (1) ? G(1);

1 2

d`eeyna dxfg aivp G(x) =

R 1?x
0 1

g(s)ds + f (1 ? x) ? F (1) + G(1)] xnelk

1Z F (x) = f (1 ? x) ? 2
1 2

lawpe oey`xd i`pzdn

?x

g(s)ds + f (1 ? x) ? F (1) + G(1)]:

1 2 1 (cos + 0 ) 1 2 1 2

u(x; y) = f (1 ? (cos x + x ? y)) ? R ? x x?y g(s)ds + F (1) ? G(1) R + ? x?x?y g(s)ds + f (1 ? (cos x ? x ? y)) ? F (1) + G(1);
1 2 1 (cos 0 ) 1 2 1 2 1 2

ihxt oexzt lawpe ,(5.25) illkd oexztd z`eeyna G z`e F z` aivp

42

1 u(x; y) = 2 f (1 ? cos x ? x + y))+ 1 f (1 ? cos x + x + y)) 1 2 2

zlra

Z 1?cos x+x+y
1 cos

e`

? x?x+y

g(s)ds:

f yexcp xnelk ipy xcqn zetivx zexfbp el yi m` izin` oexztd (c .oey`x xcqn zetivx zexfbp zlra g e ,ipy xcqn zetivx zexfbp
7 'qn libxz zileaxt `id d`ad d`eeyndy gked (`

(5.26)

x uxx ? 2xyuxy + y uyy + xux + yuy = 0:

2 2

.zipepw dxev `vn (a .x > 0 megza illk oexzt `vn (b :oexzt d`eeynde

b ? ac = x y ? x y
2 2 2

2 2

0 okl ,c = y ,2b = ?2xy ,a = x (`

2 2

.zileaxt

oexzt ,y 0 = ?xy = ?y diyxey ,y 0 = x2 y 0 + 2xyy 0 + y 2 = 0 zipiite` d`eeyn (a x2 x .miipiite`d mieewd z`eeyn idef .xy = const e` ln y = ? ln x + const (5.26) d`eeyna davd .s(x; y ) = x ,t(x; y ) = xy miycg mipzyn

x (y vtt + 2yvst + vss ) ? 2xy(vt + xyvtt + xvst) + y vtt + xyvt + xvs + xyvt = 0;
2 2 2

x vss + xvs = 0:
2

e`

.zileaxt d`eeyn ly zipepw dxev efe vss + 1 vs = 0 lawpe x = s aivp s e` ws + 1 w = 0 oey`x xcqn x"cn xeztpe w = vs aivp (b s v = vsds = wds = R f (st) ds = :v z` `vnp .w = f (st) okl ,ln w = ? ln s+f (t) .u(x; y ) = ln xf (xy ) + g (xy ) miixewnd mipzynl xefgpe .ln sf (t) + g (t)
R

oexzt . dw = ds

?w R s

43

6 wxt xzin xear zipbenedd milbd z`eeyn iteqpi`

dxevdn d`eeyn `id milbd z`eeyn

utt ? c uxx = 0:
2

.zileaxtid d`eeyn idef .c > 0 xy`k .lwyn ieeiy avnn hqedy zeevw ipy oia gezn xzin zrepz zbviin d`eeynd .zipepw dxevl xarn i"r lawzi illk oexzt ,t02 ? c2 = 0 zipiite` d`eeyn ,t = cx + const miipiite` mieew , (x; y ) = x ? ct , (x; t) = x + ct miycg mipzyn .v ( ; ) = u(x; y ) divwpet ,v = 0 zpzep d`eeyna davd ,v ( ; ) = F ( ) + G( ) `ed ef d`eeynl oexztd :`ed zixewnd d`eeynl illkd oexztde (6.1)
0 0

u(x; t) = F (x + ct) + G(x ? ct):

0

F (x + ct ) ly sxbd t onfay oeeik ,beqp lb `xwp F (x + ct) : mcwzn lbe beqp lb (dl`ny) beqp lbd xnelk ,F (x) ly sxbd ly zecigi ct -a dl`ny dffd `ed G(x ? ct ) ly sxbd t onfay oeeik ,mcwzn lb `xwp G(x ? ct) .c zexidna (dpini) mcwzn lbd xnelk ,G(x) ly sxbd ly zecigi ct -a dpini dffd `ed .c zexidna
0 0 0

44

dlgzd ziiraa

weqrp dligz

(6.2)

utt ? c uxx = 0; ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 u(x; 0) = f (x); ?1 < x < 1 ut(x; 0) = g(x): ?1 < x < 1
2

zrvazn drxtddyk ,ce`n miwegx zeevw oia xeyw xzinl dni`zn dirad z` bvin g (x) e ,ffend xzind ly iligzd mewind z` bvin f (x) .fkxnl aexw .ely ziligzd zexidnd lawpe mi`pzd z` (6.1) illkd oexzta aivp oexzt (6.3)

f (x) = u(x; 0) = F (x) + G(x); g(x) = ut(x; 0) = cF 0(x) ? cG0(x):

1 F (x) = 2 f (x) + 21c

zelawzny ze`eeynd xeqige xeaige dipyd d`eeynd ly c a dwelge divxbhpi` mipzep Zx

0

g(s)ds + k;

Zx 1 G(x) = 2 f (x) ? 21c g(s)ds ? k;

0

1 f (x + ct) + 1 Z x ct g(s)ds + 1 f (x ? ct) ? 1 Z x?ct g(s)ds: u(x; y) = 2 2c 2 2c

+ 0 0

ef diral oexztde

:iteqpi` xzin lr zipbenedd milbd ziira oexztl xan`lc zgqep z` eplaw (6.4)

f (x + ct) + f (x ? ct) + 1 Z x ct g(s)ds: u(x; y) = 2 2c x?ct

+

xcqn zetivx zeiwlg zexfbp zlra dtivx divwpet f idz zecigie meiw htyn .oey`x xcqn zetivx zeiwlg zexfbp zlra dtivx divwpet g idze ipye oey`x .cigie cg` oexzt miiw ,iteqpi` xzin lr zipbenedd milbd ziiral ote`a zyxetnd ezbvde oexzt meiw ep`xd xan`lc zgqep gezit i"r dgked zeiwlg zexfbp lrae sivx l"pd dlgzdd i`pz xear milawny oexztd .cigi 45

zxg` .izin`

oexzt

`xwp dfk oexzt .diraa eze` aivdl ozip okle ,ipy xcqn .llken oexzt `xwi oexztd :daygnl dl`y ?ahid zbven dirad m`d (f"pyz aia`) 1 'qn libxz diral illkd oexztd z` `vn

uttx ? uxxx = 0; ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 ux(x; 0) = 0; ?1 < x < 1 utx(x; 0) = sin x: ?1 < x < 1 (v (x; t) = ux (x; t) davda ynzydl xyt` :fnx)

oexzt

vtt ? vxx = 0; v(x; 0) = 0; vt(x; 0) = sin x:

+

milawn l"pd davdd i"r

1 Z x t sin(s)ds = 1 cos(x ? t) ? cos(x + t)]: v(x; t) = 2 2

x?t

xan`lc zgqep i"r lawzn v xear oexztde

1 u(x; t) = uxdx = 2 sin(x ? t) ? sin(x + t)] + c:

divxbhpi` i"r u z` `vnp

(97 i`n) 2 'qn libxz

utt ? 9uxx(= 0; ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 1 x 2 u(x; 0) = 0 jjxjj > 2; ?1 < x < 1 ( 1 x 2 ut(x; 0) = 0 jjxjj > 2; ?1 < x < 1
46

ly oexztd u(x; t) idi

.u(0; 1 ) ayg (` 6 .limt!1 u(0; t) ayg (a ?df jxr byen (x; t) dcewp efi`a ?dbiyn u y ilniqwnd jxrd dn (b :oexzt
Zx t u(x; t) = f (x + 3t) + f (x ? 3t) + 1 x? t g(s)ds 2 6
+3 3

xan`lc zgqep itl (`

1 zpzep ,g (x) = ut (x; 0) ,f (x) = u(x; 0) dlgzdd i`pze t = 6 ,x = 0 zavd

1 ) = f ( ) + f (? ) + 1 Z g(s)ds = 1 + 1 + 1 Z 1ds = 2 : u(0; 6 2 6 ? 2 6 ? 3

1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

okl ?3t < ?2 e ,3t > 2 ,t ! 1 e x = 0 aivpy oeeik (a

f (x + 3t) = f (3t) = 0 f (x ? 3t) = f (?3t) = 0;

Z x+3t

x?3t

g(s)ds =

Z ?2
3

g(s)ds + ?t

?2

g(s)ds +

Z 3t
2

g(s)ds =

lawpe xan`lc zgqepa davdne

?2

1ds = 4

2 u(0; t) = 3 :
,?2 x + 3t 2 xear lawzne 1 `ed f (x + 3t) ly meniqwnd (b .?2 x ? 3t 2R xear lawzne 1 `ed f (x ? 3t) ly meniqwnd 2 +3 2 xear lawzne , ?2 1ds = 4 `ed Rxx?3tt g(s)ds ly meniqwnd e x + 3t ,x ? 3t ?2 2 ekxre t = 3 ,x = 0 xnelk x ? 3t = ?2 e x + 3t = 2 xy`k meniqwn lawp okl 1 5 .u(0; 3 ) = 3 47

:daygnl zel`y ?iq`lw oexztd m`d (` .x 2 R xy`k limt!1 u(x0; t) ayg (a (g"pyz sxeg) 3 'qn libxz
1 dirad xear u(1; 2 ) `vn (`

utt ? uxx = 0; 8 1<x<1 > 0 > > < x + 1 ?1 x 0 u(x; 0) = > 1 ? x 0 x 1 > > : ?1 < x < ?1; 80 > 0 ?1 < x < ?1 < ut(x; 0) = > 1 ?1 x 1 : 0 1 < x < 1;
2

?1 < x < 1; t > 0 ?1 < x < 1 ?1 < x < 1

ly oexzt u(x; t) idz (a

utt ? c uxx = 0 ? 1 < x < 1; t > 0: .ut + cux = 0 gked .x = 2 + ct xyid jxe`l dreaw u oezp
:oexzt xan`lc zgqep itl (`

1 ) = u(x; t) = f ( ) + f ( ) + 1 Z g(s)ds u(1; 2 2 2 ,f ( ) = 0 okl x > 1 megza `vnp ,f ( ) = 1 ? = okl 0 x 1 megza `vnp R R R , g (s)ds = 1ds + 0ds = ok enk
3 2 1 2
3 2 1 2

1 2

3 2 1 2

1 2

3 2 1 2

1 2

3 2

3 2 1 2

1 2

1 1 u(1; 2 ) = 2 :
mcwzn lbe beqp lb mekqk dbvdl ozip milbd z`eeynl illk oexzt u(x; t) (a

u(x; t) = F (x + ct) + G(x ? ct):

48

okl u(2 + ct; t) = const oezp

F (2 + 2ct) + G(2) = const:

lawpe illkd oexzta aivp .F (s) = const lawpe s = 2 + ct onqp

u(x; t) = G(x ? ct); ~ oeieeya aivpe xefbp .(G(x ? ct) + const = G(x ? ct) ik reaw siqedl jxev oi`) ut + cux = ?cG0(x ? ct) + cG0 (x ? ct) = 0:
(98 i`n) 4 'qn libxz iyew ziira dpezp

:gikedl mivexy

utt ? uxx = 0; ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 u(x; 0) = f (x); ?1 < x < 1 ut(x; 0) = g(x); ?1 < x < 1;
.f (x) 2 C 2 ,g (x) 2 C 1 xy`k .ahid zbven dirad byend z` xcbd (` .ahid zbven l"pd dirad ik gked (a :oexzt cigi oexzt miiw m` ,ahid zbven z`xwp (dlgzd ikxr ziira) iyew ziira dty i`pz zxcq gwip m` xnelk .(zeaivi) dtyd ikxra zetivxa ielzd ,diral dtyd zeira z` xeztpe ,deey dcina gn (x) ! g (x) e fn (x) ! f (x)

utt ? uxx = 0; ?1 < x < 1 t > 0 u(x; 0) = fn(x) ?1 < x < 1; ut(x; 0) = gn (x) ?1 < x < 1;
zz lka ,zixewnd dirad ly

u oexztl y"na qpkzz un zepexztd zxcq f` . 0; T ] rhw

49

.diral oexzt meiw gken xan`lc zhiya d`eeynd oexzt i"r :zecigie meiw (a xnelk .zecigi zgken dyrnl jkae cigi ote`a xan`lc zgqep i"r bven oexztd i"r oezp `ede diral cigi oexzt miiw
Z x ct u(x; t) = f (x + ct) + f (x ? ct) + 21c x?ct g(s)ds: 2
+

oexztd xnelk f (x) 2 C 2 e g (x) 2 C 1 oezpy oeeik izin` oexzt `ed l"pd oexztd .dlgzdd i`pze d`eeynd meiw lawle eaivdl ozipe zetivxa miinrt xifb e jfn (x) ? f (x)j < m`y jk ( ; T ) zniiw T > 0 e > 0 lkl :l"v zetivx .0 t T lkle x 2 R lkl ,jun (x; t) ? u(x; t)j < f` jgn (x) ? g (x)j < xan`lc zgqepn :dgked
1 2

junx(x; t) ? u(x; t)j jfn(x + ct) ? f (x + ct)j + jfn(x ? ct) ? f (x ? ct)j+ R ct (1 + T ): c x?ct jgn (s) ? g (s)jds < + + c (x + ct) ? (x ? ct)] = + t
+ 1 2 1 2 2 2 2

