Icosidodecahedron 06

6
2011
www.mathematica.gr
http://www.mathematica.gr.
http://www.mathematica.gr.
LaTEX: , - : , : . LaTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
-
- quasiregular , ( ).

(0, 0, ), 12 ,
, 1+
,
2
2
1+ 5
.
2
:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosidodecahedron
:
http://www.mathematica.gr
.
http://www.mathematica.gr

12. (R BORIS)
13. ( )
1. (Mihalis_Lambrou)
14. ( )
2. (nsmavrogiannis)
3. ( )
15. (dement)
4. ( )
16. (swsto)
5.
17. (achilleas)
(m.papagrigorakis)
6. ( )
18. ( )
7. ()

19. (xr.tsif)
20. (Demetres)
1. (grigkost)
2. (cretanman)
1. (spyros)
1. (stranton)
2. (p_gianno)
2. ( )
3. (kostas.zig)
3. (vittasko)
4. (exdx)
4. ()
5. ( )
5. (s.kap)
6. (mathnder)
6. (nkatsipis)
7. (mathematica)
7. ( )
8. ( )
8. (chris_gatos)
9. (rek2)
9. (matha)
10. (hsiodos)
10. (mathxl)
11. ( )
11. (gbaloglou)
12. (bilstef)
6 ( ) 9

1 ( ) .
120 , ... ,
70
. :
36 ,
35 ,
40
42 .

;
2 ( )

2.
.
x , x
x. 1089.
..
572. 752 257 x = 752257 =
1
cm 1cm.
2
.
12cm , .

7 ( )

.
297
, 792 + 297 = 1089
361. 631 136 x =
631 136 = 495

, 594 + 495 = 1089
8 ( KARKAR) a > b > 0
x=
3 ( )
.

72
.
,
,
50 ;
ab
a 2 b2
,y = 2
a+b
a + b2
) x, y
) () x.
,
9 ( )
|x|
= 1
|x y|
x
|2x y| + |x + y 1| + |x y| + y 1 = 0
4 ( KARKAR) ,
, 300 ,
.
20 ,
24
10 ( )
30.

5 ( KARKAR) ,
( 2011) 12.
3 24, 2
.
1) ;
2) ,
;

3
2
+
9

3
4
=
9

3
3
21
,
11 ( KARKAR) M , ABC , (K, R) , AB, AC Z, H .
16 ( KARKAR) S
, ABC , ST, SP ,
CA CB .
P T AS .
ZK, HK BC T, S .
: ZH = ST .
12 ( ) B
45 . M B,
30
.
MA
17 (
)

a, b, c |a| = 1, b = 2, |c| = 3. 2a +3b +c =
0.
18 ( )
x2
y2
+ 2 = 1 E(, 0). K
a2
C , (EK) + (E) = a,
K , .
C:
13 ( )
(an ) (bn ) ( )
a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 , bn > an n 3.
14 ( KARKAR ) :
19 ( ) f, g : R R f (x) = (a2 + b2 )x2 2ax g(x) = 4bx + 5.
(x4 x + 1)x < 1
i) lim f (x) + lim g(x) = 0 a = 1

b = 2.
,
x1
x1
ii) a, b
f (x) 35
lim
.
3
x 5 g(x) + 13x 8
15 ( ) ABC AB = AC = 1. AB
K, L, M AK = KL = LM = M B AC P, Q
AP = P Q = QC . D CK, P M , E
CK, QL Z P M, QL
DEZ .
iii) a, b
f ( 35 )ln2 = g (2012).
20 ( ) k , c.
fi .
. c k .
. c, k .
. f1 = 25, fi
26 ( )
f : R (0, +) f (x) = 3 ln f (x) x R f (1) = 1.
, ,
21 ( )
z 2 z + = 0 , R,z C z1 , z2
z1 = 2 + i
, ,
i. , R
27 ( )
f : [a, b] R

ii. z12008 + z22008 R. A(z1 ), B(z2 ), (z3 )

z1 , z2 z3
z3 =
z1
1
+ (17 + i)
z2
5
a+b
2
f (x)dx <
b
a
xf (x)dx
28 ( ) f, g
R
1) f (x) =
0, x Z,
iii. AB .
iv. |w z1 | = |w
z1 | w R.
v. w
z2 | = 10,
|w z2 | + |w
2) f (x) =
f (t)eg(t) dt, x R.
f (x) = 0, x R.
, ,
22 ( ) z = x + yi x, y R : (1 i)z = 4 2i, R
) : (x + y) + (x + y)i = 4 2i
) (x, y) z .
) (x, y) O(0, 0);
29 ( Christiano ) f : R R
2f 3 (x) + 2f (x) = sinf (x) + x2 |f (x)| |x|.
30 ( )
f : R R f (x) = 0 . f
A (1, 0) B (2, 1).
, ,,
A f R.
23 ( )
f : R R x R :
e1f
(x)
B f .
u.

f 2 + f (|i u + 1|) < 0
f 1 (x) = x + 1
1. f .
u.
2. :
. f .
. f, f 1
.
z, z1 , z2 , w

|z z1 | = f (1), |w z2 | = f (2) |z1 z2 | = 2f 32 .

|z w|.
3.

:
1
i. lim
ii. lim
, ,
(x) + x
31 ( )
(x)
.
x
24 ( ) f, g , f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 1
x .
x
ln (x + 1)
ex x1

>
ex 1
x
xln(x+1)
x (0, +)
f 4 (x)
g 4 (x)
1
, +
=
+
0, + = 0
32 ( )
f : R R <
<
f (f () + b) + f (f (b) + ) =
g 8 (x)
1
f 8 (x)
+
=
.
3
3
( + )3

) |f (x) + g(x)| 2 + 2 .
f () f (b) + f () f (b) + f () + f (b)

f , .

, ,
33 ( ) AB
AA1 , BB1 , 1 . BA1 + B1 + A1 = A1 + B1 A + 1 B ,
25 ( ) : f, g :
[0, 1] R
1) f (1) = g(0) + 1
34 ( ) a R b, c R 4ac < (b 1)2 f : R R

f (ax2 + bx + c) = af 2 (x) + bf (x) + c, x R.
f (f (x)) = x
.
2) f (x) g(x), x [0, 1]

3) f (sin2 x) + g (cos2 x) = 2, x R
: f = g
Juniors, - -

43 ( )
:
35 ( )
,
f (x) = [x] + [2x] +
5x
3
9x + 10y = 12z + 1
+ [3x] + [4x],
x [0, 100].
44 ( ) (n)
(n) n,
36 ( )
0, 1, 2, ..., 100 . , A, 50 + 50
( .)
a.
B + +
A ,
b. a + b 2011,
.
n+1
(n)
(n)
2
;

45 ( IMC 2011/B3)
Juniors,

ln 1 +
n=1
37 ( )
ABCD. AC, BD
O.
OAB, OBC, OCD, ODA r1 , r2 , r3 , r4
E ABCD. :
r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 E. ;
1
n

ln 1 +
1
2n

ln 1 +
1
2n+1
46 ( IMC 2011/A4) A1 , A2 , ..., An ,

, . :
f (t) =
=
38 ( ) ABC, A
o
90 , AB = AC, D BC . DE AB, DZ AC H BZ CE .
DH EZ .
n

(1)k1 t|Ai1 Ai2 ...Aik | .
k=1 1i1 <i2 <...<ik n
f [0, 1].

Seniors, - -
47 ( ) A
M3,2 (C), B M2,3 (C)
1
AB = 0
0
39 ( ) f : Z Z
f (x y + f (y)) = f (x) + f (y)
1
0
0
2
2
2
x, y Z.
det(BA).
40 ( ) x, y, z > 0
xyz = 1, :
48 ( ) n n A = (aij ), aij {0, 1} i, j {1, 2, . . . , n},

1
1
1
1
+
+

2
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 1) + y + 1
(y + 1) + z + 1
(z + 1) + x + 1
2
AAt = mIn + Jn
m , Jn n n
t
1, In n n A
A. A ,
AAt = At A.
Seniors,
41 ( ) ABC

M .
A

BC AM, B AC BM, C AB CM E1 =

(BA M ), E1 = (CA M ) E2 = (CB M ), E2 = (B AM )
E3 = (AC M ), E3 = (C BM ).
49 ( ) ,
,
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
= + +
E1
E2
E3
E1
E2
E3
lim
n+
42 ( )
ABC , (1 ) O (2 )
AOC . OQ
(2 ) M, N
AQ, AC , AM BN
.
M N, BQ (2 ).
n2
ln2 n
1
.
n k=2 ln k ln(n k)
50 ( )
cos x 1
dx , a > 0 .
x2 (x2 + a)
59 ( pla.pa.s )
f (x)
de l Hospital g (x) . ;
f (x)
g(x)
= A,
51 ( ) A
= B
+ C , B
. A

C
. ( A, A = B, B + C, C

x A y (x B y x C y (x B y C)) ).
x0
( ),
( lim
xx0
52 ( )
X X
.
.
de l Hospital,
f, g ( x0 )
lim
xx0
f (x)
.
g (x)
,
;
53 ( Atemlos) ,
,
.
60 ( ) f : R
R . R
;
54 ( )
a, b, c R3 . x + (x a)b = c.
,
61 ( ) [. ,
, ( ,
1976)]
P K
E Z
.

