PAMVEC

The Parametric Analytical Model of Vehicle Energy Consumption

Version 1.1, released 1st September 2005
Copyright © 2005 by Andrew G. Simpson

Developed under a Ph.D. scholarship provided by the:

School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering
The University of Queensland, Australia
Description:
PAMVEC is a spreadsheet-based parametric vehicle modelling and design tool used for the analysis of advanced vehicle technologies such as
hybrid-electric, battery and fuel cell-powertrains. For these technologies, PAMVEC predicts vehicle performance, powertrain component sizes,
total vehicle mass and fuel/energy consumption. Its features include:

• A comprehensive set of ~30 parameters that fully characterize the vehicle platform, powertrain components, vehicle performance requirements
and driving pattern.
• Vehicle energy consumption models derived from first principles using the well-known vehicle road load equation.
• Implicit sizing of powertrain components in terms of specified performance targets that include driving range.
• A novel parametric driving pattern description that enables predictions of vehicle energy consumption under real-world driving patterns, without
resorting to the computational intensity of dynamic simulation.
• Simple component models based on parametric inputs for efficiency and specific power/energy.
• Accurate predictions that are typically within 10% of real-world vehicle test data.

With its unique combination of speed, accuracy, convenience and transparency, PAMVEC provides a valuable complement to other vehicle
modelling and design tools. Best of all, it's free!

Please read the instructions contained in the next worksheet…

 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE:

Iterative calculations:
Check that iterative calculations are enabled by going to Tools -> Options -> Calculation. Tick the Iteration box, set max. iterations to 10000,
max. change to 0.0001.

Display settings:
Worksheet formatting works best with 1024 x 768 resolution setting.

Worksheet contents:
PAMVEC consists of 11 worksheets in addition to the PAMVEC (title page) and Instructions worksheets.
References contains hyperlinks to PAMVEC-related references and contact details for feedback or comment.
Inputs contains all parameters that define the vehicle platform attributes, vehicle performance requirements, and driving pattern parameters.
Driving Cycles contains a list of parameters for many useful driving cycles that may be used within the PAMVEC model.
Powertrain Components contains all parameters that define the specific power/energy and efficiency of powertrain components as well as
other relevant parameters.
Results Summary presents the model results - vehicle performance, powertrain component sizes, total vehicle mass and fuel/energy
consumption.
ICV, PHEV, SHEV, FCEV, FCHEV, BEV: these worksheets provide templates for the six powertrain architectures included in the PAMVEC
model: conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICV), parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV),
fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV). These templates can be copied
into new worksheets to create additional variants of each powertrain architecture.

Colour coding of cells:

Each numerical cell in the PAMVEC model has a colour code based on its role in the model.
Input cells are coloured YELLOW and are intended to be modified by the user. These cells may be found in the Inputs, Driving Cycles and
Powertrain Components worksheets.
Intermediate input cells are coloured BLUE and may be modified by the user. These cells import input parameters into the six template
worksheets.
Output cells are coloured PINK and preferably should not be modified. These cells can be found throughout the PAMVEC model.

Worksheet protection:
PAMVEC users are encouraged to customize the model for their own purposes. However, the public release version of PAMVEC has
worksheets protections in place to prevent accidental modification/deletion of cells. The protections still allow the user to vary parameters in
the Inputs and Powertrain Components worksheets and also allow the user to copy any one of the six powertrain templates into a new
worksheet. Further modifications to the PAMVEC model will require the user to go to Tools -> Protection -> Unprotect Sheet and use the
password pamvec. Each worksheet must be unprotected in turn. Before unprotecting any of the worksheets, please remember to save a
copy of the original model.
 DOWNLOADS

Download PAMVEC

Download PAMVEC Manual (chapter 3 of Ph.D. thesis)

REFERENCES

PAMVEC webpage

Simpson, A. G. (2005) "Parametric Modelling Of Energy Consumption In Road Vehicles", Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia.
Download

Simpson, A. (2005) "Validation of a Parametric Vehicle Modelling Tool using Published Data for Prototype and Production Vehicles with Advanced
Powertrain Technologies", SAE paper no. 2005-01-3481, presented at the 2005 SAE Future Transportation Technology Conference, September 6-
9, Chicago, IL, USA.
Download

Simpson, A.G. & Walker, G.R. (2004) “A Parametric Analysis Technique for Design of Fuel Cell and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles”, SAE paper no. 2003-
01-2300, Transactions of the SAE – Journal of Engines, Society of Automotive Engineers International, Warrendale. Also printed in “Hybrid Vehicle
and Energy Storage Technologies”, publication no. SP-1789, Society of Automotive Engineers International, Warrendale. Originally presented at
the 2003 SAE International Future Transportation Technology Conference, June 23-25, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
Download

