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48

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52

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53

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55

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57

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59

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77

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81

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85

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86

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87

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88

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89

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90

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2.3 : o{o
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91

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5. oooo{ o
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92

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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98

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99

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100

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2. r
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101

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ro

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102

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103

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104

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105

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3 noo n o
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106

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107

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109

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110

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111

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149

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152

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73. n n

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154

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78. n o o
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80.

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158

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...........................................................................................................................................................................
51 :
nooon ooo
n noon n
n no
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

170

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:
oon
PQR } R } no RQ n
no PR M }no PQ N }
no QR S n no MN nno MS

171

r
5

172

noro PISA
no
PISA 2003 on :

(Programme for International Student Assessment)

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

}noro PISA (Program for International

Student Assessment) e .. 2003 n
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) o
on rr 15 e no
onno PISA ne ..
2000 PISA e .. 2000 oon PISA e .. 2003 oor
PISA e .. 2006 oor
r n 3
ooooo
ooooooo
ooo ooonoo }o
o

173

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

noro PISA (e .. 2003)

on (space and shape)
no
o 1 : no 32 oooon
no 4

6
10
1

10
2

10
3

10
4

on n nn nnno
oo 32 onn
nn

1
2
3
4

onoo 32 onn
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn

(level 6) : 4 o : n, nn, n, n
174

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 2 : on 14 252

252

400

n 14 }n
: .
(level 2) : 18

q
q
q rno
} noon
o 3 : nqon o
onn }q ono
n }qo }on
on 7 n on n nn
on

II

III

IV

175

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

}noon 7 n

I
II
III
IV

n / nn
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn

(level 3) : nn, n, n, nn

or (change and relationships)

o
}o o (P) oo
oo

o r n P } Pn = 140
n = o
P = o (n})
o 1 : oor oooo 70
o (P) r}n

176

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 2 : no} 0.80 ooo

oo
}n }
n

e .. 2541 rro
n

o 3 : ne .. 2523 e .. 2541 20 e
2.3 } 170.6 n
20 e e .. 2523 }n
: ...........................

177

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 4 : nn
o 5 : n}nn
12 e
(level 4) : on o
}n 12 e
}o o r
n 12 e 12 e

o (quantity)

nnro} 3
orr (SGD) }r o
(ZAR)
o 1 : nnnrrro
1 SGD = 4.2 ZAR
no 3000 rr}ro
n}roon
o 2 : 3 n nr 3,900 ZAR }r
r n 1 SGD = 4.0 ZAR
n n}rron
o 3 : n 3 4.2 } 4.0 ZAR n SGD
nn} 4.0 ZAR 4.2 ZAR
o}rr oo

178

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

r
r ornn
o nro n, o 4 o,
o 2 rro oo}

o
r

()
82 84

40, 60 65

o 4 o

14 36

o 2
r (g,
n,
p)

16

10 20

o 4 : ooro r
o
: ..
: ..
o 5 : onn on r
n o 1 ron

1. 6
2. 8
3. 10
4. 12
179

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 6 : 120 on onn r
no onnn 4 n
oon
n

()

no
o
o
r
(level 4) : no 65 , o 14 , o 16 r
20

onn (uncertainty)
o
nrn
n on
oe .. 2542
e .. 2541

one
520

2542

515
510

2541

505
e

o 1 : nn }nn
o

180

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 2 : onrn n 1 n 2
nn 1 62.0 nn 2 64.5
noo 50

n 1

70 79
80 89
90 100

50 59
60 69

30 39
40 49

20 29

n 2

10 19

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

09

n n 2 onn 1
n 1 no onn 2 on
nn 1

rn 1 oo 1 o oo

181

182

r
6

noo{
o PISA n
o{n :
(Programme for International Student
Assessment : PISA 2003)

183

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

}noo
{ o PISA n
o{n : (Programme
for International Student Assessment : PISA 2003) n .r o
r n 3 oo
ooo o
oooooooo
o ooonoo}o
o

184

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

noo{o PISA (e .. 2003)

{ o
1 2 onnn
1 : nn

2 : onn n}

550
500
300
500
300

300
850
850

550
1000
800

450
600

250

185

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 :
n
: ...........................

2 :
n on
o 300 nn
on no
o 1 n
oonn n

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

o
nn

no{ PISA
x

ro}ro no
}n oo}
o{ro
nn}{oo o
o {}on
n o}{no oo{noo

186

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n nr oon o
oo
o {non on
f

{ PISA o
1.1 {

oo n

or

no n

n
}o

rnnn

r

o
}
ono
n
nn

r
nn
r /
nn
r

o

oo
o
o
no

o
o
no on
o
o
o
on n

rnn}
o /
o
o

o{

187

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o
r

o
}
r

no
r

(n (n


)
)

oo
o

o{
n

r

(n

)

no
ro
{ r
r 15 e oron
nd r nr 24 r 1
o noo
: }ononr on 14.30 .
15.30 .
r : o r rno on
onro
n noo oon 22.00 .
rrd noo

188

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

r
rno : 0 1924 423000
r 24 . : 0 1924 420071
: nor 60
r} 2 r n r 23 }o :
o
113
14.00 . (r r )
21.35 . (r / r)
ro
164
19.55 . (r / r)

o
18 en

148
18.30 . ()

o
18 en

o
12 en

105
13.40 . ()
16.35 . ()
r
144
15.00 . (r - r)
18.00 . (r / r)
oi
117
14.35 . (r - r)
18.50 . (r / r)

o
o
n
o
12 en

1 : ro
oo ro
r
on n nn rn
r
o
ro

r
oi

r
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn

189

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 : ro
o r o n

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

r 26
28
r 30
r 31
r 1

n
n n}o 46 on
( 26 20 ) on 8 ( 4 4 )
n n
1 : o n

..
.. r

n
o

2 :

12
8
8
8
8
6
6

:
1. o
2. n oonno 1
3. ono}

190

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 : n
oo
46 on 8 o
oo

n
o

on

on onn A
H ddoo dnno
n}od onno
1 : o
A
o

B C
E F

D
G H

nn
nd r d nd
191

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 :
o 1 n
1 :
A
d

B
d

C
d

D
d

E
d

F
d

G
d

H
d

oo 1 o
on noo
A
o

B C
E F

G H

2 :
n 1 no o
nno 1 nd
{non non
on n nn no
{
A nd
} 1
D nd
} 1
F nd
} 1

192

onn
n / nn
n / nn
n / nn

r ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 :
ooon D dn
n n D d
ono d
(n d d)
A

o o{n :
(Programme for International Student Assessment : PISA 2003) n
r n .r o rnn
r rn p e.. 2519

193


1 3 ()
or n 3 10 2551 13.30 . 14.15 .

rn }
r }}oo oon
o o n{ } o
on n n oo

n o
o on
nn n (...)
no (...) n oon
r ... ...
oo oo
r
ooo
1. oo
2. o
3. ... ... n
o

o
nnon
n
1. o
r
194

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. on n n
3. nnnn
n
4.
r
5. o o n n n o
r
6. o rn o
... ... ono
o a b }
... a b =

aub
... a b

ono 3 o
7. o ... ... nn
n on ... ... no
/ r
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

o r n 1 e 1
no r n 1 e 1
o r n 1 e 1
no r n 1 e 1
nn 1.1 1.8 nn 2.1 2.16
1.1- 1.2 2.1
o n oo
o 2.1 ... ... oo

195

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. ooonn
oo r n 1 e 1 2
o 57 onn 1.1 oooonn

2. onn 1.2 onor

ooon n r n
o} no
3. onn 1.3 oo n
n -12, 0, 4, 10 r n n n -5, 1, 9, 13 n
nonn n n n
no n nnono no}n
} on n n
}o no
nono n
}n
o 18
4. } o
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 non
n n
onn 1.4 n n
nn 4,821,309
5. onn 1.5
6. ooooo n
o n n
n onn
1) oo o ( on 0 1)
2) ooo o (o on 0, 1, 2, 3,
4)
3) n}n (23 8)
4) no}n (52 25)
5) o 1 n 1 n}n (4)
o
196

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n 10011 2301o
7. onn 1.6 oooon
n n no
n n 10011 2301o ooo
ooro
n n
8. ono o
nn 1.7 nn onn
o n oo
9. onn 1.8 non
o or n
nn 1.7 nn 1.8 ooon 748 = 10443 o
10443 o = (1 u 54) + (0 u 53) + (4 u 52) + (4 u 51) + (3 u 50)
10. ooon
ono oooo
onro ooo
1.1 on
11. onn n
o}n ooo
o n
12. 1.2 ooo n
13. o} n
} n 12 y 3 = 4 orn
= u n 12 = 3 u 4
n n 3 20 n
} 60
onn 2.1 o
nn oooo
n
no n n
12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 on o n
12 on 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 12
197

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. onn 2.2.1 2.2.2 on

n n 3 n } n
o}o o
oooon
n nnoo}oon n o
nonn 2.3
15. onn 2.3 2.4
o onno n nn
18 o} 2 u 3 u 3 oonn }

16. onn 2.5 on ...

17. onn 2.6 2.8 ... on oo
onn o ...
18. onn 2.9 2.10 ... o
oon ... o ...
nono ooo
o ... ...
19. onn 2.11 ...
20. ... o n ooon
on ...
o ... ooon ... o ... o onn
2.11 2.13
21. onn 2.14 rn
o ... ...
onn 2.15 ooonnoon
nnnn 2.14 ooo
n
22. oon ... ...
n r n ... ... n
o}o ... ... o n
2.45 3.8 o} 245 380 ...
... 245 380 o
198

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

23. no ... o{o

nn 2.16 ooonn
24. 2.1 ooon

1. oo
2. ooo
no
nor
nor r n 1 e 1
r 1 o 26 29
onono o

199

200

nn 1.1

noo
on o
or
o n five or 5
}
}ro

201

5.

