He Thong Bao Hieu Ss7 867

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Phn I: H thng bo hiu s 7 (ss7)

Chng I: Khi qut chung v bo hiu
I/ nh ngha v bo hiu: Trong mng vin thng, bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v cc lnh t im ny ti im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cuc gi. Nh vy, c th ni bo hiu l mt h thng thn kinh trung ng ca mt c th mng, n phi hp v iu khin cc chc nng ca cc b phn trong mng vin thng. II/ Chc nng ca h thng bo hiu: H thng bo hiu thc hin 3 chc nng chnh l: + Chc nng gim st + Chc nng tm chn + Chc nng khai thc, bo dng mng Trong , chc nng gim st v chc nng tm chn lin quan trc tip n qu trnh x l cuc gi lin i, cn chc nng qun l mng th phc v cho vic khai thc, duy tr s hot ng ca mng li. Chc nng gim st: Gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k v cc trng thi: - C tr li/ Khng tr li. - Bn/ Ri. - Sn sng/ Khng sn sng. - Bnh thng/ Khng bnh thng. - Duy tr/ Gii to. - ...
Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44
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Nh vy, cc tn hiu gim st c dng xem xt cc c tnh sn c ca cc thit b trn mng cng nh ca thu bao. Chc nng tm chn: yu cu c tin cy cao, tc bo hiu nhanh, hiu qu. - Chc nng ny lin quan n th tc u ni: + Bo hiu v a ch cc con s m s. + nh tuyn, nh v tr v cp chng cho thu bao b gi. + Thng bo kh nng tip nhn con s. + Thng bo gi con s tip theo trong qu trnh tm a ch. - Chc nng tm chn c lin quan n thi gian u ni mt cuc gi, l thi gian tr quay s PDD (Post Dialling Delay). + PDD l khong thi gian t khi thu bao ch gi hon thnh quay s n khi nhn c hi m chung. + PDD ph thuc vo kh nng x l bo hiu gia cc tng i, tc l kh nng tm chn ca h thng bo hiu. iu c ngha l cc h thng bo hiu khc nhau s c thi gian tr quay s khc nhau. + PDD l mt tiu chun rt quan trng. Cn PDD cng nh cng tt thi gian u ni cng nhanh, hiu qu xm nhp vo mng cng cao. Chc nng vn hnh v qun l: Phc v cho vic khai thc mng mt cch ti u nht. Cc chc nng ny gm c: - Nhn bit v trao i cc thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong mng. - Thng bo v trng thi cc thit b, cc trung k ang bo dng hoc hot ng bnh thng. - Cung cp cc thng tin v cc ph. - Cung cp cc thng tin v li trong qu trnh truyn thng tin bo hiu. - III/ Cc yu cu ca h thng bo hiu: Yu cu tng qut ca h thng bo hiu l cc tng i phi hiu c cc bn tin (cc thng tin bo hiu) gia chng v c tc x l nhanh. Cc yu cu c th: - Tc bo hiu nhanh gim c thi gian thit lp cuc gi hay thi gian tr sau quay s.
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Trnh khng nh hng hay giao thoa gia ting ni v bo hiu. C tin cy cao, rung chung ng thu bao, khng lc a ch. Thi gian cung cp cc tn hiu phi nhanh nht. Thi gian chuyn cc con s a ch gia cc tng i phi nhanh nht. Thi gian quay s nhanh nht (tu thuc k thut my in thoi).
IV/ Phn loi h thng bo hiu: r hn v h thng bo hiu, ta c th xem xt s x l mt cuc gi qua th tc bo hiu:
Thu bao ch gi t my Nhc my Mi quay s a ch
Tng i ch gi
Tng i b gi t my
Thu bao b gi ng thu bao
ng thu bao
ng trung k
Chim Cng nhn chim a ch
Hi m chung Tr li m thoi Hi thoi t my Ct u ni
Chung Nhc my
t my
Bo hiu ng thu bao
Bo hiu lin i
Bo hiu ng thu bao
Hnh 1.1 Th tc bo hiu trong x l gi
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Qu trnh phn tch mt cuc gi bao gm cc bc sau: Tn hiu nhc my (off hook): Mt thu bao mun thc hin mt cuc gi trc ht phi nhc ng nghe. Th tc cn thit ny pht ra tn hiu nhc my cn gi l tn hiu truy cp ng truyn, n thng bo vi tng i chun b iu khin cuc gi. Vic nhc ng nghe lm gii phng mt tip im, iu ny to thnh mt mch vng gia tng i v in thoi. Khi mch ny hnh thnh, mt thit b bn trong tng i c kch hot v mt lot cc tn hiu hng n cc phn thch hp ca tng i c khi pht. Khi ng nghe c t xung trng thi rnh ri, tip im b n xung, tn hiu truy cp gi n tng i khng cn na, mch vng b ct v cuc gi khng cn thc thi, nh vy tit kim nng lng. Nng lng trn ng dy thu bao c cp bi ngun pin trong tng i, v n yu cu dng mt chiu. Ngun pin c sc bi ngun in xoay chiu thng qua b chnh lu, v l ngun duy tr cung cp in cho tng i trong mt thi gian xc nh khi ngun in chnh b h. S nhn dng thu bao gi: Cuc gi c pht hin ti n v kt cui ng thu bao thc hin gi (SLTU: Subscribers Line Terminating Unit) trong tng i, n v ny c qui nh ch s thit b (EN: Equipment Number). Ch s ny cn c dch sang ch s th mc ca thu bao (DN: Directory Number). Do , cn phi dng cc bng dch. Trong tng i c, chng c gi trong b dy ni lun l. Trong tng i SPC (Stored Program Control), chng c gi trong b nh ca my tnh. H thng iu khin cng cn phi nhn dng thu bao gi v hai l do: Th nht, thu bao cn phi tr cc cho cuc gi. Th hai, cn tin hnh th tc kim tra xem thu bao c c php thc hin mt cuc gi ng di hay khng. Thng tin cn thit c lu gi trong cc record (mt phn t ca mt t chc lu tr) m t chng loi dch v ca thu bao. C mt record phn loi dch v cho mi kt cui trn tng i nhm lu tr cc dng thng tin v kt cui. S phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit b dng chung: Mt chc nng thuc v nguyn l bn trong tng i l iu khin. Khi tng i nhn mt tn hiu truy cp (off hook signal), h thng iu khin phi phn phi thit b dng chung cho cuc gi v cung cp mt ng dn cho n bt u t ng dy gi. iu ny hnh thnh nn nhm thit b b chim dng lu, thit b ny cn thit trong sut cuc gi v loi thit b s dng ngn hn ch cn trong giai on thit lp cuc gi m thi. Trong cc tng i SPC, record ca cuc gi l v d cho loi thit b th nht, n l mt vng ca b nh b chim gi trong sut tin trnh cuc gi. Loi thit b th hai bao gm b thu v lu tr cc ch s cu thnh a ch ca thu bao c gi. Cc ch s ny khng nhng nhn dng thu bao c gi m cn cung cp thng tin cn thit nh tuyn cuc gi xuyn qua mng.
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Trong mt tng i c, cc ch s c lu gi trong register v trong tng i SPC c lu gi trong b nh. Khi b nh c phn phi, mt m hiu mi quay s (dial tone) c gi n thu bao gi bo rng tng i sn sng tip nhn cc ch s a ch. V tng i c thit k vi cc thit b lu tr trn c s d bo lu lng gi n thay cho lu lng tng cng ti a khi cc thu bao thc hin ng lot cuc gi, do c lc thiu b nh. Tuy nhin, thu bao s c thng bo iu ny qua s kin (tm thi) khng c m hiu mi quay s c gi t tng i. Trong tng i SPC, kh nng ny c gim thiu bng cch gia tng kch thc b nh, mc d vy iu ny ch c ch khi nng lc x l bt kp vi s gia tng tc cuc gi n. Cc ch s a ch: Sau khi nhn c m hiu mi quay s, thu bao nhp vo cc ch s a ch bng cch quay s. Cc ch s c gi di dng cc tn hiu n tng i v c lu tr ti . Hot ng bo hiu l kha cnh ht sc quan trng trong h thng in thoi v s c nghin cu k phn sau. Phn tch ch s: H thng iu khin phi phn tch cc ch s xc nh tuyn i ra t tng i cho cuc gi. Nu cuc gi hng n thu bao thuc tng i ni b th ch c mt mch c th c nh tuyn l ng dy thu bao c gi. Nu ng dy ang lm vic vi cuc m thoi khc th cuc gi khng th thc hin v tn hiu bn c gi n thu bao gi. Mt khc, nu cuc gi hng n mt thu bao thuc tng i xa, n c th c phn phi bt k mt mch no trn tuyn thch hp i ra khi tng i gc, vic phn phi bao gm c tuyn d phng. Nu tt c cc mnh u bn, tn hiu bo bn cng c gi n thu bao v cuc gi b t chi. Nu c mt mch thch hp ang ri, n s b chim ly v s khng th s dng cho bt k cuc gi no khc. Trong cc tng i c in, vic chim gi ny tc ng mt iu kin v mc in vo thit b kt cui ca mch v thng c xem nh thao tc nh du (marking). iu ny cng tng t nh trong cc tng i SPC. Tuy nhin, thng tin v mch thng c lu gi trong cc bng di dng phn mm, trong trng hp ny mt m ch nh trong vng d liu cho trc ch ra trng thi ca mt mch. Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch: Lc ny h thng iu khin bit c cc danh nh ca mch nhp v mch xut. Nhim v k tip ca n l chn ng dn gia chng thng qua cc chuyn mch ca tng i. Bn trong cc h thng chuyn mch c cc gii thut chn cc ng dn chuyn mch thch hp. Mi im chuyn mch trn ng dn chn phi c kim tra m bo rng n khng trong trng thi phc v cho cuc gi khc v chim ly nu n ri Trong cc tng i c in, vic ny c thc hin bng cch kim tra cc iu kin in, cn trong cc tng i SPC th bng cch d v chn vo cc entry trong cc bng c sp xp. Trong cc tng i c in, register (c dng nhn v lu tr cc ch s) phi thi kt ni khi ng dn c thit lp.
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Dng chung v m hiu chung: Mt tn hiu phi c gi n u xa tin hnh cuc gi. Nu thu bao c gi l cc b, iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic gi dng in chung n kch hot chung trong my in thoi c gi. Nu thu bao khng phi cc b, mt tn hiu truy cp phi c gi n tng i k tip nhm kch hot n tin hnh cc thao tc ring. Cc thao tc ny tng t nh nhng g c m t phn trn, bao gm cc tn hiu gi li tng i ngun. Khi tt c cc kt ni c thit lp cho php cuc gi tin hnh trn mng ni ht hoc mng hp ni hoc mng trung k, dng in chung c gi n thu bao gi. Tn hiu tr li: Mt tn hiu tr li nhn c t thu bao u xa (trong trng hp ny l tn hiu truy cp) hay t tng i khc, c nhn bit bi h thng iu khin ca tng i cc b. S truyn phi c chp thun trn ng dn chuyn mch chn xuyn qua tng i. Dng in chung v m hiu chung phi c xo trn ng dy thu bao u xa v thu bao gi. Sau hai phn ny c ni vi nhau v cng vic tnh cc cuc gi ny i vi thu bao gi c khi ng. Gim st: Trong khi cuc gi ang c tin hnh, cng vic gim st cng c thc thi tnh cc v pht hin tn hiu xo cuc gi. Cng vic gim st cng thc hin qut tt c cc dy kt cui trn tng i pht hin tn hiu truy cp ca cuc gi mi. Trong cc mng c qun l v bo tr mt cch c hiu qu, h thng gim st yu cu thu thp d liu trn mi cuc gi. Khi cuc gi tht bi do thit b hng hoc cc mch hay thit b khng p ng, thng tin ny c yu cu cho cng tc bo tr qun l v hoch ch mng. D liu cho cc cuc gi thnh cng c dng tnh cc. V vy, cng tc qun l gim st c ngha quan trng trong mng in thoi. Trong cc tng i c in, iu ny chu nh hng ca cc kt ni dy gia cc thnh phn thit b ring v cc im gim st. Trong tng i SPC, v iu khin c thc hin bi cc my tnh nn d liu c thu thp v lu gi trong phn mm. Vic x l sau c thc hin bi cc b vi x l hay chuyn n cc my tnh bn ngoi tng i. Tn hiu xo kt ni: Khi nhn tn hiu xo kt ni (c pht ra bi thu bao gi hoc thu bao c gi), thit b tng i hay b nh c dng trong kt ni phi c gii phng v sn sng s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Thng thng, bo hiu c chia lm hai loi l bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin tng i. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu gia my u cui, thng l my in thoi vi tng i ni ht, cn bo hiu lin tng i l bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. Bo hiu lin tng i gm hai loi l bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS: Channel Associated Signalling) hay cn gi l bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu knh
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chung (CCS: Channel Common Signalling). Ta c th m phng s phn chia ny nh hnh v sau:
Bo hiu
Bo hiu thu bao
Bo hiu trung k
Bo hiu knh kt hp CAS
Bo hiu knh chung CCS
Hnh 1.2 Phn chia h thng bo hiu
1. Bo hiu knh kt hp CAS:
Bo hiu knh kt hp l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong knh ting hoc trong mt knh c lin quan cht ch vi knh ting. Nh vy, c im ni bt ca CAS l i vi mi knh thoi c mt ng tn hiu bo hiu ring c n nh. Cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau: - Trong bng (in band): Tn hiu bo hiu c tn s nm trong bng tn knh thoi (0,3 3,4)Khz. - Ngoi bng (out band): Tn hiu bo hiu c tn s nm ngoi bng tn knh thoi (3,4 4)Khz. V d h thng R2 ca CCITT dng tn s 3825Hz. - Trong khe thi gian TS 16 ca t chc a khung PCM 30/32 knh. Tuy nhin, CAS c nhc im l tc tng i thp, dung lng thng tin b hn ch, ch p ng c cc mng c dung lng thp v cc loi hnh dch v cn ngho nn. T nhng nm 1960, khi cc tng i c iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr SPC c a vo s dng trn mng thoi th mt phng thc bo hiu mi ra i vi nhiu c tnh u vit hn so vi cc h thng bo hiu truyn thng. Trong phng thc bo hiu mi ny, cc ng s liu tc cao gia cc b x l ca cc tng i SPC c s dng mang mi thng tin bo hiu. Cc ng s liu ny tch ri vi cc knh ting. Mi ng s liu ny c th mang thng tin bo hiu cho vi trm n vi nghn knh ting. Kiu bo hiu mi ny c gi l bo hiu knh chung CCS v tiu biu l h thng bo hiu
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knh chung s 7 (SS7: Signalling System 7). Ni dung ca SS7 s c nu chng II.
2. bo hiu knh chung ccs:
Bo hiu knh chung l h thng bo hiu s dng chung mt hoc mt s ng s liu bo hiu (Signalling Data Link) truyn thng tin bo hiu phc v cho nhiu ng trung k thoi/ s liu.
SP Nhm ng trung k SP
. .
Tng i a
Tng i b
. .
Nhm knh bo hiu
SP: Signalling Point: im bo hiu Hnh 1.3 S bo hiu knh chung Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng bo hiu knh chung CCS:
Nhm ng trung k Tng i a SP a Nhm knh bo hiu (Link set) SP c STP Tng i C Tng i b
.
SP b
Nhm ng trung k
Nhm ng trung k
Hnh 1.4 Tng quan v mng bo hiu knh chung

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- ng s liu bo hiu SDL (Signalling Data Link), cn c gi l knh bo hiu: l mt tuyn ni xc nh c s dng truyn i nhng thng tin bo hiu theo mt th tc c xc nh sn trc gia hai tng i. Link set: Mt s knh bo hiu c nhm li c gi l tp hp cc knh bo hiu hoc cn gi l nhm knh bo hiu. - im bo hiu SP (Signalling Point): mi tng i trong mng bo hiu knh chung c gi l SP, mi im bo hiu SP trong mng bo hiu c c trng bi mt m im bo hiu SPC (Signalling Point Code). - im chuyn tip bo hiu STP (Signalling Tranfer Point): STP khng c chc nng x l cuc gi, n ch thc hin chc nng chuyn tip bn tin bo hiu gia cc im bo hiu i (SP a) v im bo hiu ch (SP b). T chc mng bo hiu knh chung CCS: Tu theo cch t chc mng bo hiu m ta c mng bo hiu kiu kt hp (Associated Mode) v kiu cn kt hp (Quasi- Associated Mode). Mng bo hiu kiu kt hp: l mng bo hiu m gia 2 tng i ngoi knh trung k thoi c u ni trc tip cn c cc knh bo hiu c u ni trc tip. Mng bo hiu kiu kt hp thng c s dng trong trng hp lu lng thoi gia 2 tng i ln (s cc ng trung k thoi ln).
Nhm ng trung k Tng i a SP a ng bo hiu Tng i b
.
SP b
Hnh 1.5 Mng bo hiu kiu kt hp Mng bo hiu kiu cn kt hp: Trong kiu t chc mng bo hiu ny, gia tng i i v tng i ch ch c cc knh thoi, cn thng tin bo hiu khng c chuyn trc tip m phi qua im bo hiu lm chc nng im chuyn tip bo hiu STP.
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Nhm ng trung k Tng i a SP a Nhm knh bo hiu (Link set) SP c STP Tng i C Tng i b
.
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SP b
Nhm ng trung k
Nhm ng trung k
Hnh 1.6 Bo hiu kiu cn kt hp Phn cp mng bo hiu knh chung CCS: V l thuyt ta c th t chc mt vi kiu cu trc mng c kh nng p ng y cc yu cu bo hiu gia cc tng i u ni vi nhau. Chng hn, mt cu trc m tt c tng i trong mng u mang chc nng lm STP. Mt cu trc khc c hnh sao vi mt tng i lm chc nng STP chuyn thng tin bo hiu ti cc tng i khc ch c chc nng SP. Trn thc t, ngi ta s dng mt kiu cu trc kt hp c hai cu trc ni trn. Mng ny s dng mt s tng i lm chc nng STP. Vic trao i thng tin gia cc tng i cc vng ln cn nh vy hnh thnh mt mng bo hiu ng trc. Do , chng ta c mt cu trc gm 3 mc: Mc 1: STP quc gia Mc 2: STP khu vc (vng) Mc 3: im u cui bo hiu SP Hnh v di y minh ho mt mng bo hiu vi cu trc phn cp.
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Vng 2 Vng 1 S T P q u c g ia . ST P v n g i m b o h i u S P
Hnh 1.7 Mng bo hiu vi cu trc phn cp Ngoi ra, ho mng quc gia vi mng quc t cn c thm mc mng bo hiu quc t, vi cc STP quc t nh m t trong hnh 1.8. Trong thc t cc STP quc t c th lm c nhim v im chuyn tip bo hiu quc gia nn n cng l STP quc gia.
Q u c g ia 1
Q u c g ia 2
Q u c g ia 4
Q u c g ia 3 ST P q u c g ia ST P q u c t
H n h 1 .8 M n g b o h iu q u c t
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Chng II: H thng bo hiu s 7