.l"yn lawpe =

1+

T xgap

(93 xanhtq) 5 'qn libxz megza utt ? c2 uxx = 0 d`eeynd ly illkd oexztl dgqep hxetn ote`a gzt (` .zipepw dxevl xarn i"r ,xeyina D dirad z` xezt (a

utt ? uxx = 0; ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 u(x; x) = f (x); ?1 < x < 1 ut(x; x) = g(x); ?1 < x < 1:
:oexzt

x ct = miipiite`d mieewde , dx = c diyxey ,( dx ) ? c = 0 zipiite` d`eeyn dt dt .const

2 2

aivpe xefbp .v (

; ) = u(x; t) , = x ? ct , = x + ct miycg mipzyn xicbp okl .v ( ; ) = F ( ) + G( ) oexztde v = 0 lawp :d`eeyna u(x; t) = F (x + ct) + G(x ? ct):
50

gezitl dnec oexztl dgqepd gezit la` dlgzd ziira `l efy al miyp (a zpzep mi`pza davd .xan`lc zgqep

f (x) = u(x; x) = F (x + cx) + G(x ? cx) g(x) = ut(x; x) = cF 0(x + cx) ? cG0 (x ? cx):
Zx
0

c c g(s)ds = 1 + c F (x + cx) + 1 ? c G(x ? cx) + k:

2

zpzep dipyd d`eeynd ly divxbhpi`

ze`eeynd izyn G z` ulgp

1 ? c c f (x) ? Z x g(s)ds + k] G(x ? cx) = 2c 1 + c lawpe x ? cx = z onqp

0

1 ? c c f( z ) ? Z G(z) = 2c 1 + c 1 ? c
2 2

?c

g(s)ds + k];

ze`eeynd izyn F z` ulgp

1 ? c c f (x) ? Z x g(s)ds + k] F (x + cx) = f (x) ? 2c 1 + c lawpe x + cx = z onqp

0

z F (z) = 1 + c f ( 1 + c ) + 1 ?cc 2 2

Z
0

1+c

g(s)ds ? k];
2

zpzep illkd oexztd zgqepa G lye F ly davd

u(x; t) = 1 + c f ( x + ct ) + 1 ? c f ( x ? ct ) + 1 ?cc 2 1+c 2 1?c 2

x+ct 1+c x?ct 1?c

g(s)ds

:daygnl dl`y .ef dty ziira xear drtydd megze driawd megz z` `vn

51

7 wxt xzin xear zipbenedd milbd z`eeyn iteqpi` ivg

ziy`xl xeyw xzinl dty-dlgzd ziira xeztp (1)

utt ? uxx = 0 u(x; 0) = f (x) ut(x; 0) = g(x) u(0; t) = 0

0 x < 1; t > 0 0 x<1 0 x<1 t>0

.f (0) = g (0) = 0 (zeni`z) zeiliahtnew i`pz f~ ,xyid lk lr zexcbend zeivwpetl g lye f ly zibef-i` dagxd i"r oezp oexztd zgqep zxfra ,iteqpi` xzina ,zlawznd dlgzdd ziiral oexztd z`ivne ,g e ~ .zagxend diirad xear lawznd oexztd u idi .xan`lc ~ .eply diiral oexztd `ed 0; 1) rhwl u ly mevnvd :dprh ~ hxta mze` miiwi x lkl dlgzdd i`pze d`eeynd z` miiwny oexztdy xexa .miiwzn dtyd i`pz mby wecal jixv mle` .x > 0 xear .u(0; t) = 0 :xfr zprh ~ lawpe v (x; t) = ?u(?x; t) xicbp ~

vtt ? vxx = ?utt(?x; t) + uxx(?x; t) = 0 ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 ~ ~ ~(?x) = f~(x) ?1 < x < 1 v(x; 0) = ?u(?x; 0) = ?f ~ vt(x; 0) = ?ut(?x; 0) = ?g(?x) = g(x) ?1 < x < 1; ~ ~ ~
~ ~ -ne f; g dlgzd i`pz mr ,iteqpi` xzin lr dlgzdd ziira ly oexzt v okl .u(0; t) = 0 o`kne u(x; y ) = ?u(?x; y ) xnelk ,u = v zecigid htyn ~ ~ ~ ~
52

olew lynl) ,edvwa iytegd iteqpi` ivg xzinl dty-dlgzd ziira xeztp (2) .(jex`

utt ? uxx = 0 u(x; 0) = f (x) ut(x; 0) = g(x) ux(0; t) = 0

0 x < 1; t > 0 0 x<1 0 x<1 t>0

,g e f ,xyid lk lr zexcbend zeivwpetl g lye f ly zibef dagxd i"r oexztd ~ ~ -ynd z` miiwi oexztd mcew enk .zlawznd dtyd ziiral oexztd z`ivne i`pz meiw mb milawn v (x; t) = u(?x; t) zxcbd i"re ,dlgzdd i`pze d`ee .dtyd ipbened `l dty i`pz mr dty-dlgzd ziira xeztp (3)

utt ? uxx = 0 u(x; 0) = f (x) ut(x; 0) = g(x) u(0; t) = h(t)

0 x < 1; t > 0 0 x<1 0 <x<1 t>0

.u(x; t) = F (x + ct) + G(x ? ct) illkd oexztd milawne dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn s = x ? ct 0 xear
Zs 1 F (s) = 2 f (s) + 21c g( )d + k
0

1 f (s) ? 1 Z s g( )d ? k G(s) = 2 2c i`pz zavdn .(s = x ? ct < 0 okzi ik) , s < 0 xear G(s) z` mb aygl jixv
0

lawpe s = ?ct aivp ?s ) G(s) = ?F (?s) + h( c :s < 0 xear lawp ,?s > 0 xear mireci G e h ikxry oeeik 1 f (?s) ? 1 Z ?s g( )d ? k + h( ?s ): G(s) = ?

h(t) = u(0; t) = F (ct) + G(?ct) t > 0

dtyd

2c

53

oexzta aivpe

x ? ct < 0 e x ? ct
(

0 mixwn ipyl cixtp x + ct

lawp ,illkd

0 y oeeik

u(x; t) =

f (x+ct)+f (x?ct) + 1 R x+ct g ( )d x?ct 2 f (x+ct)?f (ct?x) + 1 R x+2c g ( )d + h(t ? x ) ct 2 2c ct?x c

x ct x < ct:
yexcl

witqn jk myl .zetivxe zeniiw ipy xcq cr eizexfbpe

u m` izin` oexztd

f (0) = h(0);

g(0) = h0(0);

f 00(0) = h00(0):

dty dlgzd ziira z` mixzet ote` eze`a weica (4)

utt ? uxx = 0 u(x; 0) = f (x) ut(x; 0) = g(x) ux(0; t) = h(t)

0 x < 1; t > 0 0 x<1 0 <x<1 t > 0:

.xezt :daygnl dl`y 1 'qn libxz

utt ? uxx = 0

8 > < u(x; 0) = f (x) = > :

ut(x; 0) = g(x) = 0 u(0; t) = 0

x 0 x<1 2?x 1 x < 3 0 2 x<1

0 x < 1; t > 0 0 x<1 0 x<1 t>0

dirad dpezp

.izin` oexzt oi` l"pd diral recn xaqd (` .dirad ly llkend oexztd z` onqn u(x; t) mi`ad mitirqa
1 .(2; 1) e ( 2 ; 1) zecewpa u(x; t) ly miixtqnd mikxrd z` ayg (a

@u .3 < t < 1 e ,2 < t < 3 ,1 < t < 2 ,0 < t < 1 mirhwa @x z` ayg (b

:oexzt 54

zeivwpetl

g z`e f z` aigxp .iteqpi` ivg xzin lr dlgzd dty ziira ef

8 > > > > > > < ~= f > > > > > > :

1 < x < ?2 ?2 ? x ?2 x ?1 x ?1 < x 1 2?x 1<x 2 0 2 < x < 1; g(x) = 0 ? 1 < x < 1 ~
0

zebef-i`

dlgzdd i`pzl sqepa miiwi df oexzt epi`xy itk .iteqpi` xzin ziira xeztpe oexztd .dtyd i`pz z` mbe

~ ~ u(x; t) = f (x + ct) + f (x ? ct) 2

cg` lka zetivxa miinrt xifb didi oexztdy jixv izin` didi oexztdy ick (` ux(x; 0) = lynl ,zexifb i` zecewp yi ep`vny oexztl la` .mipzynd ipyn ~ .x = 1 xear zniiw `l f 0 (x)

1 1 1 u( 2 ; 1) = 2 f~( 3 ) + 2 f~(? 1 ) = 0 2 2 1 1 u(2; 1) = 2 f~(3) + 1 f~(1) = 2 2

8 > > > > > > < 0 (x) = f~ > > > > > > :

(a

1 < x < ?2 ?1 ?2 x ?1 1 ?1 < x 1 ?1 1 < x 2 0 2 < x < 1;

(b

ux(1; t) = f 0 t f 0 ?t = ? = 0 lawp 0 < t < 1 xear ux(1; t) = f 0 t f 0 ?t = = lawp 1 < t < 2 xear ux(1; t) = f 0 t f 0 ?t = ? = ? lawp 2 < t < 3 xear 0 0 .ux (1; t) = f t f ?t = = 0 lawp 3 < t xeare
~ (1+ )+ ~ (1 ) 1+1 2 2 ~ (1+ )+ ~ (1 ) 0+1 1 2 2 2 ~ (1+ )+ ~ (1 ) 0 1 1 2 2 2 ~ (1+ )+ ~ (1 ) 0+0 2 2

55

(94 lixt`) 2 'qn libxz

utt ? 4uxx = 0 u(x; 0) = 0 ut(x; 0) = 0 u(0; t) = h(t)

0 x < 1; t > 0 0 x<1 0 <x<1 t > 0;

zkxrnd dpezp

.dpezp divwpet h(t) xy`k mekqk bivdl xyt` utt ? uxx = 0 d`eeynd ly illkd oexztd z` ,recik (` .zkxrnl oexzt xear dgqep gzt ef dcaer jnq lr .mcwzn lbe beqp lb ly `ed mcewd sirqa z`vny u(x; t) oexztdy migihand h(t) lr mi`pz gzt (a .zkxrnl izin` oexzt

? 1 h(t) = t (1 0 t ) 10 < tt< 1

3 3

ik gipp (b

.t 2 (T0; T1) lk xear u(20; t) 6= 0 y jk (T0 ; T1) ilniqwn onf rhw `vn :oexzt i`pz zavd i"r lawp dlgzda hxetnd oexztd gezit ialy ixg` aewrp m` (` :dlgzd (

0 2 u(x; t) = h( ?x0 + t) 0 < xt< 2x t:

2

h00(0) = e ,(dpey`x zxfbp meiw) h0(0) = g(0) = 0 ,(zetivx) h(0) = f (0) = 0 .(dipy zxfbp meiw) f 00 (0) = 0 dpezpd h xear u(20; t) z` ytgp (b 8 > 0 0 t 10 < u(20; 0) = > h(?10 + t) 10 < t 11 : 0 t > 11: xear wx h(?10 + t) 6= 0 milawn 0 < t < 1 xear wx h(t) 6= 0 y oeeik .t 2 (10; 11) xy`k u(20; t) 6= 0 okl 10 > t > 11
56

md izin` didi oexztdy jkl mi`pzd ,dlgzda epgzity itk aey (a

8 wxt xear zipbened-`ld milbd z`eeyn iteqpi` ivge iteqpi` xzin

dirad silgz zipbenedd dirad z`

utt ? uxx = F (x; t) ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 u(x; 0) = f (x) ?1 < x < 1 ut(x; 0) = g(x) ?1 < x < 1:
lr lkzqpe (F =

zipbenedd diral ,zipbened `l iteqpi` ivg xzin ziiran xearp weica ote` eze`a .dni`znd `l xzinl xan`lc zgqepa ynzyp :(iteqpi` xzinl wx dni`zn)
Z x ct Zt g(s)ds+ 21c u(x; t) = f (x + ct) + f (x ? ct) + 21c 2
+