55 ( ) an = 24n + 1, n = 1, 2, . . .
2 3.
56 ( )

, .
( 83 73 = 512 343 = 169 = 132 13 = 22 + 32 )
62 ( )
.
,
63 ( ) P (x)
.
P (1) = 6 P (7) = 3438,
x = 3.
()
57 ( ) ,
sin 1 + sin 3 + sin 5 + + sin 99 =
f (x)
) g(x)
sin2 50
sin 1
64 ( )
P (x) = xn + a1 xn1 + + an
58 ( )
3a, a
E1 , E2 .
E : E =
Q(x) = xn + b1 xn1 + + bn
C.
P
x1 , x2 , ..., xn ,

Q x21 , x22 , ..., x2n . a1 + a3 + a5 + R
a2 + a4 + a6 + R, , b1 + b2 + bn R.
2
(E1 + 9E2 ).
9
:
1 ( ) . 120 ,
... , 70
.
:
36 ,
35 ,
40
42 .

;
.
32.
,
50 35 = 15
,
32 15 = 17
32, 17
.
17.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=55933
1 ( )
50 36 = 14
36 + 35 = 71 > 120 70 = 50
17 14 = 3
21 2
. :
17.
,
, 3 .
3 ( )
40 + 42 = 82 > 50
32 .
36 + 35 + 40 + 42 = 153
32 + 21 = 53 > 50
50 3 ,
150.
3 .
3 4
2 ( )
2 ( )
2.

.
x , x
x.
1089.
..
120 70 = 50
, 42 .
50 42 = 8
, 40 ,
40 8 = 32
6
572. 752 257
x = 752 257 = 297

, 792 + 297 = 1089
361. 631 136
x = 631 136 = 495
, 594 + 495 = 1089
99a = 90a + 9a = 100a 10a + 9a = 100a a =

100a 100 + 100 a =
(a 1)100 + 9 10 + (10 a)
( )
xyz zyx
(10 a)100 + 9 10 + (a 1)
99(x z)
99 a99 a 2 8.
a99 .
1089.
:
3 ( )
.

72 .
, ,
50 ;
20 ,
24
30.
;
( ) ,
300 ,
( )
72 .., 72 : 2 = 36
..
1 1 1
, ,
20 24 30
a, b, c , :
1
20
b
1
24
c
1
30
a+b+c
1
1 =
+ 24
+ 30
1
20
300
15
120
a
1
20
,
6 . 62 = 36.
6 . 2 6 = 12 .,
b
1
24
= 2 12 + 2 6 = 36
c
1
30
, , 3650 = 1800 .
= 2400
= 2400 a = 120
= 2400 b = 100
= 2400 c = 80
:

.
4 ( KARKAR) ,
, 300 ,
.
:
5 ( KARKAR) ,
( 2011)
12.
3 24, 2 .
1)
;
2)
, ;
) 720, , , 720 2011,

365+355 -
2012 - 11 ,
20 2012!
6 ( )
9

(KARKAR) (
), 12 24 . (24-)
2 5 .
, 12
( = 720 ). 720 : 5 = 144 .
144 3 = 432
(= 7 12 ),
144 2 = 288 (= 4 48 ).
12 ( ),
7.12 (12+7.12, 124.48)
, 144
2011,
(31+28+31+30+24) , 24 .
, ,
12
720 : 3 = 240 .
,
12 720 : 2 = 360 .
( 240, 360
1
cm 1cm.
2
.
12cm ,
.
( )
4 ,
( )
2
1
5
cm. ,
1+
=
2
2
5
+ 1 + 2 12 = 8 5 + 25 cm
16
2
:
7 ( )

.
8 ( KARKAR) a > b > 0
x=
a2 b2
ab
,y = 2
a+b
a + b2
1 ( ) AB
AB//.
B A, B AE, Z .
ABE Z.
-
) x, y
) ()
x.
= Z
= 90 ) ABE
= Z

(AEB
.
: AE = Z
( ) , AB =
,
. .
2 ( )

.
ABD, BCD
BD . (
)
- .
a2 b2
ab
a2 b2
=
x=
=
, x < y ,
a+b
(a + b)2
a2 + 2ab + b2

(a2 b2 ),
(a2 + 2ab + b2 > a2 + b2 ).
)
a2 b2
a2 b2
<
2
a2 + b2
a2 + 2ab + b2
1
2
< 2
a2 + b2
a + 2ab + b2
a2 + 2ab + b2 < 2a2 + 2b2
y x < x y < 2x
a2 2ab + b2 > 0 (a b)2 > 0,

, .
10
9 ( )

10 ( )
|x|
= 1
|x y|
x
|2x y| + |x + y 1| + |x y| + y 1 = 0
2
+
9
4
=
9
21
1 ( ) (x, y) ( x = 0).
( ) a =
0 = |2x y| + |x + y 1| + |x y| + y 1
b=
|2x y (x y)| + |x + y 1| + y 1
= |x| + |x + y 1| + y 1 |x + y 1| + x + y 1
.
(2x y)(x y) 0, x > 0, x + y 1 0. (1)
x > 0,
|x y| = 0, x = y.
, (1) x
1
.
3
1
2
+
9
4
9
a3 + b3
a+b
3
2
1
+
3
3
3

=
3
3 2
3 1
2+1
3 +
3
= a2 ab + b2 =
=
1
.
2
(a, a)
1
a 0,
.
2
2 ( ) x 0 , |x y| = 0 x = y .
: x + |2x 1| + x 1 = 0
1
|2x 1| = (2x 1) 2x 1 0 x
2
x < 0
|x y| + 1 = 1 |x y| = 2.

21 =
=
=
=
1
: (x, y) = (a, a), 0 < a .
2
11

3
21 3 2+1
3
2+1

3
3
21 3+33 4+33 2
3
2+1
3

3 3 3
3
3
1
4
+
2
+
1
3
2+1
3
3
3
3
3
.
2
1
=
3
3
2+1
2+1
3
:
B , C
AC, AB
11 ( KARKAR) M
, ABC ,
(K, R) ,
AB, AC Z, H .
ABC , : AB
AC
.
.
AA BC
=
AB
C B //BC
AC
.
=
AA C B : (1). ZC
ZM

C KM KH
. M KB

KM H, KA T , KM = KA =
oo

o
= M KB
=

= M KH
BCM
o . (1)
, ,
=
A KT

M H = A T : (2). ZKM, SA K , ZM =
A S : (3). , (2) (3)
: ZH = ST .
2 ( ) D, N, E (K, R)
AB, BC, CA . N
BC : BD = BN =
CN = CE : AD = AE .
AE
AD
=
DE//BC (1).
BD
CE
ZK, HK BC
T, S . : ZH = ST .
1 ( ) ABC
(AB = AC), AK () BC A .
F KZDM G KH M E . KDZM, KM HE , F, G DM, M E

(1)
= x
M DE : F G//DE // BC . F GK
12
= x ( ), F M
K = x ( T SK

= 90
KF M G, Z F M = M GK

) F ZM = x( F ZM
F = 90 x).
ZM
KM Z, KN S (
AM .
:
45 + x =
180 30
x = 30 .
2
2 ( )
M M B , E
BA.
- ),
KZ = KS . KZH, KST
, ZH = ST .
12 ( ) 30
45 . M
B
.
B, MA
1 ( )
BA .
= 45 ( AB)
A
= 45 ( B
A
= 15 ).
= 30 AB
B

B EC
= 90 , M EB
M EC .
1

AEM ACM
2
E EA,
= 1 60 = 30 .
= 1 M EC
M AC
2
2

ACM
=
A ,
M ( M)
13
q n1 > pn1 + (n 1)(q p)pn2
13 ( )
(an ) (bn ) (
) a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 ,
bn > an n 3.
(q n1 pn1 ) (n 1)(q p)pn2 > 0

(qp)(q n2 +q n3 p+...+pn2 )(n1)(qp)pn2 > 0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=21&t=17827
(qp)(q n2 +q n3 p+...+pn2 pn2 pn2...pn2 ) > 0
1 ( ) , . , . . .
:
= a2 a1 , =
= a1 ( 1)
b2
b1
(qp)[(q n2 pn2)+p(q n3 pn3 )+...+pn3 (qp)] > 0

(qp)2 [(q n3 +...+pn3 )+...+p(q n4 +...+pn4 )+...+pn3 ) > 0
a2
a1
14 ( KARKAR )
:
bn = b1 .n1 , an = a1 + (n 1)
bn > an n 3
(x4 x + 1)x < 1
a1 .n1 > a1 + (n 1)a1 ( 1)

n1 > 1 + (n 1)( 1) ( a1 > 0)
( ) :
Bernoulli :
n1
n1
= [1 + ( 1)]
1 + (n 1)( 1)
x4 x + 1 = x4 x2 + x2 x + 1 =
( 1 > 1,
> 0 ).
n 1 = 1 , n = 2
n 3
.
2 ( )
p, q () x, y
. :
x4 x2 +
1
1
1
= (x2 )2 + (x )2 + > 0
2
2
2
(x4 x + 1)x < 1 :
x ln(x4 x + 1) < 0, (1)
x = p + (n 1)(q p)
n1
q
q n1
y =p
= n2
p
p
: y > x n 3. :
y>x
1
1 1
+ x2 x + + =
4
4 2
x = 0 (1)
x > 0 (1) : ln(x4 x+1) < 0 x4 x+1 <
1 x4 < x x3 < 1 x < 1 0 < x < 1.
x < 0 (1) : x4 x + 1 > 1 x4 > x
0
x3 < 1 x < 1. x <
x ( , 0) (0, 1).
q n1
> p + (n 1)(q p)
pn2
14
15 ( ) ABC AB = AC = 1.
AB K, L, M AK = KL = LM =
M B AC P, Q AP = P Q = QC .
D CK, P M , E
CK, QL Z P M, QL DEZ .
: (DEZ) =
1
3
=
2
12
48
2 ( )
AM P KDC :
1 MD 2
AK M D P C
=1
= 1 MD =
KM DP CA
2 DP 3
3DP (1).
AM P L, Z, Q:
2 MZ 1
AL M Z P Q
=1
= 1 MZ =
LM ZP QA
1 ZP 2
ZP (2)
(1) :
http://mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=95051
1 ( ) ,
12 (...
3, 4).
A (0, 0)
(2)
M D = 3P D M Z + ZD = 3P D ZP + ZD =
3P D
ZP P D + ZD = 2P D 2ZD = 2P D
ZD = P D (3)
D ZP .

