Aye Chans Enclave with Influx Viruses

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHe,ferdw ftwGif;usonfh e,fy,fydkifeufo dkU

tpkv dkuftNyHKvdku f a&muf&Sdvmaom ydk;rTm;taumifyavmifrsm;
qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwpfck\ tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfonf/ 4if;a'oonf
EdkifiH&yfjcm;wdkif;jynf\ e,ferdwfwpfckESihf qufpyfwnf&Sdaeaom rdcifEdkifiHwpfck\ tpdwftydkif;
wpfckjzpfonf/ udpESihfywfouf ppfzuftpdk;&tqufqufESihf wpfyl;wGJwGJvkyfudkifaqmif&Guf
vmaom &cdkiftpGef;a&muftrsdK;om;0g'DwdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)(ac:)&cdkifa'o&Sd =dk[if*sm+ESihf
ywfouf vkyfief;trsdK;rsdK;? pDrHudef;toG,foG,f aqmif&GufcJhonf/ olwdkUonf jrefrmjynf
wGif; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrS EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;0ifa&mufaexdkifaom e,fy,fydkifeufwpfck&Sdonf[k
tNrJa<u;aMumfcJhonf/ tausmfMum;qHk;yk*dKvfrSm =a'gufwmat;csrf;+qdkol[k od&onf/ &cdkifjynf?
bl;oD;awmife,fzGm; a'gufwmat;csrf;qdkolonf &ckdifjynf 4if;uJhodkU Enclave &Sdonf[k
qdkonf/(1) xdkodkUwifjyvmjcif;aMumihf wdkif;&if;om;=dk[if*sm+rsm;ESihf &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUMum; &SdaecJh
aomy#dyursm;udk jyefajymif;a&mifjyef[yfapcJhonf/ 4if;onf omref Enclave [k rqdkEdkifay/
onf Enclave tm; &cdkifjynf? ar,ke,fjcm;a'owGif aexdkifaom wdkif;&if;om;=dk[if*sm+rsm;
ESihfywfouf txl;yHkaz:a&;om;xm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;
wdkUtm; jrefrmEdkifi(H Burma)\ rl&if;a'ocHvlrsdK;r[kwf[k qdkonfhtjyif =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf
jrefrmEdkifiH? &cdkifajrmufydkif;a'owGif w&m;r0ifaexdkifvmcJhaomolrsm;jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJajymqdk
onf/
a'gufwmat;csrf;qdkolonf tz OD;pHxGef;atmif(ac:)[mvmpef (bm&0g)vlrsdK;ESihf &cdkif
Ak'bmomrdcifwdkUrS qif;oufolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ OD;pHxGef;atmifonf twef;ynm (7)wef;om
atmifjrifNyD; =aemfAdef'&m+a&SUae\ pma&;wpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/ =aemfAdef'&m+onf EdkifiHjcm;om;
(bm&0g)vlrsdK;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ =aemfAdef'&m+onf 'kwd,urmppftwGif;umvwGif rl&if;=b*Fvm;
EdkifiH+odkU xGufajy;oGm;cJh&m OD;pHxGef;atmifESihfolUrdom;pkaexdkifaom bloD;awmifNrdKU&Sd =aemfAdef
'&m+\ ajruGuftm; OD;pHxGef;atmiftm; vufvTJay;cJh&mrS aexdkifp&mr&Sdaom OD;pHxGef;atmif
ESihf olUrdom;pkvnf; tNrJaexdkif&ef ajruGufwpfck ydkifqdkifEdkifcJhonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf
&cdkifvlrsdK;ppfppfr[kwfyg/ olUzcif OD;pHxGef;atmifonf =z.q.y.vacwf+u trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;
twGuf wuf<upGm yg0ifcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf/ a'ocH=dk[if*sm+rGwfqvifwdkU\ EdkifiHa&;t&tm;
ay;axmufcHrI tNrJ&&SdcJhonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;ppfppf r[kwfaomfvnf; trkef;w&m;
yGm;rsm;aom &cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'DwdkU\ oHpOfvdkufum =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk
wpfpdkufrwfrwf qefUusifaeolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ 1988 ta&;tcif;umvmwpf0dkufwGif OD;at;
csrf;onf 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;wrf;wolrsm;bufrS &yfwnfay;cJhonf/ =dk[if*sm+trsdK;om;vIyf
&Sm;olrsm;ESihfvnf; tvdkufoihfaygif;oif;cJholjzpfonf/ 4if;olonf 1988 ta&;tcif;vIyf&Sm;rI
wGif tm;wufoa&myg0ifcJhonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; vlUtcGihf
ta&;&&Sda&;twGuf a<u;aMumfaeolwpfOD;jzpfaomfjim;vnf; =dk[if*sm+trsdK;om;tcGihfta&;
Enclave