F (x) xy`k lynl) d`eeynl v ihxt oexzt ygpp zg` jxc dni`znd zipbenedd dirad z` xeztp w = u ? v wtt ? wxx = 0 ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 w(x; 0) = f (x) ? v(x; 0) ?1 < x < 1 wt(x; 0) = g(x) ? vt(x; 0) ?1 < x < 1: .u = v + w didi illkd oexztde
dipy jxc

Z x+ct?c
=

ipbened

x?ct

=0

x?ct+c

F ( ; )d d :

-i`d d`eeynl ihxt oexzt dyrnl ozep xan`lc zgqepa oexg`d iehiad dxrd xear ,df wlga ynzydl xyt` okl f = g = 0 dlgzd i`pz mr zipbened 57

`ld diradn xearle ,(dni`zn dxeva

F z` miaigxn m`) iteqpi` ivg xzin

.zipbenedd diral zipbened

zkxrnd z` xezt 1 qn libxz

utt ? uxx = t ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 u(x; 0) = 2x + sin x ?1 < x < 1 ut(x; 0) = 0 ?1 < x < 1:
7

:oexzt
t9 .v (x; t) = 72 okl vtt = t7 lawpe v = v (t) dxevdn ihxt oexzt ygpp dni`znd zipbenedd zkxrnl xearp

wtt ? wxx = 0 ?1 < x < 1; t > 0 w(x; 0) = f (x) ? v(x; 0) = 2x + sin x ?1 < x < 1 wt(x; 0) = g(x) ? vt(x; 0) = 0 ?1 < x < 1:
1 1 w(x; t) = 2x + 2 sin(x + ct) + 2 sin(x ? ct);

:zipbenedd diral xan`lc zgqep itl ,dpexzt

zixewnd diral oexztd okl

1 t u(x; t) = 2x + 2 sin(x + ct) + 1 sin(x ? ct) + 72 : 2

9

:(c"pyz aia`) 2 'qn libxz

utt ? 9uxx = ex ? e?x; ?1 < x < 1; t > 0; u(x; 0) = x; ?1 < x < 1; ut(x; 0) = sinx; ?1 < x < 1:

:iteqpi` xzina zipbened-i`d milbd ziira z` xezt

.t > 0 lkl u(0; t) z` ayge dgqepa ynzydl xyt` :dxrd

cos( ? ) ? cos( + ) = 2sin sin :

58

:oexzt
Z x ct g(s)ds+ u(x; t) = 1 f (x + ct) + f (x ? ct)] + 21c 2
+

xanlc zgqep itl

x?ct

+ 21c

Zt
=0

= =

x?c(t+
)

x?c(t?

F( ; ) d d :
zxne` z`f

1 x + 3t + x ? 3t] + 1 Z x t sinsds+ u(x; t) = 2 6 x? t

+3 3

1 Z t Z x t? (e ? e? ) d d = +6 x? t? = x + 1 sinxsin3t ? 2 sinh x + 2 sinh x cosh 3t: 3 9 9

= +3( 3( ) =0 = )

59

9 wxt zhiy - iteq megza megd z`eeyn mipzyn zcxtd

:1 'qn libxz

x-a zetivxa miinrt xifbe , = 0; ] ; 0; 1) megza sivx u(x; t) oexzt `vn :miiwne ,(0; ) ; (0; 1) megza t-a mrte
(9.1)
8 > < > :

ut = uxx; u(x; 0) = f (x); u(0; t) = u( ; t) = 0;

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0;
xy`k ,f (x) = sin3 x (`) .f (x) = x (

? x) (a)

zil`ivpxticd d`eeynl micgein zepexzt miytgn .mipzyn zcxtd i"r :oexzt dxevdn

u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

-ne ,(9.1)-a zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd jeza miaivn .dtyd i`pz z` miniiwnd milaw

X T 0 = X 00 T:
60

zeivwpetd z`e oeieeyd ly cg` cvn t-a wx zeielzd zeivwpetd z` miazek m` deey t-a wx dielzd divwpet m`y oeayga migwele ,ipyd cva x-a wx zeielzd milawn ,reaw eze`l zeey zeidl zeaiig odizy if` ,x-a wx dielzd divwpetl (9.2)

T 0 = X 00 = ? : T X
epl yi (9.1)-a dtyd i`pzn

(9.3)

u(0; t) = X (0) T (t) = 0 =) X (0) = 0; u( ; t) = X ( ) T (t) = 0 =) X ( ) = 0:

:d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` milawn (9.3) -e (9.2)-n
8 > < > :

(9.4)

X 00 + X = 0; X (0) = X ( ) = 0;

zeinvrd zeivwpetde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = n2 md (9.4) ly miinvrd mikxrd mini`znd ly mikxrd z` miaivn .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = sin nx od oexzt miiw n = 1; 2; : : : lkl ,okl .Tn (t) = e?n2 t milawn .mixzete ,(9.2) jeza dxevdn 2

un(x; t) = e?n t sin nx;

sexv i"r ozip (9.1) ly illkd oexztd .dtyd i`pz z`e d`eeynd z` miiwnd :mdly (llken) ix`ipil (9.5)

u(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

An e?n t sin nx:

2

milawne (9.5) jeza (9.1)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn (`)

u(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

An sin nx = sin x:
3

61

lawp mincwn deeype sin3x =

1 3

3 A = 4 ; A = ? 1 ; An = 0 8n 6= 1; 3: 4 1 u(x; t) = 3 e?t sin x ? 4 e? t sin 3x: 4

9

3 4

sin x ? sin 3x aezkp m`

1 4

o`kn

milawne (9.5) jeza (9.1)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn (a)

u(x; 0) =
Z An = 2

1 X
n=1

An sin nx = x ( ? x):

? x) ly diixet incwn zeidl miaiig An mincwnd n x ( ? x) sin nx dx = 4 1 ?n(1) ; n = 1; 2; : : :

:x (
3

(9.6)

u(x; t) = 4 u(x; t) = 8
1 X
n=1

1 X
n=1

1 ? (1)n e?n t sin nx: n

2

o`kn

d`ad dxeva (9.6) z` aezkl xyt`y ze`xl lw

? (2k ? 1) e
3

(2

k?1)2 t

sin (2k ? 1)x:

:daygnl zel`y .(izin` oexzt edn xekf) ?izin` oexzt `ed zlawy oexztd m`d (` .zilwiqitd zernynd dn .limt!1 u(x; t) z` ayg (a :2 'qn libxz :d`ad dirad z` xezt (9.7)
8 > ut < > :

= k uxx; u(x; 0) = cos x ux(0; t) = ux( ; t) = 0

2 2

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0;
62

:oexzt dxevdn zepexzt miytgn epgp` .mipzyn zcxtd i"r

u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

milawne ,(9.7)-a zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd jeza miaivn (9.8)

T 0 = X 00 = ? : k T X
2

(9.9)

ux(0; t) = X 0(0) T (t) = 0 =) X 0(0) = 0;

epl yi (9.7)-a dtyd i`pzn

ux( ; t) = X 0( ) T (t) = 0 =) X 0( ) = 0:
:d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` milawn (9.9) -e (9.8)-n
8 > < > :

(9.10)

X " + X = 0; X 0(0) = X 0( ) = 0;

zeivwpetde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = n2-e 0 = 0 md (9.10) ly miinvrd mikxrd 1 mikxrd z` miaivn .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = cos nx-e X0 = 2 od zeinvrd 2 2 okl .Tn (t) = e?k n t -e T0 = 1 milawn .mixzete ,(9.8) jeza mini`znd ly dxevdn zepexzt miniiw

1 u (x; t) = 2 ;
0

un(x; t) = e?k n t cos nx 8n = 1; 2; : : : ;

2 2

ly illkd oexztde ,dtyd i`pz z`e zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd z` miniiwnd :mdly (llken) ix`ipil sexv i"r ozip (9.7) (9.11)

u(x; t) = A + 2
0

1 X
n=1

An e?k n t cos nx:

2 2

63

milawne (9.11) jeza (9.7)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) = A + 2
0

1 X
n=1

An cos nx = cos x:
2 1 2

lawp mincwn deeype cos2 x =

0 2

+ cos 2x aezkp m`
1 2

A = 1; A = 1 ; An = 0 8n 6= 1; 2: 2 u(x; t) = 1 + 1 e? k t cos 2x: 2 2

4 2

o`kn

:daygnl dl`y ? zilwiqitd zernynd dn .limt!1 u(x; t) z` ayg :3 'qn libxz :d`ad dirad z` xezt (9.12)
8 > ut = uxx ? u; < > u(x; 0) = x (1 ? x) : u(0; t) = u (1; t) = 0 x

0 < x < 1; t > 0 0 x 1 t 0:

:oexzt

miiltk zepexzt miytgn .mipzyn zcxtd i"r

u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

milawne ,(9.12)-a zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd jeza miaivn

X T 0 ? X 00 T + X T = 0:
(9.13)

T 0 + T = X 00 = ? : T X
64

e`

(9.14)

u(0; t) = X (0) T (t) = 0 =) X (0) = 0;

epl yi (9.12)-a dtyd i`pzn

ux(1; t) = X 0(1) T (t) = 0 =) X 0(1) = 0:

:d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` milawn (9.14) -e (9.13)-n
8 > < > :

(9.15)

X " + X = 0; X (0) = X 0(1) = 0;

? zeivwpetde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = (( 2n2 1 )2 2 md (9.15) ly miinvrd mikxrd ? ly mikxrd z` miaivn .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = sin ( 2n2 1 ) x od zeinvrd n = lkl ,okl .Tn (t) = e?(1+ n) t milawn .mixzete ,(9.13) jeza mini`znd dxevdn oexzt miiw 1; 2; : : :

un(x; t) = e?

(1+

n)

? sin ( 2n 2 1 ) x;

sexv i"r ozip (9.12) ly illkd oexztde ,dtyd i`pz z`e d`eeynd z` miiwnd :mdly (llken) ix`ipil (9.16)

u(x; t) =

1 X

n=1

An e?

(1+

n)

? sin 2n 2 1 x:

milawne (9.16)-a (9.12)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) =
? .sin 2n2 1

1 X
n=1

? An sin 2n 2 1 x = x(1 ? x):

x zkxrnl qgia x (1?x) ly diixet incwn zeidl miaiig An mincwnd Z ? An = 2 x (1 ? x) sin 2n 2 1 x dx = 16 + (2n ? 1) (?1)n ] n = 1; 2; : : : = (2n ?81)
1 0 3 3

65

.(9.12) ly oexztd z` milawn (9.16) jeza An mincwnd zavd i"r :daygnl dl`y ? izin` zlawy oexztd m`d :4 'qn libxz :d`ad dirad z` xezt (9.17)
8 > < > :

ut = uxx ? u; u(x; 0) = sinx cos x; u(0; t) = u( ; t) = 0

2

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0;
:oexzt

`id zxg` jxc .mcewd libxzl dnec dxeva `id dirad z` xeztl zg` jxc divwpetd z` xicbdl

v(x; t) = et u(x; t):

(9.18)

8 > < > :

milawne (9.17)-a miaivn .uxx = e?t vxx -e ut = e?t (vt ? v ) okl

vt = vxx; v(x; 0) = sinx cos ; v(0; t) = v( ; t) = 0;

2

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0;

i"r oezp illkd oexztd .1 'qn libxzl dnec dira z`f (9.19)

v(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

An e?n t sin nx:

2

milawne (9.19) jeza (9.17)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

An sin nx = sinx cos x:

2

66

lawp mincwn deeype sinx cos2 x =

1 3

1 4

sin x + sin 3x aezkp m`

1 4

1 A = 4 ; A = 1 ; An = 0 8n 6= 1; 3: 4

v(x; t) = 1 e?t sin x + 1 e? t sin 3x: 4 4

9

o`kn

1 1 u(x; t) = 4 e? t sin x + 4 e?
2

10

sin 3x:

f`e :5 'qn libxz

:d`ad dirad z` xezt (9.20)

8 > ut = uxx + 2 ux ; < ?x > u(x; 0) = e sinx; :

u(0; t) = u( ; t) = 0 u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0;

dxevdn zepexzt miytgn epgp` .mipzyn zcxtd itl :` jxc

milawne ,(9.20)-a zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd jeza miaivn (9.21)

T 0 = X 00 + 2 X 0 = ? : T X

dxeva (9.21)-a mixaegnd z` xcql zexyt` mey epl oi` dfy dxwnay al miyp (9.20)-a dtyd i`pz mr cgi .X 00 + X = 0 d`eeynd z` lawl lkepy efk :d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` milawn (9.22)
8 > < > :

X 00 + 2 X 0 + X = 0; X (0) = X ( ) = 0;
67

zeivwpetde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = 1 + n2 md (9.22) ly miinvrd mikxrd ly mikxrd z` miaivn .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = e?x sin nx od zeinvrd lkl ,okl .Tn (t) = e?(1+n2 ) t milawn . mixzete ,(9.21) jeza mini`znd dxevdn oexzt miiw n = 1; 2; : : :

un(x; t) = e?