I/ c im ca h thng bo hiu s 7: SS7 c a ra trong nhng nm 79/80, h thng bo hiu ny c thit k ti u cho mng quc gia v quc t s dng cc trung k s tc 64Kb/s. Trong thi gian ny, gii php phn lp trong giao tip thng tin c pht trin tng i hon thin, l h thng giao tip m OSI (Open System Interconnection), v gii php phn lp trong m hnh OSI ny c ng dng bo hiu s 7. H thng bo hiu s 7 c thit k khng nhng ch cho iu khin thit lp, gim st cc cuc gi in thoi m c cc dch v phi thoi. Vi cc u im v nhc im sau y: u im ca SS7: - Tc bo hiu cao: Thi gian thit lp mt cuc gi gim n nh hn 1s trong hu ht cc trng hp. - Dung lng ln: Mi ng bo hiu c th mang bo hiu cho vi trm cuc gi ng thi, nng cao hiu sut s dng knh thng tin. - tin cy cao: Bng vic s dng cc tuyn d phng, c th tc sa sai. - Tnh kinh t: So vi h thng bo hiu truyn thng, h thng bo hiu s 7 cn rt t thit b bo hiu. - Tnh mm do: H thng gm rt nhiu tn hiu, do vy c th s dng trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau, p ng c s pht trin ca mng trong tng lai. Vi cc u im ny, trong tng lai h thng bo hiu s 7 s ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi cc dch v mi trong mng nh: - Mng in thoi cng cng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). - Mng s lin kt a dch v ISDN (Intergrated Service Digital Network). - Mng thng minh IN (Intelligent Network). - Mng thng tin di ng PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). Nhc im ca SS7: Cn d phng cao v ton b bo hiu i chung mt knh, ch cn mt sai st nh l nh hng ti nhiu knh thng tin. H thng bo hiu s 7 l h thng tiu biu ca bo hiu knh chung CCS nn cc thnh phn c bn, cc kiu bo hiu cng ging nh bo hiu knh chung m ta trnh by trn.
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Bo hiu s 7 c hnh thnh nh mt ng ni ring trong mng. ng ni ny dng cung cp nhng thng tin bo hiu cho cc nhm ngi dng khc nhau c gi l phn ngi s dng UP (User Part). l: Phn ngi dng in thoi TUP (Telephone User Part). Phn s dng cho ISDN (Intergrated Service Digital Network). Phn s dng cho s liu DUP (Data Unit Part). Phn s dng cho in thoi di ng MTUP (Mobile Telephone User Part). Tt c cc b phn s dng u dng chung mt ng dn trao i cc thng tin bo hiu, l phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP (Message Transfer Part). Hin nhin, ton b hot ng ca h thng bo hiu u gn lin vi cc tng i. C s cu trc c minh ho nh sau:
UP
MTP
UP
Tng i A
Tng i B
Hnh 2.1 Cu trc ca h thng bo hiu s 7.
C s cu trc ny c ngha rt tng qut. N t ra mt kh nng lin kt theo m hnh cu trc m OSI thch ng theo cc lp hay cc mc cho phn s dng khc nhau. chnh l th mnh ca bo hiu knh chung s 7. Phn cp ca h thng bo hiu s 7 gm 4 mc t mc 1 n mc 4, ba mc thp hn u nm trong phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP. Cc mc ny c gi l MTP mc 1, MTP mc 2, MTP mc 3 c m t trong hnh 2.2.
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MTP cung cp mt h thng vn chuyn khng u ni chuyn giao tin cy cc bn tin bo hiu gia cc User.
Mc 4 Mc 3 (Q.704) Mc 2 (Q.703) Mc 1 (Q.702)
Phn khch hng (user part) Mng bo hiu (Signalling Network) ng bo hiu (Signalling Link) ng s liu bo hiu (Signalling Data Link) MTP
Hnh 2.2 Cu trc chc nng ca SS7

Mc 4 c gi l phn khch hng hay cn gi l phn ngi s dng. Phn khch hng iu khin cc tn hiu c x l bi cc thit b chuyn mch. Cc v d in hnh ca phn khch hng l phn ngi s dng in thoi (TUP) v phn ngi dng ISDN (ISUP).
1. Mi tng quan gia SS7 v OSI:
Cu trc m hnh tham chiu OSI: T chc tiu chun th gii ISO a ra mt mu tng qut c gi tr tham kho m rng cho cc cu hnh mngv dch v vin thng, l m hnh u ni h thng m OSI. OSI cung cp mt cu trc hp dn cho thng tin my tnh theo kiu phn lp, gm 7 lp. l: Lp ng dng, lp trnh by, lp phin, lp vn chuyn, lp mng, lp lin kt s liu, lp vt l, n nh ra cc yu cu k thut v chc nng trong mt th tc thng tin gia ngi s dng (User): Lp ng dng (Application Layer): Cung cp cc dch v h tr cho th tc p dng ca User v iu khin mi thng tin gia cc ng dng. V d nh chuyn file, x l bn tin, cc dch v quay s v cng vic vn hnh bo dng.
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Lp trnh by (Presentation Layer): nh ra c php biu th s liu, bin i c php c s dng trong lp ng dng thnh c php thng tin cn thit thng tin gia cc lp ng dng, v d nh teletex s dng m ASCII. Lp phin (Session Layer): Thit lp u ni gia cc lp trnh by trong cc h thng khc nhau. N cn iu khin u ni ny, ng b hi thoi v ct u ni. Hin nay n cn cho php lp ng dng nh ra im kim tra bt u vic pht li nu truyn dn b gin on. Lp vn chuyn (Transport Layer): m bo c cht lng dch v m lp ng dng yu cu. Lp vn chuyn thc hin cc chc nng: Nhn bit li, sa li, iu khin lu lng. Lp ng dng ti u ho thng tin s liu bng cch ghp v tch cc lung s liu trc khi s liu n c mng. Lp mng (Network Layer): Cung cp mt knh truyn thng tin s liu gia cc lp vn chuyn trong cc h thng khc nhau. Lp ny c chc nng thit lp, duy tr, ct u ni gia cc h thng, x l a ch v nh tuyn qua cc trung k. Lp lin kt s liu (DataLink Layer): Cung cp mt trung k khng li gia cc lp mng. Lp ny c kh nng nhn bit li, sa li, iu khin lu lng v pht li. Lp vt l (Physical Layer): Cung cp cc chc nng v c in v cc th tc ngun hot ho, bo dng v kho cc trung k truyn cc bit gia cc lp ng s liu. Lp vt l cn c cc chc nng bin i s liu thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn. Trong mi lp u c 2 kiu tiu chun: Th nht l tiu chun xc nh dch v: nh ra cc chc nng cho tng lp v cc dch v do lp ny cung cp cho User hoc cho lp ngay trn n. Th hai l tiu chun v c tnh ca giao thc: nh r s ho hp cc chc nng bn trong mt lp trong h thng v vi lp tng ng trong h thng khc.
n tt nghip Th tc thng tin trong m hnh tham chiu OSI: Th tc pht

Lp ng dng Lp trnh by S liu Lp phin S liu Lp vn chuyn S liu Lp mng S liu Lp lin kt s liu Cc bit Lp vt l Lp vt l Lp lin kt s liu Lp mng Lp vn chuyn Lp phin S liu S liu Lp trnh by
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Th tc thu
Lp ng dng
Mi lp trong m hnh cung cp cc dch v ring bit n nhng lp trn n. Cc c tnh u vit ca cu trc phn cp nh trong m hnh tham chiu OSI l giao thc trong mt lp c th trao i m khng nh hng n cc lp khc. Thc cht thng tin gia cc lp chc nng lun lun c thc hin trn mt lp tng ng i vi cc giao thc ca lp ny. Ch c cc chc nng trn cng mt lp mi hiu c nhau. Trong h thng pht, giao thc cho tng lp a thm vi thng tin vo s liu nhn c t lp trn n. Trong h thng thu, giao thc ca mi lp c s dng gii quyt cho tng lp tng ng. Khi s liu n c lp ng dng pha thu, n ch gm s liu tht m lp ng dng ca pha pht gi. Thc cht, tng lp thng tin vi lp tng ng trong h thng khc. Kiu thng tin nh vy c gi l thng tin ngang mc do giao thc lp iu khin. Thng tin c truyn t lp ny n lp khc trong cng h thng v tng lp s thc hin thm hoc bt cc thng tin c gi l dch v nguyn thu. Mi tng quan gia SS7 v OSI: H thng bo hiu s 7 l mt kiu thng tin s liu chuyn mch gi, n c cu trc theo kiu module rt ging vi m hnh OSI, nhng n ch c 4 mc. Ba
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mc thp nht hp thnh phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP, mc th t gm cc phn ng dng. SS7 khng hon ton ph hp vi OSI. Mi tng quan gia SS7 v OSI c m t trong hnh v sau:
SS7 Mc OMAP TCAP ISUP TUP
OSI Lp Lp ng dng Lp trnh by Lp phin 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4 Lp vn chuyn 3 2 1
SCCP
Lp mng Mng bo hiu ng bo hiu Lp lin kt s liu Lp vt l
MTP
ng s liu bo hiu
Hnh 2.3 Mi tng quan gia h thng bo hiu s 7 v OSI

S khc nhau ln nht gia SS7 v OSI trong version u tin l th tc thng tin trong mng. M hnh OSI m t s trao i s liu c nh hng (Connection Oriented), gm 3 pha thc hin l thit lp u ni, chuyn s liu v gii phng u ni. Cn trong SS7, MTP ch cung cp dch v vn chuyn khng nh hng (Connectionless) ch c pha chuyn s liu, do vy vic chuyn s liu s nhanh hn nhng vi s lng t. p ng c nhu cu pht trin cc dch v trong cc ng dng nht nh, nm 1984 ngi ta phi a thm phn iu khin u ni bo hiu SCCP. SCCP cp n dch v vn chuyn trong c mng c nh hng u ni v khng u ni, n cung cp mt giao tip gia cc lp vn chuyn v cc lp mng phi hp vi OSI. SCCP cho php s dng SS7 da trn nn tng ca MTP, coi
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MTP nh phn mang chung gia cc ng dng, s dng cc giao thc OSI trao i thng tin trong cc lp cao hn. OSI khng nhng to ra mt mi trng rng m hn, m cn c ngha l sn xut v qun l c th tp trung trong cc ng dng v s khng cn cc vn v u ni cc h thng vi nhau t cc nh cung cp khc nhau. Cu trc module ca OSI cn cho php s dng trc tip cc thit b c trong cc ng dng mi. OSI kt ni cc lnh vc cch bit l x l s liu v vin thng li vi nhau.
2. cu trc chc nng ca phn chuyn giao bn tin mtp:
2. 1. Cu trc chc nng MTP mc 1 (ng s liu bo hiu SDL): Mc 1 trong phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP gi l ng s liu bo hiu, n tng ng vi lp vt l (lp 1) trong m hnh OSI.
Knh truyn dn s ST DS DCE DCE DS ST
ng s liu bo hiu s Hnh 2.4 MTP mc 1
Trong : ST- Kt cui bo hiu. DS - Chuyn mch s. DCE - Thit b kt cui trung k s. Mc 1 nh r cc c tnh vt l, c tnh in v cc c tnh chc nng ca cc ng bo hiu u ni vi cc thnh phn ca h thng bo hiu s 7. ng s liu bo hiu l mt ng truyn dn gm 2 knh s liu hot ng ng thi trn c 2 hng ngc nhau vi cng mt tc . Kt cui bo hiu ti tng u cui ca ng bo hiu gm t chc chc nng ca MTP mc 2 pht v thu cc bn tin bo hiu. Tc chun ca mt knh truyn dn s l 56Kb/s hoc 64Kb/s, mc d tc ti thiu cho iu khin cc p dng l 4,8Kb/s. Cc ng dng qun tr mng c th s dng tc thp hn 4,8Kb/s. 2. 2. Cu trc chc nng MTP mc 2 (ng bo hiu SL): Phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP mc 2 cng MTP mc 1 cung cp mt ng s liu cho chuyn giao tin cy cc bn tin bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu c
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u ni trc tip. MTP mc 2 trng vi lp lin kt s liu (lp 2) trong cu trc phn cp ca m hnh OSI. Cc chc nng in hnh ca MTP mc 2 l pht hin li c th xy ra trn ng truyn, khi phc li bng cch truyn li v iu khin lu lng.
Knh truyn dn s ST DS DCE DCE DS ST
Mc 2
ng s liu bo hiu s Hnh 2.5 MTP mc 2
Mc 2
2.2.1. Khun dng bn tin: C 3 kiu n v bn tin (k hiu SU), chng c phn bit nhau bng gi tr cha trong trng ch th di (LI). Mi loi c nhng chc nng khc nhau nhng u cu trc theo bn tin ca k thut chuyn mch gi. Ba n v tn hiu l: - n v bo hiu bn tin MSU (Message Signalling Unit) - n v bo hiu trng thi knh bo hiu LSSU (Link Status Signalling Unit) - n v bo hiu lp y FISU (Fill- in Signalling Unit)
MSU F 8 LSSU F 8 CK 16 SF 8, 16 2 LI 6 FC 16 F 8 Bit u tin CK 16 SIF SIO 8n, n>2 8 LI 2 6 FC 16 F 8 Bit u tin
FISU F 8 CK 16 2 LI 6 FC 16 F 8 Bit u tin
Hnh 2.6 Cc n v tn hiu trong SS7
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F (C): l mu ring bit 8 bit c s dng k hiu bt u v kt thc mt n v tn hiu. C khng xut hin ni no khc trong n v tn hiu. Cn lu , c kt thc cng l c bt u ca mt bn tin mi. Do bit u tin sau c F chnh l bt u ca mt bn tin. Cc bit xen gia hai c F l di ton b bn tin. Ngi ta phi a ra cc phng php o lng, kim tra trnh c gi xut hin. C c c trng bng cc t m 01111110. CK (M kim tra d vng): cn gi l con s tng (Checksum). CK c truyn trong tng n v tn hiu. Nu ti im bo hiu thu nhn c Checksum khng ph hp th n v tn hiu c coi l c li v phi loi b. SIF (Trng thng tin bo hiu): trng ny ch c trong n v bn tin MSU. SIF gm cc thng tin v nh tuyn v thng tin thc t v bo hiu ca bn tin. SIO (Octet thng tin dch v): gm ch th dch v v ch th mng. Ch th dch v c s dng phi hp bn tin bo hiu vi mt User ring bit ca MTP ti mt im bo hiu c ngha cc lp trn mc MTP. Ch th v mng c s dng phn bit gia cc cuc gi trong mng quc gia v quc t hoc gia cc s nh tuyn khc nhau trong mt mng n. FC (Trng iu khin khung): trng FC c di 16 bit, bao gm cc chc nng khc nhau vi cu trc c bn nh hnh v sau:
16 FC
FIB 1
FSN
BIB
BSN 7
7 1 Hnh 2.7 Trng FC
- FIB (Bit ch hng i): FIB c s dng cho th tc sa li, n biu th n v bn tin bo hiu c truyn ln u hay c truyn li. FIB gm 1bit. - FSN (Con s th t hng i): FSN c dng kim tra trnh t ng ca cc n v bn tin bo hiu nhm chng nh hng ca li ng truyn. FSN gm 7 bit.
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- BIB (Bit ch th hng v): c s dng cho th tc sa li c bn. N c dng yu cu vic truyn li cc n v bn tin khi b pht hin l sai. BIB gm 1 bit. - BSN (Con s th t hng v): BSN c s dng cng nhn cc n v tn hiu m u cui ca ng bo hiu pha i phng nhn c. BSN l con s th t n v tn hiu c cng nhn gm 7 bit. SF (Trng trng thi): mang thng tin v trng thi knh bo hiu. N ch c trong LSSU ch tnh trng ca knh bo hiu. SF cha cc thng tin v trng thi ng b ca cc bn tin hng i v hng v nhn bit c. LI (Trng ch th di): ch ra s lng Octet c trong mt n v tn hiu tnh t sau trng LI n trc trng CK. LI c dng phn bit 3 loi n v bn tin, trong vi: LI = 0: n v bo hiu lp y FISU. LI = 1 hoc 2: n v bo hiu trng thi knh bo hiu LSSU. 2 < LI < 63: n v bo hiu bn tin MSU. Sau y ta phn tch qua cc n v bn tin c bn MSU, LSSU v FISU. a) n v bo hiu bn tin MSU: n v tn hiu bn tin MSU c m t trong hnh 2.8. MSU mang thng tin lin quan n iu khin cuc gi, qun tr mng v bo dng trong trng thng tin bo hiu. V d cc bn tin phn iu khin u ni bo hiu (SCCP), phn s dng mng s a dch v (ISUP) v phn vn hnh qun l bo dng (OMAP) c chuyn trn ng bo hiu trong trng thng tin bo hiu c di MSU thay i. Cc phn s dng c ci t trong trng ny l SIF trong MSU cng vi nhn nh tuyn.
8
F
16
CK
8n, n>2
SIF
8
SIO
6
LI
1
F I B
7
FSN
1
B I B
7
BSN
8
F
Bt u tin Thng tin Nhn
Hnh 2.8 n v tn hiu MSU
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b) n v bo hiu trng thi knh bo hiu LSSU: n v tn hiu trng thi ng LSSU c m t trong hnh 2.9. LSSU cha nhng thng tin lin quan n s hot ng ca knh bo hiu: hot ng bnh thng, khng hot ng, mt tn hiu ng chnh, trng thi khn... LSSU ch trao i gia cc lp 2 ca MTP v n ch c trao i trong trng hp knh bo hiu trng thi khng sn sng truyn a cc bn tin hoc khng th s dng cho vic truyn bn tin na. Trng trng thi SF c dng 8 bit nhng ch s dng 3 bit u ABC cn cc bit khc c thit lp mc nh.
F 8 CK 16 SF LI FC 16
F
8
Bt u tin
8, 16 2 6
CBA 000 001 010 011 100 101
ngha Mt ng chnh Bnh thng Trng thi khn Khng hot ng S c b x l Bn
Hnh 2.9 n v tn hiu trng thi ng
c) n v bo hiu lp y FISU: n v tn hiu thay th (FISU) c m t trong hnh 2.6. Thng thng FISU c truyn khi khng truyn cc n v tn hiu MSU hoc LSSU trn mng bo hiu s 7, nhn cc thng bo mt cch tc thi v s c ca ng bo hiu.
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2. 2. 2. Chc nng pht hin li v sa li: Chc nng pht hin li v sa li c thc hin bng cch truyn cc tn hiu xc nhn ng, sai. H thng sa li ny s dng cc trng iu khin v trng thi cc bn tin nh trng kim tra CK, trng FC trnh by phn trn. Chc nng pht hin li: Mi bn tin hng i c lu tr trong b nh m dnh cho vic truyn li v c gn cho mt s th t trn hng i. Cc bn tin u c m ho thnh cc trng kim tra CK. pha thu n c gii m v phn tch pht hin cc sai hng, ng thi s th t ca bn tin hng i cng c kim tra xem cc bn tin c c nhn c ng trnh t khng. Nh vy, vic so snh phn tch pht hin li c da trn cc con s th t hng v (BSN), con s th t hng i (FSN), bit ch th hng v (BIB) v bit ch th hng i (FIB). Nu ng pha nhn s tr li v xc nhn ng pha pht tip tc gi cc bn tin. Nu cc bn tin b sai hoc cc bn tin nhn c khng ng trnh t u phi c truyn li. Chc nng sa li (sa sai): C 2 phng php sa sai c s dng, l phng php c bn v phng php pht li theo chu k phng nga. C hai phng php u c thit k nh gi kh nng mt bn tin, bn tin b pht p, bn tin khng theo th t. - Phng php c bn: Phng php ny ph hp vi vic pht li cc MSU m im bo hiu thu nhn c khng ng th t. Thng thng im bo hiu thu s tr li cho MSU pht mt bn tin cng nhn. Vic nhn c bn tin cng nhn ti im bo hiu pht c ngha l vic truyn MSU ny hon thnh. Nu nhn c tn hiu khng cng nhn t im bo hiu thu th im bo hiu pht s pht li MSU v ton b th t ca cc MSU. Cc bc trong phng php sa li c bn c m t nh hnh sau:
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Tng i A SSP
MSU FSN=4 FISU BSN=4 MSU FSN=5 MSU FSN=6 FISU BSN=4 MSU FSN=5 MSU FSN=6 FISU BSN=6
Tng i B SSP
Hnh 2.10 Phng php sa sai c bn