COMMENTS / FEEDBACK / SUGGESTIONS

Contact Andrew Simpson

Vehicle Platform
Glider mass (m glider) 905 kg
Vehicle inertia factor (k m) 1.1
Powertrain structural mass factor (k struct) 1.15
Aerodynamic drag area (C DA) 0.68 m2
Rolling resistance coefficient (C RR) 0.01
Cargo mass (2 person) 136 kg
Accesory load 4000 W

Performance Targets
Acceleration: 0 to 96.54 kph in 8 sec
Gradability: maintain 88 kph grade of 6.5%
Top speed 177 kph
Driving range 100 km
100 km for BEV

Drive Cycle UDDS

Average speed 31.35 kph
Velocity ratio 1.42
Root-mean-cubed speed 44.52 kph
Characteristic acceleration 0.171 m/s2

Conversion factors
1 m/s = 3.6 kph
1 Wh = 3600 J
1 mile = 1.61 km
1 gallon = 3.79 L
Petrol energy content = 3.22E+07 J/L
Petrol density = 0.75 kg/L
INSTRUCTIONS: To use a particular cycle, copy the 4 cells for each cycle and paste in cells B16:B20 in the "Inputs" worksheet. These parameters were produced using driving cycles
contained in NREL's ADVISOR vehicle simulation freeware.

Light Duty Vehicle Cycles

Cycle name NYCC NYCCOMP WVUCITY INDIA_URBAN_SAMPLE 1015 WVUSUB UDDS NEDC SC03 LA92
Average speed kph 11.36 14.03 13.53 23.28 25.69 25.75 31.35 33.04 34.36 39.40
Velocity ratio 1.81 1.77 1.94 1.38 1.51 1.55 1.42 1.62 1.36 1.47
Root mean cubed speed kph 20.56 24.83 26.25 32.13 38.79 39.91 44.52 53.52 46.73 57.92
Characteristic acceleration m/s2 0.293 0.186 0.155 0.170 0.125 0.138 0.171 0.112 0.200 0.217

Light Duty Vehicle Cycles cont.

Cycle name UNIF01 IM240 INDIA_HWY_SAMPLE WVUINTER ARB02 US06 HWFET REP05 HL07 US06-HWY
Average speed kph 40.88 47.00 47.33 54.50 69.68 76.88 77.23 82.45 85.44 97.60
Velocity ratio 1.53 1.24 1.10 1.29 1.23 1.19 1.04 1.11 1.14 1.05
Root mean cubed speed kph 62.55 58.28 52.06 70.31 85.71 91.49 80.32 91.52 97.40 102.48
Characteristic acceleration m/s2 0.172 0.198 0.149 0.067 0.187 0.190 0.069 0.138 0.143 0.113

Heavy Duty Vehicle Cycles

Cycle name MANHATTAN NYCTRUCK NUREMBERGR36 CSHVR UDDSHDV
Average speed kph 10.93 12.10 14.28 21.74 30.17
Velocity ratio 1.75 2.15 1.69 1.61 1.72
Root mean cubed speed kph 19.13 26.02 24.13 35.00 51.89
Characteristic acceleration m/s2 0.269 0.234 0.235 0.162 0.124
Engine / Fuel Cell Specific power Efficiency Pmax/Peff Optimal fraction Fuel storage Specific energy energy density
(W/kg) (%) (-) (%) (Wh/kg) (Wh/L)
ICV 642 22.5% 1.12 --- Gasoline/Petrol 10360 7010
PHEV 642 30.50% 1.07 --- Diesel 10360 7970
SHEV 432 33.30% --- 50% LPG 5760 4550
FCEV 375 56.60% --- --- LNG 7400 3890
FCHEV 375 55.60% --- 10% CNG 4320 1950
Biodiesel 8860 7010
Battery Specific power Specific energy Efficiency Energy density Ethanol 6280 4640
(W/kg) (Wh/kg) (%) (Wh/L) Methanol 5430 3980
PHEV 605 45 95% 87 Gaseous H2 (5ksi) 3700 760
SHEV 605 45 95% 87 Gaseous H2 (10ksi) 3330 1190
FCHEV 605 45 95% 87 Liquid H2 2570 1210
BEV - VRLA 300 35 90% 92 Boro-hydride 1130 1070
BEV - NiMH 220 70 90% 165 Metal hydride HT 1000 1520
BEV - Li-Ion 420 150 95% 310 Metal hydride LT 400 950