1.
2.
3.
4.

n o n
o
12
48 64
nn
22 45 31 29 43
a 3a = 12 oo
}
nn 1.2

202

nn 1.3

n o 2
... , -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, ... }n
o 2 n
... , -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, ... }

203

105
8

106
4

104

o
1

103

102

101

nn 1.4

n 4u106 8u105 2u104 1u103 3u102 0u101 9u1

n
n
n n 4,821,309

204

n
n n

n
6
5
4
4,821,309 = (4 u 10 ) + (8 u 10 ) + (2 u 10 ) +
3
2
2
(1 u 10 ) + (3 u 10 ) + (0 u 10 ) +
(9 u 1)
nn 1.5

205

nn 1.6

206

52

(125) (25)

53

o 748 = 10443o

54

55

n
(3125) (625)

(5)

51

nn 1.7

748 ono

207

o 748 = 10443o

nn 1.8

748 ono o

5 748
3
5 149
4
5 29
5 5
4
0
1

208

nn 2.1

n
10 on 1, 2, 5 10
12 on 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 12
1 2 } 10 12
n n n
10 12

209

nn 2.2.1

p } n p }
nn 0 nn 1 nn -1
p o 4 n
1, -1, p -p

210

nn 2.2.2

7 } n
7
1, -1, 7 -7 n

211

nn 2.3

} n
n x 12 on 1, 2, 3, 6 12
12 on 2 3
x 10 on 1, 2, 5 10
10 on
2 5

212

nn 2.4

n 24
o 24 = 2 u 2 u 2 u 3
3
24 = 2 u 3

213

nn 2.5

n
o n n ...
n n
1, 2, 3, 6, 9 18 18 o
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 24 24 o
6 } 18 24 o
6 } ... 18 24

214

nn 2.6

... 16 24
16 on 1, 2, 4, 8 16
24 on 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12
24
n 16 24 8
... 16 24
8

215

nn 2.7

... 16 24
3
16 = 2 u 2 u 2 u 2 16 = 2 u 2
3
24 = 2 u 2 u 2 u 3 24 = 2 u 3
3
... 16 24 2 u 2 u 2 2
8
... 16 24
8

216

nn 2.8

60
24 36 60
12 18 30
6 9 15
2 3 5
... 24, 36 60
2 u 2 u 3
2 u 2 u 3 = 12

... 24, 36

2
...
2
2u2u3
3

217

... 517, 705 987

... 705 987 no

2 705
987
1
564
705
141
282
2
282
... 705 987
141
nn 2.9

218

... 141 517 47

... 517, 705 987 47
nn 2.10
47

n ... 141 517 o

1 141
517
3
94
423
47
94
2
94

219

nn 2.11

oo
n o n
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, ... } 3
7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, ... } 7
21 }no 3 7
21 n ... 3 7

220

2 u 3 u 5 u 2 } ... 6, 20 30
... 6, 20 30
60

nn 2.12

6, 20 30
2u3
2u3u5u2 60
2u2u5
}n
2u3u5
6, 20 30

...

6=
20 =
30 =

221

nn 2.13

... 6, 20 30

2 6 20 30
3 3 10 15
5 1 10 5
1 2 1
o 2 u 3 u 5 u 2 } ... 6, 20 30
... 6, 20 30
60

222

nn 2.14

aub
... a b n
... a b

o a b }

223

nn 2.15

aubuc
... a, b c n
... a, b c

o a, b c }

224

nn 2.16

on
o } ooo
A B } 675 990
n
B
A
1. noo A oo B
675 990
on
2
2
.
.
2. oon}
on }noo
3. n o }n

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1
1. nnn 58 on

58 =
2. o 41 on

3. 4302 on

225

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1
1. nnn 58 on

25
(32)

o
24
(16)

23
(8)

22
(4)

58 = 111010
2. o 41 on
2 41
2 20
2 10
2 5
2 2
1

1
0
0
1
0

41 = 101001
3. 4302 on
8 4302
8 537
8 67
8 8
1
4302 = 10316
226

6
1
3
0

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2

1. ooon oo
1) nn r}n
2) o 2 n
3) j}n
4) oo
5) 8 n 5
2. n
1) n 5 65,320 }n
2) 723,810
3) (5 u 104) + (0 u 103) + (9 u 102) + (4 u 10) + (2 u 1)
4) n 3 4321o }n
5) 101101 on
6) 23014o on
7) n 1 3 1034o nnn
3. 1547 on

227

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2

1. ooon oo
1) nn r}n
2) o 2 n
3) j}n
4) oo
5) 8 n 5

(o)
(no)
(o)
(o)
(no)

2. n
1) n 5 65,320 }n (5,000)
2) 723,810 (7 u 105) + (2 u 104) + (3 u 103) + (8 u 102) +
(1 u 10) + (0 u 1)
3) (5 u 104) + (0 u 103) + (9 u 102) + (4 u 10) + (2 u 1) (50,942)
(3 u 25 75)
4) n 3 4321o }n
5) 101101 on
(45)
(1,634)
6) 23014o on
7) n 1 3 1034o nnn
(60)
3. 1547 on
( 1547 ono} 631 631 on
o} 397 )

228

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o
n
o} o
(digit) non 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 onn
n
o b } n b on
0, 1, 2, ..., b 1 } , , , ..., b, b , b , ..., b,
b , b , ... , b , b , b , ...
N N = anbn + an 1bn 1 + ... + a2b2 + a1b + a0 b }
n n }r n ai = 0, 1, 2, ... , b 1
N b o (anan 1 a2a1a0)b o
nnooo
nn o} 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B
A B o (on o
o )
0
10
21
.
.
.
90
A0
B0
100
110

1
11

2
12

3
13

4
14
.

5
15
.

6
16
.

7
17

8
18

9
19

A
1A

91
A1
B1
101
111

92
A2
B2

93
A3
B3

94
A4
B4
.
.

95
A5
B5
.
.

96
A6
B6
.
.

97
A7
B7

98
A8
B8

99
A9
B9

9A
AA
BA

B
1B
2B
.
.
.
9B
AB
BB
10B
11B

n nn
on n
4137 nn
B2A nn
229

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n
1. on o
b o}
(anan 1 a2a1a0)b = anbn + an 1bn 1 + + a2b2 + a1b + a0
o anbn + an 1bn 1 + + a2b2 + a1b + a0 }o
n

B2A B A on
B2A = (11 u 122) + (2 u 12) + 10
= 1584 + 24 + 10
= 1618
B2A = 1618

2. on
N N = anbn + an 1bn 1 + + a2b2 + a1b + a0 b n n }
r ai = 0, 1, 2, , b 1
N o b oor} N1 } a0
a
N
o b = anbn 1 + an 1bn 2 + + a2b + a1 + b0
a
N
b = N1 + b0
N1 o b o} a1 o b o
r} 0 oo} a0, a1, a2, , an 1, an
N on
b o N o b or} 0 o on
oo o b
N

230

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7967 on
12 7967
12 663
12 55
12 4
0

B B
3
7
4

7967 = 473B B
3. b1 on b2 b1 b2
n} b1 z b2
} on
b1 on n o on
b2 o
n

1256 on
1256 on
1256 = (1 u 83) + (2 u 82) + (5 u 8) + 6
= 512 + 128 + 40 + 6
= 686
o 1256 = 686
686 on
12 686
12 57
12 4
0

2
9
4

o 686 = 492
1256 = 492

231

 2.1
1. n
1) nn 10 30 on o
2) n 24 60
3) 36
4) 45
5) ... ... 36 45
6) 6 72 } ... ... o
18
2. o

oo
A
n}n 6 n}
B

C
n 60
D
E
5 A E
onn
oo}n n
1. A o}noo
2.
3. o o o A
oo oo oo} on

232

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1
1. n
1) nn 10 30 on o
( 6 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 29)
2) n 24 60
(1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12)
3) 36
(36 = 2 u 2 u 3 u3 36 = 22 u 32)
(45 = 3 u 3 u 5 45 = 32 u 5)
4) 45
5) ... ... 36 45 (... 9 ... 180)
6) 6 72 } ... ... o
18 (24)
2. o

oo
A
n}n 6 n}
B

C
n 60
D
E
5 A E
onn
oo}n n
1. A o}noo
(o 1 10 o 2 5 )
2.
(110 )
3. o o o A
oo oo oo} on

( A oo 2 5 o} 46
on on o A 1 u 10
o} (8 u 1) + (6 u 10) = 68 no no
A 2 u 5 o}
(8 u 2) + (6 u 5) = 46 on 68 )
233

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 2.1
... ...

o a b } b z 0 q r
}nn a = bq + r, 0 < r < b
q n (quotient) r n (remainder)
1)
2)
3)
4)

21
62
-9
4

=
=
=
=

3(7) + 0
12(5)+ 2
5(-2) + 1
7(0) + 4

o a b } a z 0 nn a
b n c o b = ac a n
(divisor) b b n (multiple) a
or a b a b b o a
a b a b n b o a n
n

234

1)
2)
3)
4)

3 27
-5 20
70
29

27 = 3 u 9
20 = (-5) u (-4)
0 = 7u0
n c o 9 = 2 u c

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o a, b c } c z 0
c a b n n
a b
n

1) n 4 8 on r 1, r 2, r 4
2) n 21 105 on r 1, r 3, r 7, r 21
3) n 12 33 on r 1 n

n}rn
n n rn

o a b }n}r
n n ... a b }
d
1) d a, d b
2) o c c z 0 c a
c b o c d
or (a, b) ... a b
a b n}ro (a, b)
1. (a, b) > 1
2. (a, b) = (b, a)
3. (0, a) = a
4. (a, b) = (a, b)
n

1)
2)
3)
4)

(-6, 8) = 2 2 > 1
(26, 24) = (24, 26)
(0, -8) = -8 = 8
(-14, 22) = (14, -22) = (-14, -22) = (14, 22)
235

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

... n o ...
n
e 1 o ...
o
no
()
o a b } b < a
o on
a = b q1 + r1 ; 0 < r1 < b

r1 q2 + r2 ; 0 < r2 < r1

r1

=
.
.
.
=

r2 q3 + r3

rk 2

rk 1 =

; 0 < r3 < r2

rk 1 qk + rk ; 0 < rk < rk 1
rk qk + 1 + 0

rk }onn r
} ... a b
roo or
r 011 .. 2533
o 105
n 1

236

... 3240 2484 o

3240 = 2484 (1) + 756
2484 = 756 (3) + 216
756 = 216 (3) + 108
216 = 108 (2) + 0
(3240, 2484) = 108

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

... 3240 2484 oo }

1
o 2484 u 1

3
o 216 u 3

3240
2484
756
648
108

2484
2268
216
216

3
o 756 u 3

2
o 108 u 2

... 3240 2484 108

o ... non

o a1, a2, , an } n}r

n ... a1, a2, , an
} d
1) d a1, d a2, d an
2) o c c z 0 c a1, c a2, c an
o c d
or (a1, a2, , an) ... a1, a2, , an
n

(-14, 12, 18, 20) = 2

(a1, a2, , an) (a1, a2, , an) = ((a1, a2, an 1,) an)
(a1, a2, , an) = ((a1, ,ak), (ak+ 1, , an))
n 2

... 564, 705 987

(564, 705, 987) = (564, (705, 987))
= (564, 141)
= 141
... 564, 705 987 141
237

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

no

o a, b }n}r
n
m a m b m n
a b
n

1)
n 8 12 on 0, r 24, r 48,
n -42 105 on 0, r 210,
2)

n}r
nn}
o n no r
n

o a b }n}r
no ... a b }
c
1) a c, b c
2) o m a m, b m o c m
or [a, b] ... a b
a b n}ro [a, b]
1. [a, b] > a [a, b] > b
2. [a, b] = [b, a]
3. [a, b] = [ a , b ]
... n o ...
n
e 1 o ...