Th t ca cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Tng i A pht mt MSU vi con s th t hng i l FSN=4. Bc 2: Tng i B cng nhn thu ng MSU t bc 1 bng thit lp s th t hng v BSN=4 trong FISU m tng i ny gi cho tng i A. Bc 3 v 4: Tng i A c hai MSU cn pht theo th t FSN=5 v FSN=6. Gi s MSU vi FSN=5 b h hng v ng truyn dn c s c, cn MSU vi FSN=6 tng i B nhn c chnh xc. Bc 5: Tng i B gi tn hiu khng cng nhn n tng i A ch r rng MSU vi FSN=4 l MSU cui cng nhn c chnh xc theo th t. Tn hiu khng cng nhn do gi tr bit ch th hng v BIB nh ra. Bc 6 v 7:Tng i A pht li MSU vi FSN=5 v FSN=6 v tng i B nhn chnh xc cc MSU ny. Bc 8: Tng i B cng nhn cc MSU ny bng cch gi tr li pha A mt FISU vi BSN=6. FISU c coi nh tn hiu cng nhn tt c cc MSU khng c cng nhn trc , trong v d ny l vi FSN=5. Mt tng i c th gi n 128 MSU trc khi yu cu mt tn hiu cng nhn.
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- Phng php pht li phng nga: Phng php sa sai ny do cc im bo hiu ni ht thc hin bng vic pht li mt cch c chu k tt c cc MSU c pht m khng c cng nhn t im bo hiu i phng. Nu khng pht li cc MSU hoc cc LSSU mi th mi LSSU cha c cng nhn phi c pht li mt cch c chu k. Cc bc trong phng php pht li phng nga c m t nh hnh sau:
Tng i A SSP
MSU FSN=4 FISU BSN=4 MSU FSN=5 MSU FSN=6 MSU FSN=5 MSU FSN=6 FISU BSN=6
Tng i B SSP
Hnh 2.11 Phng php sa sai phng nga

Th t cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Tng i A pht li MSU vi con s th t hng i FSN = 4 ti tng i B. Bc 2: Tng i B cng nhn thu ng MSU trong bc 1 bng vic pht tr li cho A mt FISU vi BSN=4. Bc 3 v 4: Tng i A gi tip theo 2 MSU n tng i B vi FSN=5 v FSN=6. Bc 5 v 6: Tng i A khng cn MSU no cn phi gi na v n cng khng nhn c cng nhn cc MSU gi trong bc 3 v 4 t tng i B. Tng i A pht li cc MSU vi FSN=5 v FSN=6. Bc 7: Tng i B cng nhn MSU vi FSN=6 thng bo nhn ng.
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2.3. Cu trc chc nng MTP mc 3 (Mng bo hiu SN): MTP mc 3 cung cp cc chc nng v th tc c lin quan n nh tuyn cho bn tin v qun tr mng. MTP mc 3 trng vi lp mng (lp 3) trong 7 lp ca m hnh OSI. Gi s cc im bo hiu (SP) c ni vi cc ng bo hiu (LS) c m t trong MTP mc 1 v mc 2. Cc chc nng ca MTP mc 3 c phn chia thnh 2 loi c bn l cc chc nng x l bo hiu v cc chc nng qun tr mng. Cc chc nng ny c m t trong hnh sau:
MTP mc 3 Cc chc nng mng bo hiu X l bn tin bo hiu Phn phi bn tin Phn bit bn tin
nh tuyn bn tin
Qun tr lu lng bo hiu
Qun tr tuyn bo hiu
Qun tr ng bo hiu
Qun tr mng bo hiu
Hnh 2.12 Cu trc chc nng MTP mc 3
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2.3.1. Chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu: Vic x l bn tin bo hiu nhm m bo cho cc bn tin bo hiu t mt User ti mt im bo hiu pht c chuyn ti User ti mt im bo hiu thu m mi ch th u do pha pht nh ra. thc hin chc nng ny, mi im bo hiu trong mng c phn nhim mt m s ph hp vi mt k hoch nh nhn trnh s nhm ln cc yu cu vi nhau. Nhn nh tuyn bao gm: - M im bo hiu pht (OPC - Orginating Point Code) v m im bo hiu thu (DPC - Destination Point Code): M im bo hiu pht (OPC) ch ra im bo hiu pht bn tin, cn m im bo hiu thu (DPC) xc nh ch n ca bn tin. - M chn la ng bo hiu (SLS Signalling Link Selection): Trng chn la ng bo hiu (SLS) c s dng phn chia ti khi 2 hoc nhiu ng bo hiu c u ni trc tip n cc im bo hiu ny. Mi mt ng bo hiu c phn nhim mt gi tr SLS. Cc bn tin c nh tuyn trn ng bo hiu khi MTP thit lp mt gi tr trng SLS bng gi tr ca ng bo hiu ny. Trong mt s trng hp thng tin dch v cng c s dng cho nh tuyn. Nhn nh tuyn c nm trong trng thng tin bo hiu SIF ca n v tn hiu bn tin MSU nh m t trong hnh sau:
M SU 8 F 16 CK 8 n ,n > 2 8 SIF SIO 2 6 LI 16 FC 8 F Bit u tin S liu th c H1 H0 N h n
12 C IC SL S 4 14 14 O PC DPC
N h n n h tu y n
H n h 2 .1 3 Cc tr n g n h tu y n b n tin
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Chc nng nh tuyn bn tin: Chc nng ny c s dng ti mi im bo hiu (SP) xc nh ng bo hiu s c s dng truyn bn tin ti im bo hiu thu. Vic nh tuyn mt bn tin n ng bo hiu thch hp phi c da vo ch th mng (NI) trong cc Octet thng tin dch v SIO v da vo trng chn la ng bo hiu SLS v m im bo hiu thu DPC trong nhn nh tuyn. Nu mt knh bo hiu c s c th vic nh tuyn s c thay i theo nguyn tc nh trc. Khi lu lng bo hiu s c chuyn sang ng khc trong mt chm knh bo hiu. Nu tt c cc knh trong chm trung k c s c th lu lng s chuyn sang chm knh bo hiu khc m chm knh ny cng c ni ti im bo hiu thu. Chc nng phn bit bn tin: Chc nng phn bit bn tin c s dng ti mt im bo hiu SP, xc nh xem bn tin thu c c ng thuc SP ny khng, nu bn tin khng thuc im bo hiu ny v nu im bo hiu ny c kh nng chuyn tip th n s c gi bn tin n chc nng nh tuyn. Nh vy, chc nng phn bit chnh l kim tra m im bo hiu thu DPC. Nu DPC ch ra c a ch ca im bo hiu ny th bn tin nhn c s c chuyn ti chc nng phn phi bn tin. Trong trng hp ngc li, n s c chuyn ti chc nng nh tuyn chuyn bn tin ti ch ca n. Chc nng phn phi bn tin: Chc nng ny c s dng ti im bo hiu SP chuyn bn tin nhn c ti phn s dng (User) thch hp, hoc ti phn iu khin u ni bo hiu SCCP, hay ti phn qun tr mng bo hiu ca MTP, ti phn bo dng v kim tra mng bo hiu ca MTP. . . Vic phn phi cc bn tin nhn c ti cc User thch hp da vo ni dung trong phn ch th dch v SI trong Octet thng tin dch v ca n v tn hiu MSU. V d hnh v sau minh ho mt s bn tin.
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SIO Ch th mng NI ngha Mng quc t D tr Mng quc gia D tr cho s dng quc gia DC 00 01 10 11 BA D Tr DCBA 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 Ch th dch v SI ngha Qun tr mng bo hiu o kim mng bo hiu D tr Dng cho SCCP Phn s dng in thoi (TUP) Phn s dng ISDN (ISUP)
Hnh 2.14 Octet thng tin dch v
2.3. 2. Chc nng qun tr mng bo hiu: Chc nng qun tr mng bo hiu cung cp cc hot ng v cc th tc cn thit hot ho cc ng bo hiu mi nhm duy tr dch v bo hiu, iu khin lu lng khi xy ra tc nghn v lp li cu hnh mng bo hiu nu c s c. Trong cc trng hp ng bo hiu b h hng, lu lng s c chuyn i n cc ng khc cng trong mt chm knh vi ng h hng, v ng bo hiu mi c th c hot ho. Thng thng, tc nghn l kt qu ca s thay i trng thi ca ng bo hiu v tuyn bo hiu t trng thi khng hot ng thnh trng thi hot ng. Cc chc nng qun tr mng bo hiu phn chia lm 3 loi: - Qun tr ng bo hiu. - Qun tr tuyn bo hiu. - Qun tr lu lng bo hiu. Qun tr ng bo hiu: Chc nng ny c nhim v duy tr cc kh nng hot ng ca chm knh c nh trc bng vic thit lp cc chm knh v hot ho ban u, thit lp thm ng nu c s c xy ra. Qun tr tuyn bo hiu:
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Chc nng qun tr tuyn bo hiu l m bo vic trao i cc bn tin gia cc node bo hiu (SP hoc STP) trong mng bo hiu. Chc nng ny c s dng trao i thng tin v trng thi ca tuyn thng tin gia cc im bo hiu. Cc thng tin trao i gm c: - Th tc chuyn giao b cm: Th tc ny c thc hin ti mt SP khi n cn phi thng bo cho mt hay nhiu SP ln cn rng cc im bo hiu khng c nh tuyn cc bn tin qua cc STP ny. - Th tc chuyn giao b hn ch: Th tc ny cng c thc hin ti mt SP ng vai tr STP khi n cn phi thng bo cho mt hoc nhiu SP ln cn rng nu c th cc SP khng nn nh tuyn cc bn tin i qua STP ny na. - Th tc chuyn giao cho php: Th tc ny c thc hin ti mt SP ng vai tr nh mt STP khi n cn thng bo cho mt hay nhiu SP ln cn rng cc SP ny c th thit lp chuyn i lu lng bo hiu qua cc tuyn bo hiu n im ch ca n thng qua STP ny. - Th tc chuyn giao b iu khin: Th tc ny c thc hin ti mt STP i vi cc bn tin c lin quan ti mt a ch ch no . Khi y, STP ny cn thng bo cho cc SP pha ngun hn ch hoc khng gi thm cc bn tin c mc u tin no na. - Th tc kim tra chm knh bo hiu: c thc hin cc im bo hiu SP kim tra xem lu lng bo hiu hng ti mt im bo hiu ch no c th c thit lp thng qua mt im chuyn tip bo hiu STP ln cn hay khng. - o kim tra tc nghn chm knh bo hiu: c thc hin mt im bo hiu SP cp nht tc nghn mch lin quan n mt chm knh bo hiu i n mt im bo hiu ch no . Qun tr lu lng bo hiu: Chc nng ny c s dng thay i hng bo hiu t mt knh hay mt tuyn bo hiu ti mt hoc nhiu knh hay nhiu tuyn bo hiu khc. Ngoi ra, n cn c s dng gim lu lng bo hiu mt cch tm thi nu c tc nghn ti mt im bo hiu SP no . Chc nng qun tr lu lng bo hiu gm c cc th tc sau: - Th tc chuyn i: Th tc ny dng chuyn i lu lng t mt knh bo hiu b li n mt knh bo hiu d phng khc. Khi , cc bn tin phi c truyn li mt cch tun t.
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- Th tc chuyn i phc hi: Th tc ny thc hin chuyn i lu lng bo hiu mt knh d phng v knh va b s c nhng c phc hi. - Th tc ti nh tuyn cng bc: L mt qu trnh chuyn i lu lng bo hiu xung quanh mt s c h hng mt SP xa trong mng bo hiu. Th tc ny c thc hin bng cch gi i bn tin ngn cm lu lng bo hiu i qua im bo hiu ny. - Th tc iu khin lung lu lng bo hiu: L th tc iu khin ngng pht cc bn tin mi khi n khng cn kh nng phn phi cc bn tin i qua mng. iu ny c th xy ra mt im bo hiu b qu ti hay qu ti cc User kt cui bo hiu hoc do s h hng. - Th tc nh tuyn c iu khin: L mt qu trnh phc hi chuyn i lu lng bo hiu v mt tuyn bo hiu c mc nh cho n sau khi th tc ti nh tuyn cng bc kt thc. Tm li, cc bn tin qun l mng bo hiu c kh nng trao i thng tin gia cc im bo hiu x l cc chc nng v to cc th tc cu hnh li mng bo hiu. Cc bn tin ny c m nhn dng ring trong trng ch th dch v SIO. Sau y, chng ta xem xt v d v qu trnh x l h hng ca ng bo hiu nh m t hnh sau:
M C
M C 3 nh tuyn bn tin
3
M C 2
Q un tr lu lng bo hiu
2
iu khin trng thi ng bo 5 hiu
6 5
Q un tr tuyn bo hiu
Q un tr ng bo hiu
7 1
H nh 215 Q u trnh x l h hng ca ng bo hiu
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Trnh t ca cc bc: Bc 1: Tnh trng h hng ca ng bo hiu c pht hin bi b iu khin trng thi ng bo hiu LSC v LSC ny s gi mt ch th n b phn qun tr ng bo hiu SLM. Bc 2: B phn qun tr ng bo hiu SLM s thng bo cho b phn qun tr lu lng bo hiu STM. STM s cha cc thng tin trn knh bo hiu trong mt chm knh bo hiu. Bc 3: B phn qun tr lu lng bo hiu STM s ra lnh b phn nh tuyn bn tin MRO thay i bng nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu (trong MRO lun c mt bng d liu nh tuyn cc bn tin), cho php chuyn i lu lng bo hiu n ng bo hiu d phng. Bc 4: B phn qun tr lu lng bo hiu STM s yu cu b iu khin trng thi ng bo hiu LSC gi cc lnh chuyn i ng bo hiu. Bc 5: B iu khin trng thi ng bo hiu LSC s gi cc bn tin v cc vic chuyn i ny trn ng bo hiu d phng, cc bn tin c cha m im bo hiu ch (DPC), m im bo hiu xut pht (OPC), m chn la ng bo hiu SLS (biu th ng bo hiu b hng u xa) v cng biu th s th t bn tin hng i ca bn tin cui cng m n nhn ng. Bc 6: B iu khin trng thi ng bo hiu LSC nhn c bn tin xc nhn chuyn i ng bo hiu t im bo hiu u xa. Bc 7: B phn qun tr ng bo hiu SLM ra lnh cho b iu khin trng thi ng bo hiu LSC gi lnh yu cu ng b trn ng bo hiu b h hng c gng phc hi ng bo hiu ny. Nu thnh cng, b phn qun tr lu lng bo hiu STM s kch hot th tc chuyn i phc hi (Change Back) ca dng lu lng bo hiu va mi chuyn i.
3. Cu trc v chc nng phn iu khin u ni bo hiu SCCP:
Phn iu khin u ni bo hiu SCCP h tr cho MTP cung cp cc dch v mng khng u ni c nh hng, cng nh cc kh nng phin dch a ch truyn cc thng tin bo hiu c lin quan n mng chuyn mch knh, mng di ng, dch v c s d liu. SCCP cng vi MTP mc 3 cung cp mt dch v mng tng ng vi lp mng trong m hnh OSI.
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Cc dch v ca SCCP: a) Phin dch nh a ch ca SCCP: phn phi cc bn tin n ng im bo hiu thu, trong nh tuyn MTP phi s dng cc thng tin cha trong trng ch th dch v SIF, trong Octet thng tin dch v SIO v da vo m im thu DPC. Do vy kh nng nh tuyn ca MTP b hn ch. SCCP cung cp mt chc nng phin dch a ch tiu tng th. Mt tiu tng th l mt a ch khng cho php nh tuyn trc tip. SCCP phin dch a ch ny thnh mt m im bo hiu thu DPC v mt con s phn trng (SSN). Con s phn trng ny s xc nh User ca SCCP ti mt im bo hiu. SSN cng tng t nh ch th dch v trong vic nh tuyn ca MTP nhng n cho php 255 phn h ring bit c xc nh ti im bo hiu, trong khi ch th dch v ch cho php xc nh c 16 phn h. b) Dch v khng u ni: SCCP cung cp 2 loi dch v khng u ni: dch v loi 0 v dch v loi 1. Trong c 2 loi ny, SCCP u nhn c cc bn tin bo hiu t cc User ca SCCP v chuyn chng qua mng bo hiu mt cch c lp khng lin quan n cc bn tin pht trc . Trong dch v ny, tt c cc thng tin cn thit cho nh tuyn ti im bo hiu thu u c lu trong tng gi s liu. Dch v loi 0: L loi dch v khng u ni c bn. Trong loi ny cc n v s liu bn tin c chuyn t tng cao hn n SCCP nt pht v sau chng c a ti chc nng SCCP nt thu chuyn n cc tng cao hn ca nt ny. Cc n v s liu c vn chuyn mt cch c lp v c th c phn phi khng theo trnh t. Dch v loi 1: Loi khng u ni c trnh t. Trong loi ny, ngoi cc c tnh ca dch v loi 0 cn c trang b thm cc c tnh b sung, cho php cc tng cao hn thng bo cho SCCP mt s lng ln bn tin phi c phn phi theo trnh t. V d User ca SCCP yu cu phn phi theo trnh t th SCCP thit lp cng mt m chn la ng bo hiu v cc tham s iu khin trnh t cho bn tin ny.
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SSP(A) Khi s liu
SSP(B)
Khi s liu Khi s liu Khi s liu
Hnh 2.16 Dch v khng u ni.

