PUBLIC SPEAKING

&
COMMUNICATION
APPREHENSION
,9 is Communic,9ion
Appreension?
Communication apprehension comes in
many forms. For some, it is associated
with interacting with others in interpersonal
and small group communication settings.
Most of us, however, are more likely to
experience communication apprehension
when we speak in public. At times, this
apprehension can be severe.
PLANNING PUBLIC SPEAKING
Defining Communication Apprehension
An individual's level of fear or anxiety
associated with either real or anticipated
communication with another person or
persons"
James McCroskey
actors that Contribute to
Communication Apprehension
1. Poor Preparation
Any speaker who has prepared poorly,
whose speech is disorganized, poorly
documented, or lacks an audience
centered purpose may well feel
apprehensive as the moment to stand
and speak approaches.
. SeIf-Expectations
$elfexpectations may present problems when
you have high expectations for your own behavior
and demanding much of yourself (perfectionist).
No communicator is perfect. f you demand perfection
of yourself, you will usually be disappointed.
3. EvaIuation Apprehension
very public speaking situation involves some
element of evaluation. Although evaluation, if it is
good, should offer positive as well as negative
feedback, we often fix on the negative.
ear of the Audience
$pecific audience characteristics may provoke
some measure of speech anxiety. Here are some
key audience dimensions to think about:
a. Status or Power
b. Size
c. Perceived SimiIarity
d. amiIiarity
Managing Communication Apprehension
. Develop a Positive Mindset toward Public $peaking
2. Anticipate the $peech $ituation
3. xercise for Relaxation
4. Acknowledge Potential Benefits of Moderate
Communication Apprehension
6. Maintain a $ense of Perspective/A $ense of Humor
STRATEGIES R MAKING YUR
PRESENTATIN CLEAR
SimpIify Ideas
%he simpler your ideas and phrases, the greater the
chance that your audience will remember them.
Pace Your Information Iow
Don't present too much information too quickly. Make
sure that your audience has time to process any new
information you present.
ReIate New Information to Id
Help your audience associate your new idea with
something that is familiar to them. Use an analogy.
STRATEGIES R MAKING YUR
PRESENTATIN CLEAR
ReIate to Your Listener's interest
Aware of information that your audience can use.
EstabIish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to
You.
Don't assume that your listeners will be automatically
interested in what you have to say. Capture their
attention.
Create Interesting Presentation Aids
isteners are more likely to remember your ideas if
you can reinforce them with presentation aids.
Use Humor
Org,nizing Your M,in Ide,s
. Chronologically
2. %opically
3. $patially
4. Cause and ffect
5. Problem and $olution
rganizing Your Main Ideas
1. ChronoIogicaIIy
s sequential order, according to when each step or
event occurred or should occur.
.g. when explaining a process, providing historical
overview of an event, movement, or policy.
2. TopicaI rganization
rganization according to speaker's discretion,
recency, primacy, or complexity.
3. SpatiaI rganization
rganization according to location and position.
.g: %he layout of Hong Kong
rganizing Your Main Ideas
4. Cause and Effect
dentifying a situation and then discussing the
resulting effects(causeeffects) or presenting a
situation and then exploring its causes (effect
cause).
. rganizing Ideas by ProbIem and SoIution
rganization by discussing first a problem and
then various solutions.
10 Steps in Preparing and DeIivering a
PubIic Speech
1. SeIect your topic and purpose
%he topic you choose must be:
appropriate to the occasion and audience
worthwhile
culturesensitive
imit the scope of topic to the time given.
Determine the purpose of your speech
2 categories:
eneral purpose (to inform/ persuade)
$pecific purpose
n a speech introduction, it is important to explain
why you talking about the topic.
. AnaIyze your audience
Analyze the characteristics of your
audience:
Demographics, level of knowledge on the
topic, attitudes, belief & values, willingness
to listen, etc.
%his knowledge will help you in:
$electing the topic
stablishing a relationship with them
Choosing examples, illustrations, etc.
Be careful not to stereotype them.
3. Research your speech topic
How to look for information on your topic.
$ources:
Manual (books, magazines, journals, etc.)
lectronic (internet, email, database, etc.)
%hings to consider when evaluating what you found:
s the information current?
s the information fair or biased?
s the evidence reliable and reasoning logical?
4. ormuIate your thesis and major propositions
$tate their thesis statement (main idea/theory)
.g: $moking is a dangerous habit
Develop a major propositions (main points) by asking
strategic questions.
. Support your propositions
%echniques to use to support your
propositions:
xamples
Narration (stories)
%estimony
$tatistics
Presentation aids (visual/audio)
. rganize your speech
Benefits of speech organization:
Make your speech to understand and remember
Help you remember the speech more easily
$peech can be organized into several patterns:
. Chronologically
2. %opically
3. $patially
4. Cause and ffect
5. Problem and $olution
CREDIBILITIES AND ETHICS
Credibility
55% impress about the presentation
38% tone of voice
7% the content of our speaking
Quality of credibility among speakers:
Competence
Character
Charisma
CREDIBILITIES AND ETHICS
thical guidelines for public speaking:
Acknowledges and respects opposing
arguments and evidence
Reveals the sources of your evidence
Has a thorough knowledge of the topic
!ERSUASIVE S!EECHES
Purpose
%o influence attitudes and behaviors
Flexible with the needs by audience
TESTIMONIAL
Concept which is explained listening
admitted by several number of people.