Cas rocesslng and LlquefacLlon Cas rocesslng and LlquefacLlon

Chapter 1
Cverv|ew of nydrocarbon Gas Industry
8y
Mohd 2u|k|f|| Mohamad Noor
IkkSA UM
@oplc CuLcomes @oplc CuLcomes
- uescrlbe Lhe world and domesLlc energy resources and
Lhe lmporLanL of proper energy managemenL
- Lxplaln Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween energy supply and
demand
- Lxplaln Lhe lmporLanL conLrlbuLlon of hydrocarbon
lndusLry Lo Malaysla's economlc growLh
- Lxplaln Lhe fundamenLals of hydrocarbon orlgln and
formaLlon
- uescrlbe Lhe hydrocarbon gas properLles and Lhe
lmporLanL of undersLandlng hydrocarbon gas behavlor
lasslflcaLlon of Lnergy 8esources lasslflcaLlon of Lnergy 8esources
O nonrenewable energy (fossll fuels) such as oll
naLural gas coal and nuclear
O 8enewable energy such as hydroelecLrlclLy
solar power wlnd power geoLhermal power
bloenergy Lldal power and eLc
O @he avallablllLy of energy resources ls of
paramounL lmporLance Lo socleLy
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2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
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IndustriaI EIectric Power Other
Lnergy (naLural Cas) ln Supply
uemand lssues
Jor|d natura| gas consumpt|on by end use sector 200S 2030 LIA Internat|ona|
Lnergy Cut|ook2008
Cll Cll
O onvenLlonal oll oll LhaL convenLlonally found
and produced Many lndependenL peLroleum
geologlsLs have pro[ecLed convenLlonal oll
producLlon Lo peak ln 2003 Lo 2013 Llmeframe
O nonconvenLlonal oll Lypes of producLlon
lnclude Lar sands oll shale and blLumen @hese
resources are esLlmaLed Lo conLaln Lhree Llmes as
much oll as Lhe remalnlng convenLlonal oll
resources buL few are economlcally recoverable
wlLh n LechnologyalLhough Lhls may
change
naLural Cas naLural Cas
O onvenLlonal naLural gas LhaL ls
convenLlonally found and exLracLed @he global
producLlon peak for convenLlonal naLural gas
wlll probably be somewhaL laLer Lhan for oll
O nonconvenLlonal @here are large
unconvenLlonal gas resources llke meLhane
hydraLe or geopressurlzed zones LhaL could
lncrease Lhe amounL of gas by a facLor of Len or
more lf recoverable
oal oal
O @here are large buL flnlLe coal reserves whlch
may lncreaslngly be used as an energy source
durlng oll depleLlon @here are Loday 200 years
of economlcally explolLable reserves aL Lhe
currenL raLe of consumpLlon 8eserves have
lncreased by over 30 percenL ln Lhe lasL 22
years and are expecLed Lo conLlnue Lo lncrease
O AssoclaLed wlLh alr polluLlon/emlsslon
nuclear ower nuclear ower
O lass dlscusslon
O AdvanLages and dlsadvanLages?
Lnergy 8esources and ManagemenLs Lnergy 8esources and ManagemenLs
Lnergy ls essentlal tor oevelopment, yet two bllllon
people currently go wltbout, conoemnlng tbem to
remaln ln tbe poverty trap. We neeo to make clean
energy supplles accesslble ano attoroable. We neeo to
lncrease tbe use ot renewable energy sources ano
lmprove energy ettlclency. Ano we must not tllncb trom
aooresslng tbe lssue ot over consumptlon - tbe tact tbat
people ln tbe oevelopeo countrles use tar more energy
per caplta tban tbose ln tbe oeveloplng worlo (Kotl
Annan, L-Secretary General, Unlteo Natlons.)