Hnh v trn m t dch v khng u ni, trnh t nh sau: Bc 1: Khi mt User ca SCCP yu cu chuyn tip thng tin s dng dch v khng u ni th SCCP ti im u ni dch v SSP (hay im chuyn mch bo hiu) pha A to ra mt bn tin s liu thng tin v pht n n SCCP im u ni dch v SSP pha B. Thng tin phi chuyn n cc User ca SCCP ti im bo hiu ny. Bc 2: Thng tin h tr c th c truyn theo yu cu, y khng c vic thit lp hoc gii phng u ni. c) Cc dch v u ni c nh hng: SCCP cung cp 2 loi dch v u ni c hng cho vic thit lp u ni c hng tm thi hoc c nh qun tr vic chuyn tip bn tin gia cc User ca SCCP. l: - Dch v loi 2: Loi u ni c hng c bn. - Dch v loi 3: Loi u ni c hng iu khin lu trnh. Vic u ni bo hiu c phn lm 3 pha: Pha 1 - Thit lp u ni: Trong pha ny, thit lp u ni phn mm bo hiu gia hai SCCP. Pha 2 - Chuyn tip s liu: Cc bn tin t cc User ca SCCP c trao i qua cc mng bo hiu.
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Dch v loi 2: u ni c hng c bn cung cp vic chuyn tip cc bn tin theo c 2 hng gia 2 User ca SCCP. Mi bn tin u c gn cng mt gi tr chn la ng bo hiu SLS m bo bn tin c phn phi theo trnh t. Loi ny cn cung cp phng thc phn on v ti hp cc bn tin thuc User ca SCCP. Nu mt User ca SCCP phn phi mt bn tin n mt SCCP pht m bn tin ny vt qu 255 byte, SCCP pht s phn on bn tin thnh nhiu khi bn tin nh sau cc bn tin ny s c chuyn tip n SCCP thu. Ti y chng c ti hp thnh bn tin ban u v c phn phi n User ca SCCP thu. Dch v loi 3: Loi u ni c hng iu khin lu trnh cung cp mt th tc iu khin lu trnh. Trong , mi bn tin c phn nhim cc con s theo trnh t v cc SCCP iu khin chuyn tip bo hiu, sao cho vic phn phi c thc hin theo trnh t. Nu xy ra mt mt bn tin hoc bn tin khng theo trnh t th u ni bo hiu phi c iu chnh li v cc User ca SCCP phi bit c s kin ny. d) Khun dng bn tin SCCP: Cc bn tin SCCP c truyn trn cc ng s liu trong trng thng tin bo hiu SIF ca cc n v tn hiu bn tin MSU. Ch th dch v SI trong SIO c t m 0011 c s dng cho cc bn tin SCCP. Khun dng ca SCCP c m t nh hnh sau:
8
F
16
CK
8n,n>2
SIF
8
SIO
6
LI
1
F I B
7
FSN
1
B I B
7
BSN
8
F
Bt u tin Phn lnh Phn c th tu chn thay i Phn lnh c nh Kiu bn tin Nhn nh tuyn
Hnh 2.17 Khun dng bn tin SCCP

Bn tin SCCP gm t hp mt s Octet mang ch th khc nhau: - Nhn nh tuyn: Gm cc thng tin cn thit MTP nh tuyn cho bn tin.
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- Kiu bn tin: L mt trng gm ch mt Octet khc nhau i vi mi bn tin. Mi kiu bn tin SCCP c mt khun dng nht nh, do vy trng ny cn xc nh cc kiu cu trc ca 3 phn cn li ca bn tin SCCP. - Phn lnh c nh: Gm cc thng s cho c phn lnh c nh v thay i cho mt kiu bn tin. Kiu bn tin xc nh thng s, do vy n gm c tn v ch th di. - Phn lnh thay i: Gm cc thng s c di thay i. Cc con tr trong bn tin ch ra mi thng s bt u t u. Mi con tr c lp nh mt Octet n. - Phn tu chn: Gm cc thng s c th xut hin hoc khng xut hin trong bt k mt kiu bn tin ring bit no. N c th bao gm c cc thng s c di c nh hay bin i. Ti im u ca tng thng s tu chn c tn v ch th di ring. e) S khi cu trc chc nng ca SCCP:
Phn iu khin u ni bo hiu - SCCP iu khin u ni c hng iu khin khng u ni iu khin nh tuyn
Phn nhng ngi s dng (User)
Phn chuyn bn tin (MTP)
Qun tr SCCP
Hnh 2.18 S khi cu trc chc nng ca SCCP.

Chc nng ca cc khi: - Khi iu khin u ni c hng: Cung cp cc th tc cho thit lp, chuyn giao v gii phng mt u ni bo hiu tm thi.
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- Khi iu khin khng u ni: Cung cp cc th tc cho chuyn giao s liu khng u ni gia cc User. - Khi iu khin nh tuyn: Da vo chc nng ca MTP nh tuyn mt bn tin t im bo hiu ny ti im bo hiu khc. - Khi qun tr SCCP: Cung cp cc th tc duy tr s hot ng ca mng bng phng php nh tuyn d phng hoc iu chnh li lu lng nu xy ra s c hoc tc nghn...
4. ng dng trong in thoi TUP:
Phn ngi s dng in thoi TUP xc nh cc chc nng bo hiu cn thit trong mng bo hiu s 7 cho lu lng quc gia cng nh quc t. N cung cp cc c tnh bo hiu in thoi ging nh cc h thng bo hiu khc ca ITU. TUP s dng cc kh nng vn chuyn ca MTP cung cp cc bo hiu lin quan n mng chuyn mch knh trong iu khin cc cuc gi in thoi bao gm c 2 loi trung k s v trung k tng t. 4.1. Khun dng tn hiu trong TUP: Cc thng tin bo hiu v TUP c truyn trong mng bo hiu di dng cc bn tin, v ni dung ca n c mang trong trng thng tin bo hiu SIF ca cc n v tn hiu bn tin MSU nh m t hnh 2. 13. Cc bn tin bo hiu TUP c to nhm thnh mt s nhm bn tin, mi nhm c xc nh bng mt m tiu (Heading Code). Phn Heading ny nh ngha c tnh ca cc bn tin i vi User v c chia thnh 2 trng, mi trng 4 bit l trng H0 v H1. - Trng H0 c gi l m tiu bn tin. H0 dng biu th nhm ca cc bn tin: N nhm cc bn tin c chc nng gn ging nhau li thnh mt nhm tng qut dng cho mt cng vic chung no . - Trng H1 c gi l m bn tin. H1 xc nh chi tit loi ca tng bn tin trong mt nhm tng qut no . Phn nhn nh tuyn gm 3 trng l DPC, OPC, SLS c MTP s dng nh tuyn cc bn tin n ng ch. Trong trng SIF cn c cc thng tin thc v ngi s dng. Thng tin ny c di v c dng khc nhau tu thuc tng bn tin (xem hnh 2.17).
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4.2. Cc th tc bo hiu: Cc tn hiu chung thng c s dng trong vic thit lp mt cuc gi bnh thng, nh m t trong hnh v sau:
STP SP SP
SP
048256727 IAM (04) SAM(8256727) IAM(04) SAM(8256727) ACM ANC m thoi CLB CLF RLC CLB CLF RLC ACM ANC
Hnh 2.19 Thit lp mt cuc gi bnh thng.

Cc loi tn hiu thit lp mt cuc gi nh sau: IAM (Initial Address Signal Message - Bn tin a ch khi u): N gm cc thng tin cn cho nh tuyn v chc nng chim cng c trong bn tin ny chim CIC. SAM (Subsequence Address Message - Bn tin a ch tip theo) v SAO (SAM with one - Bn tin a ch tip theo vi mt con s). Cc con s cn li
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c th c truyn ng thi trong cng mt bn tin gi l SAM hoc c chuyn tng con s mt gi l SAO. thun tin cc con s thng c tp hp li chuyn ng thi. Tuy nhin trong mt vi trng hp cc con s cui cng phi c chuyn tng s ring r. ACM (Address Complete Message - Bn tin hon thnh a ch): Bn tin ny do im bo hiu s 7 ca tng i cui cng to ra nh l mt tn hiu cng nhn. ANC (Answer Signal Charge - Bn tin tr li c tnh cc) v ANN (Answer Signal No Charge Bn tin tr li khng tnh cc): Nu ANC c gi i th th tc tnh cc trong tng i c hot ho. Nu ANN c gi i th ngc li. CLB (Clear Back - Bn tin gii phng hng v): CLB c gi i nu thu bao b gi t my trc. CLF (Clear Forward - Bn tin gii phng hng i): CLF c gi khi thu bao ch gi t my trc. Khi , mi tng i phi thc hin cng vic gii phng ng ting hoc ng s liu v gi bn tin gii phng hon ton RLC nh l mt tn hiu xc nhn. RLC (Release Message - Bn tin gii phng hon ton): RLC l tn hiu cui cng trong th tc bo hiu. Sau khi gi tn hiu ny, knh ting sn sng nhn cuc gi mi.
5. ng dng trong mng s a dch v ISUP:
Chc nng c bn ca phn s dng mng s a dch v l iu khin cc u ni mng chuyn mch knh gia ng thu bao v cc kt cui ca tng i, bao gm cc kt cui cho cc dch v thoi c bn, s liu v cc dch v h tr. ISUP cung cp mi chc nng cho c phn s dng in thoi TUP v s dng s liu DUP v n ang c xu hng s thay th cc p dng ny. ISUP cung cp cc chc nng t lp 3 n lp 7 trong m hnh phn lp ca OSI v n c m t nh hnh sau:
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OMAP 7 TCAP 6 5 4 SCCP 3 2 1 MTP 3 MTP 2 MTP 1 Hnh 2.20 ISUP trong m hnh 7 lp. ISUP ASE
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5.1. Cc dch v ca ISUP: a) Cc dch v mang c s (Basic Bearer Service): Dch v c s ca ISUP l iu khin cc u ni chuyn mch knh ting ni v s liu c tc 64 Kb/s hoc 56 Kb/s. Dch v ny bao gm 3 pha, l: Pha thit lp, pha u ni v pha gii phng u ni. Pha thit lp:
Thu bao ch gi Cc bc 1 2 3 Alerting 4 ANM 5 u ni 6 Hnh 2.21 Pha thit lp ANM ACM ACM Alerting u ni Tng i ch gi Tng i chuyn tip Tng i b gi Thu bao b gi
Thit lp IAM IAM Alerting
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Bc 1: Cc th tc thit lp cuc gi ISDN- UP c bt u khi ch gi nhc my v to mt cuc gi s dng kiu bo hiu tng thch. Trong trng hp ny, pha ch gi pht mt bn tin thit lp kiu gi ISDN. Bc 2: Khi tng i ch gi nhn c thng tin chn lc y t pha ch gi v n xc nh c cuc gi s phi c nh tuyn n tng i khc, n chn knh trung k ri u ni gia hai tng i. Sau mt bn tin a ch bt u IAM c gi t tng i ny, bn tin gm cc thng tin cn thit nh tuyn cuc gi n ng tng i ch. Bc 3: Tng i ch nhn c IAM, n xc nh pha b gi ca cuc gi vo bng th tc bo hiu ph hp. Bc 4: Khi pha b gi trng thi bnh thng, tng i b gi gi dng chung cho pha b gi, ng thi n gi tr li cho pha ch gi mt bn tin hon thnh a ch ACM. Khi tng i ch gi nhn c bn tin ACM ny bng th tc bo hiu thch hp, n gi cho pha ch gi bn tin v pha ch gi s nhn c tn hiu hi m chung. Bc 5: Khi pha b gi tr li, mt bn tin u ni s c gi cho tng i b gi, v ng thi mt bn tin tr li ANM s c gi cho tng i ch gi v bt u th tc tnh cc cho cuc gi (ANM l bn tin thng bo cho tng i ch gi rng thu bao b gi nhc my tr li cuc gi). Bc 6: Khi hon thnh th tc thit lp gi, mt bn tin u ni c gi tr li cho pha ch gi. Pha u ni: Cc bn tin mang thng tin c truyn theo kiu xuyn sut (End- To - End) t im gc n im ch s dng kiu u ni chuyn mch knh. Cc im ny c th l tng i ni ht, cng c th l tng i ca ng quc t. Pha gii phng: Cc th tc gii phng cuc gi bt u khi mt trong hai pha gi gi tn hiu ct u ni n tng i ch gi hoc tng i b gi. b) Cc dch v b sung: Dch v to li cuc gi: Dch v ny cho php ngi s dng to li cuc gi n con s khc c nh trc trong thi gian dch v c hot ho. - A hot ho dch v iu khin li cuc gi n B.
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- C gi cho A, cuc gi s c chuyn n B m khng cn u ni trung k n tng i ca A. Mt s dch v b sung khc: Bt gi ng ch gi, hon thnh cuc gi n thu bao bn... 5. 2. Khun dng bn tin ISUP: Thng tin ISUP c mang trong trng thng tin bo hiu SIF ca n v tn hiu bn tin MSU. Cc trng thng tin bo hiu ca ISUP c m t trong hnh v sau:
Nhn nh tuyn M nhn dng trung k Trng kiu bn tin Phn lnh c nh Phn lnh thay i Phn t chn Hnh 2.22 Trng thng tin bo hiu ca ISUP.
Nhn nh tuyn: Gm cc thng tin cn thit MTP nh tuyn cho bn tin. M nhn dng knh trung k CIC: Xc nh knh trung k s dng cho cuc gi. Vi cc trung k ly t ng s 2048 Kb/s th m nhn dng knh trung k gm 5 bit nh nht, i vi cc trung k c ly t ng s 8448 Kb/s th m nhn dng knh trung k gm 7 bit nh nht. Trong trng hp khc, khi cn thit, cc bit cn li c s dng xc nh mt trong vi h thng c u ni vi im gc v im ch. 5.3. Mi tng quan gia bo hiu trong ISDN v OSI: Mi tng quan ny c m t trong hnh sau:
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User 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Knh B 3 2 1 Knh D
Mng
User 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Knh B 3 2 1 Knh D
Chuyn mch
Chuyn mch
Mng chuyn mch
Hnh 2.23 Knh B v knh D trong cu trc phn lp ca OSI.