AKC P DM
QEL :
K (3, 0) , L (6, 0) , M (9, 0) , B (12, 0) , P (0, 4) ,

Q (0, 8) , C (0, 12). ABC
AK = KL = LM = M B, AP = P Q = QC
CK y = 4x + 12, P M : y =
4
4
x + 4 QL : y = x + 8 , 9
3

:
3
9
9
, 3 , E
, 6 , Z
, 2 DE =
D
4
2
2

9
1
3
, 1 (DEZ) = |6| = 3
, 3 , DZ =
4
4
2
DE = KD (4)
(3) (4)
KZEP .
EZ
ALQ :
AL =
15
2
5
1
4
, AQ = LQ = a =
2
3
6
10
/ : =
2
a
=
2
10
(1)
P TS = x
= B AS
(1)
= x.
T S, AB : T SA
1
1
E (KZEP ) = (EZ) =
4
4
1 5/6 2
1
1 LQ a
..
=
=
=
4 2 2
4 2 10
48
E(DEZ) =
16 ( KARKAR)
S , ABC ,
ST, SP , CA
CB . P T
AS .
M T S, M T A (
) M T , M AS .
3 ( )
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=22&t=18701&p
1 ( ) SK AB
T, P, K ( Simson).
SP (ABC)

AT SK AS, T K
M.
2 ( )
= B CS
= x (1), CABS : BAS

CT P S
AM = M S
SP = P F
P M F A P M S = F AM =
2BAM = 2M ST = AM T.
T, M, P .

=
C TS = C PS = 90 : (B CS)
= P CS
16
17 ( )

a, b, c |a| = 1, b = 2, |c| = 3.
2a + 3b + c = 0.

1 (b, c) 1
2a + 3b + c = 0
1 ( )
2a + 3b + c = 0
18 ( )
x2
y2
+
= 1 E(, 0). K
a2
2
C , (EK) + (E) = a,
K
3b = c 2a
C :

3b = |c 2a| |c| + |2a|
6 2+3
, .
, .
2 (parmenides51) :
( ) K (xk , yk ) , (xl , yl ).
:
2a + 3b + c = 0
EK = a xk
3b + c = 2a
(3b + c)2 = (2a)2
9b2 + 6bc + c2 = 4a2
E = a xl
EK + E = a

9|b|2 + 6|b||c| (b, c) + |c|2 = 4|a|2
(xk + xl ) = a

9 2 + 6 2 3 (b, c) + 32 = 4 12
2
xk + xl =

36 + 36 (b, c) + 9 = 4
xm =
41

(b, c) =
36
a2
a2
2
2
a
M x = 2
.
17
19 ( )
f, g : R R f (x) = (a2 + b2 )x2 2ax
g(x) = 4bx + 5.
i) lim f (x) + lim g(x) = 0

x1
a = 1 b = 2.
x1
ii) a, b
f (x) 35
lim
.
x 53 g(x) + 13x 8
iii) a, b

f ( 35 )ln2 = g (2012).
( )
. 5, 45 .
x1 , x2 , ..., xk . ,
c
c
40
2 + ck + 2 = 45 5 c = k+1 .
( )
i. 0 = lim f (x) + lim g(x) = lim [(a2 + b2 )x2

x1
x1
x1
2ax] + lim [4bx + 5] = a2 + b2 2a + 4b + 5.
. ,
, c. ,
b = 12 + k + 12 = k + 1.

100,
:E = 100 12 50b =
100 12 50(k+1) = 100 k = 3 c = 10.
x1
:a2 + b2 2a + 4b + 5 = 0 (a 1)2 +
(b + 2)2 = 0 a = 1 b = 2.
f (x) 35
5x2 2x +
= lim
5x 3
x 53 g(x) + 13x 8
x 3

5
1
(5x 3) x + 5
4
1
= lim x +
= .
lim
3
x1
5x
3
5
5
x 5
ii. : lim
3
5
. k = 3, f2 = 50
f3 = 100 (25 + 50) = 25
.
iii. f (x) = 10x 20 g (x) = 8

f ( 35 ) = 8 g (2012) = 8
f ( 35 )ln2 = g (2012) ln2 = 1 =
e = 1e
20 ( )
k , c.
fi .
. c k .
. c, k .
. f1 = 25, fi
18
21 ( )
z 2 z + = 0 , R,z C z1 , z2
z1 = 2 + i
22 ( )
z = x + yi x, y R :
(1 i)z = 4 2i, R
) : (x + y) + (x + y)i = 4 2i
) (x, y) z
.
) (x, y) O(0, 0);
i. , R
ii. z12008 + z22008 R.

A(z1 ), B(z2 ), (z3 ) z1 , z2 z3
z3 =
z1 1
+ (17 + i)
z2 5
( ) :
(1 i)z = 4 2i
(1 i)(x + yi) = 4 2i
iii. AB
.
(x + y) + (x + y)i = 4 2i
x + y = 4, x + y = 2, R (I)
iv. |w z1 | = |w
z1 | w R.
v.
w |w z2 | + |w
z2 | = 10,
) (I) : (x + y) + (x + y)i =
4 2i
)
x, y :

(I)

(x, y) =
( )
i. z2 = 2 i Vietaz1 + z2 = = 4
z1 z2 = = 5.
Dx Dy
D , D
2+4 424
,
2 +1 2 +1
, R. :
(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 =
2
2

4 2
2 + 4
2 +
+1 =
=
2 + 1
2 + 1
2 2
2

+ 4 1
22 + 2 + 2
+
= ...
=
2 + 1
2 + 1
.... = 5
ii. z12008 + z22008 = z12008 + z1 2008 = 2Re(z1 ) R.

iii. z3 = 4 + i, A(2, 1), B(2, 1), (4, 1). :
AB = A = 2 ABA,
.
iv. |w z1 |2 = |w
z1 |2 (z1 z1 )(w
w) = 0
w
= w w R.
(x, y)
z (2, -1) 5.
) (x, y) = (0, 0).

(1 i)z = 4 2i 0 = 4 2i, .
(x, y)
O(0, 0).
v. : |w z2 | + |w
z1| =
10 |w z2 | + |w z1 | = 10, |z1 z2 | =
|2 + i (2 i)| = |2i| = 2 10 .
19
:
y = x M (, ) , (0, 1).
M f 1 .
Cf , Cf 1
M ( y = x)
: Cf , Cf 1
A(x1 , y1 ) , x1 = y1
( y = x). :
f (x1 ) = y1 f 1 (x1 ) = y1 f (y1 ) = x1 , :
23 ( ) f : R R
x R :
e1f
1 (x)
f 1 (x) = x + 1
1. f .
2. :
. f .
. f, f 1
.
f (x1 ) f (y1 ) = y1 x1 e1x1 x1 1 (e1y1

y1 1) = y1 x1 e1x1 e1y1 = 0 e1x1 =
e1y1 x1 = y1
.
1
3. i) (1) f 1 (x) = e1f (x) x 1 f 1 (x) >
3.

:

i. lim
f 1 (x) + x
ii. lim
f 1 (x)
x .
x
x
x 1
lim (x 1) = +
lim f 1 (x) = +
( )
e1f
1 (x)
(1) f 1 (x) + x = e1f
f 1 (x) = x + 1 (1)
x R .
f, f 1 ( )
R.
1. (1) x f (x) , x R
1
: e1f (f (x)) f 1 (f (x)) = f (x) + 1
f (x) =
e1x
lim
x 1, x R

1
f 1 (x) + x = lim e1f (x) 1
u=f 1 (x)
2. ) x1 , x2 R x1 < x2 x1 < x2 x1 >

x2 x1 1 > x2 1 (), , x1 < x2
x1 > x2 1 x1 > 1 x2 e1x1 > e1x2 ().
(), () :
1 (x)
lim e1u 1 = 0 1 = 1
u+
f 1 (x)
=
x
x
f 1 (x) + x x
f 1 (x) + x
= lim
1=
lim
x
x
x
x

1
1 = (1) 0 1 = 1.
lim f 1 (x) + x lim
x
x x
ii) lim
e1x1 x1 1 > e1x2 x2 1 f (x1 ) > f (x2 )

f .
)
f, f 1 : f (x) = x (2) f (x) x =
0 e1x 2x 1 = 0 (3) , x R g(x) =
e1x 2x 1 ( )
[0, 1] g(0)g(1) = (e 1)(2) < 0 .
Bolzano (3) (2)
(0, 1). g
(
f x , )
1 1 (2) (0, 1),
f
24 ( ) f, g ,
f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 1 x .
g4 (x)
1
f 4 (x)
+
=
,
+
0, + = 0
)
1
f 8 (x) g8 (x)
+
=
.
3
3
( + )3