238

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a b
... a b =

aub
... a b

o ... non

o a1, a2, , an }nr

no ... a1, a2, , an }
c
1) a1 c, a2 c, , am c
2) o m a1 m, a2 m, , am m
o c m

or [a1, a2, , an] ... a1, a2, , an

n

1) [15, 21, 42, 75] = 1050

2) [-14, 12, 18, 20] = 1260

[a1, a2, , an] [a1, a2, , an] = [[a1, a2, , an 1], an]
[a1, a2, , an] = [[a1, a2, , ak], [ak + 1, ak + 2, , an]]
n

[18, 36, 40] = [[18, 36], 40]

= [36, 40]
= 360
... 18, 36 40 360

239


1 4
()
or n 3 17 2551 13.30 . 14.15 .

}oo oon
o o
() r or
ooo n n
r}rno
r
ooo
1. oo
2. o
oo
o
1.
2.
o
nno nn
1. o
2. r
3. o oonr
/ r
1. o r n 1 e 1
2. no r n 1 e 1
3. nn 3.1 3.34
4. 3.1 3.2
240

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. ooonno
oonn 3.1 3.3 o
o n} r
ooon nn
2. onn 3.4 3.5 nr o
or n 1 e 1 o 23
oon
1) nr n}oo
nnr onn 0 o
2) n}oor nr
3) onr }
n
3. onn 3.6 3.9 ooo
o ooooon o
o}n nooo
onoo
4. onn 3.10 3.11 oo
oo o}onoon
oono n n
nor n 1 e 1 o 23 24
nn 3.12 3.13 r
5. onn 3.14 oon
oo
= + o
}o o r
n
noo {nnn o
oon
6. onn 3.15 3.16
o o no
o nn 3.17
241

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. onn 3.18 ooono

o
oon (-3) u (-2) o
oo}n nnrn}
oo rn
nnronn
3.19 3.20
oonr onn
n n } oor n
r}
8. nn 3.21 ooo}n n
u =
r orr

onn 3.22 3.23 r

9. oo}o
oofo
onn 3.24 3.26
10. ooonr o
nn 3.27 3.28 oo nno 3.1
11. onn 3.29 3.31
ooon n
n oo 3.2 }nof
12. ro
o ( ) e { } no [ ]
} e n
o n

242

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. onn 3.32 3.34 no ooo

or{ oooo
on{ f
o oor
o

1. oo
2. ooo
no
n or n 1
e 1 2 onooo

243

244

nn 3.1

1 } o
1
1 + 1 o 2
2 + 1 o 3
3 + 1 o 4

245

0
1 2

7
nn 3.2

1 n o
o
1 1 no

246

-4 -3 -2 -1 0

2 3

nn 3.3

o 1 o 0, -1, -2, -3,

o 1
o 1 no

247

2 3

2 nn 0 } 2 n
nn nr 2 n 2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0

nn 3.4

nr
oon

nr

248

2 3

-2 nn 0 } 2 n
nn nr -2 n 2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0

nn 3.5

249

nn 3.6

nr 2 -2 n 2
2 }o -2

-2 }o 2
o 2 o -2
o -2 o -(-2) 2

250

nn 3.7

o a }
o a o -a
o -a o -(-a)
o -a a
o -a
-(-a) = a

251

o 7 o -7
o -7 o -(-7)
no -7 7
-(-7) = 7

nn 3.8

252

nn 3.9

o
}r

253

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
0

nn 3.10

254

nn 3.11

o 0 6 o -4 o
o 4 n 2 o 2 }
6 -4
6 + (-4) = 2

-1 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 + (-4) ooo

255

nn 3.12

1. o o
nro}
2. o o
nro}

256

nn 3.13

3. n
nrnn onrn
onron o}

nrn
4. n
nrn n 0

257

ab

= a + (-b)

nn 3.14

= + o
a b

258

nn 3.15

1. o o
}nrn
nr
2. o o
}nr n
nr

259

nn 3.16

3. o o
}nrn
nr
4. o o
}nrn
nr

260

nn 3.17

(-7) u 4 non 4 -7
o} ()
oo
(-7) u 4 o } 4 u (-7)
4 u (-7) = (-7) + (-7) + (-7) + (-7)
= -28
(-7) u 4 = -28

261

nn 3.18

n (-3) u (-2)
(-2) + 2 = 0
o (-3) o
(-3) u [(-2) + 2]
= (-3) u 0
[(-3) u (-2)] + [(-3) u 2] = 0

(-3) u 2
= -6

[(-3) u (-2)] + (-6)

= 0
n
6 + (-6)
= 0

(-3) u (-2)
= 6

262

a, b }
rn
(-a) u (-b) = ab

(-b) + b = 0
(-a) u [(-b) + b] = (-a) u 0

nn 3.19

263

[(-a) u (-b)] + [(-a) u b]

(-a) u (b)

[(-a) u (-b)] + (-ab)

n
ab + (-ab)
on (-a) u (-b)
=
=
=
=
=

0
-ab
0
0
ab
nn 3.20

264

24
8

= 3

nn 3.21

8 u 3 = 24
8 u 3 = 24 }nn
u =
oo
rn

265

nn 3.22

nrnr
o
1. o}n
n o }

266

nn 3.23

2. o }
} o

267

nn 3.24

1. a + 0 = 0 + a = a a
2. o a } o
a o -a
3. a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 a

oo

268

4. (-a) = a a
5. a b
a b = a + o b
a b = a + (-b)

nn 3.25

269

nn 3.26

6. a u 0 = 0 u a = 0 a
7. a u 1 = a a
8. a, b c b z 0
o a = b u c o a y b = c
o a y b = c o a = b u c

270

nn 3.27

1)
o a o a u 1 = 1 u a = a
a
o a o = a
1

271

nn 3.28

2) r
(1) o a o a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(2) o a o a u 0 = 0 u a = 0
0
(3) o a nn 0 o = 0
a
(4) o a b a u b = 0
o
o a = 0 b = 0

272

1)
o a b o
: a + b = b + a
: a u b = b u a

nn 3.29

273

nn 3.30

2) n
o a, b c o
: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
: (a u b) u c = a u (b u c)

274

nn 3.31

3)
o a, b c o
a u (b + c) = (a u b) + (a u c)
(b + c) u a = (b u a) + (c u a)

275

nn 3.32

1. o
no o
>, < =
1) 70 + 71 + 72
3 u 71
2) 50 u 15
51 u 15
3) 350 y 8
350 y 9
4) 2000 y (-10)
(-2000) y 10
5) (-15) u 16 u (-2)
(-2) u 16 u (-15)

276

nn 3.33

2. nn}}
nn
1) (-719) + (305) n (-719) + (-305)
-836
o

2) -836
4
4
3) (-93)(-125) on 93 u 125
4) 0 (-218) on 0 + 218
5) 13505110 n 1350-5110

277

nn 3.34

3. nrno}
no oo
1) (-2054) + (-128)
2) (-5) u 689
3) (-2344) y 4
5) (-10) u (-10) u (-10) u (-10) u (-10)
6) 10 u (-10) u 10 u (-10) u 10

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1
1. ooo}
1) 35 + a = 35
...
2) a 7 = 0
...
3) b + 0 = 40
...
4) m + m = 0
...
5) a u 1 = 0
...
6) 10 u a = 10
...
7) 5 y x = 5
...
8) x y 1 = 66
...
9) 0 u 27 = a
...
2.
1) 0 + (-15)
2) (-48) + 0
3) 0 + (-11)
4) (-10) y 1
5) 5 y 1
6) 1 u 4
7) (-2) u 1
8) 0 u 3
9) 0 u (-19)
10) (-45) u 0
0
11) 7
0
12) -18
0
13) 25
0
14) a , a z 0
278

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1
1. ooo}
1) 35 + a = 35
(0)
2) a 7 = 0
(7)
(40)
3) b + 0 = 40
(0)
4) m + m = 0
5) a u 1 = 0
(0)
(1)
6) 10 u a = 10
7) 5 y x = 5
(1)
(66)
8) x y 1 = 66
9) 0 u 27 = a
(0)

2.
1) 0 + (-15)
2) (-48) + 0
3) 0 + (-11)
4) (-10) y 1
5) 5 y 1
6) 1 u 4
7) (-2) u 1
8) 0 u 3
9) 0 u (-19)
10) (-45) u 0
0
11) 7
0
12) -18
0
13) 25
0
14) a , a z 0

(-15)
(-48)
(-11)
(-10)
(5)
(4)
(-2)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
279

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2
nnoo onn} n
onono
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

2 + 5 = . + 2
. + 11 = 11 + 3
15 u 4 = .. u 15
7 u .. = 13 u 7
7 + (x + 2) = (7 + ..) + 2
x + (9 + m) = (x + 9) + ..
(.. + ..) + 12 = 7 + (x + 12)
(x + ..) + z = + (y + ..)
(a u 10) u d = a u (10 u )
a u (b u c) = (a u ..) u c
6 u (5 + a) = (6 u..) + (6 u..)
8 u (50 + 4) = (..u 50) + (.u 4)
(8 u 5) + (8 u 6) = 8 u (.. + .)
(5 u100) + (5 u20) + (5 u 6) = 5 u(. + . + ..)
(6 u 3) + (6 u 2) = 6 u (.. + .)
.. u 148 = (7 u 100) + (7 u 40) + (7 u 8)
.. u 5 = (3000 u5) + (600 u 5) + (30 u5) + (9 u 5)
(12 u .) + (17 u 5) = 29 u 5
(5 u 8) (5 u 3) = u (8 3)
(5 ...) u 9 = (5 u 9) (2 u 9)