Regenerative Braking Fraction

Motor/Controller Specific power Efficiency N Pmax/Peff ICV 0%
(W/kg) (%) (-) (-) PHEV 50%
PHEV 1484 70% 3.21 --- SHEV 50%
EVs 1027 86% 4.99 1.00 FCEV 0%
FCHEV 50%
Transmission Specific power Efficiency No. of gears Time per shift N BEV 50%
(W/kg) (%) (-) (s) (-) Min. Degree of Hybridization
ICV & PHEV 1300 87% 5 0.2 4.74 ICV ---
EVs 1625 87% --- --- --- PHEV 15%
SHEV 30%
FCEV ---
FCHEV 30%
BEV ---
 Fuel Storage Engine Motor Battery Battery Curb Net Fuel Economy Energy
Power Power Power Storage Mass Efficiency Consumption
RESULTS Mass Volume

(kg) (L) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kWh) (kg) (%) (L/100km) (MPG) (Wh/km)
ICV 12 17 112 --- --- --- 1201 4.7% 13.61 17.3 1217
PHEV 8 12 71 30 43 3.2 1223 6.6% 9.79 24.0 876
SHEV 9 13 78 104 48 3.5 1378 6.8% 10.13 23.2 906
FCEV 18 49 137 114 --- --- 1525 11.2% 6.54 36.0 585
FCHEV 16 45 78 108 51 3.8 1432 11.9% 5.93 39.7 530
BEV 300 145 --- 108 126 44.9 1437 19.3% 3.66 64.3 327
Fuel Consumption (L/100km) Fuel Economy (MPG gasoline equivalent)
14.0 65
13.0 60
12.0 55
11.0 50
10.0
45
9.0
40
8.0
L/100km