Lnergy ManagemenLs Lnergy ManagemenLs
O @he fundamenLal dllemma faclng us ls LhaL
energy ls a vlLal lngredlenL for growLh and
susLalnable developmenL and for Lhe vasL
ma[orlLy of economlc acLlvlLles buL LhaL energy
producLlon and use conLrlbuLe Lo global
warmlng
O @he greaLesL challenge faclng Lhe energy secLor
Loday ls how Lo meeL rlslng demand for energy
whllsL aL Lhe same Llme reduclng our emlsslons
of greenhouse gases
Lnergy ManagemenLs onL Lnergy ManagemenLs onL
O llmaLe change ls undoubLedly an lmperaLlve
whlch musL be addressed wlLh a sense of
urgency We need Lo flnd new and lnnovaLlve
ways of addresslng mlLlgaLlon of greenhouse
gases as well as adapLlng Lo changes ln Lhe
cllmaLe
O Among Lhe acLlons LhaL are recommended Lo
be lmplemenLed
reserve and consume energy approprlaLely
AbouL AbouL eLronas eLronas
O eLronas Lhe acronym for eLrollam naslonal 8erhad was
lncorporaLed on 17 AugusL 1974 under Lhe ompanles AcL
1963 lL ls whollyowned by Lhe Malayslan governmenL and ls
vesLed wlLh Lhe enLlre ownershlp and conLrol of Lhe
peLroleum resources ln Malaysla Lhrough Lhe eLroleum
uevelopmenL AcL 1974 an AcL of arllamenL
O Cver Lhe years L@8CnAS has grown Lo become a fully
lnLegraLed oll and gas corporaLlon and ls ranked among
lC8@DnL Clobal 300s largesL corporaLlons ln Lhe world
L@8CnAS has four subsldlarles llsLed on Lhe 8ursa Malaysla
and has venLured globally lnLo more Lhan 33 counLrles
worldwlde ln lLs asplraLlon Lo become a leadlng oll and gas
mulLlnaLlonal of cholce
AbouL AbouL eLronas eLronas conL conL
O Slnce lLs lncepLlon L@8CnAS buslness has grown Lo
encompass Lhe full specLrum of oll and gas operaLlons
boLh locally and globally ln Lhe areas of upsLream oll
and gas exploraLlon and producLlon (L) Lo
downsLream oll reflnlng markeLlng and dlsLrlbuLlon of
peLroleum producLs Lradlng gas processlng and
llquefacLlon gas Lransmlsslon plpellne neLwork
operaLlons markeLlng of llquefled naLural gas (LnC)
peLrochemlcal manufacLurlng and markeLlng shlpplng
and properLy lnvesLmenL
Crlgln of Cll and Cas Crlgln of Cll and Cas
O Cll and naLural gas are Lhe producL of Lhe
underground decay of organlc reslduals
(anlmals planLs eLc) LhaL have changed Lhelr
molecular sLrucLure over Lhousands of years
O @hls ls Lhe mosL common explanaLlon for Lhe
formaLlon of oll and naLural gas called Crganlc
@heory"
O uurlng counLless mllllons of years dead planLs
and anlmals sunk aL Lhe boLLom of lakes and
oceans @hese remalns were covered by mud
sand and oLher debrls
Crlgln of Cll and Cas conL Crlgln of Cll and Cas conL
O @he accumulaLlon of such maLerlals exerLed hlgh
pressures on Lhe burled maLerlals wlLh Lhe
passlng of Lhe mlllennla
O Such pressures ln Lurn creaLed hlgh
LemperaLures hemlcal acLlon (malnly by
bacLerla) Look place and converLed Lheses
remalns lnLo oll and gas
O Whlle Lhls was happenlng mud and sand Lurned
lnLo rocks much of lL porous
O Cll and gas seeped ln Lhese pores and was
sLored Lhere under hlgh pressure beneaLh layers
of more solld rock above
Crlgln of Cll and Cas conL Crlgln of Cll and Cas conL
O Ceologlcal movemenLs also creaLed
underground domes and Lraps where oll and
naLural gas were sLored whlle conLlnulng Lhelr
chemlcal changes up Lo Loday's sLaLe
O @he naLural gas was formed under Lhe hlgh