280

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2
nnoo onn} n
onono
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

2+5 = 5 +2
3 + 11 = 11 + 3
15 u 4 = 4 u 15
7 u 13 = 13 u 7
7 + (x + 2) = (7 + x ) + 2
x + (9 + m) = (x + 9) + m
( 7 + x ) + 12 = 7 + (x + 12)
(x + y ) + z = x + (y + z )
(a u 10) u d = a u (10 u d )
a u (b u c) = (a u b ) u c
6 u (5 + a) = (6 u 5 ) + (6 u a )
8 u (50 + 4) = ( 8 u 50) + ( 8 u 4)
(8 u 5) + (8 u 6) = 8 u ( 5 + 6 )
(5 u100) + (5 u20) + (5 u 6) = 5 u( 100 + 20 + 6 )
(6 u 3) + (6 u 2) = 6 u ( 3 + 2 )
7 u 148 = (7 u 100) + (7 u 40) + (7 u 8)
3639 u 5 = (3000 u5) + (600 u 5) + (30 u5) + (9 u 5)
(12 u 5 ) + (17 u 5) = 29 u 5
(5 u 8) (5 u 3) = 5 u (8 3)
(5 2 ) u 9 = (5 u 9) (2 u 9)

()
()
()
()
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n)
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()

281


1
()
or n 3 17 2551 15.00 . 15.30.

o o
oo
} n}r
} n noo
} nrr
o n on n
n rroo
r
ooo
1. oo noo
2. o
3. o r roo
{ o
4. roo o
o
o
1.
2.
o
nno nn
1. n
2. on

282

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/ r
1. o r n 1 e 1
2. no r n 1 e 1
3. nn 4.1 4.14

1. a n
onn 4.1 no
an = a u a u a u u a a n nn n onn a
n on n + 1 o 3.1 n
or n 1 o 85 onn 4.2 4.4 o
n}n 1
o 3.1 nor
n 1 e 1 o 87 onn 4.5 onn
1 n

}n n 2

oo ( ) }
n o
} n } -3 o}} 2 o (-3)2 nn -32
2 3
2
} 5 o} } 3 o 5
2. oooon o 56 f
no r n 1 e 1 o 93 96
onn 4.6 ooooo
3. nr n 1
e 1 o 90 onn 4.7 oo
nnnoo
4. onn 4.8 4.10 }
oooo
1) o}o n r n o
0
o a = 1, a z 0 } n r

283

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) r o on}
-2a 2 b 3 c
on}roro n r 3 2 , a z 0 b z 0
6a b
5. onn 4.11 n no
rr n nr{
noo ofn
oo o} ooo
fn o 102 109 o
6. oor no
n onoo
rno n oor
nn 4.12 onn 4.13 n
7. onn 4.14 nrfo
ooorn

ooo
no
n or r n 1
e 1 3 onooo

284

285

n
n
a n a }
n }
nn 4.1

o a n
a n a n
n
o a
n
a = auauauua

286

nn 4.2

80
72
64
56
48
40
32
24
16
8
4
2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

nn 4.3
287

288

2
16

3
2
2 2

24 8

1 2

32

25

nn 4.4

64

1 n
2

1
2

1
4
1
18
161
64 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n (r)
nn 4.5
289

290

nn 4.6

}n }
nn}

291

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
.
.
.
n

1
2
4
8
.
.
..
.
.
.
nn 4.7

292

nn 4.8

o
1) a = 1 a nn
r
1
-n
2) a = n a
a
nnr n

293

nn 4.9

.1

}
1) a m n }
m n
m+n
a x a = a

294

2) a nnr
m n
m
n
mn
a ya = a

nn 4.10

295

nn 4.11

nrr
n
A u 10 1 < A < 10 n }

296

nn 4.12

1. o o} o

2. oo}
o
3. oo}
o

297

(-8) + 2 3 u 10 y 6 =
=
=
=

nn 4.13

(-8) + 16 30 y 6
(-8) + 16 5
85
3

298

4. 34 < 35
3
2
5
5. 2 u 3 > 2
8
2
6. 2 = 8
nn 4.14

nn}}
ooro
1. 43 < 53
5
3
2. 2 > 4
3
3
1
3. (0.5) > 2


1 (n)
or n 3 17 2551

15.30 . 16.00.

} n n
n non nn
o{ oo
o}n r n
oon oro
r
ooo
1. o o n { n
2. oo o

o
{
o
nnon nn
1. o n
2. ono
/ r
1. o r n 1 e 2
2. no r n 1 e 2
3. nn 6.1 6.8

299

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. ooon n
on r nnnno n
oon on ono
on n nonn n
n
p o o
o l}
n} nron }n
o
oo no{ o
n oonoo n}
n nron }n
2. { onn
rn}o{{ n
}r n 14.25 oo 10
o{} 14 140 noo
nno {} 14.50 15
n o{ o{
n n 243 + 134 + 102 250 + 130 + 100
3. oon oo
n oo{
{o oo{r
ono o
ooo ooonoo}
n o}n
onn 6.1 6.4 r oo
{ oonnn 6.1 6.2 o
r}n }n nn 6.3 or}no
non nn 6.4 ro{

300

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. n n oooo
foo o
nonn n on
n 6.5 6.8 oooonn
nn

ooo
no
n n or
r n 1 e 2 o n

301

302

nn 6.1

n
on 103
oo n
n 47 n oon
onon

303

nn 6.2

n 47 n }
50 n
103
ono
3 50 = 15 n
10
15 n

304

nn 6.3

1 r 13.6
752.4 r
13.6
1 r
752.4 752.4
13.6
| 55.32 r
55.32 r

305

ooo 19.25 o 43
no

ooo 19.25 }o 20
o 43 }
45
o 20 u 45
= 900
900 nn 6.4

306

nn 6.5

1. 4901 + 5902 = 9803

2. 2914 u 3 = 6742
3. 25.53 (13 u 0.89) = 12.53

nn

307

nn 6.6

4. nn 238 o
1000 o 672
oon
5. l 1,500 3 n
525 , 443 618
lnon

308

nn 6.7

6. n 1 30
n 700 on
24 o on

309

nn 6.8

> , < = no
oo
1) (-523) + (128)
(-523) + (-128)
2) 2125 (-125)
(-2000) 125
2
2
6
3) 2 u 3
5
4) (-2)+(-2)+(-2)+(-2)+(-2) (-2)
5) o a = -11, b = 12 c = -8
o a + b a + c


1 5 (n)
or n 3 10 2551 14.15 . 15.00.

n}o
{ nnnn o
nonn n }n
n nono n
o n
nn no
n oo
n noon
r
ooo
1. o nnn
a
2. onn b a b } b
3. oon
4. on
5. ror{ n
o

o
nnon nn
1. }ono
2. non o

310

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a
3. on b a b }
b z 0
1
1
4. n -3 2 } -3  2 on
5. nr{
/ r
1. o r n 1 e 2
2. no r n 1 e 2
3. o r n 2 e 2
4. no r n 2 e 2
5. nn 5.1 5.27
6. 5.1
7. o n

1. onn 5.1 nonn 5.2

5.3 nn nn
nn
2. onn 5.4 nnn }o}n
2i
5
2
1
n 3 8 nn 2 3 nnn
(on no o )
3. onn 5.5 5.6 n n
a
nn b a b } b z 0 }o
ono (
)
onn 5.7 n
o n

311

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. no
2.25
9
n
4 = 4 9.00
8
10
8
20
20
9
noono 4 }nn }
o = nno
5. onn 5.8 5.14 onn o
onr 0.9 n 1
6. onn 5.15 }noooon
a
nn b a b } b z 0 n
7. n
n r
n r
1
1
no n on -3 2 = -3  2
1
1
on -3.45 = -3 + 0.45 }on -3 2 = (-3) + - 2

-3.45 = -3 +(- 0.45)
ooonooo
1
1
1
-3 2 o oon -3 2 o -3 - 2
1
(-3) + - 2

1
-3
-2

-4

-3
1
-3 2

312

-2

-1

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. no}nnnnn
63
n no (oo}) n 27 o}
nn 9 n
1
9. nr (-2) -1 3 ooo

n onn 5.16 5.17 o
oon
1
1
1
(-2) -1 3 = (-2) -1  3

1
= (-2) + 1 3
1
= (-2) + 1 3
1
= -1 3
1
= -1 3
2

1
1
(-2) -1 3 = (-2) + 1 3

1
= (-2) + 1 + 3
1
= (-2 + 1) + 3
1
= -1 3

n onn 5.18 oon

oonn n o o}
n on
10. onn 5.19 ooorr
oonn 5.20 5.21 no

313

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. onn 5.22 5.23 ooon

7
rn n non 15 nn
8
n o 15 oo

n onn
12. onn 5.24 5.25 o{non
r nono
13. oooon oof
r noo () o
ro o onn 5.26 5.27
ooorn
14. 5.1 ooon

1. oo
2. ooo
no
n or r
n 1 e 2 1 n n
o r n 2 e 2 oo
o 35 38 ononoo

314

315

nn 5.1

on nno
nn
nnnn
n n
n

316

...

o n
1
102 10
1
1
2
3
10
10

0.1 0.01 0.001

1
10

n n n
1
2
3

nn 5.2

...

317

245.136 o
2
245.136 = (2 u 10 ) + (4 u 10) + (5 u 1) + 1 u 1 +
10
3 u 12 + 6 u 13
10
10

245.136 = (200) + (40) + (5) + (1 u 0.1) + (3 u 0.01) +

(6 u 0.001)
nn 5.3

318

nn 5.4

n
n }
on nn
}r

319

= 2.250
4

9
4

2.25
4 9.00

8
10
8
20
20
nn 5.5

320

= -0.6363
11

7
11

.
.

