LAND NAVIGATION

CS1106LP

LENSATIC COMPASS

HANDLING THE COMPASS INSPECTION

Sighting wire straight Glass and crystal parts not broken Numbers on dial readable Bezel ring has distinct clicks ! Floating dial does not stick

EFFECT OF METAL OBJECTS AND ELECTRICITY

High tension power lines 55 M Field gun, truck, tank Telephone, barbed wire Machine gun Rifle 18 M 10 M 2M 1/2 M

Steel-rimmed eyeglasses 1/3 M

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USING A COMPASS
Used to determine or follow magnetic azimuths both during the day and at night. You must develop a proper holding position, zero (calibrate) your compass

Master the techniques for accurately shooting an azimuth.

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CENTERHOLD TECHNIQUE
Fast and easy. Visibility conditions. Any type of terrain. Without putting down rifle* Without removing eyeglasses.

COMPASS TO CHEEK METHOD

More accurate Used for performing intersection/ resection

PACE COUNT
Always start on same foot Count every other step To help keep track of distance traveled:
Add pebble to your pocket every 100 M Tie a knot in a string for every 100 M Put marks in a notebook for every 100 M
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PACE COUNT
Convert Pace Count to meters. Example of a 100m pace count Paces Distance 80 = 100m 40 = 50m 20 = 25m 10 = 12.5m
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Factors Effecting Pace Count

Slopes pace lengthens downhill,
shortens on upgrade

Winds headwinds shorten pace,

tailwinds increase pace etc.) shortens pace pace

Surfaces soft terrain (sand, snow, Elements precipitation shortens Clothing excess clothing and boots
with poor traction effect pace length pace

Visibility poor visibility shortens

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BY PASSING OBSTACLES 90-DEGREE OFFSET

OBSTACLE

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DEAD RECKONING TECHNIQUES

Preparation
Determine
Your location The Distance Magnetic Azimuth

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DEAD RECKONING

Select an object in your direction of travel

Use a buddy

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CAUSES OF DRIFT
Physical (injuries, one leg shorter
than the other, etc.)

Load (especially an unbalanced load) Terrain (slopes create tendency to

Elements (tendency to edge away Inherent tendency (right/left-

deviate down towards least resistance)

from sun, rain, snow to receive impact on the back)

handed habits, movement around obstacles, etc.)

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MAPS
Security
handling If not needed, turn in to proper authority If danger of enemy capture destroy it handy Maps require special

Care

Protect from elements, keep

Topographic Map scale

Portrays terrain features in a measurable way

your map scale Most military maps for land navigation are 1:50,000

Important to know

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MARGINAL INFORMATION
Sheet Name Series Name and Scale Bar Scale Credit Note Adjoining Sheets Diagram Legend Declination Diagram Contour Diagram

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BAR SCALE

CONTOUR DIAGRAM

DECLINATION DIAGRA

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MARIGINAL INFORMATION CONT..

SHEET NAME SEIRIES NAME ADJOINING SHEET DIAGRAM

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LEGEND

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MAP SCALE

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MAP COLORS

BLUE BROWN BLACK

RED

REDDISH BROWN

GREEN

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NATURAL/MAN-MADE TERRAIN FEATURES

Symbols are used to represent natural and man-made features. Symbols resemble the actual features as viewed from above. Symbol center remains in its true location
Except when the position of feature is adjacent to a major road when the width of the road is exaggerated

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CONTOUR LINES
300 M
A (340 M)

400 M 410 M 420 M

(CONTOUR INTERVAL: 20 M)
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TYPES OF SLOPES GENTLE SLOPE

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CONCAVE

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CONVEX SLOPE

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MAJOR TERRAIN FEATURES

All terrain features are derived from a complex land mass known as a mountain or ridgeline. A ridgeline is a line of high ground, usually with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all sides
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HILL

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SADDLE

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VALLEY

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RIDGE

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DEPRESSION

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MINOR TERRAIN FEATURES DRAW

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FINGER (SPUR)