Phn hnh pha trn m t u ni chuyn mch knh cho knh ting (knh B). Phn hnh pha di m t bo hiu knh D (knh bo hiu). Bo hiu c bt u bi bn tin thit lp t lp 3 a xung lp 2, lp 2 thm phn a ch, phn iu khin, trng kim tra v cc bit c truyn bng chc nng ca lp 1. Ti tng i thu, th tc nhn th t t lp 1, lp 2, n lp 3, sau ni dung bn tin ny c phn tch. Ti tng i kt cui bn tin thit lp c gi trn knh D n User. Cc chc nng phn tch trong hai tng i cn thit lp chuyn mch c truyn trn knh B. Ch c mc 1 l mc vt l c s dng v knh B c truyn trong sut qua mng. Sau khi u ni c thc hin, hai thu bao m thoi trn mc cao ca OSI s dng knh B.
6. Chc nng phn qun l kh nng phin dch TCAP:
Mng vin thng v ang c b sung nhiu loi hnh dch v mi, trong phn ln cc dch v ny u i hi chuyn giao s liu bo hiu gia cc nt bo hiu trong mng sao cho nhanh nht, an ton v hiu qu.
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ITU- T nh ra cc kh nng phin dch c vit tt l TC cung cp mt s ln cc dch v khc nhau m trong cc ng dng khng b rng buc ln nhau. TCAP l th tc ng dng ca h thng bo hiu s 7, n cung cp kh nng chuyn giao thng tin khng lin quan n knh trung k v cc dch v ca lp ng dng. TCAP nm ti lp 7 trong m hnh phn lp OSI. Cc dch v ng dng nh dch v in thoi min ph (dch v 800) hay gi li khi bn s dng TCAP cung cp cc dch v qun tr v vn hnh mng, cc chc nng qun l v bo dng OMAP. X l ng dng cn cc dch v t TCAP c gi l ngi s dng kh nng phin dch hay TC- User. Cc dch v TCAP c th c s dng gia: - Cc im bo hiu. - Cc im bo hiu v cc trung tm dch v mng. - Cc trung tm dch v mng. T bn thn TCAP khng cung cp bt k mt dch v no cho cc User ca mng vin thng. Thay vo , n cung cp kh nng cho rt nhiu lnh vc ng dng phn b to cc th tc ti cc v tr xa trong mng bo hiu s 7. Mt th tc chung l cht vn trm c s d liu ca im iu khin dch v SCP. Cc dch v ca TCAP da trn nn dch v mng khng u ni. TCAP giao tip trc tip vi SCCP to kh nng s dng dch v khng u ni ca SCCP chuyn thng tin gia cc TCAP, nh m t trong hnh sau:
Ngi s dng TCAP TCAP NSP NSP
Ngi s dng TCAP TCAP NSP
SP
STP
SP
Hnh 2.24 V tr ca TCAP trong h thng bo hiu s 7.
TCAP to ra kh nng ln trong dch v mng tin tin da vo thng tin trao i gia cc phn t mng. TCAP c ng dng trong nhiu dch v ca mng nh xc minh th tn dng/ th ch gi, dch v ny cho php ch gi tr tin
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cho cc cuc gi ng di bng th tn dng, dch v 800 cho php cc nh khai thc vin thng cung cp mt s dch v mm do theo yu cu ca khch hng, da vo thi gian ca ngy, v tr ca ch gi m cc dch v 800 n mt con s ring bit c th c to tuyn n cc v tr khc nhau... Sau y, ta xem xt ng dng ca TCAP i vi dch v t ng gi li. Dch v t ng gi li c th c hot ho sau khi ch gi t mt tng i ch gi n thu bao ca tng i khc m li nhn c tn hiu bo bn. Dch v ny cho php cuc gi t thit lp li khi b gi t my, gm cc bc nh m t trong hnh sau:
Tng i A IAM 1 REL 2 TCAP 3 TCAP 4 TCAP 5 TCAP 6 IAM 7 RLC
STP IAM REL RLC Yu cu t gi li Cng nhn yu cu Trm Kt ri thc IAM
Tng i B
TCAP TCAP TCAP TCAP
Hnh 2.25 Cc bc trong dch v t ng gi li.
Bc 1: A gi n B, cc bn tin IAM c gi n tng i ch. Th tc thit lp mt cuc gi c m t nh phn trc. Bc 2: B bn, do cc bn tin gii phng (REL) c gi tr li cho A v tip theo bn tin gii phng hon ton c gi n ch (RLC).
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Bc 3: A yu cu dch v t ng gi li, bn tin TCAP yu cu t ng gi li c gi n tng i B. Bc 4: Tng i B gi bn tin cng nhn yu cu cho tng i A. Bc 5: Tng i B gim st trng thi bn/ ri ca ng pha B. Khi pha B t my tng i B s gi bn tin ri n TCAP ca pha A. Bc 6: Tng i A gi tr li mt bn tin TCAP hon thnh hi thoi ca TCAP. Bc 7: Tng i A gi dng chung cho pha A, v nu A nhc my th tng i A s tin hnh thit lp li cuc gi n B.
7. Phn ng dng di ng MAP:
Phn ng dng di ng (MAP Mobile Application Part) cung cp cc th tc bo hiu cn thit c yu cu trao i thng tin gia cc phn t ca mng GSM. m hnh OSI, MAP trn TCAP. C MAP v TCAP u thuc v lp 7. TCAP c th c h tr bi cc lp trnh by, lp phin v lp vn chuyn, cc dch v v cc giao thc, c gi l phn dch v trung gian (ISP). i vi cc dch v khng u ni c MAP s dng th ISP c coi l trong sut c ngha l khng c s dng. V vy TCAP phi ghp phn iu khin u ni bo hiu SCCP cng vi phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP phc v nh nh cung cp dch v ca mng. MAP c chia thnh 5 thc th ng dng (AE: Application Entity) l: MAP MSC (Mobile Switching Center): Trung tm chuyn mch di ng. MAP - HLR (Home Location Register): B ghi nh v thng tr. MAP - VLR (Visitor Location Register): B ghi nh v tm tr. MAP - EIR (Equipment Identified Reader): B nhn dng thit b. MAP - AUC (Authentication Center): Trung tm nhn thc. Mi thc th ny c phn nh mt s phn h (SSN). Cc SSN c SCCP s dng nh a ch mt thc th no ca mng GSM. Mi AE bao gm mt s cc phn t dch v ng dng (ASE - Application Service Element). Cc ASE c nhm li nh l cc ASE chung v cc ASE c bit . TCAP l mt ASE chung v lun lun cha cc MAP - ASE . Cc ASE h tr vic ha mng cc AE v bao gm mt hoc vi s hot ng vi cc li v cc tham s lin quan ca chng. Nhng s hot ng c s dng kt hp thc hin mt nhim v no .
n tt nghip (Thc th ng dng) MAP -MSC Phn ng dng di ng - MSC ASE 1 ASE 2 TCAP (ASE) Phn lp phn t Phn lp giao dch
MAP-HLR MAP-VLR MAP-EIR SSN SSN SSN SSN
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ASE n
MAP-AUC
SSN
SCCP MTP
Hnh 2.26 Cc thc th ng dng (AE) v cc phn t dch v ng dng (ASE) trong MAP Cc th tc c thc hin trong MAP l : - Cp nht v tr. - Hu b v tr. - Qun l cc thng tin ca thu bao. - iu khin, qun l, thu nhn cc dch v thu bao. - Chuyn cc s liu bo mt, nhn thc. - iu khin cc dch v ph. - Thc hin chuyn (cell). Bo hiu trong mng di ng phc tp hn trong mng in thoi thng thng v cc thu bao di ng (MS: Mobile Station) c th di chuyn quanh mng nn phi c yu cu cp nht v tr a l ca cc MS v x l s thay i sang knh lu lng mi (chuyn ) khi MS ang di chuyn t mt ti
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khc. iu ny yu cu phi c mt h thng bo hiu nhanh v mnh. Mng di ng s GSM s dng h thng bo hiu s 7. S bo hiu s 7 trong mng GSM:
VLR
MAP ISDN ISUP
AUC
MAP
EIR
MAP
VLR
HLR
MAP MAP
MAP
GMSC
MSC
ISUP
H thng chuyn mch (SS)
MSC
MAP (chuyn ) ISUP

TUP
BSSA
BSC
LAPD PSTN
BTS
LAPDm
H thng trm gc (BSS)
MS
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Phn II: ng dng ss7 trong tng i Alcatel

chng III: h thng tng i alcatel 1000 e10
I/ gii thiu chung:
1. v tr v ng dng ca h thng:
V tr: - Tng i Alcatel1000 E10 vi h thng chuyn mch hon ton s ho, iu khin theo chng trnh lu tr SPC, do hng Alcatel CIT cu Php ch to. Vi tnh a nng Alcatel 1000 E10 c th m ng cc chc nng ca mt tng i hon chnh, t tng i thu bao dung lng nh ti tng i chuyn tip hay ca ng quc t dung lng ln. - Thch hp vi mi loi hnh mt dn s, cc m bo hiu v cc mi trng kh hu, n to ra nhng li nhun cao cho tt c cc dch v thng tin hin i nh: in thoi thng thng, ISDN, cc dch v nghip v, in thoi di ng v cc ng dng mng thng minh. - c thit k vi cu trc m, n gm 3 phn h chc nng c lp (c lin kt vi nhau bi cc giao tip chun): 1) Phn h truy nhp thu bao c nhim v u ni cc ng dy thu bao tng t v s. 2) Phn h iu khin v u ni c nhim v qun l chuyn mch knh phn chia theo thi gian v cc chc nng x l cuc gi. 3) Phn h iu hnh v bo dng c nhim v qun l tt c cc chc nng cho php ngi iu hnh h thng s dng h thng v bo dng n theo trnh t cc cng vic thch hp.
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Mng SS7
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Mng in thoi
Truy nhp thu bao

nt
Kt ni v iu khin
Mng s liu
VANs
pabx
Vn hnh khai thc v bo dng
Mng O & M
Hnh 3.1 Cu trc phn h trong tng i A1000 E10

- Trong mi phn h chc nng, nguyn tc c bn l phn phi cc chc nng gia cc module phn cng v phn mm. Nguyn tc ny to ra nhng thun li sau: + p ng nhu cu v u t trong giai on lp t ban u. + Pht trin dn nng lc x l v u ni. + Ti u an ton hot ng. + Nng cp cng ngh d dng v c lp i vi cc phn khc nhau ca h thng. - c lp t nhiu nc, A1000 E10 c th thm nhp vo mng vin thng rng khp (mng quc gia v mng quc t): + Cc mng in thoi: tng t v/ hoc s, ng b hay khng ng b. + Cc mng bo hiu s 7 CCITT (y l c s ca mng thng minh). + Mng b sung gi tr ( l cc dch v cung cp cho ngi s dng mng v c kh nng xm nhp qua mng. V d: Th in t, videotex v cc dch v thng bo chung...). + Cc mng s liu. + Cc mng iu hnh v bo dng. Tng i A1000 E10 c pht trin vi k thut hin i, cng ngh tin tin vi cu trc m v phn mm mm do c xy dng xung quanh h thng a
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x l A8300, v ang gp phn quan trng pht trin mng ton cu thnh mng gia tng gi tr. Cc ng dng: - Khi truy nhp thu bao xa (Tng i v tinh). - Tng i ni ht. - Tng i chuyn tip (gm c ni ht, trung k hay ca ng quc t). - Tng i ni ht/ chuyn tip. - Tng i qu giang. - Tp trung thu bao.
S L TR L S
TR
TR
TR
CID
CIA
CTI
S L TR CID CIA CTI
: B tp trung thu bao xa. : Tng i ni ht. : Tng i chuyn tip. : Tng i Quc t gi ra. : Tng i Quc t gi vo. : Tng i chuyn tip Quc t .
Hnh 3.2 V tr ca A1000 E10 trong mng thoi.
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2. Giao tip ngoi vi ca h thng a1000 e10:
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Tng i A1000 E10 c th giao tip c vi mi mng khc nhau trong mt mng ton cu, iu ny c th hin trong hnh v sau:
CAS 4 1 2 NT 3 8 PABX Mng O & M SS7 5 6 Mng S liu
a1000 e10
7 VANs
Hnh 3.3 Giao tip ca tng i trong mng Trong : (1): L thu bao Analog 2, 3 hoc 4 dy. (2): Thu bao ISDN, truy nhp c s 2B+D, tc 144 Kb/s. (3): Thu bao ISDN, truy nhp s cp 30B+D, tc 2, 048 Mb/s. (4)&(5): Lung PCM tiu chun (2 Mb/s, 32 knh). (6)&(7): Mng s liu hoc mng dch v gia tng tc 64 kb/s. (8): ng s liu 64 Kb/s (giao thc X25, giao tip Q3) hoc ng tng t vi tc nh hn 19200 bit/s (giao thc V24). Knh D c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau theo, s phn mc u tin l: - u tin 1: Dng cho bo hiu. - u tin 2: Dng cho chuyn mch gi tc chm. - u tin 3: Dng cho o lng t xa. Trong truy nhp c s knh D c tc 16 Kb/s, cn trong truy nhp s cp knh D c tc 64 Kb/s. Knh B c gi l knh ting, tc 64 Kb/s.
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3. Cc dch v ca tng i A1000 E10:
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X l cuc gi: Tng i A1000 E10 x l tt c cc cuc gi vo/ra trong mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng, mng quc gia v mng quc t. N thc hin truyn s liu gia cc thu bao ISDN cng nh truyn s liu vo/ ra mng chuyn mch gi, mng thng tin di ng GSM. Cc cuc gi bao gm: - Cuc gi ni ht: Thu bao t nhn v cng cng. - Cuc gi trong vng: Gi ra, gi vo, gi chuyn tip. - Cuc gi quc gia: Gi ra, gi vo, chuyn tip. - Cuc gi quc t: T ng hoc bn t ng, gi ra hoc gi vo. - Cc cuc gi qua khai thc vin: Gi ra, gi vo. - Cuc gi ti cc dch v c bit. - Cuc gi o kim (Testing). - Cc cuc gi ti mng thng minh. - Cc cuc gi di ng: Gi ra, gi vo v chuyn tip. i vi thu bao Analog: Hn ch cc cuc gi i v gi n. Dch v ng dy nng. ng dy khng tnh cc. Xc nhn tnh cc tc thi. Cc ng dy to tuyn tc thi.
- Xung tnh cc 12 16 KHz. - ng dy o cc ngun. - ng dy nhm: + ng gi ra, gi vo, gi hai chiu u tin. + ng quay s vo trc tip. + ng u tin trong nhm. - ng VIP hoc ng u tin. - ng lp ho n chi tit. - Dch v bt gi cuc gi. - Dch v i cuc gi.
n tt nghip Dch v quay li con s thu bao cui cng. Dch v thoi hi ngh. Dch v ngt cuc gi. Dch v quay s tt. Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi. Dch v t ng gi li nu bn. Dch v thu bao vng mt. Dch v nh thc. Dch v hn ch gi ra.
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i vi thu bao s: Cc thu bao s ngoi vic s dng cc dch v ging nh thu bao Analog cn c mt s thuc tnh sau y: - Dch v mng: + Chuyn mch knh 64Kb/s gia cc thu bao. + Chuyn mch knh trong di tn c bn (0,3 3,4)KHz - Dch v t xa: + Facsimile (Fax) nhm 2 hoc nhm 3. + Fax nhm 4 (64Kb/s). + Videotex. + Telex cho knh B hoc X. 25 ph hp vi knh B. + Audiovideotex 64 Kb/s. + Audiography 64Kb/s. - Dch v b sung: + 1 n 4 vng a d. + Quay s trc tip vo con s phn nhim. + Xung cc trn knh D. + Tnh tng cc cuc gi. + Chuyn tm thi thit b. + Lit k cc cuc gi khng tr li + Giu con s ch gi. + Bo hiu User- to-User (tn ngi gi, Password. . . ). + Qun l dch v khung.
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Chc nng chuyn mch dch v: Trong trng hp cuc gi gia mng thoi v mng dch v c mng thng minh IN x l th phn p dng ca im chuyn mch dch v SSP (Service Switching Point) ca Alcatel 1000 E10 cho php xm nhp vo im iu khin dch v SCP (Service Control Point) ca mng thng minh. Bng mt m s t cho dch v, SSP gi SCP thit lp cuc gi gia mng thoi v mng dch v (s dng knh bo hiu s 7). Giao tip c s dng gi l giao thc truy nhp mng tr tu INAP (Intelligent Network Access Protocol). SCP qun l qu trnh x l gi, trong sut qu trnh x l gi SCP qun l SSP. u ni vi Operator: Khi cn thit cn s can thip ca ngi iu hnh, A1000 E10 c s dng h thng SYSOPE. H thng ny l: - Cu trc model v linh hot c th c s dng x l cho t vi h thng ni ht n vi trm h thng ni ht hoc xa, hoc trong mt vng hoc nhiu vng khc nhau. - Hot ng vi tin cy cao, phn mm ca n c cu trc phn cp, c th thay i d dng ti bt k thi im no v n cp n nhiu chc nng: cc nhm lu lng, ho n tnh ton o lng ti v lu lng. Chc nng vn hnh bo dng: - Qun tr/ gim st cc s c: Qun tr theo kiu khiu ni, t ng o kim ng dy thu bao, trung k, hin th cnh bo, xc nh v tr li, thng k cc cuc gi vn hnh thit b u cui thng minh. - Gim st hot ng: Tp thu bao, cc nhm, cc dch v h tr, thit b thu bao, lnh ca tng i, phin dch, to tuyn tnh cc, bo hiu s 7. - Qun tr cc: Tnh cc ti ch LAMA (Local Automatic Message Accounting), tnh cc tp trung CAMA (Centralised Automatic Message Accounting), lp ho n tnh cc chi tit cng cng, theo cc vng thi gian. - Qun tr hot ng ca tng i: Kt qu o lng (lu lng, ng dy thu bao, xung tnh cc, phin dch, m thi gian gi) bao gm c s liu cc. - Bo an: Dng m kho cho cc trm v cho ngi iu hnh trnh xm nhp khng c php. X l lu lng:
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Cc kh nng x l ca tng i A1000 E10 tu thuc vo mi trng hot ng ca n. Sau y l mt ch tiu cho mt mi trng tham kho trung bnh: Cu hnh Rt gn (C) Nh (P) Trung bnh v ln (M&G) Thu bao c nh (CA/s) 16 Ti 18 32 ti 36 280 Thu bao di ng (CA/s) 16 ti 18 32 ti 36 64
Bng 1 Lu lng x l ca cc tng i c cu hnh khc nhau - Dung lng x l cc i ca h thng l: 280CA/s (cuc th/giy) theo khuyn ngh Q543 ca CCITT v ti knh B, tc l 1.000.000 BHCA (cuc th/ gi). - Dung lng u ni ca trng chuyn mch chnh ln ti 2048 LR, cho php: + X l n 25000 Erlangs + C th u ni cc i n 200.000 thu bao c nh. + C th u ni cc i n 60.000 ng trung k. Ngoi ra, h thng cn c trang b mt k thut t iu chnh nhm trnh s c khi qu ti. K thut ny c phn b ti tng mc ca h thng (cn gi l thut ton iu chnh), da vo s o c s lng cc cuc gi c x l (phn trm chim, s lng yu cu) Ti trung tm, k thut ny da trn vic tnh ton s lng cc cuc gi yu cu v s cuc gi c p ng tin hnh chn la cc cuc gi s b t chi nhm gi cho b x l lm vic vi mc gii hn ti cho php. II/ cu trc tng th:
1. cu trc chc nng ca t iu khin OCB 283:
Trong tng i A1000 E10 t chc iu khin OCB 283 l phin bn mi nht ca n v iu khin ca tng i. OCB 283 c xy dng theo trm, cc trm u l cc trm a x l, nh tng i A1000 E10 c c linh hot cao trong x l vi tt c cc cu hnh dung lng. A1000 E10 gm ba phn h: - Phn h truy nhp thu bao. - Phn h u ni v iu khin. - Phn h vn hnh, khai thc v bo dng.
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Phn h truy nhp thu bao l mt phn ca h thng A1000 E10, n khng thuc OCB 283, OCB 283 bao gm hai phn h cn li. Cu trc chc nng ca OCB 283 c xy dng t cc trm a x l, c m t trong hnh sau:
CSNL CSND CSED