twGufrl umqD;umqD;vkyfwwfaom tzsuform;wpfOD;tjzpf urmtESHU xif&Sm;aeol jzpf

onf/
OD;at;csrf; wifjyvmaom =Enclave+ESihfywfouf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd wdkif;&if;olwdkif;&if;om;
rsm;tm;vHk; em;vnfoabmayguf&ef tvGefta&;BuD;aom tcsdefusa&mufaeonf[k ,lqrd
ygonf/ OD;at;csrf;tckvdk pdefac:a&;om;vmrIaMumihf =dk[if*sm+xkwpf&yfvHk; wkefvIyfajcmuf
jcm;vmcJhNyD; olUa&;om;wifjycsufwdkUonf jrefrmjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;twGuf =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm;
EdkifiHjcm;om;tjzpf xifa,mifxifrSm; ,kefxifaMumifxif jzpfapHkomru EdkifiHjcm;om;olpdrf;
wpf&Hrsm;tjzpf rkef;wD;apaom pdwf"gwfrsm; wdk;yGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fcJhonf/ olonf =dk[if*sm+
udptm; txl;wvnf udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef awmif;qdkwifjyxm;NyD; ol\ xufjruf
xl;cRefajymifajrmufaom ulvDulrmta&;tom;aMumihf EdkifiHjcm;om;olpdrf;wpf&Hrsm;tm;
rkef;wD;aom tavhtx&Sdonfh tcsdKUaom t,lonf;jrefrmvlxktMum; tvGefacwfpm;vsuf
&Sdonf/ ol\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk jrefrm*sme,ftrsdK;rsdK;wGif a&;om;wifjyaeonf/ 4if;a&;om;
wifjycsufwdkUonf =dk[if*sm+vlxktm; tpOfojzihf qefUusifaeaom trsdK;om;0g'Drsm;udk
tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufjyKcJhonf/ OD;at;csrf; uJhodkU a&;om;onfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfvQif a'o
wGif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;twGif; tcsif;csif; &efvdkapaom? trkef;w&m;yGm;rsm;apaom
tjcif;t&mrsm;udk xGef;um;apNyD;? acwfa&pD;aMumif;qufpyfrIudk rodem;rvnfaom acwfNydKif
pma&;q&mwpfOD;[k rSwf,l&rnf/ xdkUtjyif =dk[if*sm+ordkif;a&;&mESihfywfoufNyD; a&;om;aom
ol\ &cdkifom;pmaywGif 'kwd,urmppftwGif;umvwpf0dkuf =dk[if*sm+rsdK;jzKwfa&;ppfyGJ qifETJ
cJhaom &cdkiftMurf;zuftrsdK;om;0g'DacwftqufqufwdkUtm; &cdkifjynf&Sd =dk[if*sm+trsdK;om;
rsm;tm; usLyifckwfusLikwfrusefqdkonhf vlrsdK;okwfoifa&;ppfyGJ aemufwpfyGJ zefwD;Edkif&ef
tm;ay;a&;om;aom ta&;tom;yifjzpfonf/ ,ckuJhodkU rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;ESihfywfoufqufEG,f&m
ol\a&;om;csufwdkUtm; txl;ta&;wBuD; pOf;pm;qifjcifoHk;oyf&ef vdktyfonf/ uJhodkU
rsdK;EG,fpkcsif; wdkufcdkufaom tawG;tac:aESmonfh ta&;tom;aMumihf =dk[if*sm+trsdK;om;
wdkU\ ordkif;a&;&mESihf ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfwdkU\ &yfwnfcdkifrmrIudk &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkU jyif;jyif;
xefxef uefUuGufqefUusifaeaMumif; od&onf/ atufaz:jyyg avhvmcsufwdkUonf EdkifiH
jcm;om;olpdrf;wpf&Hrsm;tm; wdkufcdkufaom ta&;tom;udk kyfvHk;az:zefwD;xm;NyD; acwfNydKif
pdwful;OmPfqefaom &cdkifordkif;pmayrsm;udkom tom;ay;a&;om;xm;onf/ odkUa&;om;&ef
awG;ac:qifjcifrI rcdkifrmaom qHk;jzwfcsufyg0ifonfh ta&;tom;wdkUonf pmayusrf;*ef
ESHUpyfaom ynm&Sifrsm;\ oabmobm0udk arS;rSdefapNyD; dk;om;aom =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ t&Sdw&m;
jzpfwnfrIudk jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;vlxktMum; xdwfvefUajcmufjcm;zG,f&mjzpfatmifESihf =dk[if
*sm+vlrsdK;wkdUonf tvGefaMumufrufzG,f vlrsdK;pkwpfpkjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ap&ef a&;om;xm;
onfudk awGUjrif&onf/

=dk[if*sm+rnfolenf; (odkU) =dk[if*sm+qdkwmbmvJ

=dk[if*sm+qdkonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;wpfpkjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+ wdkUonf
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd usefwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf bmompum;? omoem? ,Ofaus;rI toGiftjyifESihf
kyfvuPmrsm; rwlnDaomaMumihf &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom jrefrmhppfwyfrawmfonf =dk[if*sm+
wdkUtm; jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;pm&if;tjzpfrS ysufjy,fxm;NyD; Stateless (ac:) EdkifiHrJhvlrsdK;jzpf
atmif pepfwuspDrHxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/ OD;at;csrf; a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom =dk[if*sm+ESihfywf
oufonfrsm;udk teD;uyfavhvmMunfhaomtcg &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom jrefrmhwyfrawmf
ppftpdk;&u tpOftqufuyif txift&Sm;&SdESihfNyD;jzpfonfh =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tm; topfpDrH
jyKvkyfxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;om; (odkU) EdkifiHjcm;rS cdk;0ifvmaom vlrsdK;ozG,f pepfwus zefwD;
aeonfudk axmufcHtwnfjyKouJhodkUyifjzpfonf/

==dk[if*smqdkonfrSmrnfolenf;++[k ar;cGef;xkwfxm;onf/
==jrefrmEdkifiHonf 1948-ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;&cJhNyD; xdktcsdefuwnf;uyif jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf
=dk[if*sm+udpESihfywfouf eyef;vHk;ywfcsmvnfae&onf++ [kqdkxm;onf/ (pm-15)
ol\pmwrf;wGif

xkdodkUOD;at;csrf; ajymqdkcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjy&vQif trSefpifppf 1948 ckESpf

vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;tcsdefuwnf;u jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wpfckwnf;\ jyemESihf
&ifqdkif&onfr[kwfyJ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;vdkvdkESihfyif jyemtenf;ESihftrsm; &SdaeNrJ
jzpfonf/ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGihftwGuf BudK;yrf;ae&Smaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;vdkvdktm;
jrefrmtpdk;&onf a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm;[kyif wifpm;cJhonf/ trSefpifppf jrefrmEdkifiHA[dk
tpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rnfonhfvlrsdK;tkyfpkonf wdkif;&if;om; jzpfonf? rjzpfonfudk
A[dktpdk;&u owfrSwfay;&onf/ odkUr[kwf rnfolwdkUonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf
ponfjzifh tNrJcsihfcsdefpOf;pm;awG;awmae&aom tcsdejf zpfonf/ wdkif;&if;om;udprsm; ajz&Sif;&ef
tvdkUiSm xdkpOfu 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfcJhaom =OD;Ek+onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; ar,ke,fjcm;cdkif
taemufbufwGif rSDwif;aexdkifaom vlrsdK;rsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf
owfrSwfcJhonf/ =Adkvfae0if;+acgif;aqmifaom =awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&+ wufvmonhf
tcsdefrSpwif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tay: trsdK;rsdK;ppfqifa&;qifETJ =dk[if*sm+trnftay:
ar;cGef;ajrmufjrm;pGm xkwfvmcJhonf/