(1+ 2 )

n t e?x sin

nx;

sexv i"r ozip (9.20) ly illkd oexztde ,dtyd i`pz z`e d`eeynd z` miiwnd :mdly (llken) ix`ipil (9.23)

u(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

An e?

(1+ 2 )

n t e?x sin

nx:

milawne (9.23)-a (9.20)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

Ane?xsin nx = e?xsin x:
okl o`kn

A = 1; An = 0 8n 6= 1:
1

u(x; t) = e? x

( +2 )

t sin

x:

divwpetd z` mixicbn :a jxc

v(x; t) = e x t u(x; t):

( + )

.uxx = e?(x+t) (vxx ? 2 vx + v ) -e ux = e?(x+t) (vx ? v ) ,ut = e?(x+t) (vt ? v ) okl milawne (9.20)-a miaivn (9.24)
8 > < > :

vt = vxx; v(x; 0) = sinx; v(0; t) = v( ; t) = 0:

68

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0;

i"r oezp illkd oexztd .1 'qn libxzl dnec `id z`f dira (9.25)

v(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

An e?n t sin nx:

2

milawne (9.25) jeza (9.24)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

An sin nx = sinx:
okl o`kn f`e

A = 1; An = 0 8n 6= 1:
1

v(x; t) = e?tsin x: u(x; t) = e?(x+2t)sin x:

69

10 wxt zhiy - iteq megza milbd z`eeyn mipzyn zcxtd

:1 'qn libxz :d`ad diirad z` xezt
8 > > > <

(10.1)

utt = uxx; u(x; 0) = sin x; > ut (x; 0) = sin 2x; > > : u(0; t) = u( ; t) = 0:
3

0<x< ; t>0 0 x 0 x t 0;
:oexzt

miiltk zepexzt miytgn .mipzyn zcxtd i"r

u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

milawne ,(10.1)-a zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd jeza miaivn

X T 00 = X 00 T:
zeivwpetd z`e oeieeyd ly cg` cvn t-a wx zeielzd zeivwpetd z` miazek m` deey t-a wx dielzd divwpet m`y oeayge migwele ,ipyd cva x-a wx zeielzd 70

,reaw eze`l mieey zeidl miaiig mitb`d ipy if` ,x-a wx dielzd divwpetl milawn (10.2)
8 > < > :

T 00 = X 00 = ? : T X X " + X = 0;

:d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` epl yi (10.1)-a dtyd i`pzn (10.3)

X (0) = X ( ) = 0;

,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = n2 md (10.3) ly miinvrd mikxrd ,mircei xak epgp`y itk mikxrd z` miaivn .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = sin nx od zeinvr zeivwpetde milawne T xear mixzet ,(10.2) jeza mini`znd ly

Tn(t) = An cos nt + Bn sin nt:

dxevdn oexzt miiw n = 1; 2; : : : lkl ,okl

un (x; t) = (An cos nt + Bn sin nt) sin nx;

(10.1) ly illkd oexztd .dtyd i`pz z`e zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd z` miiwnd :mdly (llken) ix`ipil sexv i"r ozip (10.4)

u(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

(An cos nt + Bn sin nt) sin nx:

milawne (10.4) jeza (10.1)-a oey`xd dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

An sin nx = sin x:
3 3 4

lawp mincwn deeype sin3x =

1 3

sin x ? sin 3x aezkp m`

1 4

3 A = 4 ; A = ? 1 ; An = 0 8n 6= 1; 3: 4
71

jeza (10.1)-a ipyd dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn ,t itl illkd oexztd z` mixfeb milawne (10.4)

ut(x; 0) =
2

1 X

n=1

n Bn sin nx = sin 2x:

okl

1 B = 2 ; Bn = 0 8n 6= 2: 1 1 u(x; t) = 3 cos t sin x ? 4 cos 3t sin 3x + 2 sin 2t sin 2x: 4

o`kn

:2 'qn libxz :d`ad dirad z` xezt (10.5)

8 > > > < > > > :

utt = 4 uxx; u(x; 0) = cos x; ut(x; 0) = sin x cos x; ux(0; t) = ux(1; t) = 0:

2 2

0 < x < 1; t > 0 0 x 1 0 x 1 t 0;

:oexzt

miiltk zepexzt miytgn epgp` .mipzyn zcxtd i"r

u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

milawne ,(10.5)-a zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd jeza miaivn (10.6)
8 > < > :

T 00 = X 00 = ? : 4T X
:d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` epl yi (10.5)-a dtyd i`pz mr cgi

(10.7)

X " + X = 0;
72

X 0(0) = X 0(1) = 0;

zeivwpetde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = n2 2 -e 0 = 0 md (10.7) ly miinvrd mikxrd 1 mikxrd z` miaivn .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = cos n x-e X0 = 2 od zeinvrd -e T0 = A0 + B0 t milawne .T (t) xear mixzet ,(10.6)a mini`znd ly

Tn(t) = An cos 2n t + Bn sin 2n t:

-e u0(x; t) = A0 +2B0 t dxevdn zepexzt miniiw okl

un(x; t) = (An cos 2n t + Bn sin 2n t) cos n x 8n = 1; 2; : : : ;

ly illkd oexztde ,dtyd i`pz z`e zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd z` miniiwnd :mdly (llken) ix`ipil sexv i"r ozip (10.5) (10.8)
1 X u(x; t) = A + B t + (An cos 2n t + Bn sin 2n t) cosn x: 2 n
0 0 =1

milawne (10.8) jeza (10.5)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

1 A + X A cos n x = cos x: u(x; 0) = 2 n n
0 2 =1

lawp mincwn deeype cos2

0 2

x = + cos 2 x aezkp m`
1 2 1 2

1 A = 1; A = 2 ; An = 0 8n 6= 1; 2:
jeza (10.5)-a ipyd dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn ,t itl illkd oexztd z` mixfeb milawne (10.8)

ut(x; 0) = B + 2
0

1 X
n=1

2n Bn cos n x = sin x cos x:

1 4 1 4

lawp mincwn deeype sin2

1 3

x cos x = cos x ? cos 3 x aezkp m` 1 B = 81 ; B = ? 24 ; Bn = 0 8n 6= 1; 3:

73

o`kn

1 u(x; t) = 1 + 81 sin 2 t cos x + 1 cos 4 t cos 2 x ? 24 sin 6 t cos 3 x: 2 2

:3 'qn libxz :d`ad dirad z` xezt
8 > utt = uxx ? u; > > < u(x; 0) = sin 2x; > ut(x; 0) = sin x; > > :

(10.9)

u(0; t) = u( ; t) = 0:

0<x< ; t>0 0 x 0 x t 0;
:oexzt

miiltk zepexzt miytgn epgp` .mipzyn zcxtd i"r

u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

milawne (10.9)-a zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd jeza miaivn (10.10)

T 00 + T = X 00 = ? : T X
:d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` epl yi (10.9)-a dtyd i`pzn
8 > < > :

(10.11)

X " + X = 0; X (0) = X ( ) = 0;

= n md (10.11) ly miinvrd mikxrd ,mircei xak epgp`y itk z` miaivn .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = sin nx od zeinvrd zeivwpetde ,1; 2; : : : milawn .T (t) xear mixzete ,(10.10) jeza mini`znd ly mikxrd
n
2

n =-l ,

Tn(t) = An cos 1 + n t + Bn sin 1 + n t:

2 2

74

un (x; t) = (An cos 1 + n t + Bn sin 1 + n t) sin nx;

2 2

dxevdn oexzt miiw n = 1; 2; : : : lkl ,okl

ix`ipil sexv i"r ozip (10.9) ly illkd oexzt .dtyd i`pze d`eeynd z` miiwnd :mdly (llken) (10.12)

u(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

(An cos 1 + n t + Bn sin 1 + n t) sin nx:

2 2

milawne (10.12) jeza (10.9)-n oey`xd dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

An sin nx = sin 2x:

okl

A = 1; An = 0 8n 6= 2:
2

(10.9) jezn ipyd dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn ,t itl illkd oexztd z` mixfeb milawne (10.12)-a

ut(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

1 + n Bn sin nx = sin x:
2

B = 22 ; Bn = 0 8n 6= 1:
1

okl

u(x; t) = 22 sin 2t sin x + cos 5t sin 2x:

o`kn

75

11 wxt zeipbened `l megde milbd ze`eeyn iteq megza

:1 'qn libxz :d`ad diirad z` xezt (11.1)
8 > <

ut ? uxx = sin x; u(x; 0) = sin 2x; > : u(0; t) = u( ; t) = 0:

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0;
:oexzt

(11.1)-a d`eeynd ly ipbenedd wlgd lr lkzqp .mipzyn zcxtd i"r (11.2)

ut = uxx; u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

8 > < > :

,dtyd i`pz z` miniiwnd ,zipbenedd d`eeynl miiltk zepexzt miytgn

milawn dty i`pz mr cgie (11.2) jeza miaivn

(11.3)

X " + X = 0; X (0) = X ( ) = 0;
76

zeinvrd zeivwpetde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = n2 md (11.3) ly miinvrd mikxrd .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = sin nx od i"r ozip (11.1) ly illkd oexztd (11.4)
1 X
n=1

u(x; t) =

Tn(t) sin nx:

-nxet) mixfeb ,(11.1) jeza (11.4) z` miaivn Tn (t) zeivwpetd z` reawl icka milawne xai` xai` (zil (11.5)
1 X
n=1

(Tn0 + n Tn) sin nx = sin x:

2

(11.6)

T0 + T
1

= 1;

zpzep mincwn z`eeyd

-e T1(t) = A1 e?t + 1 `ed dpexzty (11.7)

Tn00 + n Tn = 0
2

8n 6= 1:
2

(11.7) -e (11.6) ly zepexztd zavd .n 6= 1 lkl Tn (t) = An e?n t od opexzty illkd oexztd z` zpzep (11.4)-a (11.8)

u(x; t) = sin x +

1 X
n=1

An e?n t sin nx:

2

milawne (11.8)-a (11.1)-ay dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) = sin x +

1 X
n=1

An sin nx = sin 2x;

milawn mincwn z`eeyd i"r aeye

A = ?1; A = 1; An = 0 8n 6= 1; 2:
1 2

77

u(x; t) = (1 ? e?t) sin x + e? t sin 2x:

4

o`kn :2 'qn libxz

:d`ad dirad z` xezt

8 > > > < > > > :

(11.9)

utt ? uxx = cos 2 x cos 2 t; u(x; 0) = cos x; ut(x; 0) = 2 cos 2 x; ux(0; t) = ux(1; t) = 0
2

0 < x < 1; t > 0 0 x 1 0 x 1 t 0:

:oexzt

(11.9)-a d`eeynd ly ipbenedd wlgd lr lkzqp .mipzyn zcxtd i"r (11.10)

utt = uxx;
,dtyd i`pz z` miniiwnd ,zipbenedd d`eeynl miiltk zepexzt ytgpe

u(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

milawn dty i`pz mr cgie (11.10) jeza miaivn (11.11)
8 > < > :

X " + X = 0; X 0(0) = X 0(1) = 0;

-petde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = n2 2 -e 0 = 0 md (11.11) ly miinvrd mikxrd 1 illkd oexztde .n = 1; 2; : : :-l ,Xn (x) = cos n x -e X0 = 2 od zeinvrd zeivw i"r ozip (11.9) ly (11.12)

u(x; t) = T (t) + 2
0

1 X
n=1

Tn(t) cos n x:

78

xai` xai` mixfeb (11.9)-a (11.12) z` miaivn Tn (t) zeivwpetd z` reawl icka milawne (11.13)
1 X
n=1

(Tn00 + n

Tn) cos n x = cos 2 x cos 2 t: T 00 = 0;

0

(11.14)

zpzep mincwn z`eeyd ,T0(t) = A0 + B0 t `ed dpexzty

(11.15) -e ,T2 (t) = A2 (11.16)

T 00 + 4
2

T = cos 2 t;
2 2 4

cos 2 t + B sin 2 t +
2 2

sin 2 t `ed dpexzty

Tn00 + n

Tn = 0

8n 6= 0; 2:

zepexztd zavd .n 6= 0; 2 lkl Tn (t) = An cos n t + Bn sin n t od opexzty illkd oexztd z` zpzep (11.12)-a (11.16) -e( 11.15) ,(11.14) ly

u(x; t) = A +2B t + 4t sin 2 t cos 2 x +

0 0

(11.17)

1 X
n=1

Tn(t)(An cos n t + Bn sin n t) cos n x:

1 X
n=1

milawne (11.17) jeza (11.9)-n oey`xd dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

u(x; 0) = A + 2
0

1 An cos n x = cos x = 2 + 1 cos 2 x; 2

2

milawn mincwn z`eeyd i"re

1 A = 1; A = 2 ; An = 0 8n 6= 0; 2:
0 2

79

ipyd dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivne (xai` xai`) t itl illkd oexztd z` mixfeb milawne (11.17)-a (11.9)-a
1 B + X n B cos n x = 2 cos 2 x; ut(x; 0) = 2 n n
0 =1

milawn mincwn z`eeyd i"r aeye

B = 1 ; Bn = 0 8n 6= 2:
2

1 1 u(x; t) = 2 + t4+ 4 sin 2 t cos2 x + 2 cos2 t cos 2 x:

o`kn

80

12 wxt dty i`pz mr megde milbd ze`eeyn iteq megza miipbened `l

mipezp dlgzd i`pz mr milbde megd z`eeyn lr milkzqn epgp`
(

(12.1)
8 > <

ut ? k uxx = F (x; t); u(x; 0) = f (x);

2 2

0 < x < l; t > 0 0 x l 0 < x < l; t > 0 0 x l 0 x l

-e

(12.2)

utt ? k uxx = F (x; t); u(x; 0) = f (x); > : u (x; 0) = g (x); t u(0; t) = a(t); ux(0; t) = a(t); u(0; t) = a(t); ux(0; t) = a(t);

:dty i`pzl zeiexyt` drax` mre ,l > 0 xy`k

(BC ? 1) (BC ? 2) (BC ? 3) (BC ? 4)

u(l; t) = b(t); ux(l; t) = b(t); ux(l; t) = b(t); u(l; t) = b(t);

t 0; t 0; t 0; t 0:

(BC ?3); (BC ?2); (BC ?1) dty i`pz mr (12.2) e` (12.1) ziira z` xeztl ick -y jk dxeva v (x; t) "oewiz" zivwpet mixicbn epgp` (BC ? 4) e`

w(x; t) := u(x; t) ? v(x; t)

81

meg ziira w xear lawp jk m` .mixwndn cg` lka dtyd i`pz z` zqt`n zeivwpetl zervd .miipbened dty i`pz mr (zipbened `l llk jxca) milb e` od "oewiz"

(BC ? 1) (BC ? 2) (BC ? 3) (BC ? 4)

v(x; t) := a(t) + x b(t) ? a(t)]; l v(x; t) := a(t) x + x l b(t) ? a(t)];

2

v(x; t) := a(t) + x b(t); v(x; t) := (x ? l) a(t) + b(t);

:1 'qn libxz :d`ad dirad z` xezt

(12.3)

8 > ut ? uxx = x > > > < > > > > :

(1+

u(x; 0) = 2 (1 ? u(0; t) = 2; u( ; t) = t;

t) ; x2 );
2

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0; t 0:
:oexzt

`id dni`zn oewiz zivwpet .(BC ? 1) beqn md dtyd i`pz (12.4) (12.5)
8 > <

v(x; t) = 2 + x (t ? 2):

w(x; t) = u(x; t) ? 2 ? x (t ? 2): wt ? wxx = t x; w(x; 0) = x (1 ? x ); > : w(0; t) = w( ; t) = 0

2

mixicbn

:d`ad diirad ly oexzt `ed w-y milawne (12.4)-a miaivn

(12.6)

0<x< ; t>0 0 x t 0:
82

miytgn ,mipzyn zcxtd itl

w(x; t) = X (x) T (t):

i"r oezp Tn (t) zeivwpetd zriaw ick cr ,(12.6) ly oexztd (12.7)

w(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

Tn(t) sin nx:

milawne (12.6)-a (12.7) z` miaivn Tn (t) zeivwpetd z` reawl icka (12.8)

1 X
n=1

(Tn0 + n Tn) sin nx = t x:

2

diixet xehl x divwpetd z` gztp

x=

1 X
n=1

bn sin nx:
i"r mipezp ,bn diixet incwn

bn = 2

Z
0

1) x sin nx dx = 2 (?n
n+1

n+1

x"cnd z` zpzep mincwn z`eeyde (12.6)-a davd (12.9)

1) Tn0 + n Tn = 2 (?n
2 +1 2

8n;
odizepexzty
2

n Tn(t) = 2 (?1) (n t ? 1) + An e?n t: n

5

83

(12.10)

w(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

2 (?1)n (n t ? 1) + A e?n n n
+1 2 5

okl

sin nx:

milawne (12.10) jeza (12.6)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

w(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1

n An ? 2 (?1) n
5

+1

sin nx = 2 x 1 ? x ;
2

diixet xehl

x (1 ? x ) divwpetd z` gztp

x= cn = 4
Z
0

1 X
n=1

cn sin nx;
i"r mipezp ,cn ,diixet incwn xy`k

x (1 ? x ) sin nx dx = 8n 1 ? (?1)n ]:
3 3

.An = 38n3 1 ? (?1)n ] + 2 (?n1) 5

n+1

o`kn

zpzep (12.10) illkd oexzta davd

w(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

2 (?1)n (n t ? 1) + 8 1 ? (?1)n ] + n n
+1 2 5 3 3

n + 2 (?1) e?n n
+1 5

sin nx:
milawn (12.5)-n

u(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

2 (?1)n (n t ? 1) + 8 1 ? (?1)n ] + n n
+1 2 5 3 3 +1
2

n + 2 (?1) e?n n
5

sin nx + 2 + x (t ? 2):
84

:daygnl dl`y ? izin` `ed oexztd m`d :2 'qn libxz :d`ad dirad z` xezt (12.11)
8 > @u = 1 @ > @t < r2 @r > u(r; 0) = r; > :

@u @r

u(a; t) = a;

0 < r < a; t > 0 0 r a t 0:

:oexzt

d`eeynl dlewy zil`ivpxticd d`eeynd

r urr + 2 ur = r ut:
mixicbn .v (r; t) := a `id oewizd zivwpet

w(r; t) := u(r; t) ? a:
8 > <

:d`ad dirad ly oexzt `ed w-y milawn ,(12.11)-a davd i"r e

(12.12)

wt = r wrr + 2 wr ; w(r; 0) = r ? a; > : w(a; t) = 0;

0 < r < a; t > 0; 0 r a; t 0:

-ynl miiltk zepexzt miytgn .mipzyn zcxtd i"r (12.12) ziira z` mixzet dtyd i`pz z` miniiwnd zil`ivpxticd d`ee

w(r; t) = R(r) T (t):

(12.13)

T 0 = r R00 + 2 R0 = ? : T rR
85

zpzep (12.12)-a davd

R00 + 2

R0 +

r R = 0:

-y epl yi (12.12)-n

liaeil-mxehy ziira z` zepal miaiig epgp` dtyd i`pzne z`fd d`eeyndn z` `evnl ji`e (12.13) d`eeynd z` hytl ji` :zeira izy epl yi .dni`znd xicbp d`eeynd z` hytl liaya .liaeil-mxehy ziiral yexcd ipyd i`pzd

(r) = r R(r);
-y milawn ,miinrt mixfeby ixg`e (0) = 0 f`e

r R00 + 2 R0 = 00:
:d`ad liaeil-mxehy ziira z` milawn okl (12.14)
8 > < > :

"+

= 0;
2 2

(0) = (a) = 0;

zeinvrd zeivwpetde ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n = na2 md (12.14) ly miinvrd mikxrd 1 mikxrd z` miaivn .R(r) = r sin na r f`e ,n = 1; 2; : : :-l , n (r) = sin na r od n2 2 oexztd ,okl .Tn (t) = e a2 t milawne mixzet ,(12.14) jeza mini`znd ly `ed illkd 1 X n2 2 t 1 n r: sin (12.15) w(r; t) = An e? a2
n=1

milawne (12.15) jeza (12.12)-n dlgzdd i`pz z` miaivn

w(r; 0) =

1 X
n=1

An sin na r = r (r ? a):
2 2

zxne` z`f ,r (r ? a) divwpetd ly diixet incwn md An mincwnd

2 An = a

Za
0

2 4 r (r ? a) sin na r dr = n a ? 2 a + n a 1 ? (?1)n]: n
3 3

86

.dirad oexzt z` lawl ick illkd oexzta aivdl wx x`yp :daygnl dl`y ? izin` `ed oexztd m`d :3 'qn libxz ,0

< x < l -a megd z`eeyn ly zepexzt md v(x; t) -e u(x; t) m`y d`xd -y jk (l > 0) u(x; 0) v(x; 0); u(0; t) v(0; t); u(l; t) v(l; t); .t > 0 ,0 x l lkl u(x; t) v (x; t) if`
:oexzt xicbp

w(x; t) = u(x; t) ? v(x; t): wt ? wxx = 0; w(x; 0) 0; (12.16) > w(0; t) 0; > > : w(l; t) 0;
8 > > > <

z` miiwn w-y zelwa ze`xl xyt` .T

> 0 idi 0 < x < l; 0 < t < T; 0 x l; o t T; 0 t T:

,zileaxtd dtyd lr ilniqwnd jxrd z` zlawn w ,meniqwnd oexwir itl u(x; t) okl .w(x; t) 0 zxne` z`f ,x = l -a e` x = 0 -a ,t = 0 -a xnelk .v (x; t) :4 'qn libxz ly oexzt `ed u(x; t)-y oezp (12.17)
8 > > > < > > > :

ut ? uxx = 0; u(x; 0) = 0; u(0; t) = f (t); u(2; t) = 0;

87

0 < x < 2; t > 0; 0 x 2; t 0; t 0:

.f (0) = 0 e 0 .t

f (t) 1 ,dxifb divwpet f xy`k

:oexzt

0- e 0 x 2 lkl 0

d`eeynd z` xezt (` u(x; t) 1 ? x ik gked (a 2

`id dni`zn oewiz zivwpet .(BC ? 1) beqn md dtyd i`pz (` (12.18)

v(x; t) = f (t) 1 ? x : 2 w(x; t) = u(x; t) ? f (t) 1 ? x : 2

8 > > < > > :

(12.19)

mixicbn

:d`ad diirad ly oexzt `ed w-y milawne (12.18)-a miaivn (12.20)

wt ? wxx = ?f 0(t) 1 ? x ; w(x; 0) = ?f (0) 1 ? x = 0; w(0; t) = w(2; t) = 0

2 2

0 < x < 2; t > 0 0 x 2 t 0:

i"r oezp illkd oexztd .mipzyn zcxtd itl (` :oexzt (12.21)

w(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

Tn(t) sin n2 x :

milawne (12.20)-a (12.21) z` miaivn Tn (t) zeivwpetd z` reawl icka (12.22)

1 X
n=1

(Tn0 + n 4 Tn) sin n2 x = ?f 0(t)

2 2

1 X
n=1

bn sin n2 x :

zxne` z`f , 1 ? x divwpetd ly diixet incwn md bn xy`k ,n lkl 2

1 X bn sin n2 x ; 1? x = 2 n
=1

88

zpzep (12.22)-a mincwn z`eeyd (12.23)

Tn0 + n 4 Tn = ?bn f 0(t)

2 2

8n:

`ed (12.23) ly oexztd .n lkl Tn (0) = 0-y epl yi (12.20)-a dlgzd i`pzn

Tn(t) = ?bn e? n
Zt f 0(
0

2 2 4

Zt f 0(
0

) en

2 2 4

d:

milawn miwlga divxbhpi` i"r

)e

n2

d = f (t) e

n2

t?n

Zt
0

f( ) en
n2

2 2 4

d:
o`kn

Tn(t) = ?bn f (t) + bn n 4 e? n

2 2

2 2 4

Z t t
0

f( ) e

d:
!

okl

w(x; t) =

1 X
n=1

?bn f (t) + bn n 4 e? n
2 2

2 2 4

Zt
0

f( ) e

n2

sin n2 x :
oexztde

1 X u(x; t) = f (t) 1 ? x + ?bn f (t) + bn n 4 e? n 2 n

2 2 =1

2 2 4

Zt
0

f( ) e

n2

d
2

sin n2 x :

,zileaxtd dtyd lr

u n lecbe d`eeynd z` xzet v (x; t) = f (t) 1 ? x (a

+

itl okl .zileaxtidd dtyd lr u n xzei ohwd oexzt `ed v? (x; t) = 0 cera .zlawzn d`vezd (3 'qn libxz d`x) meniqwnd htyn :5 'qn libxz -y jk ,t > 0 ,(l > 0) 0 < x < l -a megd z`eeyn ly oexzt u(x; t) idi 89

divwpetdy d`xd .l > 0 -e t

v(t) =

Zl
0

0 lkl u(0; t) = u(l; t) = 0

u (t) dt:
2

.t

0 lkl dler `l `id

:oexzt

dpzynd itl divxbhpi` rvape u -a ,ut ? k 2 uxx = 0 ,megd z`eeyn z` letkp :l -l 0 oia x Z
l
0

u ut ? k uxx] dx = 0;
2

Z l "1
0

d u ? k u u dx = 0; xx 2 dt
2 2

okl

milawn ipyd xaegna miwlga divxbhpi` i"r

1 d 2 dt

Zl
0

u dx + k
2

Zl
0

uxdx = 0:
2

1 d 2 dt

Zl
0

u dx 0;
2

o`kn

.ze`xdl epivxy itk :daygnl dl`y ? mixg` dty i`pz xear cibdl xyt` dn :6 'qn libxz
8 > > > < > > > :

ly zepexzt v (x; t) -e u(x; t) eidi

ut ? uxx = F (x; t); u(x; 0) = f (x); u(0; t) = a (t); u(l; t) = b (t);