0.6363
11 7.0000
66
40
33
70
66
40
33
7.
nn 5.6

321

nn 5.7

({no}o
no)

322

0.38 onn
1
0.38 = 3 u 10 + 8 u 1
100
= 3+ 8
10 100
= 30 + 8
100
nn 5.8

323

38
= 100
}
38
0.38 = 100
19
50

19
50

nn 5.9

324

nn 5.10

0.725 onn
o
N = 0.725

N = 0.7252525
------ (1)
o (1) o 1000
o 1000N = 1000 u 0.7252525
1000N = 725.252525
------ (2)

325

nn 5.11

o (1) o 10
o 10N = 10 u 0.7252525
10N = 7.252525
------ (3)
(2) o (3)

326

o 1000N 10N
990N
N
0.725

718
990
=
=
=
=

nn 5.12

(725.2525) (7.2525)
718.000
718
990
718
990

327

nn 5.13

0.9 onn
o
N = 0.9
N = 0.999
------ (1)
o (1) o 10
o 10N = 10 u 0.999
10N = 9.999
------ (2)

328

(2) o (1)
o 10N N = (9.999) (0.999)
9N = 9
N = 99
0.9 = 99 1
99

nn 5.14

329

50
8
= 10
= 6.25
10
o 58 = 0.625

58 }
5 = 5 u 10
8
8 10

nn 5.15

330

1
(-2) -1 3

1
= -1 3
1
= -1 3

nn 5.16

1
= (-2) -1 + 3
1
= (-2) + 1
3
1
= (-2) + 1 3

331

1
(-2) -1 3

1
= -1 3

nn 5.17

1
(-2) + 1 3
1
(-2) + 1 + 3
1
(-2 + 1) + 3
1
-1 + 3

332

1
(-2) -1 3

4
(-2)
3
4
(-2) + 3
(-6) + 4
3
2
-3
nn 5.18

333

nn 5.19

} 13
on
o}n

334

nn 5.20

o } 1
} 13

o}
1 13 = 3 3 1 = 23

335

} 13
n
o 3
1
o 2
o} 23
nn 5.21

336

nn 5.22

7
non 15
n on oo
nn} 91,750 no
nn}n

337

nn 5.23

o 15 nn
8
o } 15 nn
o nn} 91,750
8 n } 91,750
91,750
u
7
o
7 n n}
8
= 80,281.25
o 80,281.25

338

nn 5.24

o 16.35 }
3 n nnn
} nn
n nn

339

nn 5
45

5.45
3 16.35
15
13
12
15
15

nn 5.25

340

4. (-0.53) u (-0.21) < 1

3. (2 y 0.1) u 3 > (2 y 0.01) u 3

nn 5.26

1. 0.64 1.99 0.64 + 2 > 0

2. 1 + 1.1 + 1.01 + 1.001 + 1.0001 = 5.11111

341

< 12 + 14 + 18
1u1
3 2

7. 10 y 18 > 10 y 161

5. 12 + 14 + 15
6. 13 u 17 <

nn 5.27

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o n
n
n
n
o
nn
no

nn

342

(fraction) o (numerator) n (denominator)

n}r
(simple fraction) n (common fraction) }n
n}
(complex fraction) }n n nn
n}n
(unit fraction) }n } 1
(proper fraction) }n n}
nronnrn
(improper fraction) }n n}
nrn nnrn
}nnrnnr
nonn}no
}n n ... } 1

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.1
1. nono o}n
1) 7 9.317 n} 0.0007
2) n 5 12.451 0.01
3) -0.17 0.1 = -0.07
4) 12.105 (-0.62) = 12.725
5) 3.001 u (-0.01) = -3.00001
3
3
6) 5 1 5 = (5 1) 5
3 1 7
3 1 7
7) 8  5  10 = 8  5  10

8
8 y8
1
=
=
24 24 y 8
3
8
(-8) u 4
-32
9) - 25 = 25 u 4 = 100 = -0.32
10) 1.9 < 2
17
2. n 29 onn
} 180

8)

343

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.1
1. nono o}n
1) 7 9.317 n} 0.0007
2) n 5 12.451 0.01
3) -0.17 0.1 = -0.07
4) 12.105 (-0.62) = 12.725
5) 3.001 u (-0.01) = -3.00001
3
3
6) 5 1 5 = (5 1) 5
3 1 7
3 1 7
7) 8  5  10 = 8  5  10

(no o 0.007)
(o)
(no o -0.17 0.1 = -0.27)
(o)
(o)
(o)
(no o
3  1  7 = 3  1  7 )
8 5 10 8 5 10

8
8 y8
1
=
=
(o)
24 24 y 8
3
8
(-8) u 4
-32
9) - 25 = 25 u 4 = 100 = -0.32
(o)
10) 1.9 < 2
(no o 1.9 = 2)
17
2. n 29 onn
} 180

17

n 29
12
n 29

8)

n n 180
17  12
5
} 29 = 29
5 n} 180
180 u 29
29 n} 5
= 1,044
1,044
1,044

344


1
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o} oon
onoo
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345

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o
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346

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4. ooon oo GSP
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1. no
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no
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347

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 1
ono nno oo GSP

o AB }noo
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o o
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3. o o o
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4. nn nor o
nr

o 1 ono CX CX o oo
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348

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 2
n nooo GSP
nno ono
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1. ono XY o ( })
X

2. o
A B }r no XY }
o or
o A B
3. o o 2 C D
4. ono CD o no CD no AB
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5. o O }nno AB
X

349

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 3
oonoo GSP
A

ABC
B
C

o XYZ on ABC o
1. o YZ oono PQ }
2. B no PQ oor
o BA BC M N
A
N

B
M

3. o Y }r PQ oor YZ
J
4. J }rno MN } o
Y X YX o XYZ XYZ = ABC

350

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 4
n oo GSP
o ABC }o
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P

Q
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B
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2. B }r no PQ }
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o o o 2
5. o o E D o F o BF
6. o CBF n FBA no

Q
A

D
B
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351

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 5
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o 45
1. ono AB
2. oo A A
no AB
o o
3. oo o C
4. B, A C
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352

1. ono AB
2. A no AB
oo o o
o
3. oo o C
4. ono A C
5. nn no

C
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A
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 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 6
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1. no AB }noo O } no
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X
P

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353

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o X Y
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o or o X Y
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on o CD o AB D o
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354


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355

____________________________________________________________________________________

2. n oon
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3. nro
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3. nn 2.1 2.22

1. onn 2.1 n
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4. onn 2.8 2.10 }
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5. onn 2.11 2.12 oo
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o 30 }oo
356

____________________________________________________________________________________

n n n nn
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6. onn 2.18 2.19 o
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7. onn 2.20 2.21 n
n oon
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nn 2.20 non 1 E H B n

2 D G F A B C n nn 2.21 n
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8. onn 2.22 rrn
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357

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1. oo
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358

359

}o oo
non

nn 2.1

360

nn 2.2

361

nn 2.3

362

nn 2.4

nn
oo

n
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363

nn 2.5

364

1
2

nn 2.6

365

1
2

nn 2.7

366

o/

o/

o/

o/

nn 2.8

367

nn 2.9

368

nn 2.10

369

nn 2.11

370

o 45

nn 2.12

371

o 30

nn 2.13

372

nn 2.14

373

nn 2.15

374

nn 2.16

375

nn 2.17

376

oo

oo
nn 2.18

377

oo

oo

o
nn 2.19

378

nn 2.20

379

nn 2.21

380
1

2
2

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oo

nn 2.22


1
()
or n 3 24 2551 14.15. .-15.00 .

n nnn ( one-toone and onto) n }oo

oo o
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no n} (isometry) oon
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(motion)
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reflection)
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3. o
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381

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o
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1. o r n 1 e 2
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3. nn 3.1 3.38
4. o 3.1 3.2
5. 3.1 3.2

1. onn 3.1 rno

o oonn
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n onn 3.2 }
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o onn 3.6 3.9
no oon
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4. onn 3.11 3.12 o
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382

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. oon
o oo oo 3.1 o
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6. onn 3.13 3.15 }
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nn 3.18 onn 3.19 on
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7. onn 3.21 oo
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8. onn 3.22 ooonn
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9. onn 3.24 3.25 }

oon
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10. onn 3.28 3.30 n
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11. onn 3.30 3.32 ooo

oon 3.33
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13. ooon 3 n o
on o

383

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on ooo
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15. onn 3.37 3.39 nrno
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16. 3.2 oooo
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18. ooooo
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ro tessellation o 3.2 oo
n or r n 1
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1. oo
2. ooo

384

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no
1. n or
r n 1 e 1 4
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o
2. n or
r n 1 e 1 4 r
3. o oo

385

386

Pc

nn 3.1

}o }o

387

P2c

P1c

nn 3.2

P1 P2 }o P1 P2 P1cP2c

P2

P1

388

Ac

C
o

Cc
o

Bc
nn 3.3

}
o}
n
A

389

Bc
N

Cc

Pc

Ac

r MN o MN MN
o M N n
nn 3.4
MN

390

nn 3.5

MN ono M o
X } 5 n o M
o Y } 4 n

-8 -6 -4 -2 0

Y
N
6
4 4 n
2
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391

nn 3.6

' ABC A(-2, 1), B(0, 3) C(3, 1)

' ABC o ST o
' A cBcCc }o ' ABC

392

T
A (-2, 1)
-6 -4 -2 0
-2
-4
-6
2

4 B(0, 3)
2

Y
6

C (3, 1)

nn 3.7

393

no

nn 3.8

394

-6 -4 -2 0 2 Bc(4,-1) 8
-2
Cc(7,-3)
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-6

4B
2

Y
6

nn 3.9

395

nn 3.10

1. ooo
no nnoo
n
2. noono

396

Bc

Ac

Cc

nn 3.11

o ' A cBcCc }o ABC

397

Ac

Cc

Bc

nn 3.12

398

nn 3.13

o}
o " o}oo n P
Pc }oo P
1. o P nno " oo " n
PPc
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399

S Sc

"

Pc

nn 3.14

Qc

400

c
C
Dc
C
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Ac

nn 3.15

401

Ac
Y

C
A

nn 3.16

402

Ac

Bc

Cc

C
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nn 3.17

403

-4

-2 0
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B
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6 X

nn 3.18

404

Cc

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-4

Bc 4
2

Y
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B
2
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6 X

nn 3.19

405

nn 3.20

1. oooo
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on
2. noooo
non}on
3. nono
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406