) |f (x) + g(x)| 2 + 2 .
20
1 ( ) ( ) , :
f 2 (x) =
( + ) f 4 (x)+ ( + ) g4 (x) = f 2 (x)+g2 (x)
2 4
2 4
f (x)
g (x)
g8 (x)
f 8 (x)
+
=
+
= ... =
3
3
3
3
+
1
4 =
( + )
( + )3
f 4 (x) + 2 f 4 (x) + g4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) =

f 2 (x) + g2 (x)
2 ( ) ( )
Lagrange:
, :
2 f 4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) =
2 + 2 = (f 2 (x) + g2 (x))(2 + 2 ) =

f 2 (x) 1 f 2 (x) + g2 (x) 1 g2 (x)
(f (x) + g(x))2 +(g(x) f (x))2 (f (x) + g(x))2
, :
2 f 4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) = 2f 2 (x) g2 (x)
2 + 2 |f (x) + g(x)|
3 ( ) ( ) CauchySchwarz
, g2 (x) =
+
+
f 2 (x) ag2 (x) = 0 f 2 (x) = g2 (x)
|f (x) + g(x)|
f 2 (x) + g2 (x) = 1

2 + 2
: f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 1
21
2 + 2

f 2 (x) + g2 (x)
25 ( )
: f, g : [0, 1] R

m M h (u) h (1 u) M m
1) f (1) = g(0) + 1
mM 0M mm=M
2) f (x) g(x), x [0, 1]

3) f (sin2 x) + g (cos2 x) = 2, x R
: f = g
h (u) = c f (u) u = c f (u) = u + c
u = 0 f (0) = c. f (u) = u + f (0),

.
( )
f (sin2 x) + g (cos2 x) = 2
26 ( )

f : R (0, +) f (x) =
3 ln f (x) x R f (1) = 1.
sin 2xf (sin2 x) + sin 2xg (cos2 x) = 2 sin 2x

2
f sin x g cos2 x = ( cos 2x)

f sin2 x g cos2 x = c cos 2x
x = 2 1 = c + 1 c = 0.

f sin x g 1 sin2 x = cos 2x = 2sin2 x 1, x R
2
sin2 x = u [0, 1]
f (u) g (1 u) = 2u 1 (1) u = 1 u f (1 u) g (u) = 1 2u (2).

f () > g (). x =
(1), (2)
( )
ln t t 1 f (x) 3(f (x) 1)
x, (1).
g(x) = e3x (f (x) 1),

x R. g (x) = e3x (f (x) + 3f (x) 3). ,
(1), g (x) 0 x R. g R. , x (1, +)
g(x) g(1) = 0, f (x) 1,
.. f (x) 0. f (1, +). f (x) f (1) = 1 x (1, +). , f (x) = 1 x (1, +). (, 1)
f (x) = 1 x (, 1).
f (1) = 1, , () ,
f (x) = 1.
f () g (1 ) = 2 1
f (1 ) g () = 1 2

f () g () + f (1 ) g (1 ) = 0
.
u [0, 1] f (u) = g (u)
, f (x) = a ln f (x)
f (1) = 1 a < 0.
2 ( )
.
f (u) f (1 u) = 2u 1
f (u) u [f (1 u) 1 + u] = 0
h (u) = f (u) u, u [0, 1] [0, 1]
M m.
m h (u) M, u [0, 1]. u = 1 u
: t ln t t + 1 0 t > 0.
t = 1 . , .
m h (1 u) M M h (1 u) m
22
(f (x))2 = 3f (x) ln f (x).
x = 1 c = 0.
x
3f (t) ln f (t)dt
1

x
= 3 f (t) ln f (t)
1
x
f (t)
+ 3
f (t)
dt
f (t)
1
= 3f (x) ln f (x) + 3f (x) 3
(f (t)) dt =
ln f (x) e1
4 ( ) ln(y(1)) = 0. x.

x0 : lny(x0 )) = 1
1 y . ln(y(x)) = 0x (1, x0 ) [1].
. Rolle (1, x0 ) : y () = 0
3ln(y()) = 0 [1]. x > 1
x 1. (
). , ,
f (x) = 1 x 1.
x < 1;
3 ( )
x
(ln f (x)) e1
(ln f (x)) +
x
(ln f (x)) e1
x
y
dy
= 3
= 3(x 1) [2]. lny
lny
1
[2] x 1.
(x1)1/lnu = 3(x1)
1 < u < x x < u < 1. x 1 u 1 1/0+ = 3
lnf (x) = 0 f (x) = 1, x > 0.
3
ln f (x) = 0
f (x)
x
3
dt
f (t)
+ e 1
3
dt
f (t)
ln f (x) = 0
3
ln f (x) = 0
f (x)
x
3
dt
f (t)
x
ln f (x) e1
+ e 1
3
dt
f (t)
3
dt
f (t)
ln f (x) = 0
x
= 0 ln f (x) e1
3
dt
f (t)
=0
ln f (x) = 0 f (x) = 1
= 3(f (x) ln f (x) f (x) + 1 0
(ln f (x)) +
3
dt
f (t)
=c
23
27 ( )
f : [a, b] R
a+b
2
f (x)dx <
28 ( )
f, g R
1) f (x) =
0, x Z,
x
2) f (x) =
f (t)eg(t) dt, x R.
f (x) = 0, x R.
xf (x)dx
( )
( ) f
R
a+x
2
g(x) =
x
a
f (t)dt
x
a
tf (t)dt, x [a, b]
f (x) = f (x)eg(x)
g(b) < 0. g
(a, b) g(a) = 0 x (a, b)
k Z . f [k, k + 1]
.

1 x
xa
f (x) =
g (x) =
f (t)dt
2 a
2
x
a

x a a f (t)dt a f (t)dt
f (x)
2
xa
xa
(f () f (x)) < 0
g (x) =
2
(a, x) g [a, b]
g(b) < g(a) g(b) < 0.
f (k) = f (k + 1) = 0
f
r (k, k + 1) Fermat
f (r) = 0 f (r)eg(r) = 0 f (r) = 0
(*)

y

f (t) dt [a, x].
. f (x) = 0 x [k, k + 1]
k Z . f (x) = 0 x R.
24
:
29 ( Christiano ) f : R
R 2f 3 (x) + 2f (x) = sinf (x) + x2
|f (x)| |x|.
( ) ) f (x) = 0
f , R
f (x) > 0 f (x) < 0
[1, 2]
( )
f (2) f (1)
= 1 < 0
21
f (x) < 0 f R
1-1 f (1) = 0 1
f R.
) f R
x < 1 f (x) > f (1) = 0 f
(, 1] x > 1
f (x) < f (1) = 0 f
[1, +) x0 = 1 f (1).
) f (2 + f (|iu + 1|)) < 0 f (2 +

f (|iu + 1|)) < f (1) f
R
2 + f (|iu + 1|)) > 1 f (|iu + 1|)) > 1
f (|iu + 1|)) > f (2) |iu + 1| < 2
|i(u i)| < 2 |u i| < 2
u
K(0, 1) 2.
) z A(z1 )
1 = f (1) w B(z2 ) 2 = f (2).

f

3
3
1,
,
, 2
2
2
3
1 + 2 < AB
f (1) + f (2) < 2f
2

,
3
+ f (0) + f (1)
max |z w| = AB + 1 + 2 = 2f
2
x0 (0, 1) f (x0 ) =
2f (x)(1 + f 2 (x)) = sin f (x) + x2

2|f (x)|(1 + f 2 (x)) = | sin f (x) + x2 |, 2|f (x)|(1 + f 2 (x)) | sin f (x)| + x2 |f (x)| + x2 .
|f (x)| = a 0.
2a(1 + a2 ) a + x2 a + 2a3 x2 .
a2 a + 2a3 .
2a3 + a a2 = a(2a2 a + 1) 0.
30 ( )
f : R R
f (x) = 0 .
f A (1, 0)
B (2, 1).
A f R.
B f .
u.

f 2 + f (|i u + 1|) < 0
u.
z, z1 , z2 , w
|z z1 | = f (1), |w z2 | = f (2)
|z1 z2 | = 2f 32 .
|z w|.
min |z w| = AB 1 2 = 2f ( 32 ) f (0) f (1).
25
31 ( )
x
ln (x + 1)
ex x1
>
ex 1
x
32 ( )
f : R R
< <
xln(x+1)
f (f () + b) + f (f (b) + ) =
x (0, +)
f () f (b) + f () f (b) + f () + f (b)
f , .
( ) f (t) = ln t ln(x + 1) x, x 0 , x > 0 [ln(x + 1), x]

[ln(x + 1), x]
f () =
( )
(
).
,
.
(a, f (a)) :
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))
x ln(x + 1)
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))

1
=
x ln(x + 1)

f (x) f (a)(x a) + f (a), x R
0 < ln(x + 1) < < x
1
1
1
< <
x
ln(x + 1)
x = f (b) + a :
f (f (b) + a) f (a)(f (b) + a a) + f (a)
f (f (b) + a) f (a)f (b) + f (a) : (1)
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))

1
1
<
<
(1)
x
x ln(x + 1)
ln(x + 1)
x ex 1 , x > 0 [x, ex 1]
(x, ex 1)
(b, f (b)) :
f (x) f (b)(x b) + f (b), x R

x = f (a) + b :
f (f (a) + b) f (b)(f (a) + b b) + f (b)
1
f (ex 1) f (x)
f (ex 1) f (x)
=
x
e 1x
ex 1 x
f () =
f (f (a) + b) f (b)f (a) + f (b) : (2)

(1) (2) :
f (f (b)+a)+f (f (a)+b) f (a)f (b)+f (a)+f (b)f (a)+f (b)
1
1
1
< <
x < < ex 1 x
e 1
,
: f (a) + b = b f (b) + a = a (
).
: f (a) = 0 f (b) = 0
Rolle (a, b) f () = 0.
( )
.