1 1 1

0 < x < l; t > 0; 0 x l; t 0; t 0:

90

8 > > > < > > > :

vt ? uxx = F (x; t); v(x; 0) = f (x); v(0; t) = a (t); v(l; t) = b (t);

2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

0 < x < l; t > 0; 0 x l; t 0; t 0:

-e

od

b (t) -e ,b (t) ,a (t) ,a (t) ,f (x) ,f (x) ,F (x; t) ,k > 0 xy`k ,dn`zda j a (t) ? a (t) j ,x 2 0; l] lkl j f (x) ? f (x) j -y jk zepezp zeivwpet miiwzn t 0 lkle x 2 0; l] lkl y d`xd .t 0 lkl j b (t) ? b (t) j -e .j u(x; t) ? v (x; t) j
2 1 1 2

:oexzt zipbenedd megd z`eeyn z` miiwn w f` .w(x; t) := u(x; t) ? v (x; t) xicbp meniqwnd oexwir itl .j w(l; t) j -e j w(0; t) j ,j w(x; 0) j mr .t 0 lkle x 2 0; l] lkl j w(x; t) j

91

13 wxt q`ltl z`eeyn

zeniiwny u(x; y ) zeivwpet xnelk ,zeipenxd zeivwpet xear dty zeiraa weqrp q`ltl z`eeyn z`

u = uxx + uyy = 0: u=0 D u = f @D:

dlkixic ziira

(13.1)

xnelk) D megza megd z`eeyn ly (icinz) ixpeivhhq oexztl dni`zn dirad .f i"r dpezp dtya dxehxtnhd xy`k ,(onfa ielz epi`y oexzt -iral cigi oexzt miiw ,dwlg witqn f xear :dlkixic ziiral zecigie meiw htyn .dwlg dty lrae meqg megza dlkixic zi gikepe

u = u ? u xicbp .(13.1) ly zepexzt ipy u e u eidi :zecigid zgked miiwn u .u 0

1 2 2 1

u=0 D u = 0 @D:
oixb zgqep itl
Z

(13.2)

Z Z

v udxdy +

Z Z

(uxvx + uy vy )dxdy =
92

@D

v @u ds @

v = u miaivnyk .dtyl ipevigd ilnxepd xehweed oeeka dcigi xehwe xy`k

Z Z

milawn

u udxdy +

Z Z

(uxux + uy uy )dxdy =

@D

@u u @ ds u = 0 y oeeik eiykr

Z Z

milawn u j@D = 0 y oeeike

D

((ux) + (uy ) )dxdy = 0

2 2

okl .qt`zi cpxbhpi`d m` wxe m` qt`zi lxbhpi`d okl ,ilily i` cpxbhpi`d u j@D= 0 e ,xebqd megza dtivx u la` .u(x; y) = const xnelk ,ux = uy = 0 .u 0 okl
(

.dwlg dty lra meqg megz D oezp oneip zira

@u @

(13.3)

u=0 D = f @D:

@u -nhd xe`izl dni`zn dirad .D megzl ilnxepd oeeka zipevig zxfbp @ xy`k meiwl i`pz .f i"r oezp dtya megd shyyk D megza zixpeivhhqd dxehxt :oneip ziiral oexzt

(13.4)

@u ds = 0 @D @
Z

milawn (13.2) oixb zgqep itl :i`pzd zeigxkd zgked

Z Z

v udxdy ? D
0=
Z Z

Z Z

u vdxdy = D
Z

@u v @ ds ? @D

milawn v = 1 miaivnyk

@v u @ ds @D

@u ds = Z fds udxdy = @ @D @D
ziral zecigi htyn

reaw ick cr cigi `ed f` ,diral oexzt miiw m` :oneip 93

.ixeaig

.u = u1 ? u2 = const milawne ,dlkixic ziira xear dgkedl ddf hrnk dgkedd dreaw `l zipenxd divwpet u(x; y ) idz :zipenxd divwpetl meniqwnd htyn mpi`e ,D ly dtya milawzn u ly meniqwnde menipind f` .D meqg megza .zinipt dcewp s`a milawzn

oalna q`ltl z`eeyn

.D = (x; y ) j a < x < b; (13.5)
8 > uxx + uyy = 0 > > > > u(x; c) = g (x) > < > u(x; d) = h(x) > u(a; y ) = f (y ) > > > > :

13.1

u(b; y) = k(y)

c < y < d oalna dlkixic ziiraa lynl lkzqp a < x < b; c < y < d a<x<b a<x<b c<y<d c < y < d:

i"r xeztl xyt` zeicbp zerlv izy lr miipbened mi`pzd ea ihxtd dxwna z` wxtp illkd dxwna .jynday milibxza mibcpy itk ,mipzyn zcxtd :zeliawn zerlv izy lr miipbened mi`pz mr zeira izyl dirad
8 > > > > > > < > > > > > > :

wxx + wyy = 0 w(x; c) = 0 w(x; d) = 0 w(a; y) = f (y) w(b; y) = k(y)

a < x < b; c < y < d a<x<b a<x<b c<y<d c < y < d: a < x < b; c < y < d a<x<b a<x<b c<y<d c < y < d:

8 > vxx + vyy = 0 > > > > v (x; c) = g (x) > < > v (x; d) = h(x) > v (a; y ) = 0 > > > > : v (b; y ) = 0

lynl zeiliahtnew i`pz miniiwzny i`pza) .u = w + v didi (13.5) ly oexztd zniiwny ,w = ax + by + cxy + d zipenxd divwpet ytgp zxg` ,f (a) = 0 .(wj@D = f ? w xicbpe w(a) = f (a) ~ (97 ilei) 1 'qn libxz 94

dty i`pz mr 0 < y <

u = 0 q`ltl z`eeyn xezt u(x; 0) = 167; u(0; y) = u( ; y) = u(x; ) = 0:

reaixa :oexzt

,0 < x <

zepexzt miytgn epgp` .mipzyn zcxtd i"r xeztp .oalna dlkixic zira ef dxevdn

u(x; y) = X (x)Y (y): X 00 ? kX = 0; Y 00 + kY = 0:

:zelibx ze`eeyn izy lawp d`eeyna davdn

ziira z` xeztp

X (0) = X ( ) = Y ( ) = 0 :miipbenedd dtyd i`pza davdne X xear eplawy liaeil mxehy

(

X 00 ? kX = 0 X (0) = X ( ) = 0

.X =

ax okl ,0 = b

.miiynn r"r liaeil mxehy ziiral ik reci oey`xd i`pzdn .X (x) = ax + b d`eeyndn k = 0 (i) .X (x) = 0 okl .0 = a ipyd i`pzdn

,0 = a + b oey`xd i`pzdn .X (x) = ae x + be? x d`eeyndn k = 2 > 0 (ii) .X (x) = 0 okl .0 = a(e ? e? ) ipyd i`pzdn .X (x) = a(e x ? e? x ) okl oey`xd i`pzdn .X (x) = a sin .0 = a sin

x + b cos x d`eeyndn k = ? < 0 (iii) ipyd i`pzdn .X (x) = a sin x okl ,0 = b .Xn (x) = an sin nx-e = n okl
2 2

:eplawy k = ?n2 mr Yn xear dirad z` xeztp

Yn00 ? n Yn = 0 Yn ( ) = 0
95

.0 = an en + b~ e?n i`pzdn .Yn (y ) = an eny + b~ e?ny d`eeyndn ~ ~ n n .Yn (y ) = an eny ? an e2n e?ny oexztde b~ = ?~ ne2n okl ~ ~ a n illkd oexztde un (x; y ) = An sin nx(eny ? e2n ?ny ) zixewnd diral oexzt zxev P .u(x; y ) = 1 An sin nx(eny ? e2n ?ny ) n=1 ipbened `ld i`pza davd i"r mcwnd z` `vnp

167 = u(x; 0) =

1 X
n=1 nX =1 n=1

An sin nx(1 ? e n )
2

miqepiq xehl l`ny sb` z` gztp

167 =
R

kn sin nx;

eplaw .kn = 2 0 167 sin nxdx = 334 (cos 0 ? cos n ) xy`k n An = okl .kn = An(1 ? e2n ) mincwn z`eeydn .k2n?1 = (2n6681) , k2n = 0 ? oexztde , (2n?1)668?e2n ) (1

u(x; y) =

nX =1 n=1

668 (2n ? 1) (1 ? e

2(2

n?1)

) sin(2n?1)x (e

(2

n?1)y ?e2(2n?1) ?2(n?1)y ):

?meqg ?iaeig oexztd m`d ?izin` oexztd m`d daygnl dl`y (f"pyz aia`) 2 'qn libxz dtyd i`pz mr 0 < x; y < reaixa

u = 0 q`ltl z`eeyn dpezp

uy (x; ) = x ? a ux(0; y) = ux( ; y) = uy (x; 0) = 0

.diral oexzt miiw mxear a xhnxtd ly mikxrd lk z` `vn (` .mcewd sirqa z`vny mikxrd xear xezt (a 96

:oexzt ,(13.4) d`eeyn meiw `ed oexzt meiwl i`pz .oneip zira idef (`
Z

@D

fds = 0
Z Z

Z
0

uy (x; 0)dx +
2

Z
0

xnelk
0

ux( ; y)dy +
0

uy (x; )dx ?
0

ux(0; y)dy = 0

.a =

eplawe ( x2

? ax) j = 0 okl R (x ? a)dx = 0 mipezpd zavd i"re

(

liaeil mxehy ziira lawp u(x; y ) = X (x)Y (y ) mipzyn zcxtd i"r xeztp (a X (x) xear

X 00 ? kX = 0 X 0(0) = X 0( ) = 0
oexztde n = 0; 1; 2; ::: xy`k k = ?n2 o`kne

Xn (x) = an cos (nx):

(

Yn00 ? n Yn = 0 Yn0(0) = 0
2

lawp Yn (y ) xear

Yn (y) = an ~

(eny + e?ny ) = a ~
0

n cosh (ny )
0

n = 1; 2; :::

oexztde

Y =~ : a u(x; y) = A +
0

:oexztd zxev z` `evnl ick u a aivp

1 X
n=1

An cosh (ny) cos (nx):

97

ipbened `ld i`pzd itl (13.6)

x ? 2 = uy (x; ) = x? 2 =
0

1 X
n=1

nAn sinh ( n) cos (nx):

:miqepiqew xehl x ?
2

z` gztp

1 X
n=a

kn cos (nx)
xy`k

Z kn = 2 (x ? 2 ) cos (nx)dx

mincwnd z` ozep aeyige

k n? = (2n ?41) ?
2 1 2

n = 1; 2; :::

k n = 0 n = 1; 2::: :
(13.6) d`eeyna mincwn z`eeydn okl

A n = 0 n = 1; 2; :::
2

?4 A n? = sinh ( n)(2n ? 1)
2 1

n = 1; 2; ::: :
oziz illkd oexzta davd

u(x; y) = A +
0

1 X
n=1

?4 sinh ( (2n ? 1))(2n ? 1) cosh ((2n ? 1)y) cos ((2n ? 1)x):

3

.oneip ziira efy oeeik ,reaw ick cr cigi eplawy oexztd ik al miyp 3 'qn libxz i`pz mr f0 < x < ; 0 < y < g megza uxx + uyy = 0 d`eeynd z` xezt .u( ; y ) = sin y ,u(0; y ) = sin(2y ) ,u(x; ) = 0 ,u(x; 0) = 0 dty

98

:oexzt

Y (y) xear liaeil mxehy ziira lawp u(x; y) = X (x)Y (y) mipzyn zcxtd i"r
(

Y 00 + kY = 0 Y (0) = Y ( ) = 0; n = 1; 2; ::: xy`k k = n milawn ,Yn (y ) = an sin(ny ) oexztde Xn (x) xear d`eeyn lawpe
2

00 Xn ? n Xn = 0
2

(13.7)

u(x; y) =

1 X
n=1

sin (ny)(anenx + bn e?nx):

1 X
n=1

.Xn (x) = an enx + ~n e?nx dpexzty ~ b oexztd zxev oey`xd ipbened `ld i`pzdn

sin(2y) = u(0; y) =

sin (ny)(an + bn)

mincwn z`eeydne

0 = an + bn n 6= 2 1=a +b :
2 2

ipyd i`pzdn

sin y = u( ; y) = 0 = an

1 X
n=1

sin (ny)(anen + bne?n )

en

+ bn
1

e?n
1

n 6= 1

mincwn z`eeydne

1 = a e + b e? :
99

n = 1 xear milawn a +b =0 a e + b e? = 1;
1 1 1 1

?1 .b1 = 2 sinh ,a1 =

1 2 sinh

a +b =1 a e + b e? = 0; .b =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

n = 2 xear

xnelk

2 sinh(2 )

e2

an + bn = 0 ane + bne? = 0;