C
nn 3.21

407

Rc

Pc

nn 3.22

Qc

o ' PcQc R c }o ' PQR

ooo

408

Rc

Pc

Qc
nn 3.23

QQc o XY n QQc
o XY }oo

409

k
O

nn 3.24

}
O } n P Pc
}o P O o
n k

410

410

nr

nn 3.25

k
O
1. o P nn O o OP = OPc PO Pc
n k
2. o P } O o Pc P }

411

60

R

60

R

Bc

Ac

Qc

R

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O60
60
Rc

60

R

nn 3.26

412

60

60

Cc
60o

Ac

Bc

nn 3.27

413

nn 3.28

' ABC }o
P on 60q

414

60o

A
Cc

nn 3.29

415

60

60

Cc
60o

Ac

Bc

nn 3.30

416

nn 3.31

1. ooo
no nnoo
n
2. nooo
non}on

417

no

nn 3.32

418

nn 3.33

oo
nnn
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419

Ac
Cc

Bc

A
B

' A cB cC c }o ' ABC

nn 3.34

420

Ac
Cc

Y R
Q

X
Bc

A
B

nn 3.35

421

422

nn 3.37

rn oo

423

nn 3.38

424

nn 3.39

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 3.1
r n
A4
1. o A4 onoo
2. nop
3. o} ' ABC o n

Cc
Bc
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A
C
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4. ' ABC
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425

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 3.2
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426

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2. nr{
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18 .

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3.

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6 .
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427

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3.1
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Y
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6
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2
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B
2

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oo r n 1 e 2
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428

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2
A, B, C, D E

Y
16
12
8
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12

rnnn on}o
n
1. A B
2. A C
3. A D
4. A E

429

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. rn A C A }
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430


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n o
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431

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/r
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432

o
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 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nnr
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433

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. nn fo
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4. r o o
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434

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. norn
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no
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2. o n
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n
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r o o r o
r o o o

435

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o n
1. n
n n
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A B n n A
A n B A B n

B nn

nno
noon n no
on
n AB # CD n AB = CD
A

n
n n n

n A O B # C E D n m(A O B) = m(C E D)
A

436

 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o n o A = B m( A ) = m( B )
n }nnn
n n n
n
2. n
n n on
n n}n
onnn o
non n
rn
non n ABC n
DEF
D

n onn

A = D
AB = DE

B = E
BC = EF

C = F
CA = FD
no
' ABC

' DEF

' ABC

' DEF

437

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n on
on 3 n nn 3 n n
n nono
3 n }on n

3. r o o ( } ...)
C

r ... n
}n
or o o (...)
n onn nonn
n on

4. r o ( } ...)
E
X
A
N

M
T

r ... n
}n
438

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

or o
(...) n nn o}n
n on

5. r o o o ( } ...)
T

r ... n}
n
or o o o (..)
n onn on

6. o
o

o oon

' ABC }o

AB = AC BC n A B C

A C B n B A C n
AB AC }o
B

439

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) ono no }
n
2) o n
3) ono n
o
4) ono
o
5) oo n n
o
6) oo n
o

noo
orn n roo }
no}

440

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.1
o o
n

1.

Q
R
N

2.

PQRS SQ }o

PS = RS, PQ = RQ SPQ = SRQ

rn ' PQS # ' RQS

M
KLMN } NL }
o rn ' NKL # ' LMN

K
D

3.

C
P

ABCD BD AC n
P rn

(1) AB = CD A B P = C D P

(2) AD = CB D A P = B C P

on o r n 1 e 2 o 85-87

441

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.2
o
n

1.

o AD CB
O rn BO = DO

O
B

2.

o AD = AK,

A D E = A K S

3.
30 .
50

30 .

50o

DA E = K AS
rn AE = AS

oo on
ono oo
nn noon
o n
o

on o r n 1 e 2 o 88-90

442

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.3
o o o
n
1.

o AB = CD
DA = BC rn o BD
n ABCD }
n

B
2.
C

o AC = BD

BC = AD rn A C B = B D A
A

3. no} n
no o{

on ono noo
o noo ooo}

onn n

on o r n 1 e 2 o 91
102
443

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.4
no
n

1.

' ABC }on

rn n
onn

2. o A BC o P Q R on A BC
rno}
3. o AB o CD n AB O rn
o}

4.
j{
j
nn}
n
onn
o
nn

ono r n 1 e 2 o 96-101

444

445

nn 4.1

onn}n n 4 6 nn{ 2 o
n
onoo

4.5
n
o ()

446

{ 1

nn 4.2

oon o
n}n
nn

447

{ 2

nn 4.3

noonon
on

448
nn 4.4

449

nr

nn 4.5
449

450

nn 4.6

noo (o)
oo}
n
ono
ooo o
n o


1 7
(o)
or n 3 17 2551 14.15 . - 15.00 .

noon oo
noo nor
oo o o
o o
nr o o
o{o
r
ooo
1. ooo ooo
o
2. oo n
r o
3. oon
oo{o
o
o
o
nnon n
n o ooo
/ r
1. o r n 2 e 2
2. no r n 2 e 2
3. o o
451

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. 5.1, 5.2, 5.2, 5.3, 5.3, 5.4 5.4

5. o ()
6. o orr GSP

o oooo
ooor oon
n ooo{n
n
o
noo
oo
o
n oo

ooo{

o
o

o{

n
...

oon r
... r ...
o

non n oo
ooo
n n oo oono
o ooo orr GSP
452

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. o oon
n oon no oon}
oo no n
oon ooon on n
noon 180 ooo
o no{ 5.1
2. ooon ooo
o ono
noo r
o n oooo oon
{ 5.2 nr
o n oooon oon oon
{ 5.2
3. noo
o on oooo on
ro n
oooo onoo
o n { 5.3 n
rn oooon o
n ooon oon
{ 5.3
4. on
r
o rn ...
n{ 5.4
(o}n) 5.4

453

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. nor {
5.1 5.4
2. ooo
no
1. n o
2. o o {
5.1 5.4
3. (PowerPoint presentation) o
o ()
4. o o orr GSP

454

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o o
1. o

oon
n oon

B
AB // CD CD // AB

nnno no
}no
o no oo
n
B

n AB // CD

BC // DE

AB CD on EF = XY nn AB
CD n AB n
A

nonn oo
nnooo no
on noo n
455

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

noo
B
u x
v y
A
AB n o AB

x y n noo AB

u v n noo AB o
o AB o AB AB AB o
on oo
1) oooo o
noo n 180
2) oooon o
noo n 180 oo
n
o 1) o 2) } no n o

ooon on
n noo
n 180

456

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. oo
n

x
u

x y n}o

v
y

u v n}o

oooo oo
n

n oon
noooo oo
n

oooon oo
n oon

457

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. o
n

1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8

1 , 2 , 7 8 n
3 , 4 , 5 6 n

1 5 n}nooo

2 6 , 7 3 , 8 4 nnn}
n oooo

oooo o
nooo
n

E
A

Y
C

D
F

nonn
n ooo n
458

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

oooon o
nooo
n oon

4. o
o r

n 180

o ' ABC }
orn

C A B + A BC + BC A = 180o

oo or
o
' ABC n BC

C D n ACD n

' ABC ACB

ACD n} nn

ACB } ACD

459

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

onoo
n
nn

no
rn
n

onn
onnonn nn
on
A

r n r
o nn ...
noo on r
o nr o o o
rn or o r
o o

460

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.1
o

1. onnn n
1)
2)
B
X

117o

63o

Y
C
2. n x non o PQ // RS
1)
2)
P
A
Q
101o
R

P (x + 15)o
77o

xo

B
S

3.

Q
A

B S

A
K

L
o PL // MN rn

BM N = M K L

M
N
B

on o r n 2 e 2 o 72-74

461

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.2
oo
n
1.

A
D

76o
55o

o AB // CD o

A B C = 55o B A C = 76o

A C E

2.
B
C

o AB // CD BC // DE

rn A BC = C D E

on o r n 2 e 2 o 74-75

462

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.2
oo
n
1.

38o

o
yo 82

x y
xo

o
C 38

2.

o C A B = E B D

A B C = B D E rn AC // BE
BC // DE

on o r n 2 e 2 o 77-78

463

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.3
o
n

1.

133o

E
2.

o AB // CD , CB // ED
AC = CE
rn ' ABC # ' CDE

o ABCD }

o o E A D = 133o
n
ABCD

on o r n 2 e 2 o 79-80

464

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.3
o
n
1. n nno on
1)
2)
A
D
C

M
A
F

2.

A
Q

P
M

o YM // QR

X Y M = P Q R rn YX // QP

on o r n 2 e 2 o 80-81

465

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.4
o
n
E
F
A
1.
' ABC }o

o EF // BC rn B A E = C A F
B

C
D

2.
B

F
H

o CG // DH, AB = EF
BC = FD rn AC // ED

A
3.