olwdkUudk,folwdkUqdkaom
vlrsdK;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH taemufajrmufbuf? ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'owGif aexdkifaom
rGwfqvifrsm;jzpfonf/ xdka'oonf ,cktac:ta0:tm;jzihf bl;oD;awmif? armifawma'o
udkqdkvdkonf/ a'oonf jrefrmEdkifiHe,ferdwftwGif; oD;jcm;&yfwnfaeaom a'owpfckjzpfNyD;
b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)EdkifiHESihf jrefrmEdkifiHMum; ewfjrpfcHxm;onf/ ++ (pm-15)
pma&;q&m

OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm

==dk[if*sm[k

rSefygonf/ =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'o odyfonf;pGm

aexdkifvsuf&Sdygonf/(2) odkUaomfvnf; ajrmufjrm;pGmaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifjynftESHUtjym; aexdkifMuygonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf &aohawmif? ppfawG?
ausmufawmf? ajrmufOD;? rif;jym;? ausmufjzLESihf ajryHkwdkUwGif ysHUESHUpGm aexdkifonf/ 'kwd,

urmppftwGif; vlenf;pk=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; &cdkijf ynfawmifydkif;wGif &cdkifppf0g'DwdkU\ aoG;wdk;

vHIUaqmfay;rIaMumihf &cdkifqdk;rsm;vufatmufwGif =dk[if*sm+rGwfqvif&Gmrsm; rD;IdUjcif;cHcJh&NyD;
touf&Sifusef&pfaeolwdkUonfvnf; =dk[if*sm+nDaemiftrsm;pk&Sd&m ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'oodkU
xGufajy;cJh&onf/
OD;at;csrf;ta&;tom;rsm;onf ola&;vdkaom wifjycsuftaxmuftxm;rsm;\ tp
ueOD;wifjycsufyifvQif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; oD;jcm;qGJxkwf axmufjyaz:xkwfvdkaom rnf
odkUrQ qufpyfrIr&Sdonfhf tajccH,lqcsufrsm;yifjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+rsm;udk =Enclave+odkU xdk;oGif;
ydkUaqmif[efwlonf/
pma&;ol OD;at;csrf; az:jyxm;onfrSm ==tm(&f)um(ef)a'oonf ou&mZf

1784 wGif =Arm+rif;u odrf;ydkufratmifEdkifao;cif vGwfvyfaom bk&ifEdkifiHwpfck jzpfcJhonf/

=dk[if*sm+ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;onf tm(&f)um(ef)a'otwGif; ESpf(1000)uwnf;uyif =dk[if*sm+
vlrsdK;rsm;\ bmom? omoem? ,Ofaus;rIrsm; wnf&SdcJhaMumif; =dk[if*sm+ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;u
usrf;?#Dum ajrmufjrm;pGm a&;cJhonf/ odkU&mwGif 4if;usrf;?#Dumrsm;udk tqifhjrihfynmoifMum;
a&;wGif axmufcHtwnfrjyKMuaomfvnf; =dk[if*sm+wnf&SdyHkESihfywfouf r[kwfrrSef a&;om;
xm;aom pmtkyfpmayusrf;*ef ta&;tom;tcsdKUudk =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wnf&SdyHk t"dyg,fouf
a&muf[ef a&;om;xm;onfh yHkjyifESihf'@&DtcsdKUtm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0 aemifwGif tar&duef?
*syefESihf b*Fv;a'h(&fS)EkdifiHwdkUwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ pmtkyfpmayrsm;\ tawG;tac:t,l
tqrsm;onf EdkifiHwumvlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh ukvor*'kuonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;BuD;
Hk;txd urmUrD'D,mrSwqihf ysHUESHUpdrfh0ifcJhonf++[kqdkonf/ (Ba Tha 1960:33-36, Razzaq and Haq
ue 1995:15)

(pm-15)

OD;at;csrf;onf jynfwGif;ESihfurmtESHU tvGefxif&Sm;ouf0ifaeaom =dk[if*sm+

ESihfywfouf&m taxmuftxm;rsm;tm; aphaphpyfpyf aoaocsmcsm rppfaq;rqifjcifbJ usrf;?
#Dum[kvnf;aumif;? r[kwfrrSefaom pmtkyfpmayrsm;[kvnf;aumif; az:jyxm;onf/ xif&
onfrSm OD;at;csrf;onf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd wpfzufurf;a&mufatmif uRrf;usifwwfajrmufoltjzpf
b0ifjrihfaoG;em;xifa&mufum ppfrSefaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rodudsK;uRefjyKaeaMumif;
awGU&onf/
OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm ==rMumao;cifurS jyKpkxm;aom olUpmwrf;udk EdkifiHw

umodkU jzefUcsd&efESihf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif awGUqHkSdEIdif;aqG;aEG;&efjzpfonf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fpOf *syef