?e?2 ,a2 = 2 sinh(2 ) xnelk n 6= 1; 2 xear

? x ?x 1 u(x; y) = sin (y) 2 sinh (ex ? e?x) + sin (2y)( 2?e e ) + 2 e e ) ) sinh(2 sinh(2
2 2 2 2

.bn = 0 an = 0 xnelk zpzep (13.7) illkd oexzta davde

sinh u(x; y) = sin (y) sinh x + sin (2y) sinh 2( 2? x) : sinh

(c"pyz aia`) 4 'qn libxz xy`k D = f(x; y ) j jxj

1; jyj 1g reaixa uxx + uyy = 0 xezt ux(1; y) = cos( y); ux(?1; y) = 0 jyj 1 uy (x; 1) = 1; uy (x; ?1) = 1 jxj 1
:oexzt

.qt`zn zeliawn zerlv izy lr dtyd i`pz oday zeira izyl dirad z` wxtp (13.8)
8 > > > > > > < > > > > > > :

vxx + vyy = 0 jxj vx(1; y) = cos( y) jxj vx(?1; y) = 0 jxj vy (x; 1) = 0 jyj vy (x; ?1) = 0 jyj
100

1; jyj 1 1 1 1 1

wxx + wyy = 0 jxj 1; jyj 1 wx(1; y) = 0 jxj 1 wx(?1; y) = 0 jxj 1 (13.9) wy (x; 1) = 1 jyj 1 wy (x; ?1) = 1 jyj 1 :(13.8) dira z` xeztp .u = w + v zeirad izy ly zepexztd mekq didi oexztd .v (x; y ) = X (x)Y (y ) mipzyn zcxtd i"r liaeil mxehy zira Y (y ) xear lawp ( 00 Y + kY = 0 Y 0(?1) = Y 0(1) = 0
0 = y0(1) = ae ? ae? .Y (y ) = 0 oexztde ,b = 0 mb okle a = 0 okl ,e ? 1 6= 0 milawn 6= 0 y oeeike 0 = Y 0(?1) = a oey`xd i`pzdn ,Y (y) = a y + b oexztd f` k = 0 m` (ii) .Y = b okl .0 = Y 0(1) = a ipyd i`pzdne ,Y (y ) = a sin( y ) + b cos( y ) oexztd f` k = > 0 m` (iii) 0 = Y 0(?1) = a cos( ) + b sin( ) oey`xd i`pzdn .a cos( ) = b sin( ) = 0 okl .0 = Y 0 (1) = a cos( ) ? b sin( ) ipyd i`pzdne b = 0 okl sin( ) 6= 0 f`e = n n = 1; 3; ::: xnelk cos( ) = 0 f` a 6= 0 m` oexzt milawne ny ): Yn = an sin( 2
3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

8 > > > > > > < > > > > > > :

.Y (y ) = ae y + be? y oexztd f` k = ? 2 < 0 m` (i) ae ? ipyd i`pzdn .0 = y0(?1) = ae? ? be oey`xd i`pzdn = 0 lawpe ipyd i`pza b = ae?2 oey`xd i`pzdn aivp . be?

miiynn r"rd ik reci

a = 0 okl cos( ) 6= 0 f`e = n n = 2; 4; ::: xnelk sin( ) = 0 f` b 6= 0 m` oexzt milawne n y: Yn = bn cos 2

2

.X 0 (?1) = 0 i`pzde X 00 ? kX = 0 d`eeynd dpezp :X (x) xear xeztp eiykr okl 0 = c0 i`pzdn .X0 = c0x + d0 oexzt milawn k = 0 xear

X =d
0

101

.Xn (x) = cn e 2 + dn e? 2 oexzt milawn k = ( n2 )2 ; n = 1; 2; 3; ::: xear ?n n 0 oexztde dn = cn e?n okl .0 = Xn (?1) = n2 (cn e 2 ? dn e 2 ) i`pzdne
n x n x

Xn (x) = cn e n x + e?n e? n x ]:
2 2

oexztd zxev

v(x; y) = A + P1 A n cos(n y) en x + e?n n + P1 A n? sin( n? y ) e n? x + e? n? n

0 =1 2 1 =1 (2 2 1) 2
(2 1) 2 (2

(2+ )

1) 2

x ?(2n?1)

cos y = vx(1; y) = P1 A2n cos n y n n=1 (2n?1) P1 (2n?1) y (2n?1) e 2 + n=1 A2n?1 sin 2 2
lawp mincwn z`eeydn ,zilpebezxe` cos n

e n ? n e? n ] ? n? e? n? ]
3 (2 1) 2 3
(2 2 1)

ipbened `ld i`pza aivp

A n?
2 2

y ,sin = 0 n = 1; 2; :::

(2

n?1) y dxcqdy oeeik 2

A n = 0 n = 2; 3; :::
1 A = e ? e? ]
2 3

:(13.8) diral oexztd okl

1 v(x; y) = B + e ? e? ] cos( y) e x + e? x ] zlawzn ,w(x; y ) = X (x)Y (y ) mipzyn zcxtd i"r :(13.9) dira z` xeztp X (x) xear liaeil mxehy ziira ( 00 X + kX = 0 X 0(?1) = X 0(1) = 0
0 (2+ ) 3

Xn = an sin( nx ) n = 1; 3; ::: 2
102

.X0 (y ) = b0 oexztd f` k = 0 m` oexztd f`e k = ?( nx )2 zxg` 2

Xn = bn cos n2 x n = 2; 4; ::::
.Yn (y ) = cn e
0

n y
2

.Y 00 + kY = 0 d`eeynd dpezp :Y (y ) xear xeztp eiykr .X0 = c0 y + d0 oexzt milawn k = 0 xear ? n2 y oexzt milawn n = 1; 2; 3; ::: ,k = ( n )2 xear + dn e 2 oexztd zxev
0 =1 (2 1) 2 2 1
(2n 1) 2

w(P y) = A y + B + P1 sin( n? x ) A n? e x; n + 1 cos(n x) A nen y + B ne?n y ] n

=1 2 2

+ B n? e? n? y ]
2

1 2

ipbened `ld i`pza aivp

1 = wy (x; ?1) = A + P1 sin( n? n P1 ?n ? B n en ] n cos(n x) A ne

0 =1 (2 =1 2 2

1) 2

(2

n?1)
2

A n? e ?
2 1 (2

(2n 1) 2

? B n? e
2 1

(2n 1) 2

]+

lawp mincwn z`eeydn zilpebezxe` cos n

x ,sin
(2n 1) 2

n?1) x ,1 dxcqdy oeeik 2

A =1
0

(13.10) (13.11)

A n? e
2 1

?(2n?1)
2

? B n? e
2 1 2

=0

A ne?n ? B nen = 0:
2

ipyd ipbened `ld i`pza aivp

1 = wy (x; 1) = A + n? P1 n? x ) n? A ? B 2n ? 1)e? n? ]+ n? e n sin( P1 n ?n n cos(n x) A ne ? B n e ]

0 =1 (2 1) 2 (2 1)
(2

1)

=1

A =1
0

lawp mincwn z`eeydn

2 1

(13.12) (13.13)

A n? e n? ? B n? e? n? = 0
2

A nen ? B ne?n :
2 2

103

(13.12) ,(13.10) ze`eeynn ok enk A0 = 1 epi`x (13.13) ,(13.11) ze`eeynne A2n?1 = B2n?1 = 0; n = 1; 2; ::: (13.9) diral oexztd okl A2n = B2n = 0; n = 1; 2; :::

w(x; y) = y + b :
0

dlek diral oexztd

1 u(x; y) = B + e ? e? ] cos( y) e x + e?
0 3

(2+ )

] + y:
5 'qn libxz

8 > uxx + uyy = 0 > > > > u(x; 0) = 0 > < 3y > ux (a; y ) = sin( b > u(x; b) = g (x) > > > > : u (0; y ) = 0 x

xezt

0 0 ) 0 0 0

x x y x y

a; 0 y b a b a b
(
2 2

a g(x) = x ? x 0 x a: xy`k a x a

:oexzt

zeira izyl wxtp ,ipbened i`pz mr zeliawn zerlv izy oi`y oeeik
8 > vxx + uyy = 0 > > > > v (x; 0) = 0 > < v (a; y) = 0 > x > v (x; b) = g (x) > > > > : v (0; y ) = 0 x

(13.14)
8 > > > > > > < > > > > > > :

0 0 0 0 0

x x y x y

a; 0 y b a b a b a; 0 y b a b a b

(13.15)

wxx + uyy = 0 0 x w(x; 0) = 0 0 x y ) 0 y wx(a; y) = sin( b w(x; b) = 0 0 x wx(0; y) = 0 0 y

3

104

liaeil mxehy ziira milawn v (x; y ) = X (x)Y (y ) onqp :(13.14) z` xeztp

(

X 00 ? kX = 0 X 0(0) = X 0(a) = 0 X =b
0

dpexzty
0

Xn = bn cos( na x ):
(

n = 0; 1; 2; ::: l dirae

Yn00 ? ( na ) Yn = 0 Yn (0) = 0
2

dpexzty

Y =c y
0 0

Yn = cn e

n y a

? e? nay ] = 2cn sinh( na y )

1 X

oexztd zxev

v(x; y) = A y +
0

n=1

An cos( na x )sinh( na y )
ipbened `ld i`pza davd
1 X
n=1

g(x) = v(x; b) = A b +
0

An cos( na x )sinh( na b ) kn cos( nax )

xehl g (x) z` gztp xy`k

g(x) = k +
0

1 X
n=1
R
2

k =
0

Ra 2
0

xdx + aa(x ? a)dx a Ra =4 1dx

0

105

kn =

Ra 2
0

x cos( na x )dx+ Ra
0

n x a (x?a) cos( a )dx 2 n x cos( a )dx

Ra

=n

2 2

0 n = 1; 3; ::: (?1) n ? 1 n = 2; 4; :::

2

A = 4ab
0

mincwn z`eeydn

A n? = 0 n = 1; 2; :::
2 1

An=
2

(2n)

4a sinh(
4

n b) a

(?1)n ? 1]
okl

An=0 A n? =
4 2

(2n ? 1) sinh(
2 2

?2a

(4

n?2) b ) a

1 X v(x; y) = 4ab y +

sinh( liaeil mxehy ziira milawn w(x; y ) = X (x)Y (y ) onqp :(13.15) z` xeztp ( 00 Y + kY = 0 Y (0) = Y (b) = 0
2 2 (4

n=1 (2n ? 1)

?2a

n?2) b ) cos( a

(4n ? 2) x )sinh( (4n ? 2) y ) a a

:`ed (13.14) ly oexztde

Yn (y) = an sin( n b y )
(

dpexzty

n = 1; 2; ::: l dirae
dpexzty oexztd zxev

00 Xn + ( nb ) Xn = 0 0 Xn (0) = 0
2

Xn (x) = cn e nb x + e? nb x ] = 2cn cosh ( n b x ): w(x; y) =

1 X
n=1

An sin( n b y ) cosh ( n b x ):
106

sin( 3y ) = wx(a; y) = b

1 X
n=1

An nb sin( nb y ) sinh ( n b a ):

ipbened `ld i`pza davd

An nb sinh ( n b a ) = 0 n 6= 3; A 3b sinh ( 3 b a ) = 1;
3

mincwn z`eeydn

An = 0 n 6= 3 b A = 3 sinh ( a ) b
3 3

okl

:`ed (13.15) ly oexztde

3

w(x; y) = u(x; y) =
b

3 sinh(

a)

sin( b y ) cosh ( bx ):
3

oexztde
P1 ?a n=1 (2n?1)2 2 sinh( (4
3 sinh ( 3 b a ) 2

sin( b y ) cosh ( bx ) + ab y+ n? x )sinh( n? n? b cos( a a

3 3 4

2)

(4

2)

(4

2)

y ):

(e"pyz ezq) 6 'qn libxz megza zetivxe 0

< x < 1 ,0 < y < 1 megza zeipenxd zeivwpet u; v zepezp xy`k 0 x 1 ,0 y 1 u(x; 0) = x(x ? 1) 0 x 1 u(0; y) = sin( y) 0 y 1 u(x; 1) = 2x(x ? 1) 0 x 1 u(1; y) = sin(2 y) 0 y 1 v(x; 0) = 1 0 x v(0; y) = cos(2 y) 0 y v(x; 1) = 1 0 x v(1; y) = 1 0 y
107

1 1 1 1

.m = max ju(x; y ) ? v (x; y )j z` ayg :oexzt oalna dtivx ik zipenxd w y al miyp ziy`x .w = u ? v xicbp w ok enk ,wxx + wyy = uxx ? vxx + uyy ? vyy = u ? v = 0