Trung k v thit b thng bo
LR LR
sMX
LR
BT
URM
COM
eTA
puPE
Mch vng thng tin
OM
MQ MAL
GX
MR
TX
TR
PC
CC
GS
PGS
Hnh 3.4 Cu trc chc nng (v phn mm) ca OCB 283. Khi c s thi gian (BT): - Khi thi gian c s dng phn phi thi gian v ng b cho cc ng LR, cc ng PCM v cho cc thit b nm ngoi tng i. - BT c cu trc bi ba tc l c 3 b to sng vi chnh xc 10-6. - B to thi gian c th l t tr hoc ph thuc vo nhp ch chun bn ngoi ng b h thng vi mng. Ma trn chuyn mch chnh (SMX): SMX l ma trn vung vi 1 tng chuyn mch thi gian T, n c cu trc hon ton kp, cho php u ni ti 2048 ng mng (LR). LR l tuyn 32 khe thi gian, mi khe 16 bit. MCX (ma trn u ni trung tm) c th thc hin cc kiu u ni sau:
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1. u ni n hng gia bt k 1 knh vo no vi bt k 1 knh ra no. C th thc hin ng thi u ni s lng cuc ni bng s lng knh ra. 2. u ni bt k 1 knh vo no vi M knh ra. 3. u ni N knh vo ti bt k N knh ra no c cng cu trc khung. Chc nng ny cp ti u ni Nx64 Kb/s. MCX do COM iu khin (COM l b iu khin chuyn mch ma trn). COM c nhim v sau : - Thit lp v gii phng u ni. iu khin y s dng phng php iu khin u ra. - Phng v u ni, bo m u ni chnh xc. Khi iu khin trung k PCM (urm): URM cung cp chc nng giao tip gia cc PCM bn ngoi v OCB 283. Cc PCM ny c th n t: - n v truy nhp thu bao xa (CSND) hoc t b tp trung thu bao in t xa CSED ( y thu bao in t hiu l cc thu bao tng t v cc thit b u ni y khng phi l s). - T cc tng i khc, s dng bo hiu knh kt hp hoc bo hiu s 7. - T cc thit b thng bo ghi sn. Thc t URM thc hin cc chc nng sau y: - Bin i m HDB3 thnh m nh phn (bin i t trung k PCM sang ng mng LR). - Bin i m nh phn thnh HDB3 (chuyn i t LR sang PCM). - Tch v x l bo hiu knh kt hp trong TS 16 (t trung k PCM vo OCB). - Chn bo hiu knh kt hp vo TS 16 (t OCB ra trung k PCM). Khi qun l thit b ph tr (ETA): ETA tr gip cc chc nng sau: - To m bo (GT) - Thu pht tn hiu a tn (RGF) - Thoi hi ngh (CCF) - Cung cp ng h cho tng i (CLOCK)
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LR
GT
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E T A
LR LR
RGF
CCF
CLOCK
Hnh 3.5 Chc nng ca ETA. Khi iu khin giao thc bo hiu s 7 (PUPE) v khi qun l bo hiu s 7 (PC): Vic u ni cho cc knh bo hiu 64 Kb/s ti thit b x l giao thc bo hiu s 7 (PUPE) c thit lp qua tuyn ni bn c nh ca ma trn chuyn mch. PUPE thc hin cc chc nng sau: - X l mc 2 (mc knh s liu bo hiu) - To tuyn bn tin (1 phn trong mc 3) PC thc hin cc chc nng sau: - Qun l mng bo hiu (1 phn ca mc 3) - Bo v PUPE - Cc chc nng gim st khc. Khi x l gi ( MR): Khi x l gi MR c trch nhim thit lp v gii to cc thng tin. MR a ra nhng quyt nh cn thit x l cc cuc thng tin vi cc danh mc bo hiu nhn c v sau khi tham kho b qun l c s d liu thu bao v phn tch (TR). B x l gi (MR) x l cc cuc gi mi v cc hot ng t my, gii to thit b, iu khin vic ng, m chuyn mch. vv... Ngoi ra, b x l gi c trch nhim thc hin cc nhim v qun l khc (qun l vic o th cc mch trung k, cc gim st lt vt). Khi qun l d liu c s (TR): TR thc hin chc nng qun tr v phn tch c s d liu ca thu bao, trung k, nhm trung k. TR cung cp cho MR cc c tnh ca thu bao v trung k theo yu cu ca MR thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni cho cc cuc gi. TR cn m bo
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phi hp gia con s nhn c v a ch ca nhm trung k hoc thu bao (tin phn tch, phn tch, v bin dch). TR c chia lm 2 vng: - Vng dnh cho thu bao trong c cc file lin quan n con s thu bao, con s thit b, cc dch v nu c. . . - Vng dnh cho trung k trong c cc file v knh trung k, nhm trung k, h thng bo hiu c lin quan. . . Khi o lng lu lng v tnh cc cuc gi (TX): Chc nng ca TX l thc hin vic tnh cc thng tin. TX chu trch nhim: - Tnh ton khon cc ph cho mi cuc thng tin. - Lu gi khon cc ph ca mi thu bao c phc v bi trung tm chuyn mch. - Cung cp cc thng tin cn thit a ti OM phc v cho vic lp ho n chi tit. - Ngoi ra, TX thc hin cc nhim v gim st trung k v thu bao. Khi qun l ma trn chuyn mch (GX): GX chu trch nhim x l v bo v cc u ni khi nhn c : - Cc yu cu v u ni v ngt u ni ti t b x l gi (MR) hoc khi chc nng phn phi bn tin (MQ). - Cc li u ni c chuyn t khi chc nng iu khin ma trn chuyn mch (COM). Ngoi ra, GX thc thi vic gim st cc tuyn nht nh ca phn h u ni ca tng i (nh cc tuyn thm nhp LA v cc tuyn lin kt ni b ti ma trn chuyn mch chnh LCXE), theo nh k hoc theo yu cu t cc tuyn no . Khi phn phi bn tin (MQ): MQ c trch nhim phn phi v to dng cc bn tin ni b nht nh nhng trc tin n thc hin: - Gim st cc tuyn ni bn c nh (cc tuyn s liu bo hiu). - X l cc bn tin t ETA v GX ti v pht cc bn tin ti ETA v GX. - Ngoi ra, cc trm tr gip MQ hot ng nh cng cho cc bn tin gia cc vng ghp thng tin. Vng ghp thng tin (Token ring): truyn thng tin t trm ny n trm kia trong tng i A1000 E10 s dng t 1 n 5 mch vng thng tin. Vic chuyn bn tin c thc hin thng qua mi trng gi l mch vng thng tin vi giao thc ring bit. N c x l theo chun IEE 802.5. Vng ghp thng tin c hai loi, v nguyn l ging ht nhau:
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- Vng ghp lin trm (MIS): Trao i cc bn tin gia cc SMC hoc gia cc SMC vi SMM. - Vng ghp truy nhp trm iu khin chnh (MAS): Trao i cc bn tin gia SMC v SMA, SMT v SMX. Ch qun l mch vng thng tin: Ti mt thi im lun c mt trm chc nng gim st mch vng nhng vai tr gim st mch vng khng c nh. Bt k mt trm no cng c th tr thnh gim st c tu thuc vo trng thi hot ng ca n. Mch vng c trang b kp lm vic ch phn ti. Chc nng iu hnh v bo dng (OM): Cc chc nng ca phn h iu hnh v bo dng c thc hin bi phn mm iu hnh v bo dng (OM). Chuyn vin iu hnh thm nhp vo tt c thit b phn cng v phn mm ca h thng Alcatel 1000 E10 thng qua cc my tnh thuc v phn h iu hnh v bo dng nh: cc bn iu khin, mi trng t tnh, u cui thng minh. Cc chc nng ny c th c nhm thnh 2 loi: - iu hnh cc ng dng in thoi. - iu hnh v bo dng ca h thng. Ngoi ra, phn h iu hnh v bo dng thc hin: - Np cc phn mm v s liu cho cc khi iu khin v u ni v cho cc khi truy nhp (Digital) thu bao CSN. - D phng tm thi cc thng tin to lp ho n cc chi tit. - Tp trung s liu cnh bo t cc trm iu khin v u ni thng qua cc mch vng cnh bo. - Bo v trung tm ca h thng. Cui cng, phn h iu hnh v bo dng cho php thng tin hai hng vi cc mng iu hnh v bo dng, mc vng v quc gia (TMN). Phn mm iu khin thng tin MLCC: MLCC thc hin nhim v iu khin vic vn chuyn cc bn tin cho cc dch v trong mng tr tu IN. N c cu trc a thnh phn, bao gm: - Phn mm iu khin trung tm chnh MLCC/P. - 4 phn mm iu khin thng tin ph MLCC/S. Mi module MLCC/S0, MLCC/S1, MLCC/S2, MLCC/S3 qun l 3000 cuc thng tin ng thi. Khi ci t MLCC phi c 2 thnh phn trong mng l SSP v SCP. Phn mm qun tr dch v GS:
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MLGS c s dng cho cc dch v trong mng tr tu, y l phn mm a thnh phn, ging nh MLCC.
2. cu trc phn cng:
Phn cng 0CB 283 c xy dng t cc trm a x l. Cc trm a x l hu ht c xy dng xung quanh h thng a x l A8300. Chng c kt ni vi nhau bng cc mch vng thng tin l MIS v MAS. C 5 loi trm iu khin tng ng vi chc nng m chng m nhim, l: Trm iu khin chnh (SMC). Trm iu khin thit b ph tr v bo hiu s 7 (SMA). Trm iu khin trung k (SMT). Trm iu khin ma trn chuyn mch (SMX). Trm iu khin vn hnh v bo dng (SMM).
C SN L C SN D C SE D
T ru n g k Thng b o
LR LR SM T
(1 1 6 ) 2
STS SM X
(1 8 ) 2 1 3
LR SM A
(2 3 1 )
(1 4 )M A S
SM C
(2 1 4 )
TMN
SM M
1 2
MAL
H n h 3 .6 C u tr c ph n c n g A 1 0 0 0 E 1 0 (O C B 2 8 3 )
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chc nng ca cc trm iu khin:
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Trm iu khin chnh SMC: - MR (iu khin cuc gi): X l cuc gi. - CC (iu khin thng tin): X l p dng cho im chuyn mch dch v SSP. - TR (Phin dch): C s d liu. - TX (Tnh cc): Tnh cc thng tin, - MQ (Phn b bn tin): Thc hin phn phi bn tin - GX (Qun l ma trn): Qun l u ni. - PC (Qun l bo hiu s 7): Qun l mng bo hiu. Tu theo cu hnh v lu lng c iu khin, mt hay nhiu cc chc nng ny c th c cp bi trm iu khin chnh (SMC). Trm iu khin cc thit b ph tr sma: - ETA: thc hin cc chc nng qun tr thit b ph tr, qun tr Tone. - PUPE: iu khin giao thc bo hiu s 7: x l giao thc bo hiu s 7 ca CCITT, ph thuc vo cu hnh v lu lng x l m 1 SMA c th ch c ci t phn mm x l giao thc bo hiu s 7 PUPE hoc c ci t c 2 loi phn mm ny. SMA bao gm cc thit b ph tr ca OCB 283 l: - Cc b thu pht a tn - Cc mch hi ngh - Cc b to tone - Qun tr ng h - Cc b thu pht bo hiu s 7 ca CCITT Trm iu khin trung k SMT: Trm SMT m bo giao din chc nng gia cc b dn knh PCM v trung tm chuyn mch. Cc PCM ti t: - Mt trung tm chuyn mch khc. - n v truy nhp s thu bao xa (CSND). - Thit b thng bo ghi m sn cu trc s. Trm SMT cho php thc hin chc nng iu khin PCM (URM), chc nng ny ch yu bao gm: - Theo hng PCM ti trung tm chuyn mch: + Bin i m HDB3 sang m nh phn. + Tch bo hiu lin knh. + Qun l cc knh bo hiu knh chung mang bi khe thi gian TS16. + u ni cho (cross connection) cc knh gia PCM v ng ni ma trn LR. - Theo hng t trung tm chuyn mch ti PCM: + Bin i m nh phn thnh m HDB3. + Truyn bo hiu lin knh. + Qun l cc knh bo hiu knh chung mang bi khe thi gian TS16.
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+ u ni cho cc knh gia ng ni ma trn LR v PCM. Trm ng b v c s thi gian STS: - Giao tip vi cc ng h tham kho ngoi (HIS): m bo cht lng tn s vi chnh xc cao nht theo yu cu, trnh mt ng b bng s dng mt b to sng c n nh rt cao. - B to c s thi gian c cu trc bi ba (BTT): phn b cc tn hiu thi gian cn thit n cc trm u ni ca h thng OCB 283. - Giao tip vi vng cnh bo: cho php STS pht cc cnh bo do cc giao tip ng b ngoi v BTT to ra vo mch vng cnh bo. Trm vn hnh v bo dng SMM: - Gim st v qun l h thng Alcatel 1000 E10. - Lu tr s liu h thng. - Bo v trm iu khin. - Gim st cc vng ghp thng tin. - X l thng tin ngi - my. - Khi to v ti khi to ton h thng. n v xm nhp thu bao s CSN: Tng i v tinh CSN l n v u ni cc thu bao, n c kh nng phc v ng thi c thu bao analog v thu bao s. CSN c thit k ph hp vi mng hin thi v n c th c u ni vi mi h thng s s dng bo hiu s 7 ca CCITT. CSN c thit k ph hp vi nhiu kiu a d khc nhau. N c th l ni ht (CSNL) hoc v tinh (CSND) ph thuc vo kiu u ni vi tng i. CSN c phn lm 2 phn: n v iu khin s UCN v cc module tp trung s CN. n v iu khin s c th l ni ht hoc l v tinh ph thuc vo kiu u ni vi tng i. Cc b tp trung u ni cc thu bao cng c th l ni ht (CNL) hoc l v tinh (CNE) ph thuc vo n v iu khin. Vi hai kiu phn b ny CSN rt mm do trong p dng vi cc a d khc nhau.
3. Phng v trong tng i A1000 E10:
tin cy hot ng ca h thng da trn c s vic chia chc nng phng v thnh cc module phng v nh hn. Phng v c cu trc phn cp l cp ti ch c ci t trong tng trm v cp tp trung c ci t trong SMM. Cc n v phng v ny c kh nng pht hin ra cc li, v tr li cho ti tnh trng li, chng c th bo trc vic dng h thng do m ta c th cp nht li khi c s c. Phng v ni ht: Pht hin v ch th li bn trong mi trm iu khin hay mi phn cp thng tin.
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Trung tm phng v trong trm SMM, thc hin: - Qun l trm: Gim st hot ng ca trm, nh v, bo dng, khi to li. - Chuyn i trng thi trm d phng. - Qun l MIS, MAS. - Qun tr cc kt cui PCM. - S dng cc cng c PGS x l trong giao tip vi h thng. Ngoi ra, ton b h thng u c d phng. Cc phn t phi c phng v trong tng i A1000 E10 gm cc trm v cc mch vng thng tin. i vi trm th nguyn tc chnh ca chc nng phng v l: - T nhn bit li. - Nu trm c li th trm t cch ly, li khng ly lan. - Nu trm b li nng th trm s t b kho. - Mt trm phi c mt trng thi c trng cho kh nng x l lu lng ca n, trng thi ny cc trm khc u bit. - Mt trm l mt t chc c kh nng cu hnh li nu n c s c th chc nng ca n s c np cho trm khc. i vi mch vng thng tin: - Mi mch vng thng tin MIS, MAS lun gm 2 vng, vng A v vng B. - Phng v mch vng gm 3 mc: + Mc trm: Bng th tc truy nhp trn mch vng. + Mc vng: Bng thit b c ci t trong cc b t thch nghi. + Mc h thng: Bng qun tr vng. - Kt qu ca phng v l khi c li th b t thch nghi s ct khng u ni vo mch vng.
III/ cu trc v chc nng trm a X l iu khin thit b ph tr v bo hiu s 7 (sma): V tr ca trm iu khin ph tr SMA c th hin trong hnh 3.6. SMA c u ni vi: Mng u ni SMX bng 8 ng ma trn LR chuyn bo hiu c to ra hoc phn tch bo hiu nhn c. Qua SMX, SMA cn nhn c cc thi gian c s thi gian t STS.
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Mch vng thng tin truy nhp mng iu khin chnh MAS trao i thng tin gia SMA v cc khi iu khin khc ca OCB 283. Mch vng cnh bo MAL.
1. Cu trc chc nng ca trm SMA:
a) Cu trc tng qut ca trm a x l A 8300: Mt trm a x l trong tng i A1000 - E10 thng c xy dng xung quanh h thng a x l Alcatel 8300, h thng ny gm: - Mt hay nhiu b ghp ni thng minh (coupler). - Mt hay nhiu b x l. - Cc thnh phn ni vi nhau bng BUS. - Cc thnh phn lin h vi nhau qua b nh chung. Thng tin hai chiu gia cc thnh phn do h thng c s (HYPERVISORl phn mm h thng hay cn l h iu hnh ca trm) ch o. Hnh sau s m t cu trc ca mt trm a x l.
Bus Local (BL) Giao tip BL Giao tip BL Vng nh cc b B x l B nh ring Vng nh chung
Coupler Hay B nh Hay B x l
Giao tip BSM
Giao tip BSM
Giao tip BSM
Bus (BSM) Hnh 3.7 Cu trc mt trm a x l
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Trong cu trc ny b nh chia lm hai vng: - Vng nh cc b. - Vng nh chung. Vng nh chung c chia lm nhiu vng nh, vi a ch ring bit ca tng vng, tng ng vi a ch truy nhp ca tng P trn BUS nhm trnh xung t. b) Cu trc chc nng ca mt trm SMA: SMA c th c cc mch in sau: - Mt b ghp ni chnh CMP. - Tu theo dung lng x l cuc gi m c th c: + Mt b x l chnh PUP. + Mt b x l ph PUS. + Mt b nh chung MC. - C t 1 ti 12 coupler thc hin cc chc nng nh: + X l tn hiu ting CTSV. + X l bo hiu a giao thc CSMP. + Qun tr ng h CLOCK. Mi coupler x l tn hiu ting CSTV thc hin mt trong cc chc nng sau: + Thu pht tn s RGF. + Thoi hi ngh CCF. + To tone GT. + o kim nhng bin ng ngu nhin. Coupler x l bo hiu a giao thc CSMP c th thc hin x l: + Giao thc bo hiu SS7. + Giao thc iu khin ng s liu mc cao HDLC. T chc iu khin A8300 trong trm SMA c m t trong hnh v sau:
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MAS
CMP
PUP
BL
MC
PUS
Bus BSM
CTSV 1
CTSV 2
...
CLOCK N
. . .
CSMP 12
Hnh 3.8 T chc iu khin trm SMA
2. Cu trc phn cng ca trm SMA:
Trm SMA c xy dng xung quanh h thng a x l A 8300, cc bng mch in khc nhau c u ni vi BUS tiu chun BSM (16 bit) nh l mt phng tin thng tin. Trn thc t, c ti 16 bng mch in c th ni ti BSM, l: - Mt cp bng ACAJA/ ACAJB qun tr vic trao i thng tin qua MAS. Thc hin chc nng chnh CMP. - Mt bng mch in ACMCQ hoc ACMCS h tr cp pht b nh cho trm. - Mt bng mch in ACUTR thc hin chc nng b x l chnh PUP. - Mt bng mch in ACUTR thc hin chc nng b x l ph PUS. - C ti a 12 mch in thc hin cc chc nng c bit ca trm SMA: + Mt hay nhiu bng thc hin chc nng to tone, thu pht a tn, thoi hi ngh ICTSH. + Mt hay hai bng x l giao thc bo hiu s 7 ACHIL. + Mt bng to ng h cho tng i ICHOR.
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+ Mt s bng sau y c th c trong trm nhng khng c ni vo BSM: Mt cp bng ICID, thc hin chc nng giao tip gia cc nhnh ca SMX v SMA. Mt bng ACALA thu thp cc cnh bo xut hin trong SMA chuyn ti mch vng cnh bo MAL. u im ca cu trc ny l c th m rng cu hnh ti cng thi im vi vic tng dung lng x l cuc gi, hoc tng kh nng vn hnh tu thuc vo s lng v kiu bng mch in c chn. Cu trc phn cng ca trm SMA c m t trong hnh v sau:
MAS LRA LRB MAL
ICID
ICID
ACALA
Bus BL 5V
C V
A C A J A
A C A J B
I C T S H
I C H O R
A C H I L
I C T S H
A C U T R
A C U T R
A C M C S
5V Bus BSM Hnh 3.9 Cu trc phn cng SMA
C V
SMA c ti a l 20 bng mch in v 2 bng mch ngun CV. Sau y ta xt mt s chc nng ca mt s bng mch:
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a) Cc chc nng ca bng mch in ICTSH: Chc nng thng tin ng thi gia cc thu bao: Chc nng ny cho php ti a 4 thu bao c th thng tin ng thi, ngoi ra n cn c th: - Thm vo thoi hi ngh tnh nng nghe ln. - Ch th gi gi. - Thit lp cuc gi bi in thoi vin. Mt bng ICTSH c th thit lp 8 mch thoi hi ngh 4 ngi. Chc nng to tone GT: Cho php to ra tn s m thanh. Cc tn s ny c th l n tn, 2 tn s, 3 tn s hoc 4 tn s v cc i l t hp ca 8 tn s. m thng c s dng nh m chung, m bo bn... Cc m c phn bit vi nhau bi: + Tn s m [hz]. + Cng m [db]. + Thi gian ca m [ms]. Mt bng ICTSH to c 32 tn s m thanh. Chc nng thu v to cc tn s RGF: Thit b u cui RGF phn tch v pht cc tn hiu nm trong di tn m thanh. Thng thng y l cc tn hiu n hay a tn tng ng vi mt m bo hiu. Trong OCB 283, RGF c nh v ng bi cc khi iu khin trong mt m bo hiu. N pht hin s c mt ca tn hiu v truyn cc tn s ti cc trm iu khin. 8 mch kt cui RGF c thc hin trong mt bng RGF. M o kim trn trung k c x l nh cc m c bit ca RGF. Chc nng gim st iu ch: Chc nng ny cho php gim st cc bng thng bo c ghi sn, n hot ng ging nh mt nhn bit tn hiu ting ni. Chc nng qun tr gim st iu ch c x l nh mt m RGF c bit. Phn mm ny c np khi khi to trm v n xc nh chc nng m bng mch in ICTSH s thc hin. b) Cc chc nng bng mch in ACHIL: Bng mch in ny x l mc 2 cho 16 knh bo hiu kiu HDLC v n c cc Sever thc hin chc nng kim tra khung nh sau: Vi bo hiu HDLC: Pha pht: + Gi c. +Tnh ton m thng d vng (CRC).
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+ Chn cc con s zero vo chui bit, truyn sau byte c trnh c gi. Pha thu: +Nhn bit v tch cc s zero trong chui bit nhn c t ng truyn sau byte c. + Kim tra CRC. + Nhn c. Vi bo hiu SS7: Pha pht: + T ng gi cc khung FISU khi trn ng bo hiu khng c MSU hoc LSSU c truyn trn . + Pht li cc khung trng thi LSSU theo lnh. Pha thu: + T ng phn tch v nhn bit cc khung FISU. c) Chc nng bng mch in ICHOR: Chc nng ca bng mch in ICHOR l to ng h cho tng i hot ng v gi chnh xc, n nh ng h cho OCB 283. Tn hiu thi gian c phn phi kp trong mng chuyn mch. Tn hiu thi gian cng phi c bo v chng li s tri pha khi phi iu chnh li thi gian v phi c bo v chng li vic mt tn hiu thi gian khi phn cng ca ng h hot ng khng bnh thng. d) Chc nng ca coupler ACAJA/ ACAJB: Coupler ACAJA/ACAJB cho php ni mch vng thng tin MAS thc hin thng tin hai chiu vi cc trm diu khin khc trong tng i. Cc thng tin c trao i gia SMA v MAS gm: Bo hiu knh ring t cc bng ICTSH, nhn bit cc tn hiu tn s m thanh do cc b RF v RGF pht ra. Cc bn tin (vo/ ra), cc ng dng c thc hin bi cc b x l trong SMA nh bn tin nh v, bn tin bo hiu s 7... e) Cc chc nng bng mch in ACALA: Bng mch in ny thc hin chc nng thu thp cnh bo. Bng mch ACALA c ngun ring. Trong SMA cc thc th pht cnh bo l cc bng ngun CV. f) Cc chc nng bng mch in ICID: ICID thc hin chc nng phng v cho cc nhm ng mng GLR. Bng mch in ICID thc hin cc chc nng:
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Nhn 8 ng ma trn LR v c s thi gian c lin quan thng qua bng mch in ICID t mt nhnh ca ma trn chuyn mch chnh SMX. Pht 8 ng truy nhp LA v 8 c s thi gian c lin quan ti n v u ni UR (SMA - SMT). Xen thi gian c lin quan DT bng 8 ng ma trn ti t nhnh cn li ca SMX. ng b cc ng LR ti t SMX vi cc ng xen thm ny. X l cc bit thm vo trn cc ng LR. To ra cc tn hiu thch ng vi cc ng truy nhp LA. To ra cc tn hiu xen vo. X l cc ng truy nhp vo (LAE) v to ra cc ng truy nhp ra (LRE).
3. Cc phn mm chc nng trong trm SMA:
a) Phn mm MLETA: MLETA thc hin cc chc nng sau: Chc nng x l gi: - Nhn v x l cc tn s (bo hiu ghi pht). - Qun tr cc ngun thu pht a tn RGF. - Trao i trng thi cc ngun pht a tn RGF. - Qun tr cc mch in ICTSH. - X l th t pht cc tn s (bo hiu ghi pht). - Thit lp thoi hi ngh. Chc nng qun tr ng h. Chc nng quan trc (ti cc ngun ICTSH). Chc nng bo dng: - Kim tra lin tc cc ng truy nhp ni b trong trm (LA). - Kim tra module thng bo. - Kim tra t ng bng mch in ICTSH v ICHOR khi chng ang hot ng. b) Phn mm chc nng MLPUPE: MLPUPE l phn mm chc nng x l giao thc SS7, MLPUPE thc hin: Giao tip vi mng SS7 ca CCITT nh: - Pht v thu cc bn tin ca mng SS7. - nh tuyn bn tin SS7.
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- Qun tr ring cc knh bo hiu. - Qun tr ring lu lng bo hiu. X l gi: - X l cc cuc gi qua mng in thoi trong mng chuyn mch knh. - X l cc cuc gi TUP v ISUP. Cc phn bo hiu khc nhau c np trong UTC. Vic chn la c thc hin bng mt mch cng do mt m bo hiu c nh trc cho tng nhm trung k x l. - Qun tr cc knh bo hiu s 7. - X l cc cuc gi thu bao CSN. Vn hnh v bo dng: - Qun tr cc file UTC. - Quan trc cc trung k bo hiu s 7. - X l li, cnh bo v o kim mt phn t no do trm m nhn. Cc phn mm trong trm SMA c m t trong hnh v sau:
MM LL SS MM /P/P
S U PP E R VSISR SU ER V I E E
H Y R V IS E E H Y PPEE R V ISR
M L S M M /S /S
M M L L PP U U P P E
M L S M M /S /S
M L L E E T T A A
Bu s BSM
M LM SL MS M A C H IL
A C H IL
C SM P
C TSV
H n h 3 .1 0 S p t p h n m m t r o n g t r m S M A v i 2 p h n m m ETA v PU PE
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Hnh v trn cho ta thy trong trm SMA ngoi hai phn mm chc nng (ML) cn c: HYPERVISOR (k hiu l HYP): Phn mm h thng hay cn gi l h iu hnh ca trm. HYP c chc nng giao tip phn cng ca trm vi cc ng dng ca n. SUPERVISOR (k hiu l SUP): Phn mm trao i cng vic, trao i chc nng. SUP thc hin giao tip gia HYP v ML, nhn lnh t HYP phn b ti cc phn mm chc nng c lin quan. SUP cn m nhn qun tr cng vic, mi cng vic c nhiu dch v, SUP phn phi thi gian cho cc dch v.
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Chng IV: qun tr h thng SS7 trong tng i alcatel 1000 e10
H thng bo hiu s 7 c thit k cung cp mt h thng bo hiu chung chun quc t. Tuy vy, ngi ta khng d nh s dng n nh h thng bo hiu tiu chun cho truy nhp t PABX vo mng in thoi hoc t my in thoi. tho mn cho cc ng dng sau ny, cn phi a thm vo giao thc truy nhp mng a dch v, k hiu ISDN-AP, hu ht cc tng i hin i trn mng hin nay u cho ta gii php truy nhp ny. Trong phn ny, ta cng xem xt ng dng h thng bo hiu s 7 trong tng i A1000 E10 nh l mt v d in hnh cho s dng v m hnh trin khai h thng bo hiu s 7 ti Vit Nam. 1. Phn b phn mm ss7: Phn mm bo hiu s 7 trong tng i A1000 E10 c lu tr trong File trm k hiu XUTC. N gm hai phn mm thnh phn, cn gi l phn mm chc nng k hiu ML PC v ML PUPE. MLPC c ci t trong trm a x l iu khin chnh SMC, n thc hin chc nng mc 3 ca SS7, nh qun tr mng bo hiu, qun tr lu lng, qun tr lu trnh, phng v PUPE. . . Trong t chc iu khin OCB ca tng i A1000 E10, MLPC c cu trc kp, hot ng theo kiu hot ng/ d phng. ML PUPE c ci t trong trm a x l iu khin cung cp thit b ph tr SMA. MLPUPE thc hin chc nng x l giao thc bo hiu s 7, qun tr trng thi cc knh trung k, l cu giao tip thng tin gia thng tin t n v u ni thu bao vo OCB. MLPUPE c cu trc d phng theo kiu phn ti n+1, trong n 2 trng thi hot ng v lun lun c mt MLPUPE trng thi d phng. Ta c s khi tng i A1000 E10 v cc phn mm bo hiu s 7 tng ng trong hnh v sau:
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PCM
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SMT
(MLURM)
STS SMX (COM)
SMA
(MLPUPE)
n hot ng/ 1 d phng
MAS
1 hot ng/ 1 d phng
UTC
SMC (MLPC) MIS
SMC
SMM Hnh 4.1 T chc phn mm UTC
2. M hnh ss7 trong A1000 E10: c th p ng c cc dch v thng tin mi v tho mn cc nhu cu thng tin vi cc tng i khc trn mng quc gia v quc t, hng Alcatel CIT trang b trong tng i A1000 E10 phn mm v nhng trang thit b ph hp tun th cc khuyn ngh v SS7 m ITU-T a ra. Cu trc chc nng ca MTP mc 1: Trong A1000 E10 MTP 1 bao gm: - Cc khe thi gian (TS Time Slot) trn cc ng PCM u ni vi cc im bo hiu ca cc tng i (AFCTE). - Cc khe thi gian trn cc ng mng ni b LR u ni OCB vi n v u ni thu bao CSNL (AFVTE), vi trm iu khin u ni trung k (AFVTE). - Cc khe thi gian trn cc ng mng ni b LR u ni OCB vi trm a x l cung cp thit b ph tr v x l giao thc bo hiu s 7 SMA (AFTSX). ng u ni bn c nh trong mng chuyn mch c m t trong hnh sau:
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ALRXE Mng ni ht CSN ni ht AFCTE Mng quc gia PCM Mng ni ht CSN v tinh GLR
SMT
MRM MRS
AFVTE GLR
SMX
ALRXE ALRXS GLR
SMA
PUPE
A C H I L 0 A C H I L 1
VTSM 0
VTSM 15 VTSM 16
AFTSX
VTSM 31
Hnh 4.2 Cc ng s liu bo hiu trong A1000 E10 Trong : - MRM: Module iu khin u ni trung k n tng i khc. - MRS: Module iu khin u ni trung k n tng i v tinh ca A1000 E10. - ALRXE: a ch chc nng chuyn mch ca LR vo SMX. - ALRXS: a ch chc nng chuyn mch ca LR ra khi SMX. - AFCTE: a ch chc nng ca khe thi gian trn PCM vo SMT. - AFVTE: a ch chc nng ca khe thi gian trn LR vo SMX. - AFTSX: a ch chc nng ca khe thi gian trn LR gia SMX v SMA. - VTSM: Kt cui o knh vt l.
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- ACHIL: Bng mch in thc hin chc nng qun tr ng s liu bo hiu s 7. Mi bng ny qun tr cc i 16 ng bo hiu, tng ng 16 VTSM kt cui knh vt l, tng ng vi 16 COC. Cu trc chc nng ca MTP mc 2: Chc nng ca mc 2 trong A1000 E10 do bng ACHIL thc hin, ACHIL thc hin x l a giao thc cho c HDLC v SS7, bao gm: Trn phng din HDLC: - Pha pht: Pht c to khung tn hiu, tnh ton m CRC, chn Zero. - Pha thu: Nhn bit v chit Zero, kim tra CRC, x l c. Trn phng din SS7: - Pha pht: + Gi cc khung FISU gim st knh bo hiu mt cc lin tc khi khng c MSU hay LSSU c truyn gia 2 im bo hiu. + Pht li cc khung theo lnh. - Pha thu: Phn tch, nhn bit mt cch t ng cc khung FISU. Tu theo dung lng ca tng i m ngi ta c th cc t t 2 n 15 phn mm PUPE trong t 2 n 15 SMA, trong ch cn mt phn mm PUPE d phng. V mi SMA nh vy c th ci t t 1 n 2 bng ACHIL. Cu trc chc nng MTP mc 3: Nh gii thiu trong phn tng quan. MTP mc 3 thc hin cc chc nng: - X l bn tin bo hiu: Nhn bit, phn phi, nh tuyn. - Qun tr mng bo hiu: Qun tr lu lng, qun tr tuyn, qun tr knh. Trong A1000 E10, chc nng ny do hai phn mm thc hin l MLPC v MLPE nh hnh v 4.3. Trong MLPE thc hin chc nng nh tuyn cho bn tin, n c ci t trong SMA. MLPC thc hin chc nng mc 3 cn li nh qun tr mng bo hiu s 7, quan trc, phng v PUPE.
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Mc 4 Mc 3 Mc 2
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Mc 1
PUP (SMA)
BSM
CSMP(SMA)
PU
Qun tr trng thi trung k vo ra
PE
ng thu pht (CIC)
ACHIL
Sp xp v phn loi khung. Pht hin v sa li
16 COC
MAS
MLMR
PC
Qun tr mng (ng, lu lng) Qun tr MTP v UP Phng v PUPE
SMC
Hnh 4.3 Tng quan gia SS7 trong A1000 E10 vi ITU-T
Cu trc chc nng mc 4: Mc ng dng UP thc hin chc nng to bn tin, x l bn tin. Mc ny do phn mm MLPU thc hin. N lin quan n th tc x l gi TUP v ISUP, v th tc x l gi trong A1000 E10 s dng giao thc bo hiu s. ng thi MLPU cn thc hin chc nng qun tr trng thi cc ng trung k vo/ ra.
3. Phng v phn mm ss7: Cc trm v cc phn mm trong h thng iu khin ca tng i A1000 E10 c trang b tnh nng t pht hin li, t khc phc cc li nh v nu trng hp li khng th t khc phc c n bo n phn mm phng v tp trung yu cu gii quyt. Ngoi ra cc trm li cn c kh nng t cch ly li trnh ly lan, v n cn c cc trm khc gim st pht hin trng thi ngng hot ng kp thi. Khi c s c, cc trm t ngng hot ng v chuyn lu lng cho trm d phng, tu thuc vo t chc kiu d phng ca trm. i vi phn mm PUPE, phn mm d phng c np sn trong trm d phng do khi c s c th di s iu khin ca MLPC n s chuyn i trng thi t d phng thnh
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hot ng ngay khng nh hng n lu lng x l gi. Cc bc phng v c m t trong hnh sau:
SC
SC
MLPUPE (ES) MLPUPE (ES) MLPUPE (ESRE)
D phng
MAS MLMQ MIS MLOM Hnh 4.4 Th tc phng v phn mm bo hiu s 7 MLPUPE
Bc 1: Gi s trong tng i c 3 SMA c chc nng PUPE, trong PUPE 3 trng thi d phng. Nu li xy ra v d trong SMA 1 c PUPE ang hot ng. Khi phn mm phng v ti ch t trong tng trm s nhn bn tin li, phn tch v v li nng n gi bn tin yu cu kho trm n phn mm phng v tp trung trong SMM, bn tin ny chuyn qua phn mm phn phi bn tin MLMQ. Bc 2: SMM nhn bn tin, phn tch v n gi bn tin kho trm li, chuyn PUPE 1 ang hot ng vo trng thi khng hot ng, ng thi n gi bn tin bo cho cc trm khc trn mch vng thng tin bit SMA 1 ang b kho cc trm khc khng gi bn tin cho SMA 1. Bc 3: Khi ny MLPUPE 1 khng x l lu lng, do vy t SMA 1 n gi bn tin thng bo cho phn mm phng v PUPE l MLPC trong SMC bit.
MLPC
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Bc 4: MLPC nhn v phn tch bn tin, ngay sau n gi bn tin n SMA3 chuyn i phn mm PUPE 3 t d phng thnh hot ng. Bc 5: ng thi n gi bn tin yu cu cu hnh li ng d liu bo hiu vo SMA 3, bn tin ny c chuyn qua MLMQ n MCX. Khi tt c mi lu lng c chuyn n PUPE 3 x l thay PUPE 1. Bc tip theo ngi iu hnh c th kho trm SMA 1 v sa cha, sau khi sa xong th MLPUPE 1 s trng thi d phng. 4. Th tc qun tr ss7: Trong tng i A1000 E10 mng bo hiu s 7 c phn chia thnh ba mng ring bit c m t trong hnh sau:
STP Quc t
Mng quc t
STP Quc gia
Mng quc gia Mng ni ht

