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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN

CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS WITH AND WITHOUT FINS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University


Hyderabad

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of B-Tech degree


in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

K.KAUSHIK RAO (02E51A0311)


K.RAJI REDDY (02E51A0326)
P.SUNDEEP VARMA (02E51A0335)
Under the guidance of
M.GOPI KRISHNA, M.TECH
Asst. Prof. MECHANICAL Dept.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


ROYAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(First among ISO 9001:2001 certified JNTU Colleges)
MEDAK, A.P.
2005 - 2006.
DEPARTMENT
OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
“NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
IN CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS WITH AND
WITHOUT FINS” is the result of work done by
K.KAUSHIK RAO (02E51A0311)
K.RAJI REDDY (02E51A0326)
P.SUNDEEP VARMA (02E51A0335)
This has been submitted as partial fulfillment for the
award of BACHELOR’S DEGREE in Mechanical
Engineering from the JNTU for the academic year
2005-2006

Principal Head of the department Internal Guide


Mr.N.MALLAPARAJU A.SHIVA RAMAKRISHNA M.GOPI KRISHNA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A project work of this magnitude is not possible


without the help of several people directly or indirectly. It is with
immense satisfaction that we present our practical experience in
the form of a project report we carried out in Cusp Technologies
Pvt Ltd.

We are grateful to Mr.N.MALLAPARAJU C.E,


M.TECH, MISTE, and DIP.T.T Principal of RCEM for giving us
the permission to carry out our project work at Cusp Technologies
Pvt Ltd.

We take this opportunity to thank Sri.M.GOPI


KRISHNA, Asst. Professor of Mechanical Engineering for his
encouragement he had given us throughout the project work.

We wish to express our sincere and profound


gratitude to Sri.KRISHNA MOHAN, Cusp Technologies Pvt Ltd.
for his valuable guidance, which helped us to complete the project
work successfully.
ABSTRACT

Natural convection in concentric annuli has been the


subject of interest in many researchers due to its various
applications in engineering devices. Application areas include
the energy conversion systems found in some designs of nuclear
reactors, concentrating solar collections and thermal energy
storage devices. We consider two-dimensional steady state
natural convection heat transfer in a horizontal annular gap
between two concentric cylinders in witch the inner cylinder is
hotter than the outer one
This project relates to the numerical simulation of
natural convection heat transfer by solving governing equations
for primitive variables pressure, velocities and temperature.
The objective of this project is to further investigate,
numerically, the effect of internal fins on the flow patterns, the
temperature distribution and the heat transfer between
concentric horizontal cylinders.
Fins are employed to increase the heat transfer area, leading to
an increase in the heat transfer between the cylinders. However,
the presence of internal fins alters the flow patterns, temperature
distribution and Nusselt number of the configuration when
buoyancy effects are not negligible.
INTRODUCTION TO CONVECTION: -

CONVECTION: - It is the mechanism by which the


thermal energy is transferred between a solid surface and a fluid
moving over that surface.

Types of Convection:
 Natural Convection.
 Forced Convection.
 Natural Convection:-It is the type of Convection, which is
caused by the density differences, which is caused by
temperature gradient.
 Forced Convection:-It is the type of Convection, which is
caused by some external agency such as pumps, blowers etc.
 Incompressible Flow: -When Density (ρ) is function of
Temperature (T) and it is independent of Pressure (P), then
flow is said to be Incompressible flow.
 Compressible Flow: -When Density (ρ) is the function of
both Temperature (T) and Pressure (P), and then flow is said
to be compressible flow.
INTRODUCTION TO FINS: -

FINS: -Fins are extended surfaces, which are used to increase


the heat transfer rate from one surface to another surface.
Note: -Most of the fins doesn’t affect the fluid flow around it.
PURPOSE OF FINS IN OUR PROJECT: -
 Most of the fins remove the heat from the source by means of
conduction and the fluid surrounding the fin removes the heat
by convection.
 In this case the fin is maintained at constant temperature so
there is no conduction heat transfer take place.
 The purpose of the fins is to increase the heat transfer by
convection. The purpose of the fin is to mainly control the
fluid matter.
 The fin here is to limits to increase heat transfer by increasing
the heat transfer coefficient (h), where ‘h’
h=φ(ρ,µ,ν,κ, l)
Where ρ= Density (kg/m∧3),
µ=Coefficient of viscosity ()
ν=Velocity (m/sec),
κ=Thermal conductivity (w/m k),
l=length (m).
INTRODUCTION TO CFD: -

CFD stands for Computational Fluid Dynamics.