.(weca) xebqd elawzi w ly meniqwnde menipind ,zipenxd divwpetl meniqwnd htyn itl :oldlk md dtya w ly mikxrd .dtya

x = xear w0 = 0 ,w(x) = x ? x ? 1 milawn 0 x 1 e y = 0 xy`k (1) .w(1) = ?1 ,w( ) = ? ,w(0) = ?1 zeevwae oeviwd zcewpa mikxrde
1 2 2 1 2 5 4

w0 = 0 ,w(y) = sin( y) ? cos(2 y) milawn 0 y 1 e x = 0 xy`k (2) y = 1=2 e` y = arcsin(?1=4)= xnelk cos y = 0 e` sin y = ?1=4 xy`k ,w(y ) = ?9=8 ,w(1) = ?1 ,w(0) = ?1 zeevwae oeviwd zcewpa mikxrde .w( ) = 2
2 1 1 1 2

x = xear w0 = 0 ,w(x) = 2x ? 2x ? 1 milawn 0 x 1 e y = 1 xy`k (3) .w(1) = ?1 ,w( ) = ? ,w(0) = ?1 zeevwae oeviwd zcewpa mikxrde
1 2 2 1 2 3 2

xy`k w0 = 0 ,w(y ) = sin(2 y ) ? 1 milawn 0 y 1 e x = 1 xy`k (4) 3 w(0) = zeevwae oeviwd zcewpa mikxrde y = 4 e y = 1 xnelk cos(2 y) = 0 4 1 3 .w(1) = ?1 ,w( 4 ) = ?2 ,w( 4 ) = 0 ,?1 `ed jwj ly meniqwnd okle 2 `ed meniqwnde ,?2 `ed w ly menipind okl .m = 2

lebira q`ltl z`eeyn 13.2 zehpicxe`ewa .x2 + y 2 < R2 xear uxx + uyy = 0 :lebira q`ltl z`eeyn 0 < r < R; ?1 < < 1 xear milawn (y = r sin ,x = r cos ) zeixlet urr + 1 ur + 12 u = 0

ila lebira d`eeynd meiw z` miyxec zeixletd zehpicxe`ewa mpne` :dxrd mb zniiwzn d`eeynd f` awepnd lebira dwlge dneqg u m` la` ,ziy`xd .ziy`xa zikxr cg xcben didi u oexztdy ick .zeixlet zehpicxe`ewl dirad z` xiarp 108

hxta .u0 (r; + 2 ) = u0(r; ) e u(r; + 2 ) = u(r; ) zeixefgn zyixc siqep dira lawp
8 1 > urr + r ur + r12 u < u(r; ? ) = u(r; > 0 : 0

= 0 0 < r < R; ? ) 0<r<R u (r; ? ) = u (r; ) 0 < r < R:

mxehy ziira milawn u(r; ) = R(r) ( ) mipzyn zcxtd i"r lawzn oexztd ( ) xear miixefgn dty i`pz mr liaeil
8 > < > :

=0 (? ) = ( ) 0(? ) = 0 ( )
0

00 + k

=b

dpexzty
0

= an cos(n ) + bn sin(n ); n = 1; 2; 3::: R(r) xear xlie` z`eeyn milawne

r R00 + rR0n ? n Rn = 0 n
2 2

R = c ln r + d
0 0

illkd dpexzty
0

Rn(r) = cn r?n + dn rn :
illkd oexztd
0 0 P1 an cos(n n=1

u(r; ) = b a + d ln r] + P1 an cos(n ) + bn sin(n )]cnr?n + n ) + bn sin(n )]dnrn

0 =1

okl n = 0; 1; 2; ::: lkl cn = 0 ziy`xa meqg oexzt miytgn epgp`y oeeik mle` `ed zeixefgnd i`pz mr d`eeynd ly illkd oexztd

~ ~ X ~ u(r; ) = A + rn An cos(n ) + Bn sin(n )]

0

n=1

109

~ An = ,A = 2A ly davd i"r .dtyd lr i`pzd i"r erawi mincwnd xy`k ~ :dtyd i`pz zavdl dgep xzei daizk milawn Rn An 1 X r (13.16) u(r; ) = A + ( R )n An cos(n ) + Bn sin(n )] 2 n
0 0 0 =1

dlkixic ziira

8 1 > urr + r ur + r12 u = 0 > > < u(r; ? ) = u(r; ) > u0(r; ? ) = u0(r; ) > > :

u(R; ) = f ( )

0 < r < R; ? 0<r<R 0<r<R ? :

milawn (13.16) a dtyd i`pz zavdn
1 X
n=1

f ( ) = u(R; ) = A + 2
0

An cos(n ) + Bn sin(n )]
okle

1 Z f (') cos(n')d' An =

Bn = 1 u(r; ) = 1
Z

milawn (13.16) a ep`vny mincwnd ly davd i"r :oeq`et zgqep

? 1 X r f (') 1 + ( R )n cos n( ? ')]d'; 2
n=1

f (') sin(n')d':

lawpe z = R r
1 2 1 2 =1
2 2 2

ei

?') = r cos ( R
1 2 =1

r ? ') + i R sin ( ? ') onqp

1 2 1

r z + P1 ( R )n cos n( ? ') = < + P1 zn] = < + z? ] = n n R ?r P R ? rR ?' r

2 cos( )+ 2

dlkixic ziira oexztl oeq`et zgqep z` eplawe ,oeq`et oirxb `xwp df iehia

u(r; ) = 21

R ? f (') R ? 2rR cos( r ? ') + r d':

2 2 2 2

110

`ed lebird fkxna u ly jxrd xnelk .oeq`et zgqepn ziciin dpwqnk lawzn .dtyd ikxr rvenn m` :ylgd menipinde
meniqwnd htyn

u(0; 0) = 21

f (')d';

rvennd htyn

m f ( ) = u(R; ) M m u(r; ) M m Pd' Pf (')d' M

f` (lebird zty lr) .(lebird jeza mb) -lawn .divxbhpi` mirvane ,oeq`et oirxba oezpd oeieeyd i` z` miltek :dgked mi Z Z Z y oeeike ,f ( ) = 1 dtyR i`pz xear dlkixic ziira z` xzet ? Pd' y oeeik oeieeyd i` lawzn okl ? Pd' = 1 zecigidn ,ef diral oexzt deedn u 1 .m u(r; ) M :yweand (95 uxn) 1 'qn libxz mixivd ziy`xa efkxne 2 eqeicxy lebira d`ad dlkixic ziiraa opeazp
(

Pd':

uxx + uyy = 0 x +y <4 u(x; y) = 2xy + 2y x + y = 4

2 2 2 2 2

.y ,x zehpicxe`ewa bven zeidl oexztd lr ,diral u(x; y ) oexztd z` `vn (` xzeia ohwd jxrd oda lawzn xy` x2 + y 2 4 lebira zecewpd lk z` `vn (a .df jxr `vne mcewd sirqdn u oexztd ly :oexzt .zeixlet zehpicxe`ewa dtyd i`pz z` meyxp

u(2; ) = f ( ) = 2(2 cos )(2 sin ) + 2(2 sin( )) = 4 sin(2 ) + 4 ? 4 cos(2 )

2

111

`ed oexztd (13.16) d`eeyn itl

u(r; ) = A + 2
0

1 X
n=1

r ( R )n An cos(n ) + Bn sin(n )]:

dtyd i`pzn
0

1 A + X A cos(n ) + B sin(n )]; 4 sin(2 ) + 4 ? 4 cos(2 ) = u(2; ) = 2 n n n

=1

A =4 2
0

mincwn z`eeyd i"r

An = Bn = 0 n 6= 0; 2 A = ?4
2

B =4
2

r r u(r; ) = 4?4( 2 ) cos(2 )+4( 2 ) sin(2 ) = 4?r (2 cos ?1)+r 2 cos 2 sin ;
2 2 2 2 2

oexztd okl

zeifhxw zehpicxe`ewae

u(x; y) = 4 ? 2x + (x + y ) + 2xy
2 2 2

u(x; y) = 4 ? x + y + 2xy
2 2

dtya lawzn xzeia ohwd jxrd zeipenxd zeivwpetl meniqwnd htyn itl (a dtyd lr .cala

f ( ) = 4 sin(2 ) + 4 ? 4 cos(2 )

0 = f 0(

) = 8 cos(2 ) + 8 sin(2 ) od < < megzl eni`ziy zecewpde 5 = ?8 ; ? ; 38 ; 78 8

112

oeviwd zecewpae

p 5 f ( ?8 ) = f ( 38 ) = 4 + 4 2; p f ( ? ) = f ( 78 ) = 4 ? 4 2; 8 p

md oeviwd zecewpa mikxrd

,(r; ) = (2; 15 ) zecewpa lawzn `ede u = 4 ? 4 2 `ed xzeia ohwd jxrd okl 8 zeifhxw zehpicxe`ewae .(r; ) = (2; 78 ) e

(x; y) = (2 cos( 8 ); ?2 sin( 8 )) (x; y) = (?2 cos( 8 ); 2 sin( 8 ))

. (97 uxn) 2 'qn libxz dfi` xear (`

diral oexzt miiw

u=0 0 x +y <4 @u = x ? 2 x + y = 4: @n
2 2 2 2 2

.zepexztd lk z` `vn mcewd sirqa z`vny jxr lawn

0 0 0

xear (a

u oda zecewp `vn .u (0; 0) = ?1 miiwny oexzt u (x; y) idi (b

.df jxr `vne ,ilnipin :oexzt

xnelk (13.4) d`eeyn meiw `ed oneip ziiral oexzt meiwl i`pz (`
Z

@u ds = 0: @D @n
2 2

@u = f ( ) = 2 cos ? 2 @n
113

@u zeixlet zehpicxe`ewae @n =

x ? 2 oezp dt
2

0=

4 cos ? 2]d = 4
2

?4 ;

yexcp okl . = 1 okl

`id (13.16) d`eeyn itl oexztd zxev (a

u(r; ) = A + 2
0

1 X
n=1

r ( 2 )n An cos(n ) + Bn sin(n )];

lawp f ( ) = 4 cos2

? 2 dtyd lr i`pzdne

2 cos(2 ) = @u jr = @r
=2

1 X
n=1

( 1 )n nrn? An cos(n ) + Bn sin(n )] 2

1

Bn = 0 An = 0 n 6= 0; 2 A =2
2

mincwn z`eeydn

zpzep oexzta davde

r 1 u(r; ) = A + ( 2 ) 2 cos(2 ) = a + 2 r cos(2 ) 2

0 2 0 2

zeifhxw zehpicxe`ewae

1 u(x; y) = a + 2 (x ? y ):
0 2 2

reawd z` `vnp u0(0; 0) lr i`pzdn (b

?1 = u (0; 0) = a
0 0 2

1 u (r; ) = 2 r cos(2 ) ? 1:
114

oexztd okl

mye cala dtyd lr lawzn menipind

u (2; ) = 2 cos(2 ) ? 1:
0

= ? ; ? ; 0; 2 ; 2
0 0 0

okl 0 = u00(2; ) = ?4 sin(2 ); oeviwd zecewpa

md oeviwd zecewpa mikxrd

u (2; ? ) = u (2; 0) = u (2; ) = 1 u (2; ? ) = u (2; 2 ) = ?3; 2

0 0

-icxe`ewa e` (r; ) = (2;

) zecewpa lawzn `ede ?3 `ed ilnipind jxrd .(x; y ) = (0; 2) zeifhxw zehp
(94 lixt`) 3 'qn libxz

zeiahew zehpicxe`ewa q`ltl z`eeyn z` zniiwnd divwpet u(r; ) idz

urr + 1 ur + r1 u = 0 r
2

D = f(r; ) j 0 r < R; ? <

.D xebqd lebira dtivxe

lebird jeza

u(R; ) = 0 ? 2j j

u ly dtyd ikxr mipezp (`

jj
2

<j j
2

.dtyd ziira z` xeztl ila u(0; 0) z` `vn miiwzn lebird zecewp lkay gked (a

0 < u(r; ) < :

115

:oexzt ,dtyd ikxr rvenn `ed lebird fkxna divwpetd jxr rvennd htyn itl (` xnelk Z

u(0; 0) = 21
Z
0

u(R; )d :
Z
0
2

lawpe dtyd ikxr z` aivp

u(0; 0) = 21

Z? 2

0d +

?2

( + 2 )d +

( ? 2 )d +

Z
2

0d ] = 4 ;

u(0; 0) = 4 u(R; ) = oezp 2 ? ; 0] xear dtyay oeeike ,cala dtya milawzn meniqwn , = 0 zxg`e u(R; ) = ? 2 2 0; ] oezp 2 0; ] xear . + 2 2 0; ] geztd lebird jeza okl , `ed meniqwnde 0 `ed menipind dtyd lr xnelk
2 2

-de menipind ,zipenxd divwpetl meniqwnde menipind htyn itly oeeik (a

0< < :

116