EdkifiHrS ygarmu Kei Nemoto ESihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynf&Sd =dk[if*sm+\ t&Sdw&m;ESihfywfouf
ESD;aESmyGJwpfckusif;yjzpfcJhonf/ Kei Nemoto\ =dk[if*sm+ESihfywfouf&m jyKpkxm;aom tcsuf
wdkUonf *syefbmompum;ESihf a&;om;xm;NyD; 4if;*syefygarmuonf dk[if*smwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)
&cdkifjynfwGif at'D(8)&mpkuwnf;u wnf&SdcJhonfudk oabmwlonf/ *syefygarmu onfvnf;
=dk[if*sm+wdkU\ t&Sdw&m;tay: Oya'taMumif;t& ,SOfNydKifwdkufcdkufcJhonf/++ (pm-15)

txufaz:jyyg OD;at;csrf;wifjycsufrsm;onf tm(&f)um(ef)(ac:)&cdkifjynfwGif

=dk[if*sm+rsm; a&S;ya0oPDuyif w&m;0ifwnf&Sdaejcif;tay: vHk;0qefUusifaeaMumif; ay:
vGifaeonf/ odkU&mwGif OD;at;csrf; t&SufwuGJjzpf&rnfrSm *syefygarmu Kei Nemoto\ =dk[if
*sm+rsm; tm(&f)um(ef)wGif a&S;,cifuyif wnf&SdaeaMumif; axmufjyaz:jyaejcif;tay:
OD;at;csrf;\ =dk[if*sm+qefUusifaom taxmuftxm;wifjycsufrsm;u *syefygarmu\
taxmuftxm;tay: uefUuGufrnfqdkygvQif Kei Nemoto\ pm&Gufpmwrf; taxmuftxm;
rsm;tay: uefUuGufEdkifaom EdkifiHwumusrf;udk;taxmuftxm;pm&if;rsm;udk axmufjywifjy
&ef tqdk;jrifpmayusrf;*efwwf0g'D OD;at;csrf;\ wm0efomjzpfonf/
=dk[if*sm+ordkif;tm; csdK;csdK;ESdrfESdrf wifjyxm;jcif;
OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm ==dk[if*smwnf&SdrIESihfywfouf dk[if*smwdkif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;rsm; trSefwu,f&Sd?r&Sd jyefvnfppfaq;&ef ta&;BuD;onfhtjyif olwdkU\ bdk;?bGm;?bD?

bifrsm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfwGif OD;pGmaexdkifcJholrsm; [kwf?r[kwf ordkif;aemufcH taxmuf
txm;rsm;udk &SmazG&efvdktyfonf/ ++ (pm-15)
txuftaMumif;t&mygudpESihfywfouf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;
&if;om;rsdK;EG,f0if wpfckjzpfaMumif; jyefvnfppfaq;&ef vdktyfonf[kqdkonfrSm rnfonfudk
vdktyfonf[k &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; raz:jyxm;ay/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf =dk[if*sm+\ rlvZpfjrpfudk
ppfaq;&ef vdktyfonf[k qdkonfrSmvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;az:jyrxm;ay/
odkU&mwGif olqufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm ==ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& uREfkyf

wkdUrSm ta0;BuD;aemufjyefqkwfMunfh&ef rvdkyg/ 1950 ckESpfavmufrSpwif tm(&f)um(ef)

&cdkifjynf taemufajrmufydkif;a'orS tenf;i,faom b*FgvDpmaywwfajrmufol vlwpfpku
olwdkUudk,folwdkU =dk[if*sm+[k pwifac:avawmhonf/++(pm-15)

OD;at;csrf;onf 1950 ckESpf rwdkifcifu taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjy&ef

pdwfrygwygjzpfaeaMumif; awGU&onf/ odkU pdwfrygwygjzpfaeonfudk tb,faMumihfenf;[k
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W.Charney,

Sanjay

Subrahmanyam,

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Van

Galen,

Ana

Marques

Guedes

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a&G;cs,foHk;EIH;jcif;onf tpGef;a&muf&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkU\ tmCmw&efjidK;w&m;udk a&mifjyef[yf
aejcif;yifonf/
=dk[if*sm+qdkaom toHk;tEHI;udk &mpkESpfaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmuwnf;u oHk;EHI;vmcJh
aomfvnf; OD;at;csrf;onf ==b*Fvm;a'h(&fS)EdkifiH? ppfwaumif;cdkifrS a&TUajymif;vmaom b*FgvD

vlrsdK;wdkUrS arG;zGm;qif;oufvmol rsdK;qufESpfquf(odkU)oHk;qufavmuf&SdolwdkUu =dk[if*sm+

[laomtrnfudk wDxGifcJhonf/++[k a&;om;onf/ (pm-16)

OD;at;csrf;\ rSm;,Gif;aom vufcH,lqcsuftay: qefUusifaxmufjyvdkaomtm;jzifh

Francis Buchanan \ rSwfwrf;t& =dk[if*sm+qdkaom toHk;tEHI;onf a&S;,cifuyif tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif aexdkifaom r[mar'ifbmom0ifwkdU ajymaompum;tm; qdkvdkaom
trnfudk tpGJjyK =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;tjzpf xif&Sm;vmjcif;jzpfonf[k 1790 ckESpfwGif olrSwfwrf;
wifcJhonf/ xdkr[mar'ifbmom0ifwdkUonf Roainga (ac:) tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o\ =blrdykx
&+ vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf/(10) Michael W-Charney uqdkonfrSm Roainga rS Rohingya tjzpf
ajymif;vJqif;oufvmcJhyHku tvGefdk;&Sif;onf/(11) Buchananu &Sif;vif;pGmqdkxm;onfrSm a&S;
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS =b&ref+owif;ay;olrsm;onf olwdkUudk,folwdkU Rosawan[k ac:qdk
onf/ &cdkifvlrsdK;wkdUonf rGwfqvifESihf[dELrsm;tm; =ukavmh (odkU) olpdrf;+[k ac:qdkNyD;
,ckacwf &cdkifvlrdsK;wdkUtm; a&S;,cifa'ocHwdkUu =&ud+[k ac:qdkonf/ 4if;tac:ta0:wdkU
onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwdkU &cdkiftm; rodrf;ydkufcif a'ocHwdkUu wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; ac:qdkaom
toHk;tEHI;rsm;jzpfonf/(12)
OD;at;csrf; qufvufajymonfrSm ==rnfodkUyifqdkapumrl tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o

tm; NAdwdoQwdkU odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf NAdwdoQ-tdEd,odkU oGwfoGif;raygif;pyfcifu tpvmrf