MPGGE
35
7.0
30
6.0
25
5.0
4.0 20

3.0 15

2.0 10
1.0 5
0.0 0
ICV PHEV SHEV FCEV FCHEV BEV ICV PHEV SHEV FCEV FCHEV BEV
BEV
 Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
Fuel spec energy 10360 Wh/kg Glider mass 905 kg Top Speed 177 kph 54369 W
Fuel energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 96.54 kph in 8.0 sec 83486 W
Fuel energy storage 121747 Wh CdA 0.68 m2 Gradability: maintain 88 kph grade of 6.5% 29698 W
Fuel mass 11.75 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 100 km
Fuel volume 17.4 L Kregen 0%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle UDDS
Engine Powertrain mass 296 kg Average speed 31.35 kph
specific power 642 W/kg Curb mass 1201 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.52 kph
efficiency 22.5% Cargo mass 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.17 m/s^2
Pmax/Peff 1.12 Total mass 1337 kg
power 111620 W Average wheel power 1801 W 57.4 Whpkm
mass 173.9 kg Transmission Average brake power 2191 W 69.9 Whpkm
spec power 1300 W/kg Average drive losses 596 W 19.0 Whpkm
Total Propulsion system efficiency 87% Accessory power 4000 W 127.6 Whpkm
Mass 296 kg No of gears 5 Average engine power 8588 W 273.9 Whpkm
Power 93629 W time per shift 0.2 s Average engine losses 29580 W 943.5 Whpkm
Energy 23832 Wh N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 Average fuel flow 38168 W 1217.5 Whpkm
Spec power 316 W/kg power 93629 W Fuel consumption 13.61 L/100km_eq
Spec energy 80 Wh/kg mass 72.0 kg Fuel economy 17.3 MPG_eq
N for shift calcs 2.58 Net powertrain efficiency 4.7%
Inter-gear ratio 1.48
No. of shifts 3.00 INPUTS
Shifting time 0.6 s OUTPUTS
N drive effective 5.6
N accel effective 3.08
 Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 10360 Wh/kg Glider mass 905 kg Top Speed 177 kph 54462 W
energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 96.54 kph in 8.0 sec 79230 W
energy storage 87555 Wh CdA 0.68 m2 Gradability: maintain 88 kph grade of 6.5% 30080 W
mass 8.5 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 100 km
volume 12.5 L Kregen 50%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle UDDS
Engine Powertrain mass 318 kg Average speed 31.35 kph
specific power 642 W/kg Curb mass 1223 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.52 kph
efficiency 30.5% Cargo mass 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.17 m/s^2
power 70888 W Total mass 1359 kg
mass 110.4 kg Average wheel power 1817 W 58.0 Whpkm
Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1113 W 35.5 Whpkm
Transmission Mass 318 kg Average drive losses 1368 W 43.7 Whpkm
efficiency 87% Power 84657 W Accessory power 4000 W 127.6 Whpkm
spec power 1300 W/kg Energy 23233 Wh Average battery losses 73 W 2.3 Whpkm
ICE/motor Pmax/Peff 1.07 Spec power 266 W/kg Average engine power 8372 W 267.0 Whpkm
ICE/motor overspeed 3.21 Spec energy 73 Wh/kg Average engine losses 19077 W 608.5 Whpkm
No. of gears 5 Average fuel flow 27448 W 875.5 Whpkm
time pershift 0.2 s Motor/Controller Fuel consumption 9.79 L/100km_eq
N (overspeed ratio) 4.74 specific power 1484 W/kg Fuel economy 24.0 MPG_eq
power 84657 W efficiency 70% Net powertrain efficiency 6.6%
mass 65.1 kg min DOH 15%
N for shifts calc 2.58 max power 30419 W INPUTS
Inter gear ratio 1.48 mass 20.5 kg OUTPUTS
No. of shifts 3.00 DOH 30%
Shifting time 0.6 s
N drive effective 15.20 Battery
N accel effective 8.29 specific power 605 W/kg
specific energy 45 Wh/kg
efficiency 95%
max power 43456 W
energy 3232 Wh
mass 71.8 kg
 Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 10360 Wh/kg Glider mass 905 kg Top Speed 177 kph 55136 W
energy density 7010 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 96.54 kph in 8.0 sec 90698 W
energy storage 90637 Wh CdA 0.68 m2 Gradability: maintain 88 kph grade of 6.5% 32836 W
mass 8.75 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 100 km
volume 12.9 L Kregen 50%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle UDDS
Generator Powertrain mass 473 kg Average speed 31.35 kph
specific power 432 W/kg Curb mass 1378 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.52 kph
efficiency 33.3% Cargo mass 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.17 m/s^2
opt frac 50% Total mass 1514 kg
power 77692 W Average wheel power 1937 W 61.8 Whpkm
mass 179.8 kg Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1240 W 39.6 Whpkm
frac 12% Mass 411 kg Average drive losses 1799 W 57.4 Whpkm
opt power 38846 W Power 90743 W Accessory power 4000 W 127.6 Whpkm
duty 24.4% Energy 22582 Wh Average battery losses 124 W 4.0 Whpkm
Spec power 221 W/kg Average bus power 9100 W 290.3 Whpkm
Motor/Controller Spec energy 55 Wh/kg Battery thermo losses 362 W 11.6 Whpkm
specific power 1027 W/kg Average engine power 9462 W 301.8 Whpkm
efficiency 86% Battery Average engine losses 18953 W 604.5 Whpkm
N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 specific power 605 W/kg Average fuel flow 28415 W 906.4 Whpkm
Pmax/Peff 1.00 specific energy 45 Wh/kg Fuel consumption 10.13 L/100km_eq
max power 104303 W efficiency 95% Fuel economy 23.2 MPG_eq