CFD was started in the early 1960’s but came into prominence
in 1980.The first major industries using CFD were started in
1990’s.

CFD is predicting what will happen, quantitatively, when


fluids flow, often with the complications of:

• Simultaneous flow of heat,


• Mass transfer (e.g. perspiration, dissolution),
• Phase change (e.g. melting, freezing, boiling),
• Chemical reaction (e.g. combustion, rusting),

It is concerned with obtaining numerical solution to fluid flow


problems. The basic difference between CFD and other
conventional methods is that in CFD computers are used for
calculation part. The advent of high-speed and large-memory
computers has enabled CFD to obtain solution to many flow
problems including those that are compressible and
incompressible, laminar or turbulent, chemically reacting or
non-reacting.
CFD is the art of replacing the differential equation governing
the Fluid Flow, with a set of algebraic equations (the process is
called discretization), which in turn can be solved with the aid
of a digital computer to get an approximate solution.

Governing equation solved in CFD


Navier stokes equation
ρ[u(∂u/∂x) + v (∂u/∂y)] = −(∂p/∂x) + u (Uxx + Uyy)
………Navier Stokes in X direction.

ρ[u(∂v/∂x) + v (∂v/∂y)] = −(∂p/∂y) + u (Vxx + Vyy)


………Navier Stokes in Y direction.

Continuity equation
(∂u/∂x) + (∂v/∂y) =0.

Momentum equation
U (∂Τ/∂x) + V (∂Τ/∂y) = (κ/ρCp) + [Τxx + Τyy].
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED IN CFD: -

Solving a particular problem generally involves first discretizing


the physical domain that the flow occurs in, such as the interior
of turbine engine or the radiator system of a car. This
discretization is straightforward for very simple geometries such
as rectangles or circles, but is a difficult problem in CAD for
more complicated objects. Currently automatic “mesh
generators” are simply not adequate, requiring extensive
investment of time on the part of the scientist or engineer. This
leads to problems in human-computer interfaces (HCI) and
CASE tools, as well as fundamental problems in graph theory
since the resulting discretization gives a mesh.
On the discretized mesh the Navier-Stokes equations take
the form of a large system of nonlinear equations; going from
the continuum to the discrete set of equations is a problem that
combines both physics and numerical analysis; for example, it is
important to maintain conservation of mass in the discrete
equations. At each node in the mesh, between 3 and 20 variables
are associated: the pressure, the three velocity components,
density, temperature, etc.
OBJECTIVES OF CFD: -

1. To describe the basic features of computer-based numerical


methods for predicting fluid flows, heat and mass transfer,
which falls under the collective name of Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD).

2. To use the methods to perform computer simulations of a


range of thermo fluids problems as an aid to understanding.

3. To gain experience of the use of CFD codes as design tools.

APPLICATIONS OF CFD: -

A. Industrial

1. Aerospace:
Aerodynamics
Gas Turbines
Rocket

2. Automotive
Aerodynamics
Engines
Turbocharger
Intake/Exhaust
Heating/Cooling Systems
3. Mechanical

Pumps, compressors
Heat exchangers
Furnaces
Nuclear reactors

4. Chemical

Mixers (multiphase)
Chemical reactors
Separators
Boilers, condensers

5. Others
Glass, steel and textile manufacturing: ship building, food
processing, etc.

B. Environmental and Safety

Weather prediction
River and tidal flows
Wind- and water-borne pollution
Fire and smoke spread
Wind loading

C. Physiological

Cardiovascular flows (heart, major vessels)

Flow in lungs and breathing passages


CFD-based predictions are never 100%-reliable, because:

• The input data may involve too much guess-work or


imprecision;
• The scientific knowledge base may be inadequate.

The reliability is greater:

 For laminar flows rather than turbulent ones


 For single-phase flows rather than multi-phase
flows;
 For chemically-inert rather than chemically-
reactive materials;
 For single chemical reactions rather than
multiple ones;
 For simple fluids rather than those of complex
composition.
PROBLEM STATAMENT: -

 In this project heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics are


studied numerically in a concentric cylinders with and with
out internal fins at different Rayleigh numbers and at
different orientations.
 The Rayleigh numbers considered in this analysis are
10^3 to 10^6.

WITH OUT FINS: -

WITH FIN (0.25)


WITH FIN (0.50)

WITH FIN (0.75)


ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE ANALYSIS: -

 The flow is 2-dimensional (i.e. T=φ(x, y)).

 The flow is steady (i.e. time =constant).

 The flow is incompressible (i.e.ρ=ϕ(T)).

 The flow is laminar (Reynolds num b/w 2000 to 4000).