PS1 CSN1
Mng ni ht
PS1 CSN1
Local Network
PS255 LOCAL UTC PS2 CSN2 PS3 CSN3
Local Network
PS255 LOCAL UTC PS2 CSN2 PS3 CSN3
National 1000 PS
National 1000 PS
Hnh 4.5. Cc kh nng ca mng bo hiu
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- Mng ni ht: Gia n v u ni thu bao CSN v ma trn chuyn mch.
- Mng quc gia: Gia cc chuyn mch thu bao, cc tng i chuyn tip v cc tng i quc t. - Mng quc t: Gia cc tng i quc t. Trong mi mng u c mt im bo hiu SP. Trong mng ni ht, con s SP ca mi mng ni ht u mang con s 255, trong n bao gm nhiu im SP ni ht, tu thuc vo dung lng n v u ni thu bao CSN. Cc ng d liu c m t trong hnh 4. 6. Trong qu trnh thc hin trao i bo hiu s 7, chc nng chnh l chc nng bin dch. Mc ch ca chc nng bin dch l cho php nh tuyn cc n v tn hiu bn tin t im bo hiu ny n im bo hiu khc. Trong nh phn trn ta bit c im bo hiu gc, ni pht bn tin OPC, im bo hiu thu bn tin DPC, cc thng tin ny nm trong nhn nh tuyn. Trng chn la knh bo hiu SCS tng ng vi cc bt thp nht ca m nhn dng knh trung k CIC.
Mng ni ht
Mng quc gia
CSN
SS7
n v tn hiu
OCB
SMA
MLPUPE1
n v tn hiu
n v tn hiu
n v tn hiu
VP VP
Lin kt s liu
VP
Hnh 4.6 V tr ca cc thnh phn qun tr mng bo hiu s 7.
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im bo hiu phi phn tch nhn nh tuyn ca bn tin. Theo kiu phn ti v lut phn ti trn SCS xc nh vic nh tuyn, v cui cng l chm knh trung k v knh c chn nh tuyn cho cc bn tin. Lut phn ti phi c thc hin theo 2 mc: - Chn chm knh trung k trong cng mt tuyn. - Chn knh bo hiu trong chm c la chn. T im bo hiu ch s cho ta bit tp lin kt bo hiu. T tp lin kt bo hiu ta s bit c danh sch tp cc lin kt bo hiu. T danh sch tp lin kt bo hiu ta s bit c danh sch cc knh bo hiu. Hnh v sau m t cc c tnh ny.
PTS
NSFM 1
Tng i A
PTS
Coc0 Coc1 Coc2 Coc3
NSFM 0
Tng i B
PSi
PSj
Knh thoi
Chn mt nhm trung k
Chn mt knh trong nhm
Hnh 4.7 Lin kt gia cc im bo hiu Tu theo kiu ca mng m ngi iu hnh khi thc hin cc lnh qun tr phi khai bo: - Mng ni ht: Kiu mng TYR= RL. - Mng quc gia: Kiu mng TYR= RN. - Mng quc t: Kiu mng TYR= RI 5. im bo hiu: Tuyn bo hiu ph hp vi im bo hiu ch. T im bo hiu s cho ta bit c tuyn bo hiu (ASM). Ph hp vi im bo hiu ny l mt kiu
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im bo hiu (TASN). Thng im bo hiu hin ang c s dng cho cc tng i trn mng u l kiu n ring bit (INDIV). im bo hiu ch c hot ng tt hay khng c m t qua tham s kh nng truy nhp (ACCE), vi cc trng thi sau y: - INA: Khng lm vic, khng truy nhp c. - ACP: Truy nhp tng phn hoc truy nhp 1 phn. - ACT: Hot ng tt, c kh nng truy nhp hon ton. - NCR: Cha c to. C kh nng truy nhp hon ton tng ng vi trng hp ni cc kh nng truy nhp ca cc chm knh bo hiu theo tuyn ny (t ACF 0 n ACF 3). im bo hiu c m t trong hnh sau:
Tng i A
Tng i B
PS Ngun
1 Phn tch bo hiu. 2 Gi n v tn hiu bo hiu.
Knh bo hiu
PS ch
1. Nhn n v tn hiu bo hiu. 2. Qun tr.
n v tn hiu bo hiu
SCS 4b
CPO 14b
CPD 14b
Hnh 4.8 im bo hiu Cc kh nng truy nhp ca chm knh bo hiu nh sau: - A: Chm knh bo hiu ri v c th truy nhp c. - I: Chm knh bo hiu ri nhng khng th truy nhp c. - H: Chm knh khng thch hp. - X: Chm knh bo hiu khng lm vic. - R: Yu cu chuyn giao b hn ch.
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Tuyn bo hiu l tp hp ng nht cc chm knh bo hiu cng loi. ng nht c hiu l tt c cc chm knh bo hiu trong tuyn u c cng tc v phng thc sa sai. Mi tuyn bo hiu gm c: - t nht mt chm knh bo hiu (cc i l 4, t NFSM0 n NFSM3). - Hot ng theo lut phn ti tng ng vi SCS. Lut (LAW) phn b trn chm knh cng nh trn knh bo hiu c biu din bng mt ma trn 16 hng x N ct, m t trong hnh 4. 9. Theo lut ny th ng vi mi SCS ta c mt danh sch theo th t gim dn cc thnh phn, m nhng thnh phn ny tng ng vi cc th t ca cc chm knh trong tuyn (RANF) hoc cc knh trong chm knh (RANC). N l su ca lut, su ny tng ng vi con s ti a thnh phn m lut ny tc ng ng vi mt SCS cho trc, tc tng ng vi s knh hoc s chm knh bo hiu.
LOI SCS
0 if SCS=1 2 15 Th t u tin 0123 1230 2301 3012
RANF 0 NFSM i
ASM
RANF 1 NFSM j
RANF 2 NFSM k
RANF 3 NFSM l
Hnh 4.9 Lut phn b trn chm knh bo hiu ca hng
7. Chm knh bo hiu: Mt chm knh bo hiu l mt tp cc knh bo hiu vi cng c tnh. Chm knh ph thuc vo: - Con s im bo hiu m chm knh u ni ti. - Lut phn b trn chm knh.
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- c tnh ( tc , phng thc sa sai: CORR0) - Danh mc cc knh bo hiu (COC) i vi mi COC (0< COC <15) c mt con s th t COC trong chm knh (0 < RANC < 15). Ta c lut phn b trn cc ng COC trong chm knh nh trong hnh sau:
LOI SCS
0 if SCS=1 2 Th t u tin 0123 1230 2301
NFSM
15
3012
RANC 0 COC n RANC 1 COC m RANC 2 COC o RANC 3 COC p
Hnh 4.10 Lut phn b trong chm knh
8. Knh bo hiu: Mt knh bo hiu bao gm hai knh s liu (mt knh trn i dy pht, mt knh trn i dy thu), cc knh ny u c cng tc . ng truyn dn hai chiu c s dng pht cc bn tin bo hiu s 7 ca ITU-T. Mt knh bo hiu bao gm: - Phn t mc 1: l mt lin kt s liu bo hiu (LSD), tng ng vi mt khe thi gian vt l (TS) u ni n im bo hiu i phng (SP), u ni bn c nh trong ma trn chuyn mch MCX v TS n SMA. - Phn t mc 2: Lin quan ti kt cui bo hiu thc TSM v kt cui bo hiu o TSV. TSM nm bn trong modul ACHIL, TSM l b kt cui phn cng v c chia thnh cc khe thi gian gi l VTSM (c ch s vt l 031). Mi VTSM qun l mt ng COC, mt module ACHIL qun l 16 COC.
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TSV cng c phn chia tng t nh TSM. Khi to COC, ngi iu hnh phi a ra con s kt cui knh o TSV, t h thng s t chn la con s TSM tng ng vi cu hnh (TSV TSM). TSM kt hp vi TSV lm tng tin cy cho h thng bo hiu SS7. Mi tng quan ny c biu th trong hnh sau:
VTSM 00 VTSM 31 VTSV 00 VTSV 31
SMA1
PUPE1 TSM 0 TSV 1
SMA2
PUPE2 TSM 1 TSV 1
SMX
SMA3
PUPE3 TSM 2 TSV 1
Hnh 4.11 Mi tng quan gia TSV TSM. Trong qu trnh khai thc, ch qun l c cc knh o trong b kt cui o, cc knh thc trong b kt cui thc do h thng t qun l. Trong qu trnh hot ng, n s chn ngu nhin mt knh thc ri. Nh vy, cc k thut vin ch c th can thip c vo TSV. Trng thi ca knh bo hiu ETCS gm 2 thnh phn: ETCS = xxxx + yyyy.
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xxxx: Trng thi knh vt l NCNT: Khng c u ni. INAC: Khng hat ng. ACTI: ang hot ng. INIT: ang khi to. NAFF: Cha c to.
yyyy: Phng thc chuyn bn tin BLOM: B kho do lnh MMC. BLOS: B kho do h thng. NBLO: Khng b kho. BLOD: Kho hng i. BLOA: Kho hng v.
Bng 2 Trnh t xy dng h thng bo hiu s 7
Kt lun
SS7 l h thng bo hiu s dng phng thc chuyn mch gi trong mng chuyn mch knh, n c thit k cung cp mt h thng bo hiu chung chun quc t. n nay, gn 100% tuyn quc t v ang s dng SS7. Mng quc gia cng ang s dng SS7. iu chng minh tnh hiu qu v nng lc ca SS7. Vi s h tr ca SS7 v cng vi chuyn mch ATM, tng i A1000 E10 ng vai tr quan trng trong vic nng cao cht lng dch v, a cc dch v mi vo mng.
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Thut ng vit tt
ACM ANC ANN ASE BHCA BIB BL BSM BSN BT CAMA CAS CC CCF CCS CIC CK CLB CLF CMP CMS COM CSED CSND CSNL CTSV DPC DUP ETA F FC FIB Address Complete Message Answer Signal Charge Answer Signal No Charge Application Service Element Busy Hour Call Attempt Backward Indicator Bit Local Bus Multiprocessor Station Bus Backward Sequence Number Time Base Centralised Automatic Message Accounting Channel Associated Signalling Communication Control Conference Circuit Common Channel Signalling Circuit Indicator Code Check Bit Clear Back Clear Forward Main Multiplex Coupler Secondary Mutiplex Coupler Matrix Switch Controller Electronic Satellite Concentrator Subcriber Digital Access Unit Local Digital Concentrator Voice Signalling Processing Coupler Destination Point Code Data Unit Part Auxiliary Equipment Manager Flag Frame Control Forward Indicator Bit Bn tin hon thnh a ch. Bn tin tr li c tnh cc. Bn tin tr li c tnh khng cc. Phn t dch v ng dng. Cuc th gi bn. Bit a ch hng v. Bus ni ht hay bus cc b. Bus gia cc trm a x l. Con s th t hng v. C s thi gian. Tnh cc tp trung. Bo hiu knh ring. iu khin thng tin. Mch hi ngh. Bo hiu knh chung. M nhn dng knh. Bit kim tra. Bn tin gii phng hng v. Bn tin gii phng hng i. Coupler mch vng chnh. Coupler mch vng ph. B iu khin chuyn mch chnh. B tp trung in t v tinh. n v truy nhp thu bao s. B tp trung s ni ht. Coupler x l tn hiu ting ni. im ch ca bo hiu. Phn s dng s liu. Qun l thit b ph tr C Trng iu khin khung Bit a ch hng i
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Forward Sequence Number Tone Generator Matrix System Handler High Density Bipolar Code High Level Data Link Control Initial Address Signal Message. Intelligent Network Intergrated Service Digital Network International Standards Organisation ISDN User Part Local Access Local Automatic Message Accounting Link Set Link State Control Link Status Signal Unit Length Indicator Matrix Link Incoming Matrix Link Outgoing Matrix Link Alarm Multiplex Mobile Application Part Main Control Station Access Multiplex Common Memory MC Host Switching Matrix MCX Multifrequency MF Multifrequency Compelled MFC Multifrequency Pulse MFP Inter-Station Multiplex MIS Software Machine ML MLETA Auxiliary Equipment Management MLPUPE SS7 Protocol Handler ML FSN GT GX HDB3 HDLC IAM IN ISDN ISO ISUP LA LAMA LS LSC LSSU LI LR LRE LRS MAL MAP MAS MLSM MQ Station ML Message Distributor
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Con s th t hng i B to tone Qun l u ni M tam cc mt cao iu khin ng s liu mc cao Bn tin a ch khi u Mng thng minh Mng s a dch v T chc tiu chun th gii Phn s dng mng s a dch v ng truy nhp Tnh cc ti ch Chm knh bo hiu B iu khin trng thi ng n v bo hiu trng thi knh Trng ch th di ng mng ng mng i vo ng mng i ra Mch vng cnh bo Phn ng dng cho di ng Mch vng thng tin truy nhp gia cc trm B nh chung Ma trn chuyn mch chnh a tn a tn cng bc Xung a tn Mch vng thng tin gia cc trm Phn mm chc nng Phn mm qun tr thit b ph tr Phn mm qun tr giao thc bo hiu s 7 Phn mm trm Qun tr phn b bn tin
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MR MRO MTP NI NT OMAP OPC OSI PCM PDD PGS PLMN PSTN PUP PUS RLC SAM SAO SCP SF SI SIF SIO SL SLM SLS SM SMA SMC SMM SMT SMX SP SPC Call Handler Message Routing Message Transfer Part Network Indicator Network Terminal Operation Maintaince Application Part Originating Point Code Open System Interconnection Pulse Code Modulation Post Dialling Delay General Supervisory Station Public Land Mobile Network Public Switched Telephone Network Main Processor Unit Secondary Processor Unit Release Message Subsequence Addrees Message Subsequence Addrees Message With One Service Control Point Single Frequency Service Indicator Signalling Information File Service Information Octet Signalling Link Signalling Link Management Signalling Link Selection Control Station Auxiliary Equipment Control Station Main Control Station Maintaince Station Trunk Control Station Matrix Control Station Signalling Point Stored Program Control
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X l cuc gi nh tuyn bn tin Phn chuyn giao bn tin Ch th mng Kt cui mng Phn ng dng vn hnh bo dng im xut pht bo hiu H thng giao tip m iu ch xung m Tr quay s Trm gim st tng th h thng Mng di ng cng cng Mng in thoi cng cng n v x l chnh n v x l ph Bn tin gii phng hon ton Bn tin a ch tip theo Bn tin a ch tip theo vi mt con s im iu khin dch v n tn Ch th dch v Trng thng tin bo hiu Octet thng tin dch v Lin kt bo hiu Qun tr ng bo hiu Chn la ng bo hiu Trm iu khin Trm iu khin thit b ph tr Trm iu khin chnh Trm bo dng Trm iu khin trung k Trm iu khin ma trn im bo hiu iu khin theo chng trnh lu tr
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SRM SSP SS7 STM STP SU TCAP TMN TS TUP UP UR VF Signalling Route Management Service Swiching Point Signalling System 7 Signalling Traffic Management Signalling Transfer Point Signalling Unit Transation Capability Application Part Telecommunication Management Network Time Slot Telephone User Part User Part Connection Unit Voice Frequency
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Qun tr tuyn bo hiu im chuyn mch bo hiu H thng bo hiu s 7 Qun tr lu lng bo hiu im chuyn tip bo hiu n v bn tin Phn qun tr kh nng phin dch Mng qun tr vin thng Khe thi gian Phn ng dng in thoi Phn ngi s dng n v u ni Tn s thoi
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Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Th Thanh K, H thng bo hiu s 7 v ng b, 1999
L Ngc Giao
[2] Nguyn Th Thanh K [3] L Ngc Giao [4] Dng [5] Nguyn Khnh Ton [6] L Ngc Thao [7] Nguyn Hng Sn
Tng i A1000 E10 (OCB283), 2001 Nghin cu cc phng n ng dng h thng bo hiu s 7 vo mng vin thng Vit Nam, 2000 H thng bo hiu v ng b mng vin thng, 1998 Bi ging h thng bo hiu, 1996 H thng bo hiu knh chung, 1995 C s k thut chuyn mch v Tng i, 2000 Understanding telecommunication, 1997 Signalling system #7, 2000
Hong c Hi
[8] Ericssion [9] Travis Russell
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He Thong Bao Hieu Ss7 867