bmom0ifrsm;r&Sd[k rqdkvdkay/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifbk&if =rif;apmrGef(c) e&rdwfvS(c) prkef;pv
rmef&Sm;+onf ajrmufOD;acwf(1430-1784)udk yxrqHk; xlaxmifoljzpfcJhonf/ =e&rdwfvS+onf
vufvTwfqHk;IH;vdkuf&aom olUeef;udk b*Fvm;pkvfwefbk&if\ ppfwyftultnDjzihf eef;jyefvnf
&&SdcJhonf/ olonf b*Fvm;EdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif;(24)ESpfMum aecJhpOfu ol\ aemufvdkufaemufyg
ta>ct&Htoif;yif;(rGwfqvif)wdkUtm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd ajrmufOD;NrdKUwpf0dkufwGif
tajccsaexdkifcGihfjyKcJhonf/ aemifwGif olwdkUonf tvGefxif&Sm;ausmfapmaom =pEDcgef+AvDudk
wnfaqmufcJhonf/ olwdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif yxrqHk; aexdkifcJhaom rGwfqvif
rsm; jzpfcJhNyD; OD;a&tm;jzihf rrsm;jym;vS++[k olUpmwrf;wGif a&;om;cJhonf/(pm-16)
OD;at;csrf;\ txufaz:jycsufonf pdwfIyfaxG;zG,f&mjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&
onf/ b*Fvm;=pkvfwef+bk&ifonf =e&rdwfvS+tm; =ajrmufOD;+NrdKUwGif eef;jyefvnfwifajrSmuf
ay;&ef (2)Budrfwdkifwdkif ppfwyftiftm; apvTwfcJh&onf/ =ajrmufOD;+eef;udk acwodrf;ydkufcJhonfh
Armhwyfrawmftm; armif;xkwfEdkif&eftwGuf b*Fvm;pkvfwefbk&ifom;tzwdkUonf ppfOD;pD;csKyf
=0vDcgef+OD;aqmifaom ppfwyftiftm;(30000)ESihf ppfOD;pD;csKyf =pEDcgef+OD;aqmifaom ppfwyf
tiftm;(20000)wdkUudk tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU toD;oD;apvTwfcJhonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf

ppfwyftiftm;(50000)ESihf 4if;wdkUxdrf;jrm;vufxyfcJhaom a'ocHtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESihf olwdkU\

om;orD;rsm;wdkU =ukvm;wef+jrpf0Srf;wpfavQmuf tajccsaexdkifcJhonfrsm;udk rodusdK;uRef
jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/(13) olUpmwrf;udk avhvmawGU&Sd&onfrSm OD;at;csrf;onf tvGefw
&m tpGef;a&mufbufvdkufolwpfOD;jzpfNyD; =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ xif&Sm;aom ordkif;taxmuftxm;
rsm;udk a'gufwmynm&Sifwnf;[laom rawmfaomtodynmESihf wpfzufapmif;eif; tajrmf
tjrifpGrf;yum;jzihf ao;odrfnHhzsif;zG,f&mESihf txiftjrifao;&avatmif jyKvkyfvQuf&SdaMumif;
awGU&onf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;onf wdkif;od? jynfod? urmodNyD;
ordkif;jzpfpOft&Sdw&m;ay:wGif tajccHxm;onf/ OD;at;csrf; ,ckuJhodkU =dk[if*sm+ESihfywfouf
a&;om;aejcif;onf onf;cHEdkifzG,f&m taMumif;udpwpfck r[kwfonfhtjyif ol\ xif&mpdkif;
pdwful;,Ofqefqef ta&;tom;wdkUonf ordkif;jzpfpOf rawmfwqjzpf&yfwpfck r[kwfaMumif;
vnf;az:jyvdkonf/ (1960)ckESpf0ef;usif tpGef;a&muf&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;
wdkU\ ordkif;ausmaxmufaemufcHyHk&dyfvTmudk tpOfojzihf udk;um;axmufjyaeonfh =pEDcgef+
AvDtm;vnf; tajctjrpftpte r&Sd&atmif tpDtpOfusus zsufqD;ypfcJhonf/
OD;at;csrf; xyfqihfa&;om;onfudk pdwf0ifwpm;wifjy&vQif ==(17)&mpktv,f

avmufwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd tvkyfcGiftoD;oD;wGif b*FgvDuRefrsm;tm; tvkyfcefU

xm;cJhjcif;aMumihf rGwfqvifOD;a& wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf/ (16)&mpktpydkif;umvuwnf;u b*Fvm;
a'h(&fS)rS uRefrsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;ESihf rsm;pGmaom Opmypnf;rsm;tm; twif;t"r odrf;ydkuf,l
jcif;wdkUonf ay:wl*Drsm;ESihf &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkU\ "avhxHk;pH tpOftvmwpfckuJhodkUyifjzpfcJhonf/
r*dk(vf)ordkif;ynm&Sif 'Shiaha Buddin Talish'tqdkt& =ay:wl*D"jr+wdkUonf zrf;qD;cH b*FgvD
vlrsdK;rsm;tm; uReftjzpf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifrif;xH a&mif;cscJhNyD; aemifwGif &cdkifrif;wdkUu
4if;uRefrsm;tm; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESihf tjcm;0efaqmifrIvkyfief;toD;oD;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkif
apcJhonf/++ (1907:422)(pm-16) odkU&mwGif 4if;uJhodkU tajccsaexdkifolrsm;\ ajcukyfMoZmBuD;
rm;cJhyHkudk ao;odrfnHhzsif;apvdkaomtm;jzihf OD;at;csrf;onf ==xdkUtjyif Hk;awmfydkif;qdkif&mvkyf
ief;rsm;wGif txufwef;pm;rGwfqviftcsdKU &SdcJh[efwlonf/ 4if;wdkUxJrS tcsdKUonf bk&ifha&;&m
taxGaxG0efaqmifrIwGif b*FgvDpmaywwfajrmufol? yg&SefpmaywwfajrmufolESihf t&ADpmay
wwfajrmufolrsm;tjzpf trIxrf;aumif;xrf;vdrfhrnf/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf ajrmufOD;bk&if
rsm;onf Ak'bmom0ifrsm;jzpfvifhupm; tpvmrfa&;&mtaqmifta,mifrsm;jzpfaom aiG'*Fg;
rsm;oHk;pGJjcif;ESihf yg&Sefbmomjzihf rGwfqvifbGJUrsm; cH,ljcif;tjyif b*Fvm;pkvfwefbk&ifwdkU\
vkyfenf;vkyf[ef tqift,ifxHk;wrf;tpOftvmrsm;udkvnf; ay:ay:xifxif vdkufemusihfoHk;
cJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ olwdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif OD;pGmtajccsaexdkifcJhaom
rGwfqvifrsm;jzpfcJhNyD; vlOD;a&tm;jzihf odyfrrsm;jym;vSay++ [k a&;om;cJhjyefonf/(pm-16)
txufygOD;at;csrf;\ az:jycsufrsm;onf trsm;jynfol EdkifiHwumtodkif;
t0dkif;wdkUu vufrcHEdkifonfh r[kwfr[yfrqDrqdkif ordkif;taxmuftxm;jzpfonfhtjyif [mo
jzpfzG,f&m pdwful;csdKcsdK[kom ,lq&onf/ b*Fvm;=pkvfwef+bk&ifapvTwfvdkufaom =pEDcgef+
OD;aqmifonfh b*Fvm;wyf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU a&muf&SdNyD;aemuf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif

a'oonf b*Fvm;=pkvfwef+bk&if\ cdkifa'owpfcktjzpf usa&mufcJhonf/ &cdkifbk&ifwdkUonf

b*Fvm;bk&ifrsm;\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif oGef;vkyfcJh&aom rGwfqvif'*Fg;rsm;udk tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif oHk;pGJcJh&onf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm; eef;wufr*FvmbdodufcHyGJwGif b*Fvm;rS
ynm&Sifrsm; vma&mufcsD;jrSihfonfh rGwfqvifbGJUtoD;oD;udk cH,lcJh&NyD; b*Fvm;bk&iftm;vnf;
tcGefawmfrsm; qufocJh&onf/ ordkif;aemufcHtaxmuftxm;rsm;t&ajym&vQif tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif b*FgvD? yg&Sef(,cktD&ef)ESihf tm&AfwdkU\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI oufa&mufcJhcsdef
rSp tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGifvnf; rwluGJjym;aom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;ESihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;[l
xif&Sm;pGm ay:xGef;vmcJhNyD; =dk[if*sm+bmompum;ESihf =&cdkif+bmompum;wdkUvnf; acwfNydKif
oD;jcm;pD toD;oD;ay:aygufvmcJhaMumif;awGU&onf/ bk&ihfHk;awmfydkif;qdkif&mwGif tvkyfvkyf
udkifcJhaom txufwef;pm; =yg&Sef+ESihf =tm&Af+wdkUajymaom bmompum;onf ,ckurmod
=dk[if*sm+bmompum;ESihfpmay jzpfay:xGef;um;vm&jcif; rlvtp[kqdkEdkifonf/ uAsmtausmf
tarmf Sayed Shah AlaolESihf tjcm;ynm&SiftausmftarmfwdkUonf =dk[if*sm+pmayudk wDxGifcJh
olrsm;jzpfaMumif; ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;u qdkonf/ =&cdkif+pum;ESihf =b*FgvD+pum;wdkUvnf;
ouf0ifa&m>yef;aeonfh =dk[if*sm+bmompum;onf =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+wkdUajymaom pum;
avoHESihfrwl uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ txufaz:jyyg taMumif;t&mrsm;tay: qufpyfMunhfvQif
OD;at;csrf;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifordkif;\ jzpfdk;jzpfpOftm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfoabm
aygufxm;onhf *kPf,lzG,f&m ordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD; r[kwfonfhtjyif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifordkif;\
jzpf&yfrSefordkif;a&;pD;aMumif;udk wvGJem;vnfNyD; =dk[if*sm+rsm;onf ppfwaumif;a'orS tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU w&m;r0if tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf a&muf&Sdvmaom taumifyavmifrsm; (odkU)
Influx Viruses tjzpf a&;om;xm;onfudk 0rf;enf;pGm awGU&onf/
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; =Arm+rif;0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufjcif;tay: ta&;BuD;tcsuftvufrsm;
xdefcsefjcif;
OD;at;csrf;onf ol\pmwrf;a&;om;jyKpk&mwGif ta&;BuD;onfh tcsufwpfcsufudk
xdefcsefxm;onf/ ol&Sif;vif;xm;onfrSm ==1784-1824 umvtwGif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynf

tm; =Arm+rif;u &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm tkyfcsKyfcJhjcif;aMumihf rsm;pGmaom &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUonf

=jAdwdoQ-b*Fvm;+odkU xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh&onf/ ta&SUjAdwdoQ-tdEd,ukrPD\ rSwfwrf;rSwf
&mt& &cdkifvlrsdK; (35000)cefUwdkUonf ppfwaumif;cdkifa'oodkU 1790 ckESpfwGif cdkvIHcGihf
awmif;cHcJhonf/ (Asiatic Annual Register 1799:61;Charney 1999:265) (pm-16)

tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; jrefrmrif;odrf;ydkufNyD; &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm tkyfcsKyfcJh

rIaMumihf =&cdkif+vlrsdK;wdkU b*Fvm;a'oodkU tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJhonfudk
OD;at;csrf;u wifjycJhaomfvnf; tvm;wl =jrefrm+rif;\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom tkyfcsKyfrI
,E&m;atmufrS b*Fvm;a'oodkU xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ OD;a&ESihf
tajctaeudk wifjyaqG;aEG;&ef qdwfqdwfaecJhonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf =jrefrm+rif;\ &ufpufrI
atmufrS xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ taMumif;t&mudk raqG;aEG;? raxmuf
jy? csefvSyfxm;onfudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf =jrefrm+rif;vufxufwGif rsufESmom

ay;cH&ovdkvdk? =dk[if*sm+tay: rnfodkUrQ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfjcif;taygif; rjzpfcJhovdkvkd oabm

aqmifonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ xGuq
f dkcsufudk ordkif;qdkif&m Buchanan udk;um;xm;onfrSm