F
C

B
4.
D

o ' ABC }
o BC } BC // ED ,

EG = DF B A E = C A D
rn AE = AD

n A + B + C + D + E n
B

on o r n 2 e 2 o 85-86,
89-90
466

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.4

ron
n 180 ooo
r

467

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nooo
1. n
1)
2) o
3)
2. o 1 o
n n
3. o
n n
4. n
5. ooo

468


1 8
(o)
or n 3 24 2551 14.15 . -15.00 .

n }on oo
r nn}n nn n
on n}nnn nn
}on n nn}n
nn nonn}nn
n nn} ooo{
o o}
no
r
ooo
1. ro
oo
2. noo oo
3. ooo o{o
o
n o n
o
nnoo nn
1. orno n
nn
2. n on r
nonn

469

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/ r
1. o r n 1 e 3
2. no r n 1 e 3
3. o o
4. 6.1 , 6.2 6.3
5. nn o
6. o
7. o orr GSP

1. ooonnn no
n } o n n n
o nnnoooo
n{ 6.1 o 1 3
2. o ooo
o onoor n
n}n nn non n}n
nn no{ 6.1
o 4 5
3. o o orr GSP
o ooooooon
n}n n non nn
o n}n
n n}onon ooo
oorno o
nn nonnon
oo n
n ' BDE a ' BCA (no
A
D

n) BDE = BCA

DBE = CBA BED = BAC

B

470

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BD DE BE
' BCA on BC = CA = BA
oonno{
6.2 r oo
(Bhaskara .. 1114 1185) r
4. o o orr GSP
oooooron n
on nn }o nn
n}n n nr
on }
5. { o
o n oo no on n{~
n ooo
o}o no
{ 6.3
6. { nnn
n n

' BDE

' ABC ' DEF B E } A = D ooo

nn
1) ' ABC ' DEF on

BC n sine D = EF
2) oon sine A = CA
FD

on sine A = sine D n
3) 50
sine 50 n nn

471

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n o}
n o

1. nor {
6.1 6.3
2. ooo
no
1. n o
2. o o {
6.1 6.3
3. (PowerPoint presentation) o
o
4. o o orr GSP

472

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o
o
1. o

nn non nn
nn nnonno n
o d~
2. o
}o n
A B }o n
A a B nn A o B
n}oo non}
n
A, B C on
1. o : A a A
2. : o A a B o
B a A
3. n : o A a B
B a C o
A a C

473

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ooo nn o}r
r oo

o n
1. n}n n
2. nonn}nn

n o on
n o
S
D
E
A

12

R
T

20

n ABCDE a PQRST
1. nn}n n

A = P , B = Q , C = R , D = S E = T
2. nonn}nn
AB = BC = CD = DE = EA
PQ QR RS ST
TP
n ABCDE a PQRST }nn
on
n }on oo
r nn}n nn n
on n}nnn

474

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. o

C
F

o ' ABC a ' DEF n

1. A = D , B = E C = F
CA = AB
=
2. BC
EF FD DE

onnonn

' ABC a ' DEF

o n
}n n n}onon
roo

o n
n}n n
ooon}
on

475

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

r
(Bhaskara .. 1114 1185) ror
oo

o ' ABC } C } a b }
o c }oo
CD A AB o AD = m BD = n
C

a
n

m
A

c
orn

a2 + b2 = c2

on on}n n }
n}o
n ononn}
nn o}o
n n}oo

476

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ononn
}nn o
}o

n }on
n}
1. n}n n
2. non n }nn
4. o
oooo{
o nn

1) oooo ooo
8 o 2
o 1.5 oon

2) o
o o

o 1.68
nn 8
n
1.68
6 n
1.2
6
1.2 n

477

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) r n{~ K noooo C {~o r

nnno o
o{ A no
ooo B {~o o AK
C
B
KC AK o 50 o
' ADE o AE DE 7
A
50
K
13 rono
D E
n
4) noo ( n }
)

G
E
C

200

180

120

B 80 D 100 F

oo on
BC , DE , FG , CE EG on

oo r n 1 e 3
o 181-182 no r n 1 e 3 o 86

478

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.1
o
nn
1. o on }o
o
2. ono
3. oon
o non nnn
on
4. o oo
o
5. o } o
n n}n n n
o n n

479

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.2
o
nn
1. on
B

M
85o

54o

41o

41o

2. n x y
M
B

28

x
O4

15

15

12

M
3.

x
y

30

C
o ABCD }
AC BD E
noo

E
A

DE , BC = EF
4. o ' ABC ~ ' DEF n AB
=
BC EF CA FD
CA = FD
AB DE
D
A

C F

on o r n 1 e 3 o 84
480

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.3
oo
nn
1. rnnoo oo
ooo }o

2. or

3. on{~

4. onnoor 2

481


1 9 r
or n 3 31 2551 13.30 . 15.00 .

r}or
roo{ ooon
ro nrn
r o or ro
rr roo
on r
r
ooo
1. no oo
r
2.
r
o
roo r
2544 nor on
1. o{ (problem solving)
2. o (reasoning)
3. r (communications and
representation)
4. o (connections)
5. or (creativity)

482

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o
nn o r n
n
1. rnon ro
o oo n
on onon
o }on o o
foon
2. rno r
o} no
noror
oooo nn o
nn}n
/ r
1. o r e 3 n 2
2. nor e 3 n 2
3. 1 13
4. nor n 3

oorono
orronno
ro orro
r o
n

483

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o{ ofro{
o
o{on n
o }o
o ofor
ooo onoo n
n }o
orr
r r rn r
{no
r o
o o ooo
r r
or oo oo
o o n
n oo
ro n
o o

1. 1 nn oroo
A4 2 n }ooon 1 n
2. oroon
n on oo
r oo o
oo
3. n o A4 }
o on o}
on ooo
no onooo
oo
4. 2 o oo
484

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

or
5. on}nn r
or }oo n
}on} nnn n
n oo }o no
o n on
n
6. onno oo
no }no
7. o 12 n }o{oon
o on }n}n on n
onn on}
n oo 2 5 3 7 5
12 on nonn
oonoonoo n

8. on no{
o oonon
9. o 13 nno o on
onon}r o
on
on}
10. on}n
no oon } n
r rr n
11. o 14 o }
ooonon o
no{}n n o{ ono o n

485

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) 'ABC non AB AC }n
A

ono n o D, E, F nnn AB
AC }n D, E, F nn (non BAC)
A

D
E
F
B

2) 'ABC nonn AB BC }n
nnooon (oon BAC
n on BAC nn }n)
3) 'ABC n nno 'ABC non
12. on ( 2 3 n) o{
on {o oon
}n o n 14
o nroo
{
ororoo on
13. 3 11 nr o
oo

1. r
2. or

486

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

no
1. nor e 3
n 2 4 r
2. rnnon}no oo
o
3. r

487

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
1

nn
o 1 64 no 1 28
(o r n 1 e 3)

r
1. A4 2 n
2.

nn

A4

A4

A4 no}do o
ooo n
oooo
nn nn onn
nn ono

488

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
2

o
o 57 104 no 19 40
(o r n 1 e 2)

o
n nno
r
oo ......... .
... 1
noo .. .. oo
6 1.5 ........
o 2.5 ... p ........
n ........... 1
1 ............. 1
750 .............. i 1 80 ...............
1 1 . o 8.5 .
on n n 220 ... n 3 n n
. n 2 nn ... nn
..... { 1 ..

nnonno 2
on
...................
...................
...................
...................
489

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3
3

rno o 77 130 no 39 58
(o r n 1 e 2)

r{oon
o o
nno

o ! op o
on nr

: on ooo 28 o 36 o
o 42 oo
o : ro ooo} oon
36 nnn
: n non n}n
o : no
: o ! oo o ! op nn o
42 oo x
x
36
no
=
42
28
o x u 28 = 42 u 36
42 u 36
x =
28

x = 54
42 oo 54
o : n oo o{
nn
490

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4
4

n
ro o 85 120 no 47 61
(o r n 1 e 2)

n
}}
rn}
no
d rn
60 8 50%
o
oo 20 ooo 40%
nonnoo

491

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5
5

n
o 1 64 no 1 28
(o r n 1 e 3)

n
}n 43 o

nn n n
1. 2
2. n 2 3
3. 3
4. n 3 4
4
3
2
1
0

4
3
2
1
0

492

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6
6

on
oo o 35 84 no 26 46
(o r n 2 e 2)

on

o 15 }eno nn
n n oo
o _ 86.2 _ nn
o 46 nnn on

493

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7
7

o 53 86 no 64 109
(o r n 1 e 1)

n nr oro
nn d (Lactobacillus acidophilus) }o
r
nn no nno}
}nn (yogurt) no
r
nnn

o n 1,000 r 1 oo
n 6 u 1010 r n 1 rn
r

494

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8
8

rr
oo o 35 84 no 24 46
(o r n 2 e 2)

rr
nr 74,088 rn oon
1 27 onnnon
on
ooo
10

26
17

1
19

16

23
21

7
25
11
22

13

20

27
18

495

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9
9

n
n o 1 80 no 1 49
(o r n 2 e 1)

n
rr 5 r
0.000012 nr 0.02 n
nrn
35 (1 n 1,000 )
o nnnnrrn

496

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10
10

on
o o 119 148 no 59 75
(o r n 1 e 3)

on
ro r
rno} y = ax + b x y
a b n
onn a b onnor
nor}n non n a b
rn o nn
noe
rn rnon
}n onno
r}n n or 500 n non
8,200 or 1,000 n non
13,700
rnnonrnr
oor 2,500 n ononrn

497

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11
11

nn
no o 1 56 no 1 18
(o r n 1 e 2)

nn

ono
on o on
on o
no on
on o
n
} noon nn
on on

498

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12
12

n
no o 1 56 no 1 18
(o r n 1 e 2)

non n
o 30 n nnn 2 5 n
3 7
nno no on
o 5 12 n
1. on nn

2. oo 1 nn onnnno o
n

499

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13
13

nno
no o 1 56 no 1 18
(o r n 1 e 2)

nno

o}nn n
n (no 20) o}
onono
n}n n o on
o
n
oon
= }2
(n})
n

500

47 155 1.55
= 47 2
1.55
= 47 | 19.56
2.4025
1
n}
19.56

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n n

n 18.5
18.5 24.9
25.0 29.9
30.0 34.9
n 35.0

o
o

o
o

n}
-
-

n}nr

onn o o
on}

501

r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14
14

o
o 97 139 no 110 166
(o r n 1 e 1)

no n nn o

no oonn}
n non

502


1 10 r
or n 3 7 2551 14.15 . 15.00 .

or}}n}n
} rof
ooon nn
n nno} fn
ofo{r rr
5 r on
1. (concepts) or}
or{ oo
ron} r
2. (skills) r }or
{
o
x n (estimation and approximation)
x (mental calculation)
x (communication)
x (arithmetic manipulation)
x (algebraic manipulation)
x o (handling data)
3. no{ (heuristics for problem solving)
4. (attitudes) o
x r
x r n r
x ro
x o
{
5. { (metacognition) }o
o{

503

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

r
ooo
1. o
r
2. nnroo
ro
o
oono ro o
ron}
r no
/ r
1. o f
2. o oo
3. o oo
4. 1 4
5. 1 2

on o{r
}jr or
jn non
nno nn
ornn no
}}{rno
n o
no

1. ono( 1 2) o

504

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

1) oo ooon 1 ooo
nn o no
no
2) ooon 1 oo
1 n oon n
no
o
no n

n oon

ooo
no
ooon 8

3) oo n 1 n
20 ooo o noo n 20 n
4) oon oo n
n n o no o
on on nooo
o
5) onnnn no
n o onoon o
5 oon onn
oo o o o oo
4 o f n nno
o onn n

505

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

nnno o }no

2. oono
{ ooo 3u3 n o
n

10

15

16

17

ooo 1 1
1 no oo n

10

10

15

16

17

15

16

17

oo

ono

ooonono onn
o 9 3 o no
ooonn n 1
n o n ooo
oooo (non
o) n oooooo
n oooonn
506

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

3. onnnn oo
onon oo o
5 8 oon onn
ooo o o oo
4 o f n nno
o onn
nnno
o }no
4. on
5. nr
{ n 1 n onnr
noo
o o o
oo oo{o o o n
n no o

6. ooo 3 4
oro
nfo odo
{ooon
7. ooooo}oo
oon oon no
orno o ooo
non
8. n oooon of
o o noo on
onoooo

1. nn
2. oon
3.