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SUPPLEMENTARY TERRAIN FEATURES CLIFF

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CUT AND FILL

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION

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Need picture of a draw

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Need picture of a depression

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Need picture of a ridge

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Need picture of a valley

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Need picture of saddle

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Need picture of a draw

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Need picture of a hilltop

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Need a picture of a cliff

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Need a picture of a finger

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Need a picture of a saddle

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Need a picture of a valley

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Need a picture of a ridge

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Need a picture of a depression

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Need a picture of a hilltop

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Need a picture of a cliff

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Need picture of a valley

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Need a picture of a draw

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Need a picture of a ridge

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Need a picture of a saddle

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Need a picture of a depression

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Need a picture of a finger

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10 MINUTE BREAK

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MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM

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40 39 38

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READ RIGHT, THEN UP!

4-DIGIT GRID COORDINATES

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70 40
40
70

71
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6-DIGIT GRID COORDINATES

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A

70 2 408

40 70

71
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4-DIGIT GRID

Pt C: 02_67_

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READ RIGHT

Pt C: 02567_

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AND UP

Pt C: 025677

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 2
4-digit grid square for NIAC:
5197

Find the 6-digit grid 202: Find the 6-digit grid intersection Basilone and Mateo road:
509953 526965

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION

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DETERMINING STRAIGHT AND CURVED LINE DISTANCE GRAPHIC SCALE BAR SCALE

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GRADUATED STRAIGHT EDGE

6000 meters
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COORDINATED SCALE PROTRACTOR

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DETERMINING STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE

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DETERMINING STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 3
Determine the straight line distance between GC 550950 and GC 538958 Determine the straight line distance between GC 545955 and GC 540970

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 3

B
A

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550950 and 538958

1450m

545955 and 540970

1600m

DETERMINING CURVED LINE DISTANCE

A

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DETERMINING STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE

3950 Meters

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 4
Determine the curved line distance between GC 501971 and GC 503955 Determine the curved line distance between GC 495988 and GC 509955

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 4
03

02

01

00

99

98

B
97 96

A
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501971 and 503955

1500m

495988 and 509955

2500m

DETERMINING AZIMUTHS

BASE LINE DIRECTION LINE

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DETERMINING GRID AZIMUTHS

35 o

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 5
Determine the grid azimuth from Point A (GC 508955) to:
Point B (GC 513976) Point C (GC 534968) Point D (GC 517986)

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 5
03

02

01

00

99

D B C A
99

98

97

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PLOTTING GRID AZIMUTHS

03

02

01

00

99

D B

98

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C A
100

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DETERMINING BACK AZIMUTHS < 180 DEGREES AZIMUTH

BACK AZIMUTH:

45 + 180
225

LESS ADD

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DETERMINING BACK AZIMUTHS > 180 DEGREES

AZIMUTH 315 - 180
135
BACK AZIMUTH:

MORE SUBTRACT

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CONVERTING AZIMUTHS DECLINATION DIAGRAM

G N
GRID CONVERGENCE 4 DEGREES (4 MILS) FOR CENTER OF SHEET

1980 G-M ANGLE 14 DEGREES (250 MILS)

GRID NORTH

TO CONVERT A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID AZIMUTH ADD GM ANGLE

TO CONVERT A GRID AZIMUTH TO A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH SUBTRACT GM ANGLE

TO CONVERT
READ DIRECTIONS ON NOTES, OR 103 USE LARS RULE

CONVERTING AZIMUTHS
Grid to Magnetic Grid azimuth: 39o GM angle: - 14o Mag azimuth: 25o Magnetic to Grid Mag azimuth: 238o GM angle: + 14o Grid azimuth: 252o

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION 6
Convert the grid azimuths you found earlier from grid to magnetic: Grid Az Magnetic Az A-B 322o 308o A-C 151o 137o A-D 242o 228o

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ORIENT A MAP USING A COMPASS

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USING TERRAIN ASSOCIATION

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SUMMARY

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