mass 88.3 kg min DOH 30% Net powertrain efficiency 6.8%
N for acceleration 2.72 max power 47590 W
energy 3540 Wh INPUTS
Transmission mass 78.7 kg OUTPUTS
efficiency 87% DOH 38%
spec power 1625 W/kg
power 90743 W
mass 55.8 kg
 Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 3330 Wh/kg glider mass 905 kg Top Speed 177 kph 55774 W
energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 96.54 kph in 8.0 sec 99120 W
energy storage 58477 Wh CdA 0.68 m2 Gradability: maintain 88 kph grade of 6.5% 35444 W
mass 17.56 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 100 km
volume 49.1 L Kregen 0%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle UDDS
Fuel Cell Powertrain mass 620 kg Average speed 31.35 kph
specific power 375 W/kg Curb mass 1525 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.52 kph
efficiency 56.6% cargo mass 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.17 m/s^2
power 136544 W Total mass 1661 kg
mass 364.1 kg Average wheel power 2050 W 65.4 Whpkm
Total Propulsion system Average brake power 2721 W 86.8 Whpkm
Motor/Controller Mass 620 kg Average drive losses 1606 W 51.2 Whpkm
specific power 1027 W/kg Power 99170 W Accessory power 4000 W 127.6 Whpkm
efficiency 86% W Energy 24764 Wh Average fuel cell power 10376 W 331.0 Whpkm
N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 kg Spec power 160 W/kg Average fuel cell losses 7956 W 253.8 Whpkm
Pmax/Peff 1.0005 Spec energy 40 Wh/kg Average fuel flow 18332 W 584.8 Whpkm
max power 113988 W Fuel consumption 6.54 L/100km_eq
mass 96.5 kg Transmission Fuel economy 36.0 MPG_eq
N for accel spec 2.72 efficiency 87% Net powertrain efficiency 11.2%
spec power 1625 W/kg
power 99170 W INPUTS
mass 61.0 kg OUTPUTS
 Fuel Storage Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
spec energy 3330 Wh/kg glider mass 905 kg Top Speed 177 kph 55368 W
energy density 1190 Wh/L Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 96.54 kph in 8.0 sec 93763 W
energy storage 53030 Wh CdA 0.68 m2 Gradability: maintain 88 kph grade of 6.5% 33785 W
mass 15.92 kg Crr 0.01 Driving range 100 km
volume 44.6 L Kregen 50%
Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle UDDS
Fuel cell Powertrain mass 527 kg Average speed 31.35 kph
specific power 375 W/kg Curb mass 1432 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.52 kph
efficiency 55.6% cargo mass 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.17 m/s^2
opt frac 10% Total mass 1568 kg
power 78039 W Average wheel power 1978 W 63.1 Whpkm
mass 208.1 kg Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1284 W 41.0 Whpkm
frac 12% Mass 527 kg Average drive losses 1853 W 59.1 Whpkm
opt power 9243 Power 93809 W Accessory power 4000 W 127.6 Whpkm
duty 100.0% Energy 22060 Wh Average battery losses 129 W 4.1 Whpkm
Spec power 178 W/kg Average bus power 9243 W 294.8 Whpkm
Battery Spec energy 42 Wh/kg Battery thermo losses 0 W 0.0 Whpkm
specific power 605 W/kg Average fuel cell power 9243 W 294.8 Whpkm
specific energy 45 Wh/kg Motor/Controller Average fuel cell losses 7381 W 235.5 Whpkm
efficiency 95% specific power 1027 W/kg Average fuel flow 16625 W 530.3 Whpkm
min DOH 30% efficiency 86% Fuel consumption 5.93 L/100km_eq
max power 51341 W N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 Fuel economy 39.7 MPG_eq
energy 3819 Wh Pmax/Peff 1.0005 Net powertrain efficiency 11.9%
mass 84.9 kg max power 107827 W
DOH 40% mass 91.3 kg INPUTS
N for accel spec 2.72 OUTPUTS
Transmission
efficiency 87%
spec power 1625 W/kg
power 93809 W
mass 57.7 kg
 Battery Vehicle Platform Performance Targets wheel power required
specific power 420 W/kg glider mass 905 kg Top Speed 177 kph 55393 W
specific energy 150 Wh/kg Km 1.1 Acceleration: 0 to 96.54 kph in 8.0 sec 94087 W
energy density 310 Wh/L CdA 0.68 m2 Gradability: maintain 88 kph grade of 6.5% 33885 W
efficiency 95% Crr 0.01 Driving range 100 km
Charger efficiency 95% Kregen 50%
max power 125813 W Kstruct 1.15 Drive Cycle UDDS
energy 44933 Wh Powertrain mass 532 kg Average speed 31.35 kph
mass 299.6 kg Curb mass 1437 kg Root-mean-cubed speed 44.52 kph
volume 144.9 L cargo mass (1 person) 136 kg Characteristic acceleration 0.17 m/s^2
Total mass 1573 kg
Motor/Controller Average wheel power 1982 W 63.2 Whpkm
specific power 1027 W/kg Total Propulsion system Average brake power 1288 W 41.1 Whpkm
efficiency 86% Mass 532 kg Average drive losses 1859 W 59.3 Whpkm
N (overspeed ratio) 4.99 Power 94134 W Accessory power 4000 W 127.6 Whpkm
Pmax/Peff 1.0005 Energy 31938 Wh Average battery losses 129 W 4.1 Whpkm
max power 108200 W Spec power 177 W/kg Average battery power 9259 W 295.3 Whpkm
mass 105.3 kg Spec energy 60 Wh/kg Average recharge losses 487 W 15.5 Whpkm
N for accel spec 2.72 Average electricity 9746 W 310.9 Whpkm
INPUTS Fuel consumption 3.48 L/100km_eq
Transmission OUTPUTS Fuel economy 67.7 MPG_eq
efficiency 87%
spec power 1625 W/kg Charger
power 94134 W Average electricity 327.2 Whpkm
mass 57.9 kg Fuel consumption 3.66 L/100km_eq
Fuel economy 64.3 MPG_eq
Net powertrain efficiency 19.3%