507

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

no
1. o f
2. o oo
3. o o o
4. 1 4
5. 1 2
6. f

508

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

f
or}}n}n }
} r
oof o oon
nnn nno} f
}n
nn nnon
{oo njo
}o nn n oo n o
noon n o o n
o nnoor{o {
}nnoo

oo} }n
no}on
on } o}
o o}noon n o
n oo

1.
non
}
orn o}n}
o

509

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

n} 2
1.1 nnn } njr
n nnoro
1.2 nn } o{
}r

n ono
on o no

2. n
no oon
nno} 3 n
2.1 oo
n
n/n }o no
n o oo }
on }
o} 3
}
2.2 n
no n
o
onn 1 no
ooon
2.3 }o}n
}} o
oo o o
o{ on non
}o

510

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

3.
no no} 3
3.1 } n o
3.2 }o }oor

3.3 } o oo
{ o oof n
o o }o
oo}
on }no
3 o ( .
2540 : 16)

4.
r}o }
oo}
n n o
o ron o }o }
no ofnn
}o{r no
onoon
The Wingspread Conference Center in Racine Wisconsin
.. 1984 oon} 60 oi
3
4.1 o} on
onoo o}
r n o n o
}}on o

511

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

4.2 o}
onoo
ron o
4.3 } ooo
oo
o ooo{ }
o (
. 2539 : 11)
n{o
n nf

5.
(high order thinking skill) r
oro or ro
ro oor o{
{ n o o
ooon o on
roroo n}
on
non o (encode)
(storage) (operate) ooonoon
of{
on on 1) (critical thinking)
2) or (creative thinking) 3) { (metacognition)
4) o{ (problem solving) 5) (decision making) 6)
{ (intuitive thinking) 7) o (positive thinking)
no }nnno
o on ofo}
nrno
oon }

512

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

noo on nn
r{ r { }r
no oo 3 on
5.1 n{
5.2 or
5.3 on
n{
n}o n o
o n n non
o oono
oo nn oo
o
{ o
{ }o n on
o oo no n n
o n{ n
o ooo
oooj
{oo}
{ o oj }
oo
n{ nono
on n
{ n
nno nn
n n
n{ono oo
no
5.1

513

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

on{

noon
-
-
- o
-
- ooo
r
- o/o
-
- o
- o
o
- no

- nn

nn...
on...
n

oo
o
n
oo
n...
oo
oo...
on

..........on

n
nno
n

nn...
n o...
oon...
o...
...on
no...
no{
n
nn ...
o...
}o
o{
on...
on...
oo...
on...
on...
...

nn{
n no n
no
nonnn
x o
x n n
x n
x noon n
x o o n
x oo
x o
x o oo oo
x nn
514

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

x rorn
x oo
x oo o
5.2

or

or {o
n }on
orno{no oro
noor
{ n { n
nn} n
n o
{ or}
n n orfo
nor}nn
2

oor

noon
- oo
- (

o{n )
- on
-
- r
-
-
- ro

nn...
o/ ...
on
...
o...
n...
n
// ...
n
{
}on
o

nn...
o...
on
o...
o ...
n... o...
...
n ono

515

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

or
n onno
nonnn
x oo
{
x oo
x nn }noo
x on
x o
x o o
5.3

oon o}o no{
n n r
rooo n}oo nno
or}
n n r
n n
on o n{
{n
n o n
on nn
n n nn

516

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

on

noon
-
- n
- r
-
- rr
-
-
- r
- /
-
- n
-
-

-
-
- nn
- o

nn...
/
n n
{
oo}
...
n...
o
n}
...

ron
n/
n
o
n
n
n
n
o
o

nn...
n
oo...
n...
n... o ...
no
o n...
o...
o... o...
n o...
}...
... ...
...
onnn...
o/no ...
n...
nnno...
n...
o...

o n n
no
nonnn
x ronon
x onon
x rooo
x n
x no
x n
x n

517

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

x
x
x
x

oo
o
n
ro

6. o
n
o on
x o o nn
orn n
n oon }ooo
o o
x
no}r
onno

x o nn o n
ooorn nno
x n on }
n
x }n
x nn
n n nno oon on
n o nn on oo Venn diagram nr
onoo

518

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

n on n
6.1
6.2 o
6.3 noon
6.4 n
6.5 nonn
6.1

no

o}o
oon o}}oo o
oo no
n nno
} nnn no }o

}n
o ...
x oj
x o
x noo
x o}

x n
n noo
n

519

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

noo

non

- oo...
- ooo
- ono
n
n
- /o/o ono
- {o
n
- n}r
/ }
n

- n n
- nono
- ono
- n
n
- o... n
- oon
on
- noo
- on
- nn o
on
- oooo

520

- oo o/
- }rooo
- oo

- /o/o ono
- {/ o
- r

n
nono
ono
n

- oon o
oon n

- onn
- oon
- oooo

r -------------------------------------------------------------------
-

ooo n
n
nooo
ononoo
o o
n
/ no n
}o

o /o o

- n

6.2

ooo n
nn
oo
ononoo
o o
n
/ nooo n
}no

- o /o o
noo
- r /

oo

o}o
n do
n }o nnnoor
o oo
ooonn
oo }n (oo }
o) ono o
o ...
x n (n oor
r r r or r)
x onoo }o (nn
}o o ooon
)
x odoo

521

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

6.3

non

ooo
o n d
onno}o
n oo oon
nnoon
o oon
nn oor
6.4

}n

n no
ro o{
o nro
n}r
n}n o
n n
n onn n
nnoo
no
6.5

onn

on{o
oon n ono
nnon n }
oo oo
nnnnon

n no nn}n n
nno

522

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

x n n
non n}nn}
o
x }o
o nno on n
on nn}nn
x nn nd
onnoo
x o nn n
no o
2

oo
n
o 5
oo
n

! noo
nono
o oon

n or
... oo o
o o
n

noo n o o
oon
nn no
o nnn}
n
x o n ()
nn n

523

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

x onnoo
o oonon
n
- n...
- nnno
n
- n
- oo}n
- noo
- n
- n n 2 3 o{n
nnnnno
}n
o

524

r --------------------------------------------------------------------

o
Wilson, J. & Murdoch, K. (2006). Little Books of Big Ideas: How to succeed with thinking.
Vic, Australia: Curriculum Corporation.
r rr. (2546). o (Learning to Learn). r.
e 15 2 ( 2546) o 47 53.
r . (2544). o :
. : n
.
n. (2541). o .
: rr.
d. (2547). .
http://www.mc41.com/more/think01.htm, 8 2550.

525

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

oo
oo
non
- oo...
- ooo
- ono nn
- /o/o ono
- {o n
- n}r/ }
n
- n n
- nono
- ono
- n n
- o... n
- oon on
- noo
- on
- nn o on
- oooo

- ooo n
- nnooo
- ononoo
- o on
- / no n
- }o
- o /o o
- n

526

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

oo
oo
non
- oo o/
- }rooo
- oo
- /o/o ono
- {/ o
- r
n
- n
- nono
- ono
- n
- oon o oon n
- onn
- oon
- oooo

- ooo n
- nnoo
- ononoo
- o on
- / nooo n
- }no
- o /o o noo
- r /

527

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

2 u 2

...
r r

r r

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

1. o 2 u2 o 4
o no
2. o oonn
n o
3. non
o

528

onoon

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

n
oo

1. o 4 no
2. n oo 1

}n

(1) oo nno} x }

x+1

o }

x+7

x+8

x + (x + 1) + ( x + 7) + (x + 8) = 4x + 16

(2) n n
x + (x + 8) = (x + 1) + (x + 7) nonn
oon no
noo (x) o o o
n

n 4x + 16

n (2x + 8) u 2

n 4(x + 4)

529

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

3 u 3

...
r r

r r

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

1. o 3 u3 o 9

2. o n 1 no
oo oo no
3. o no n o 2
}o
4. non
o

530

onoon

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

n
oo

1. o 9 no
2. 1 no
3. n oo 1
onn

(1) oo nno } x }

x+1

x+2

x+7

x+8

x+9

x + 14 x + 15 x + 16
n o o
n 3x + 24
onoon n
o n
n 3x + 24 3(x + 8) nnn
(2) ooo 1 n
n

x+1

x+2

x+7

x+8

x+9

x+14 x + 15 x + 16

531

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

on on x
(x + 1) + (x + 9) + (x + 14) n 3x + 24 oon
nnn on x + (x + 8) + (x + 16)
(x + 2) + (x + 8) + (x + 14) nn 3x + 24 3(x + 8)
n non o
oooon on
ooo n}
o 2 u 2 o 2 u 2
n onoo 1 ooo
on 3 on on 3
o

532

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

...
r r

r r
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

1. o 3 u 3 o 9
oo

2. 9 n
3. o oo
4. n o

onnon

no 9 o

533

r ---------------------------------------------------------------------

3u3

...
r r

r r

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

1. o 3 u 3 o 9
n oo
2. 9 no
3. o oo
4. n o

onnon

oo 8 oroo 9

534

ror
r e 2551


m
r n
r n

r

rn
r
r r
r
r
r
r

on
on
on

ir
..

r
.. r
.. o
. r

.
.


r
r r

o
o
o
r
r r
r r
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr

iro
dr
r r

nr
nr

535



() 1 2551
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..

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1

1

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