LemperaLure condlLlons whereas Lhe oll was
formed under Lhe lowerLemperaLure
condlLlons
O @he rocks where oll and gas were formed are
known as source rock
AccumulaLlon of Cll and Cas AccumulaLlon of Cll and Cas
O @he oll gas and salL waLer occupled Lhe pore spaces
beLween Lhe gralns of Lhe sandLones or Lhe pore spaces
and cracks and dolomlLes
O Whenever Lhese rocks were sealed by a layer of
lmpermeable rock Lhe cap rock Lhe peLroleum
accumulaLlng wlLhln Lhe pore spaces of Lhe source rock
was Lrapped and formed Lhe peLroleum reservolr
O Powever when such condlLlons of Lrapplng Lhe
peLroleum wlLhln Lhe source rocks dld noL exlsL oll and
gas mlgraLed under Lhe effecLs of pressure and gravlLy
from Lhe source rock unLll lL was Lrapped ln anoLher
capped (sealed) rock
AccumulaLlon of Cll and Cas conL AccumulaLlon of Cll and Cas conL
O 8ecause of Lhe dlfferences ln denslLy gas oll
and waLer segregaLed wlLhln Lhe Lrap rock
O Cas when exlsLed occupled Lhe upper parL of
Lhe Lrap and waLer occupled Lhe boLLom parL of
Lhe Lrap wlLh Lhe oll beLween Lhe gas and
waLer
roperLles of naLural Cas and LC roperLles of naLural Cas and LC
O Caseous hydrocarbon fuel ln Malaysla ls
commonly made up of Lwo Lypes le naLural Cas
and Llquefled eLroleum Cas
O naLural gas exlsLs naLurally
O LC ls derlved from naLural gas or crude oll
Lhrough depropanaLlon and debuLanlsaLlon aL
Lhe gas processlng planLs (C) and dlsLlllaLlon
process aL crude oll reflnerles respecLlvely
O @he composlLlon of nC ls never consLanL
O normally meLhane ls Lhe largesL componenL
abouL 90 of Lhe LoLal volume
!ropertles ot Natural Gas ano L!G !ropertles ot Natural Gas ano L!G
cont. cont.
O Otber components are: Ltbane, !ropane, 8utane,
!entane, Nltrogen, Carbon Dloloe, H2S ano
traces ot otber gases.
O very small amounts ot sultur compounos are also
present.
O Generally, tbe propertles ot metbane ls useo wben
comparlng tbe propertles ot NG to otber tuels.
O Natural gas bolls at atmospberlc pressure ano a
temperature ot -161 oC
O NG ls transporteo ano stores as a gas, even wben
compresseo to transmlsslon plpellne pressure ot
arouno 70 8ar (sllgbtly above 1000 psl)
roperLles of naLural Cas and LC roperLles of naLural Cas and LC
conL conL
O @he volume of nC ls measured ln cublc meLres
or cublc feeL lLs flow ln m
3
/hr or cufL/hr
O LC ln Malaysla conslsLs of Lhese ma[or
consLlLuenL le 8uLane (lso and normal buLane)
(6070) and ropane (4030)
O lsobuLane nbuLane and propane boll aL
aLmospherlc pressure and LemperaLures of 118
o 036 o and 421 o respecLlvely
O LC ls LransporLed and sLored as a llquld and
Lhen reduced lLs pressure aL slLes Lo
aLmospherlc condlLlon Lo form gas
roperLles of naLural Cas and LC roperLles of naLural Cas and LC
conL conL
O ln lLs pure sLaLe nC and LC are odourless colourless
and LasLeless
O Powever an adouranL called MercapLan ls added so
LhaL any leak can be easlly deLecLed
O nC and LC do noL conLaln any Loxlc componenL
Lherefore Lhere ls no healLh hazard ln handllng of Lhe
fuel
O nC ls llghLer Lhan alrwlll rlse lf escaplng Lhus dlsslpaLlng
from Lhe slLe of a leak @hls lmporLanL characLerlsLlcs
makes nC safer Lhan mosL fuels
O LC ls heavler Lhan alr lL wlll seLLle Lo Lhe ground and
perhaps Lo any depresslons ln lLs vlclnlLy