[a, ] f (x) < 0 .
: a < f (a) > f () f () < 0
f (ex 1) f (x)
1
1
<
< (2)
ex 1
ex 1 x
x
(1) (2)
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))

f (ex 1) f (x)
<
x
e 1x
x ln(x + 1)
(x ln(x + 1)) ln
ex 1
x
< (ex x 1) ln
x
ln(x + 1)
26
:
f (ax2 +bx+c) = af 2 (x)+bf (x)+c, x R.
f (f (x)) = x
.
33 ( ) AB
AA1 , BB1 , 1 . BA1 + B1 + A1 =
A1 + B1 A + 1 B ,
.
(Eukleidis) ax2 + bx +
c = x (1) ax2 + (b 1)x + c = 0,
(b 1)2 4ac,
, (1) x1 , x2 .
x = x1
( ) a, b, c
B, A, AB .
:
1)
BA1 + B1 + A1 = A1 + B1 + AB1
f (ax21 + bx1 + c) = af 2 (x1 ) + bf (x1 ) + c
ccosB + acos + bcosA = bcos + acosB + ccosA

a2 + b2 c2
c2 + b2 a2
a2 + c2 b2
+a
+b
c
2ac
2ab
2cb
c2 + a2 b2
b2 + c2 a2
a2 + b2 c2
+a
+c
=b
2ab
2ac
2bc
2
2
2
2
2
2
bc(a +c b )+ac(a +b c )+ab(c2 +b2 a2 ) =
= bc(a2 + b2 c2 ) + ab(c2 + a2 b2 ) + ac(b2 + c2 a2 )
bc(c2 b2 ) + ac(a2 c2 ) + ab(b2 a2 ) = 0
... ()
(c b)(c a)(b a)(a + b + c) = 0 a = b b =
c c = a, .
f (x1 ) = af 2 (x1 ) + bf (x1 ) + c

af 2 (x1 ) + (b 1)f (x1 ) + c = 0
f (x1 ) (1). (1)
x x2 f (x2 )
(1). {x1 , x2 } = {f (x1 ), f (x2 )},

. f (xi ) = x1 , i = 1, 2
. f (x1 ) = x2 f (x2 ) = x1
)
f (f (xi )) = xi , i = 1, 2, .
)
f (f (x2 )) = f (x1 ) = x2 , ,
.
.
34 ( ) a R
b, c R 4ac < (b 1)2 f : R R
27
,
,
35 ( )
,
f (x) = [x] + [2x] +
5x
3
36 ( )
0, 1, 2, ..., 100
. , A, 50
+ 50
( .)
a. B +
+ A
, b. a + b 2011,
.
+ [3x] + [4x],
x [0, 100].
( )
g (x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + [4x]

f (x) = g (x) +
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=109&t=15584&p=88219#p88219
( )
. , 51
.

.
.
+.
a ,
1, 3, . . . , 99
+ A. x++
+, x+ +
x+ x . a
x++ .
b + , b
x .
2x++ + x+ + x+ = 50 50 +. 2x + x+ + x+ =
50 . x++ = x . a
b a + b .
a + b
1
.
5x
3
g ,
x R
g (x + 1) = g (x) + 10. x [0, 1), g -
1 1 1 2 3
4 3 2 3 4
0, , , , , ,
g ([0, 1))

1
1
2
3
1
,g
,g
,g
,g
g (0) , g
4
3
2
3
4
g ([0, 1)) = {0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6}

, g 6 [0, 1).
f ,
x R f (x + 3) = f (x) + 35. x [0, 3),
f
3 6 9 12
g 4 , , , . , 5 5 5 5
f 3 6 + 4 = 22
[0, 3). , f 33 22 = 726 [0, 99).
28
37 ( )
ABCD . AC, BD
O . OAB, OBC,
OCD, ODA r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 E
ABCD . : r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 E. ;
( )
2r1 AB 2r2 BC 2r3 CD
2r4 DA.
4(r12 +r22 +r32 +r42 ) (AB)2 +(BC)2 +(CD)2 +(DA)2

(AB)2 + (BC)2
+
2
(BC)2 + (CD)2 (CD)2 + (DA)2 (DA)2 + (AB)2
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= 4(r1 +r2 +r3 +r4 ) (AB)(BC)+(BC)(CD)+
(CD)(DA) + (DA)(AB), (1).
=
4(r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 )
ZCD, DEK
ZC
ZD
KZ
=
=
, (1) ZC = ZD .
KD
DE
DE
, DZL,
EBL
ZD
ZD
LD
=
=
, (2)
LE
BE
DE
DEZ
= 4(r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 ) 2[(ABC) +

(BCD) + (CDA) + (DAB)] = 4E
(1)
DS
SZ
DS
, (3)
=
, (4)
ZD
ZD
DE
SE
=
DE
ABCD .
(3), (4), =
(DE)2
, (5)
(ZD)2
38 ( )
ABC, A = 90o , AB = AC, D
BC . DE AB, DZ AC
H BZ CE . DH EZ .
DE
SE ZD
=
SZ DE
ZD
(1), (2), (5), =
SE
=
SZ
KZ LD SE
= 1, (6)
KD LE SZ
(6), Ceva, DS EK ZL H
DH EZ.
1 ( ) DS DEZ K
DZ CE L DE BZ.
2 ( ) M, ABM C
K CE M Z L BZ M E.
29
(CZ)2 , (1)
, BM E
(M E)2 = (M B)2 + (BE)2 , (2)
(1), (2) = (M Z)2 (M E)2 = (DZ)2
(DE)2 , (3) M C = M B DZ = CZ
DE = BE .
(3) M D EZ, (4)
ABZ, BM E,
AZB = BEM AELZ .
, ZL M E, (5) EK
M Z, (6).
M EZ, (4), (5), (6), M D EK ZL H
DH EZ.
CM Z,
, (M Z)2 = (M C)2 +
30
, ,
39 ( )
f : Z Z
40 ( )
x, y, z > 0 xyz = 1, :
1
1
1
1
+
+

2
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 1) + y + 1 (y + 1) + z + 1 (z + 1) + x + 1
f (x y + f (y)) = f (x) + f (y)
x, y Z.
( )
( )
.
f . , x = y , f (f (x)) =
2f (x), f
.
y 2y f (y) = a = 0.
x = a f (a) = 0. y = a ,
f (x a) = f (x), f
, .

f f (x) = 2x x Z f 0.
:
.
(x +
1)2
1
1
2
+y +1
2xy + 2x + 2
!
cyc
1
1.
xy + x + 1
b
c
a
,y =
,z =
=
b
c
a
!
bc
1
1
=
= 1.

xy + x + 1
ab + ac + bc
xy + x + 1
cyc
31
:
( )
Ceva
,
.

ABC AA BB CC M,

E1 E2 +E2 E3 +E3 E1

E1 E2 E3
1
E1
1
E2
1
E3
E1 E2 +E2 E3 +E3 E1
E1 E2 E3
1
1
1
E1 + E2 + E3
42 ( ) ABC , (1 )
O (2 ) AOC .
OQ (2 )
M, N AQ, AC , AM BN
.
M N, BQ (2 ).
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
= + +
E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 + E2 E3 + E3 E1 = E1 E2 + E2 E3 + E3 E1
41 ( ) ABC M

. A BC AM, B AC BM, C

AB CM E1 = (BA M ), E1 = (CA M ) E2 =

(CB M ), E2 = (B AM ) E3 = (AC M ), E3 =

(C BM ).
( ) X
M N BQ Y ,
AOC, BQ
Y X.
Z AC BQ K, H
AC,
AOC.
AB BC CA
Ceva, =
AC BA CB
1

E1 E2 E3
= 1 E1 E2 E3 = E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3
:
E3
MC
E3
=
=

MC
E1 + E1
E2 + E2

E2 E3 + E2 E 3 = E1 E3 + E 1 E3 , (1)

E2
E2
M B
=
=

MB
E3 + E3
E1 + E1

E1 E2 + E1 E2 = E2 E3 + E3 E2 , (2)

E1
E1
MA
=
=

MA
E2 + E2
E3 + E3

E3 E1 + E1 E3 = E1 E2 + E2 E1 , (3)
(1), (2), (3)
AQB -
MA
BX
=
, (1)
XQ
MQ
BZ
MA
=
, (2)
AZ M B =
MQ
BQ
BHZ, QY O, BH
HZ
=
= (HZ)(Y Q) = (OY )(BH) , (3)
OY
YQ
M N,
32
OBY, KBH BOY = BKH ,

BQ -
ABC.
( BKH = C + KBC = C + ZBA =
BCE = BOY , E (1 ) BQ ).
BY
OY
=
= (OY )(BH) =

KH
BH
(BY )(KH) , (4)
(3), (4) = (HZ)(Y Q) = (BY )(KH) =

HZ
BZ
BY
=
=
, (5)
YQ
KH
BQ
(1), (2), (5), =
BX
BY
=
, (6)
YQ
XQ
(6) X, Y ,
BQ ( B 90o ),
( B 90o ).
33
:
r, s, t pr , ps , pt
ab, n an bn . r+s = t.
p = 2, a, b a
b mod 2 r, s, t
2r , 2s , 2t a2 b2 , n an bn
r + s = t + 1.
43 ( )
:
9x + 10y = 12z + 1
44 ( )
(n) (n)
n,
1 ( )
lift the exponent (
).
x, y z .
z > x z > y . 9x + 10y = 12 12z1 + 1 >
2 12z1 , .
: x z .
3z ||10y 1. 32 ||10 1 3z2 ||y
z 4 3z2 > 3z .
.
2
y z . 22z ||9x 1. 24 || 9 21
22z4 ||x z 4 22z4 > 2z .
. .
x = y = z = 3 (
Ramanujan)
.
2 ( ) mod5:
1 mod 5.
x .
mod16: y 4 z 2
x
9 1 mod 16 x .
y < 4 z < 2. z = 1
x
9 + 10y = 13 . y < 4.
y = 1 9x + 9 = 12z 9
27 z = 2 . y = 2
9x + 99 = 12z z = 2
. , y = 3 9x + 999 = 12z . x = 1
. x 2 27
81 . z = 3
x = 3 .

