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H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG TH\u00d4NG TIN\u0110\u1ecaA L\u00dd
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng gian (spatial analytical technicques) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean - kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i). M\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan\u0111\u00f3\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng gian

\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3
h\u00f3a.

B\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t trong kh\u00f4ng gian hai chi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Tuy nhi\u00ean do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean d\u1eabn

\u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7cx\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u00f4ng tin.
Trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd\u0111\u00e3\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n
m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin
\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd- geographical information system ( HTT\u0110L) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3n\u0103ng

qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u00f4ng tin trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. HTT\u0110L c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ed5 sung,\u0111o\u0111\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t\u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang,\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o.

I.C\u00c1C KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N V\u1ec0 HTT\u0110L
I.1.\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a
H\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd (HTT\u0110L)- Geographical information system ( GIS) l\u00e0
m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n: ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u
\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebfho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfp

nh\u1eadn, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef,\u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. HTT\u0110L c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gian\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. (Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 - 1994).

M\u1ed9t\u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0: HTT\u0110L l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103nng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ea1ng\u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, t\u1eeb\u0111\u00f3 cho m\u00f4t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin, hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 cho ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (antenucci 1991)

M\u1ed9t con\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c con s\u00f4ng, con su\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu
t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u0111o\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang

tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3. C\u00e1c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, cung, v\u00f9ng,\u0111i\u1ec3m, tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00e1c\u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.

H\u00ecnh 1. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m vector ngu\u1ed3n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong\u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:

\u2022\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (line): l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1it\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc.
\u2022 \u0110o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng (line segment): l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m.
\u2022 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p kh\u00fac: l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdan th\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng song

kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda (ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1i).\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p
kh\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft qua ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft c\u00e1c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.
\u2022 Cung (area) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c\u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong
m\u00e0\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong\u0111\u00f3\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m to\u00e1n.
\u2022 \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i (link) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai n\u00fat. \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i
c\u0169ng\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1edd (edges) hay\u0111 \u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n.
\u2022 \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp : l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai n\u00fat v\u1edbim\u1ed9th\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\u2022 D\u00e2y x\u00edch (chain): l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft nhau
ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c cung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00fat\u1edf cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i cung. C\u00e1c n\u00fat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m\u1edf b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i
hay b\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c
\u2022 V\u00f9ng: l\u00e0\u0111\u1eb7c\u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hai k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, l\u00e0\u0111\u1ed1i
t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ranh gi\u1edbi, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m
c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng
I.2.C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a HTT\u0110L
HTT\u0110L bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau: t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi
\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (h\u00ecnh 2).
H\u00ecnh 2. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a HTT\u0110L

D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gian: D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ecf th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u sau: s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, c\u00e1c quan tr\u1eafc th\u1ef1c\u0111\u1ecba,\u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh,\u1ea3nh m\u00e1y bay, b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea5y (d\u1ea1ng analog). K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n\u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec5n th\u00e1m v\u00e0 HTT\u0110L c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng gian bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, khu\u00f4n d\u1ea1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u\u0111o\u0111\u1ea1c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u

\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd t\u1eebnhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3mc\u01a1b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7am\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m HTT\u0110L.
Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gian\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea5y
v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u1edf m\u1ed9t file ri\u00eang. C\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u\u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng\u0111\u00e1p
\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1ec1t\u01b0li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do sau:
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\u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eefr\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, tra c\u1ee9u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u0110\u1ec3nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 khai

th\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n\u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1ea1ng kho ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n.

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C\u00e1c khu\u00f4n d\u1ea1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c
ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n nay. Thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, hi\u1ec7n nay
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