 The working fluid considered is ‘Air’.


 Boussinesque approximation: - The variation of density in
the convective term is negligible and it is the function of
temperature in the body force term.
This assumption is valid when temperature difference is below
15%.

ρ(∂U/∂t + U (∂U/∂x) + V (∂U/∂y) + (∂U/∂z)) =


-∂P/∂x + µ(Uxx+Uyy) + ρf (x).

 The fin is maintained isothermally.

NUMERICAL APPROACH: -

 The basic equations of fluid flow are solved numerically by


using Finite Volume Method.

INTRODUCTION TO FINITE VOLUME METHOD: -

 Divide the domain into sub domain called Control Volume;


each Control Volume will have a point at which the variable
is valuated as grid point. The Control Volume should not
overlap each other.
 Integrate governing equations over the Control Volume.
 Approximate the Integrals by using Piece Wise Linear
profile.
 Apply the discretisation equations at all other Control
Volumes.
 Apply boundary conditions.
 Solve the system of linear equations.
Note: -
 Control Volume: - It is an imaginary volume in the domain
through which fluid flows.

BOUNDARY CONDITION FOR THE PROBLEM: -


PROBLEM PROCEDURE:-

 Create the geometry in the Gambit.


 Mesh the geometry in the Gambit.

Meshing of the geometry is done in order to divide the


geometry into control volumes, so that the required
parameters can be analyzed easily.

 Specify boundary types in Gambit.


In this we divide the geometry into different zones to
specify boundary conditions.

 Export the geometry into Fluent.


After initializing the boundary conditions the geometry is
exported to fluent software.

 Solving and analyzing the results.


In this the governing equations are solved and results are
analyzed.
CONTOURS OF NON-DIMENSIONAL TEMPERATURES:

FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^3

WITHOUT FIN
WITHFIN 0.25

WITHFIN 0.50
WITHFIN 0.75

FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^4


WITHOUT FIN

WITHFIN 0.25

WITHFIN 0.50
WITHFIN 0.75

FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^5

WITH OUT FIN


WITH FIN 0.25

WITHFIN 0.50

WITH FIN 0.75


FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^6

WITHOUT FIN
WITH FIN 0.25

WITHFIN 0.50

WITHFIN 0.75
CONTOURS OF STREAM FUNCTION DISTRIBUTION

FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^3

WITHOUT FIN

WITH FIN 0.25


WITH FIN 0.50

WITH FIN 0.75


FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^4

WITH OUT FIN

WITH FIN 0.25


WITH FIN 0.50

WITH FIN .75


FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^5

WITH OUT FIN


WITH FIN 0.25

WITH FIN 0.50


WITH FIN 0.75

FOR RAYLEIGHS NUMBER 10^6


WITH OUT FIN

WITH FIN 0.25

WITH FIN 0.50


WITH FIN 0.75

CONTOURS OF NUSSELT NUMBER


FOR RAYLIEGHS NUMBER 10^3

WITH OUT FIN

WITH FIN 0.25

WITH FIN 0.50


WITH FIN 0.75

FOR RAYLIEGHS NUMBER 10^4


WITH OUT FIN

WITH FIN 0.25

WITH FIN 0.50


WITH FIN 0.75

FOR RAYLIEGHS NUMBER 10^5


WITH OUT FIN

WITH FIN 0.25

WITH FIN 0.50


WITH FIN 0.75

FOR RAYLIEGHS NUMBER 10^6


WITH OUT FIN

WITH FIN 0.25

WITH FIN 0.50


WITH FIN 0.75

CONCLUSION: -
We have computed results associated with the problem of
internal fin flow between concentric cylinders. Cylinders with
0.75 fin length presents a heat transfer rate of 10% higher than
cylinders with out fin. The divergent fin generates a more
complex flow than the other ones and is related to the fin
geometry. The Nusselt number is proportional to Ra and the fin
length. Moreover, the increase the in fin Nusselt number with
Rayleigh number is increased as the fin size increases.

SCOPE: -
Till now analysis is conducted for

 Two dimensional flows

 Laminar flows.

 Single phase flows.

 Non-reactive flows.

In future there is a scope to analysis for

 Three dimensional flows

 Turbulence flows.

 Multi phase flows.

 Reactive flows.

BIBILOGRAPHY: -
 RC Sachdeva: Heat and Mass transfer.

 Chai JM, Patnakar SV: Laminar Natural convection in


internally finned horizontal annuli.

 Ho CJ, Lin YH, Chen TC: A numerical study of natural


convection in concentric cylinders with fixed boundary
conditions.

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