== =jrefrm+wyfonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifudk ppfatmifEdkifNyD; wpf&ufwnf;wGif a'ocHvlrsdK;

(40000)ausmf towfcHcJh&onf/ awGUav&m rdef;racsmrsm;\ om;a,mufsm;rsm;udk owfjzwf
twif;t"r ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ i,f&G,fEkysdKaom rdefuav;rsm;udkvnf; rdbwdkU\ oabm
qErygbJ twif;t"r ac:aqmifoGm;cJhHkomru r&Sdqif;&Jom;wdkU\ Opmypnf;rsm;udkvnf;
twif;t"r vk,loGm;cJhonf/(14) tjcm;b*Fvm;bufrS &&Sdaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&
ppfwaumif;odkU xGufajy;cdkvIHcJhaom tm(&f)um(ef)a'ocHvlrsdK;wdkUonf ppfwaumif;cdkif
==pCFm++ jrpfwpfavQmuf aexdkifcJh&onf++[kqdkonf/(15)
pma&;q&m Charney \ udk;um;csufudk OD;at;csrf;jyefqdkxm;onfrSm ==tm(&f)um(ef)
&cdkiftm; Armrif; ppfatmifEdkifNyD;rS a'ocHvltcsdKUudk Armjynftv,fydkif;odkU jynfESif'PfydkU
cJhonf/ t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifudk odrf;ydkufaomtcg tm(&f)um(ef)&ckdifjynf vlOD;
a&onf tvGefUtvGefenf;yg;onf/ tvGefajrqDMoZmaumif;rGefaom ukvm;wefjrpfESihf
av;NrdKUjrpfwpfavQmuf&Sd a'orsm;wGif ,cifu qefa&pyg; tvGefjzpfxGef;cJhaomfvnf; t*Fvdyf
a&mufaomtcg 4if;a'oonf taSmufayguf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajrdkif;jzpfaecJhonf/
(Charney 1999:279)

OD;at;csrf;onf ol\

Influx Viruses

pmtkyf qdkxm;onfrSm ==NAdwdoQwdkU

&cdkifa'oudk odrf;ydkufvQif odrf;ydkufcsif; tdEd,wGif cdkvHIaecJhaom ajrmufjrm;pGmaom &cdkif

vlrsdK;wdkUonf arG;&yfXmaeodkU jyefa&mufvmcJhonf/ 4if;xJrS wpfcsdKUonf ppfawG? ausmufjzLESihf
oHwGJNrdKUrsm;wGif tajccsaexdkifcJhNyD; wpfcsdKUvnf; rlvae&ma'orsm; tajccsaexdkifEdkif&ef
BudK;yrf;cJhonf++(16)
rSefygonf/ =jrefrm+wyf\ csif;eif;0ifa&mufrIaMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'ocHwdkUonf
tvGefupOfhuvsm;jzpfcJhNyD; ajrmufjrm;pGmaom jynfolwdkUonfvnf; rl&if;XmaerS xGufajy;cJh
&onf/ ==(1826)ckESpf t*FvdyfwdkU\ oef;acgifpm&if;t& tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a&

onf OD;a&(100000)xuf rausmfcJhay/ (1831)ckESpfwGif (173000)odkU jzpfvmNyD; (1839)ckESpf

wGif (248000)odkU jzpfvmum (1902)ckESpfwGif (762102)odkU vlOD;a& wjznf;jznf;
wdk;vmcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/++(17) odomxif&Sm;onfrSm xGufajy;oGm;cJhaom 'kuonfrsm;xJrS
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfodkU vlOD;a&tydkif;tpavmufom jyef0ifvmcJhonf/ =jrefrmrif;+ tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk odrf;ydkufcJhpOfu 4if;wGif vlOD;a&rnfrQ&Sdoenf;/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif

a'oonf b*Fvm;a'oeSifh ESpfaygif;(300)ausmf tvGefeD;uyfpGm ul;vl;qufqHrI &SdcJhojzihf

=jrefrmrif;+ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk rodrf;ydkufcif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a&onf
=&cdkifAk'bmom+vlOD;a&ESihf =dk[if*smtpvmrf+vlOD;a&wdkU nDwlnDrQ&Sdonf[k cefUrSef;&onf/

usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfrIt& qufpyfaz:jy&vQif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf The aboriginal Dravadian

Kula Stock (ac:) tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o\ a&S;a[mif;a'ocHvlrsdK;wdkUrS qif;oufvmaom
vlrsdK;jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? =e&rdwfvS+ eef;wufcsdefESihf 4if;aemufydkif;uvwpfavQmuf yg&Sef
(,cktD&ef)ppfonfwdkU a&muf&SdvmonfuwpfaMumif;eSihf b*Fvm;uRefrsm;tm; tm(&f)um(ef)

&cdkifa'oodkU a&mif;0,fazgufum;aecJh&mrS tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkU\

OD;a&onf =&cdkif+vlrsdK;wdkU\ vlOD;a&ESihf nDwlnDrQjzpfaMumif; cefUrSef;&onf/ ydkodomxif&Sm;
onfrSm =ppfwaumif;+cdkifa'oodkU xGufajy;oGm;aom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;wdkUESihf 4if;a'oodkU twl
wpfuG xGufajy;oGm;aom =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf aemifwGif ppfwaumif;cdkif a'ocHvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf
a&maESmaexdkifcJhonf[k ,lq&onf/
txufaz:jyyg qufpyfrIonf NAdwdoQudkvdkeDordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;ESihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif
ordkif;udk tqufrjywf avhvmaeaom taemufwdkif;ordkif;ynm&SifwdkUu txl;ta&;BuD;aom
udpwpf&yftjzpf udkifwG,fraqmif&GufonfrSm tvGef0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ xdkodkU
urmUordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; qdwfqdwfaejcif;aMumihf ,ckuJhodkU &cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'D ordkif;ynm&Sif
OD;at;csrf;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU b*Fvm;rS b*FgvDrsm; aexdkifvmjcif;aMumihf
a'owGif =dk[if*sm+vlOD;a& wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmaMumif; ponfjzihf qifjcifoHk;oyfaeonf/
b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)bufrS cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& jrefrmrif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfudk
odrf;ydkufpOf jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlowfyGJumvtwGif; ajrmufjrm;pGmaom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf
=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkU ppfwaumif;a'oodkU xGufajy;cJhjcif;aMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif vlOD;
a& qdwfokef;cJh&onf/ odkU a'owGif; vlOD;a& qdwfokef;cJh&jcif;onf =&cdkif+vlrsdK;wpfpkwnf;ESihf
oufqdkifonf[k r,lq&bJ ,if;a'orS =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUvnf; wpfcsdefwnf;wpfygwnf;
xGufajy;cJhjcif;aMumihfvnf;jzpfonf/(18)
=jrefrmrif;+ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk rodrf;ydkufcif ppfwaumif;a'oESihfywfouf
ordkif;q&m Jaeques leider u rSwfcsufjyKonfrSm ==(16)&mpkaESmif;ydkif;umv tm(&f)um(ef) &cdkif