.
: p , a, b
a b mod p n .
n+1
(n)
(n)
2
;
( ) (n) = 1, n = 1
. (n) > 1: n
, (n) :
1 = d0 < d1 < d2 < ... < d (n) = n n.

i N di d (n)i = n - :
(n)
(n)
"
# (n)
#%
!
(n)
di $
di
(n)
1
(n)
i=0
i=0
"
# (n)/2
# %
(n)
$
di d (n)i

(n)
i=0
(n)
2
-
, .
n = 1. n , n = d2j , ,
-:
(n)
(n)
=
=
=
=
34
1
(n)

(n)
(n)
(n)
"
# (n)
#%
!
(n)
di $
di
(n)
i=0
i=0
(n)1
2
(n)1
2
(n)
2
dj
1
n2
= n
: n = 1 . n > 1:
n
, (n) :
.
:
n (n) = 2
n+1
(n)
(n)
2
2d0 d (n) + 2
(n)
2
(n)
2d0 d (n) + 2
n (n) (n)
+
2 (1)
(n)
(n)
1 = d0 < d1 < d2 < ... < d (n) = n
i=0
(di + d (n)i ) =
(di + d (n)i ) 2d0 2d (n) =
n (n) (n)
+
(n)
(n)
d0 d (n) + d1 d (n)1 + + dk d (n)k +

+d0 d (n) + d1 d (n)1 + + dk d (n)k =
2
(n)
+
(n) (n)
(n) 2
= 2+
(n)
2
(1)
:
(n)/2
i=1
(n)/2
&
di d (n)i
2(n) 2
2
n (n)
=2
.
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n) = n + n + n + + n =
i=1
(n)/2
&
2n + 2(n) 2 2n = 2(n) 2
n di d (n)i = n i N.
di d (n)i
i=0
(n)/2
&
2d0 d (n) + 2
(n + 1) (n) 2(n)
(n + 1)
(n)/2
&
di d (n)i
2+
i=0

x, y :
(n) 2
(n) 2
2
0 (n) 2
(n)
(n)
, n > 1
n = 1, n .
n ( n = d2j ), : dj 2 d2j 2dj .
:
xy x + y
xy x y + 1 1
x(y 1) (y 1) 1
n (n) = 2(d0 d (n) + d1 d (n)1 + + dj1 d (n)j+1
(x 1)(y 1) 1
+ dj+1 d (n)j1 + + dk d (n)k + d2j

2 2 ,
.
2,
, 1,
. ,
2,
2d0 d (n) + 2(d0 + d1 + d2 + + dj1

+ dj+1 + + d (n) ) + 2dj 2(d0 + d (n) )
= 2n + 2(n) 2n 2 = 2 2
n
.
35
45 ( IMC 2011/B3)
!
n=1

ln 1 + n1 ln 1 +
1
2n

ln 1 +
1
2n+1
46 ( IMC 2011/A4)
A1 , A2 , ..., An , , . :
f (t) =
n
!
(1)k1 t|Ai1 Ai2 ...Aik | .
k=1 1i1 <i2 <...<ik n

f [0, 1].
( ) cn = ln(1 + 1/n)
cn = c2n + c2n+1 . L
:
3L =
=
=
3cn c2n c2n+1 =
n=1
( ) x A1 An
t . ( .) E
Ai . Pr(E)
t ( [0, 1]).
I [n], ( [n] = {1, . . . , n}) EI
x iI Ai .
Pr(Ei ) = t|iI Ai | .
3(c2n + c2n+1 )c2n c2n+1
n=1
[(c2n + c2n+1 )3 (c32n + c32n+1 )]
n=1
[c3n (c32n + c32n+1 )] = c31 = (ln 2)3 .
n=1
ln(2)3
].
3
Pr(E) =
(1)|I|1 Pr(Ei ) = f (t)
I[n]
f (t)
[0, 1].
36
At Jv, ej = v, J(Aej ) Aej -
47 ( )
A M3,2 (C), B M2,3 (C)
v . 1 =
(1 1 1)ei = (1 1 1)At v = (m + 1)(1 1 1)v = 0,
. .

(i, j) 2 i, j
2

.
.
((i1 , j1 ), (i2 , j1 )) i1 = i2 2
A . ,
,
n(n 1). , i, xi (xi 1)
xi .
1 1 2
AB = 0 0 2
0 0 2
det(BA).
( )
AB 0, 1, 2, : pAB () = ( 1)( 2) = 3 32 + 2.
BA
: pBA () = 23 pAB () = 2 3 + 2,
det(BA) = 2.
48 ( ) n n A = (aij ), aij {0, 1}
i, j {1, 2, . . . , n},
n
!
xi (xi 1) = n(n 1).
(1)
i=1
AAt = mIn + Jn
, ((i1 , j1 ), (i1 , j2 ))
j1 = j2 2 A .
nm(m + 1)
n(n 1) j1 , j2 i1 .

m , Jn n n
1, In n n
At A. A
, AAt = At A.
m(m + 1) = n 1. (2)
( )

A ,
m + 1
2
.
At A
1.
i, j At Aei , ej = 0. i = j A . v
At v = ei At Aei = At AAt v =
At (mv + Jv) = mei + At Jv 0 = At Aei , ej =
(1),(2)
n
!
i=1
x2i = n2 (n 1) + n
n
!
xi
i=1
= n2 (n + m) = (n(m + 1))2
' n
(2
!
=
xi
i=1
Cauchy-Schwarz xi m + 1 ,
At A.
37
n
+O
ln n
49 ( ) , ,
k=2
n/2
2 ln2 n !
1
.
n
ln k ln(n k)
k=2
1 ( ) (an ) . ln(ln x) ,
1
1
1
=
=
ln(1+k/n)
ln(n k)
ln n 1 +
ln n

ln(1 + k/n)
1
1
1
1+O
=
+O
.
ln n
ln n
ln n
ln2 n

1
1
1
1

=
+
O
ln k ln(n k)
ln n ln k ln k
ln2 n
n/2
2 ln2 n !
1
=

n
ln k ln(n k)
ln k ln(n k) (ln(n/2))2
k=2
n3
1
ln k ln(n k)
(ln n ln 2)2
, Chebyshev,
n2
!
k=2
1
1
ln k ln(n k)
n3
'n2
(2
! 1
.
ln k
k=2
k=2
Cesaro-Stolz),
`
lim an = 1 .
n+
k=2
n/2
ln n
2ln2 n !
1
=
+O
n
ln k ln(n k)
ln(n/2)
1/(ln x)
,
k=2
1
1
1
1
=
=
ln x
ln n 1 + ln(x/n)
ln n
ln n

1+O
ln(x/n)
ln n
(1 +
x)1
n2
1
dx =
+O
ln x
ln n

1
cos x 1
dx , a > 0 .
x2 (x2 + a)
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=83560#p83560
1 ( )
1
ln n
50 ( )
ln(x/n)
< 0.
1 <
ln n

k=2
1
dx.
ln x
k=2
k=2
n+
k=2

n/2
!
n/2
n
1
=
+O
ln k
ln(n/2)
ln2 (n/2)
2 ( ) -
n
!
1
ln k
n/2
n+
n
!
1
.

ln k
n/2
! 1
2 ln n ! 1
+ O(1/n)
.
n
ln k
ln k
(ln n)2
n3
, an bn =
n (ln n ln 2)2
'n2
(2
! 1
(ln n)2
an cn =
.
n(n 3)
ln k
k=2
lim bn = lim cn = 1 (
n+

n
.
ln2 n
, x = n/2,

n2
ln2 n !
1
lim
.
n+ n
ln k ln(n k)
n2
!

ln(x/n)
dx
ln2 n
eiz 1
.
z 2 (z 2 + a)
i a
i a .
f (z) =

=
38
2
(z 2 (z 2 + a)) = 2a , (z 2 (z 2 + a)) = 0 , z = 0
eiz 1 = ieiz = 0,
z = 0 . 1 .
f (z) = 2Res (f, ai) + iRes (f, 0)
e a
1
1
.
=
2ia
a
+ a))
(
'

i
1 e a
+ i =
f (z) dz = 2i
a
2ia a
C

1 + a + e a
z = R eit =
a a
Res (f, 0) =

[1]
ay (cos x 1) eyx dx dy =

2
1
dy+
y
2
y (y + 1)
a a
+
a a a

sin

0

0

0

0

sin

ay
1
dy =
+ 1)
y (y 2
sin ( ay) y= x
=
dy
y (y 2 + 1)
sin ( ax)
dx =
x (x + 1)

1
sin ( ax)
sin ( ax)
dx
dx =
x
a a
x+1

sin y
dy
y
y=x
ax e(x+1)t dt dx =

+
a a a
a a

0
sin (x)
dx
x

[2]
et sin ax ext dx dt =
+
a a a a a
e
0
t= x1
a
a
e 4t dt =
2t t

[3]
a
1
(1 a)
e 4t et dt =
2a
a a
t t
2 ( )
sin
(cos x 1) eyx dx dy
2
+
a a a

1
+
a
+
e
cos x 1
dx =
.
x2 (x2 + a)
a a
cos x 1
dx = 2
x2 (x2 + a)
a a
yeyx dy dx
+
a a a
cos x 1
dx =
x2 + a

yx
(cos x 1) sin ay e
dy dx =
+
a a a

iR cos R sin

e
e
1
it

iRe
dt

R2 e2it (R2 e2it + a)
0

iR cos R sin
e

e
1
it

R2 e2it (R2 e2it + a) iRe dt
0
iR cos R sin
e
e
+1
Rdt 0 .
2 (|R2 a|)
R
0

Rei cos R sin 1
iReit dt = 0
lim
R 0 R2 e2it (R2 e2it + a)

a
+
1
+
ix
a
+
e
e 1
dx =
.
2
2
a a
x (x + a)
R ,
(cos x 1)
a a
(x2 (x2
R (cos + i sin ) ,
iR cos R sin
R
eix 1
e
e
1 it
dx +
Re dt =
2
2
2
2it
2
2it
R e (R e + a)
R x (x + a)
0