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n tt nghip

Phn I: H thng bo hiu s 7 (ss7)

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Thu bao ch gi t my Nhc my Mi quay s a ch

Thu bao b gi ng thu bao

Chim Cng nhn chim a ch

Hi m chung Tr li m thoi Hi thoi t my Ct u ni

Bo hiu ng thu bao

Bo hiu ng thu bao

Hnh 1.1 Th tc bo hiu trong x l gi

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Bo hiu thu bao

Bo hiu knh kt hp CAS

Bo hiu knh chung CCS

Hnh 1.2 Phn chia h thng bo hiu

1. Bo hiu knh kt hp CAS:

Nhm knh bo hiu

Hnh 1.4 Tng quan v mng bo hiu knh chung

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Chng II: H thng bo hiu s 7

n tt nghip II/ cu trc ca h thng bo hiu s 7:

Hnh 2.1 Cu trc ca h thng bo hiu s 7.

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Mc 4 Mc 3 (Q.704) Mc 2 (Q.703) Mc 1 (Q.702)

Hnh 2.2 Cu trc chc nng ca SS7

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

n tt nghip Th tc thng tin trong m hnh tham chiu OSI: Th tc pht

SS7 Mc OMAP TCAP ISUP TUP

OSI Lp Lp ng dng Lp trnh by Lp phin 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Lp mng Mng bo hiu ng bo hiu Lp lin kt s liu Lp vt l

Hnh 2.3 Mi tng quan gia h thng bo hiu s 7 v OSI

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

ng s liu bo hiu s Hnh 2.4 MTP mc 1

Knh truyn dn s ST DS DCE DCE DS ST

ng s liu bo hiu s Hnh 2.5 MTP mc 2

FISU F 8 CK 16 2 LI 6 FC 16 F 8 Bit u tin

Hnh 2.6 Cc n v tn hiu trong SS7

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

n tt nghip ngha ca cc trng:

7 1 Hnh 2.7 Trng FC

Bt u tin Thng tin Nhn

Hnh 2.8 n v tn hiu MSU

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

CBA 000 001 010 011 100 101

ngha Mt ng chnh Bnh thng Trng thi khn Khng hot ng S c b x l Bn

Hnh 2.9 n v tn hiu trng thi ng

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Hnh 2.10 Phng php sa sai c bn

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Hnh 2.11 Phng php sa sai phng nga

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Qun tr lu lng bo hiu

Qun tr tuyn bo hiu

Qun tr mng bo hiu

Hnh 2.12 Cu trc chc nng MTP mc 3

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Nguyn th phng thu c4b k44

Hnh 2.14 Octet thng tin dch v