1 + a + e a
a a
2
a
e a
2

a a
R a
2
cos x 1
dx
2
x
a
2
a
1
eiz 1
lim
=
Res (f, 0) =
0! z0 z (z 2 + a)
iz

e 1
i
= .
lim

2
z0 (z (z + a))
a
2
a
cos x 1
dx =
x2 (x2 + a)

(1 a)
2 e a =
.
a a
2a
a
a a
39
yx
(cos x 1) e
[1] :
0

[2] :
0
[3] :
1
1
y
=
dx = 2
.
2
y +1 y
y (y + 1)
m2
1
my
yx
e 4x e
e
dx = 2
.
x x
m
(. - ... 3
- . 350 - 355
).

m m2
sin m x eyx dx = e 4y
2y y

sin
40
xy
ax e dx =
a
.
y2 + a
:
.
.
51 ( )
A = A, .
+ C , B

A = B
C . (
A, A =
) B, B )+ C, C x A y
(x B y x C y (x B y C)) ).
1 ( )
.
a, b {a, b}
. Q
. x. y
X . x X {y}
x {t X : x t}. x
x
x, x .
(xn ) x1 = x xn = y
xn+1 = xn
{x1 , ..., xn , ...}
.
n xn = y . X = {x1 , ..., xn }
Q . :

.
2 ( ) X .
x X I(x) = {y X : y x}. A
x X I(x)
. X , A. A ,
a. I(a) \ {a}

, a .

a
/ A,

I(a ) = I(a) \ {a} .

X .
( ) A
B = . A ,
C = . , .
.
C x y y x.
C
m C .
m, C C , m,
.
p C q p q C (
y q p.
B = A C B, C
A. x A y .
B C , .
B C .
x C y C . , x B, y C .
. , x B
)
)
y x C y (x B y C). , . x B y C ,
C x A y , x A y .
52 ( ) X
X
41
S Q
/ , . , T (S) = S
.
53 ( Atemlos) ,

, .
54 ( ) a, b, c R3 .

x + (x a)b = c.
( ) S R3 , S
S . S ( :
).
( )

a
x + (x a) b = c (x a) + (x a) a b = (a c)
p , p S = C , C K . ,
p K .
P ,
. P C A, B S .
, P S
. O
AB , . , ,
= {M, N }, S = {M, N }.
T (S) (
O )
P .
T (S) = S , S
.
T (S) S .
Q S
Q
/ T (S). Q , Q {M, N },
Q T (S), . , Q
/ ,
Q ,
T (S), T (S) . S ,
x a =
a c
1 + a b
x = c
a c
1 + a b
b
1 + a b = 0,
x = m b + n c

m b + n c + (m + n (a c)) b = c
n c + n (a c) b = c, :
a c = 0 n = 1
x = m b + c, m R

a c = 0 b, c
.

a c = 0 b, c

k b + k b a b = b b = 0 b = 0 c = 0.
a c
b
1 + a b
1 + a b = 0 a c = 0 x = m b + c, m R
1 + a b = 0 a c = 0 b, c 1 + a b = 0 x = c
( ), .
1 + a b = 0 c = 0 x = m b, m R.
42
55 ( )
an = 24n + 1, n = 1, 2, . . .
2 3.
( )
(x + 1)3 x3 = y 2
( )
p2 1
24
3x2 + 3x + 1 y 2 = 0

= 12y 2 3
.
,
p > 3.
12y 2 3 = z 2
p 1 = (p 1)(p + 1)
3|z , z = 3z1 .

p 1, p + 1 ( p = 2),

4y 2 1 = 3z12
8|(p 1)(p + 1)
, p 1, p, p + 1 3
. 3. p p = 3,
p 1, p + 1 3.
, 3|(p 1)(p + 1).
,
(2y 1)(2y + 1) = 3z12
(2y 1, 2y + 1) = 1,
) 2y 1 = 3y12 2y + 1 = y22 y1 y2 = z1
y22 3y12 = 2,
y22 2 (mod 3), 2
mod 3.
) 2y1 = y12 2y+1 = 3y22 y1 y2 = z1
2y = y12 +1, y1 , y1 = 2k+1.

..(3, 8) = 1

3 8|(p 1)(p + 1)
2y = 4k2 + 4k + 2
56 ( )

, .
( 83 73 = 512 343 = 169 = 132
13 = 22 + 32 )
y = 2k2 + 2k + 1
y = k2 + (k + 1)2
43
57 ( ) ,
sin 1 + sin 3 + sin 5 + + sin 99 =
sin2 50
sin 1
sin 1 sin 1 +
sin 1 sin 3 + sin 1 sin 5 + .... + sin 1 sin 99 = sin2 50
1
(2 sin 1 sin 1 + 2 sin 1 sin 3 +
:
2
2 sin 1 sin 5 + .... + 2 sin 1 sin 99 ) = sin2 50
1
: (1cos 2 +cos 2 cos 4 +cos 4 cos 5 +
2
.... + cos 98 cos 100 ) = sin2 50
1
: (1 cos 100 ) = sin2 50 .
2
(A1 , B1 , C1 ) (

) (

ABB A ) A1 B1
: A1 B1 =
58 ( )
3a, a E1 , E2 .
E :
E=
2
(

) E =
2 3 (3)
2
(E1 + 9E2 ).
9
( ) (
(3)2
E1 =
4
2 3
(2)
E2 =
4
E=
92 3
E1 =
(1)
4
(2)2
4
E =
42 3
E1 =
4
k :
3 +
AB + A B
=
A1 B1 = 2
2
2
2
9
2
9
2
9
(1),(2)
(E
9E2 ) =
1 2+
9 3
2 3
+
9
=
4
4
18 2
4 3=
(3)
2 3 = E
k2 3
4
E =
44
2
(E1 + 9E2 )
9
59 ( pla.pa.s )
2 ( )
de l Hospital
. ;
f (x)
g(x)
f (x)
g (x)
(=1). l Hospital
1 + cos x
(x + sin x)
=
.

x
1
3 ( )
: f (n) = 1 n
n + 2 , f (n) = 0.

x0 ( ),
( lim
xx0
f (x)
) g(x)
g(n) =
h(n) =
f (x)
.
g (x)
1
. 1
1 + g(n)
0.
h(n) . 0
,
,
;
1

k+1
k .

h(n) 0.
.
:
Goedel.

0 .
1 ( )
f (x) = 2x + sin(x)
g (x) = 3x + sin (x)

x +.

x x0 = 0 f x12 , g x12 .
:

.
60 ( ) f :
R R .
R ;
f (x) = 2x5 5x4 + 5 x [2, +)
( ) g1 : (, 0) R, g2 :
[0, +) R R (). -

[11, +).
. g
. lim g (u)
( ). ..
g1 (x) = ln(x) g2 .
*
u0
g1 (x)
f (x) g2 (x)
*
f (x) g1 (x)
G(x) =
g2 (x)
f
( ()).
f .
( )

. lim g (u) .
f (k). g(n)
(k, k + 2) k n. -
f, g ( x0 )
xx0
n
!
k=1
de l Hospital,
lim
x + sin x

x
F (x) =
u0
45
, x<0
, x0
, x<0
, x0
= F + G F, G
61 ( ) [. , ,
( , 1976)]
P K
E Z
.
1 ( )

:
,
, L, C, T.
LC, CT.
G, R
: GC = CR, GCR = 2 .
:
F LG, T R
LT ,

CT 4 , GCRF
.

A L
EP 4 , B T KZ 4 ,
I P K
N .

(IA = IB, IAIB) (N G = N R, N GN R) ,
. [ (P IK) P IK = 2 IB =
2N R = 2N G = IA.]

: K, L
A, A .
B, C K, L , A BC BC = 2h, h
. ,
, KLD KD = h.
2 ( )
L, T , EP ,
ZK 450 , *. A, B E Z ,
E , Z E , Z L,
T , . ( C , D ,
46
2BC + AD
MG
MG
(*)
=
= ,
GN
2AD + BC
GN
2B +
=
> 0 , B
2 + B
BZ , AP AE , BK , :
ABC = Z BZ BAD = E AE ,
ZBK = CBD EAP = DAC
450 , )
*
, 2 2 =
4 ,
,
.
, B , M, N G
62 ( ) .
2B +
.
2 + B
1
N M
+1
A = (1, 0), B = (4, 0), C = (4, 4),

D = (1, 1):
M, N AD, BC
1 ( )
P , Q, R, S ABD , BCD , ABC , ACD
G ABCD ( AD//BC )
P Q, RS .
: G
|GP |
(ABD)
|AD|
|GR|
(ABC)
|BC|
|GQ| = (BCD) = |BC| |GS| = (ACD) = |AD| ,

.
A = (1, 0), B = (4, 0), C = (4, 4),
D = (1, 1):
P : 23 ( 52 , 0) + 13 (1, 1) = (2, 13 )
Q: 23 ( 52 , 52 ) + 13 (4, 0) = (3, 53 )
R: 23 ( 52 , 0) + 13 (4, 4) = (3, 43 )
S : 23 (1, 12 ) + 13 (4, 4) = (2, 53 )
7
P Q: y = 4x
3 3
RS : y = x3 + 73
7
G: ( 14
5 , 5)
2 (parmenides51) [, 15]
2 2
. (1) ABCD AD//BC
(AD ) M, N ,
E
BA, CD. AED, ABC
M N EM, M N .
(1) M N . (2) BD (z), (w)
(z) AD
DB . P, Q ABD, BCD
(z), BM (w), DN . (1)
P Q.
(3) (2), (3) G
ABCD P Q, M N
.
-
M G = GN N G =
1
, (4, 2) .

2
B = BC = 4, = AD = 1
24+1
9
3
2B +
=
= = .
=
2 + B
21+4
6
2
1,
NG =
(x 4, y 2) =
(x 4, y 2) =
(x, y) =
(x, y) =
1
NM
+1

1
1
1 4, 2
3
2
2 +1

3
2
3,
5
2

3
6
4 ,2
5
5

14 7
,
5 5
3 (parmenides51) 1:

.
2:
( )

.
ABCD AD//BC (AD
) , E BA, CD V, G, W
EAD, ABCD, EBC .
V, W (
). E, V, G, W (1) EAD, EBC E . E ( ) EBC T
ET = EW -
KG
BC
=
AD
GL
47

2
8 2
4
4 5
(EW ) =
+
=
3
3
3
V E .
(2) (EAD)(EV ) + (ABCD)(EG) = (EBC)(ET )
.
(EAD)(EV ) + (ABCD)(EG) = (EBC)(EW )

EG EG//EV ,
G, ABCD.
16
(EB)(BC)
=
= 8 EB BC .
2
2
ABCD G
(EBC) =
A = (1, 0), B = (4, 0), C = (4, 4),

D =*(1, 1):
*
A = (1, 0)
C = (4, 4)
AB : y = 0,
B = (4, 0)
D = (1, 1)
*
AB : y = 0,
E(0, 0)
CD : y = x ,
CD : y = x
EAD

V
0+1+1 0+1+0
,
3
3

=
(ABCD) =
EB BC ( ).

(EAD)(EV )
+ (ABCD)(EG) =
(ECD)(EW )
4 5
7 5
1 5 15
+ (EG) = 8
(EG) =

2
3
2
3
5
*
E = (0, 0)

EV : x = 2y V = 23 , 13
E, V, G G(x, y) = (2y,
y)
2
2
2
2
(2y) + y = |y| 5
(EG) = x + y =
7 5
7
= |y| 5 y = y > 0
(EG) =
5
5

14 7
,
G(x, y) =
5 5

2 1
,
,
3 3

2
1
5
2 2
(EV ) =
+
=
3
3
3

1
(EA)(AD)
= EA AD .
2
2
EBC
(EAD) =

W
0+4+4 0+4+0
,
3
3

=
15
(AD + BC)(AB)
=
2
2
(
) .

8 4
,
,
3 3
48
:
63 ( )
P (x) . P (1) = 6 P (7) = 3438,
x = 3.
A(0) .
B(7) = 70 A(0) = 1 (4)
B(1) = 4.

: C(x)
1 ( )
4 74 < 3438 < 75 .
B(x) = xC(x) + B(0)
P (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e
B(7) = 7C(7) + B(0) (5)
a, b, c, d, e ,
P (1) = 6 a + b + c + d + e = 6
B(1) = C(1) + B(0) (6)

B(0)
B(1), 7. (5)
B(7) : 7. C(7)
B(0) .
C(7) = 10 B(0) = 0 (6)
C(1) = 4. C(x)

, P (7) = 3438
: a = 1, b = 3, c = 0, d = 1, e = 1,
P (x) = x4 + 3x3 + x + 1 P (3) = 166.
2 ( )
[0, +)
. A(x)
4 = C(1) < C(2) < C(3) < C(4) < C(5) < C(6) < C(7) = 10
, C(3) = 6.
B(3) = 3C(3) + B(0) = 18
P (x) = xA(x) + P (0)
A(3) = 3B(3) + A(0) = 55
P (3) = 3A(3) + P (0) = 166
P (7) = 7A(7) + P (0) (1)
64 ( )
P (1) = A(1) + P (0) (2)

P (0)
P (1), 7. (1)
P (7) : 7. A(7)
P (0) .
A(7) = 491 P (0) = 1 (2)
P (x) = xn + a1 xn1 + + an
Q(x) = xn + b1 xn1 + + bn
C.
P x1 , x2 , ..., xn ,
Q x21 , x22 , ..., x2n . a1 + a3 + a5 + R
a2 + a4 + a6 + R,
,
A(1) = 5.
B(x)
A(x) = xB(x) + A(0).
b1 + b2 + bn R.
A(7) = 7B(7) + A(0) (3)
A(1) = B(1) + A(0) (4)
( ) :
A(0)
A(1), 7. (3)
A(7) : 7. B(7)
P (x) =
n
%
i=1
49
(x xi )
Q (x) =
n
%

x xi 2
n
%
i=1
P (1) = a1 + a2 + + an R
(1 xi ) =
n
%
i=1
i=1
n
%
n
%
(1 + xi ) =
i=1
(1 x
i )
(1 + x
i ).
i=1
P (1) = a1 a2 + + (1)n an R.
n
%

i=1
, :
n
%

1 x2i =
1x
2i ,
i=1
P (1) = P (1)
Q (1) = Q (1)

P (1) = P (1),
b1 + b2 + + bn R
50

Icosidodecahedron 06

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6

631 136 = 495

8 ( KARKAR) a > b > 0

19 ( ) f, g : R R f (x) = (a2 + b2 )x2 2ax g(x) = 4bx + 5.

(x4 x + 1)x < 1

i) lim f (x) + lim g(x) = 0 a = 1

ii. z12008 + z22008 R. A(z1 ), B(z2 ), (z3 )

|z z1 | = f (1), |w z2 | = f (2) |z1 z2 | = 2f 32 .

f () f (b) + f () f (b) + f () + f (b)

34 ( ) a R b, c R 4ac < (b 1)2 f : R R

2) f (x) g(x), x [0, 1]

f (x) = [x] + [2x] +

46 ( IMC 2011/A4) A1 , A2 , ..., An ,

(1)k1 t|Ai1 Ai2 ...Aik | .

k=1 1i1 <i2 <...<ik n

f (x y + f (y)) = f (x) + f (y)

48 ( ) n n A = (aij ), aij {0, 1} i, j {1, 2, . . . , n},

sin 1 + sin 3 + sin 5 + + sin 99 =

572. 752 257

x = 752 257 = 297

99a = 90a + 9a = 100a 10a + 9a = 100a a =

) 720, , , 720 2011,

8 ( KARKAR) a > b > 0

a2 2ab + b2 > 0 (a b)2 > 0,

F KZDM G KH M E . KDZM, KM HE , F, G DM, M E

q n1 > pn1 + (n 1)(q p)pn2

(q n1 pn1 ) (n 1)(q p)pn2 > 0

(qp)(q n2 +q n3 p+...+pn2 pn2 pn2...pn2 ) > 0

(qp)[(q n2 pn2)+p(q n3 pn3 )+...+pn3 (qp)] > 0

(x4 x + 1)x < 1

a1 .n1 > a1 + (n 1)a1 ( 1)

x ln(x4 x + 1) < 0, (1)

K (3, 0) , L (6, 0) , M (9, 0) , B (12, 0) , P (0, 4) ,

9b2 + 6bc + c2 = 4a2

i) lim f (x) + lim g(x) = 0

i. 0 = lim f (x) + lim g(x) = lim [(a2 + b2 )x2

2ax] + lim [4bx + 5] = a2 + b2 2a + 4b + 5.

iii. f (x) = 10x 20 g (x) = 8

ii. z12008 + z22008 R.

ii. z12008 + z22008 = z12008 + z1 2008 = 2Re(z1 ) R.

f (x1 ) f (y1 ) = y1 x1 e1x1 x1 1 (e1y1

(1) f 1 (x) + x = e1f

2. ) x1 , x2 R x1 < x2 x1 < x2 x1 >

e1x1 x1 1 > e1x2 x2 1 f (x1 ) > f (x2 )

( + ) f 4 (x)+ ( + ) g4 (x) = f 2 (x)+g2 (x)

f 4 (x) + 2 f 4 (x) + g4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) =

(f (x) + g(x))2 +(g(x) f (x))2 (f (x) + g(x))2

2 f 4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) = 2f 2 (x) g2 (x)

f 2 (x) ag2 (x) = 0 f 2 (x) = g2 (x)

2) f (x) g(x), x [0, 1]

h (u) = c f (u) u = c f (u) = u + c

u = 0 f (0) = c. f (u) = u + f (0),

sin 2xf (sin2 x) + sin 2xg (cos2 x) = 2 sin 2x

f (u) g (1 u) = 2u 1 (1) u = 1 u f (1 u) g (u) = 1 2u (2).

g(x) = e3x (f (x) 1),

(f (x))2 = 3f (x) ln f (x).

= 3(f (x) ln f (x) f (x) + 1 0

f (r) = 0 f (r)eg(r) = 0 f (r) = 0

2f (x)(1 + f 2 (x)) = sin f (x) + x2

min |z w| = AB 1 2 = 2f ( 32 ) f (0) f (1).

f () f (b) + f () f (b) + f () + f (b)

( ) f (t) = ln t ln(x + 1) x, x 0 , x > 0 [ln(x + 1), x]

f (x) f (ln(x + 1))

9b2 + 6bc + c2 = 4a2

At Jv, ej = v, J(Aej ) Aej -