rif;\ rEdkifreif; e,fy,fcsJUxGifrIaMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihf b*Fvm;a'otMum; toHk;

rwnfhaom =Mum;cHe,fajr+jyifBuD; us,fjyefUpGm &SdaecJhNyD; 4if;a'oonf Waste Land (ac:)
toHk;rwnfhaom e,fajrjzpfaecJhonf/ yrmtm;jzihfajym&vQif ppfwaumif;ajrmufbufa'o&Sd
Feni ESihf Noakahali jrpf0Srf;a'owdkUwGif vlOD;a& tvGefusJcJhonf/++ (19)

tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk Armrif; csif;eif;0ifa&mufrodrf;ydkufcif txufaz:jyyg ppfw

aumif;cdkif vlaeusJyg;cJh&aom ae&ma'ojzpf&jcif;onfum; Mough-Portuguese Piracy (ac:)
&cdkif-ay:wl*DwdkU yl;aygif;BuHpnf"jrwdkufrIaMumihv
f nf;aumif;? b*FgvDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;NyD;
uReftjzpf a&mif;0,fjcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif; ppfwaumif;wpf0dkuf e,fajra'orsm;onf Waste
Land (ac:) jyKef;wD;e,fajrrsm; jzpfcJhonf[k ordkif;uqdkonf/
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfudk =Arm+rif;tkyfcsKyfpOfumvtwGif; tvGefw&m pdk;&drfxdwfvefU
aecJhaom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;ESihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdUk onf =ewf+jrpfudk vG,fulpGmjzwfoef; =ppfwaumif;+
a'owGif tajccsaexddkifcJhonf/ xGufajy;vmolrsm; tajccsaexdkifaom 4if;=ppfwaumif;+
a'oonf ,cifu =&cdkif"jr+ESihf =ay:wl*D"jr+wdkU tBudrfBudrf0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufrIaMumihf vlOD;a&
qdwfokef;cJh&onf/
OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tjzpf xif[yfap&ef ==NAdwdoQ

t*FvdyfwdkUonf ajrqDMoZmtvGefaumif;rGefaom tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif v,f,mpdkufysdK;

a&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifEdkif&eftwGuf wpfzufEdkifiHrS =b*FgvD+vlrsdK;rsm;udk tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif

a'otwGif;odkU a&TUajymif;aexdkif&ef rl0g' csrSwfcJhonf/++ (pm-17)
tHhMop&mr[kwfay/ OD;at;csrf;onf t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o
udk odrf;ydkufatmifjrifNyD; =jrefrmrif;+acwfu b*Fvm;EdkifiHokdU xGufajy;oGm;aom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;
jyefvnf0ifa&muf aexdkifcJhonfudk rl&if;a'oEdkifiHodkU jyefa&mufvmolrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyK
az:jycJhaomfvnf; =dk[if*sm+wdkU jyefvmcJhonfudkrl tav;rrl *krpdkufbJ =rGef*dkvGdKuf('f)+rsdK;EG,f
0ifr[kwfaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; jyefvnftajccsaexdkif&aumif;vm;[k t*FvdyfwdkUtay:
apm'uwufcJhonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; arG;&yfXmaeodkU aexdkifvmjcif;tay:
=ppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm;+[k pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhonf/ t*Fvdyfra&mufvmcif =jrefrmrif;+vufxuf
ESpfaygif;(40)rQ tMurf;zufEdSyfpufcH&aom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf &cdkifa'oeSihf Owk&moD?
awmawmifa&ajr? obm0oGifjyifcsif;wlnDaom =ppfwaumif;cdkif+a'owGif &cdkif? dk[if*sm
twlwpfuG aexdkifcJhonfh taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk OD;at;csrf;od&Sdygvsuf =dk[if*sm+
wdkU rl&if;XmaeodkU jyef0ifvmonfudk =ppfwaumif;om;rsm;+[k t&SufrJhpGm twif;ajymqdk
vmjcif;jzpfonf/ NAdwdoQwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk odrf;ydkufNyD; rsdK;qufwpfquf
pmavmufaomtcsdefumv wdkif;jynfat;csrf;om,mNidrf0yfydjym;vmaomaMumihf Nostalgia
(ac:) rdrdarG;&yfXmaeudk vGrf;aom e*dka'ocH =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; ppfwaumif;a'orS
rdrdae&yfodkU jyefvnf0ifa&muf tajccsaexdkifcJhonfudk OD;at;csrf;u =jyemBuD;ozG,f+
rsufapmif;xdk;aeonf/
=dk[if*sm+a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;ESihfywfouf OD;at;csrf;ajymqdkonfrSm ==rl&if;a'

oodkU jyefvmaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; a&Munf&mjrufEk&m a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;tjzpf wifpm;

ajymqdkcJhonf/ jrefrmrif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; odrf;ydkufxm;pOfumvtwGif; a'owGif;
vkyfom;tiftm;rsm;\ t&G,ftpm;ESihf 4if;yHkyef;o@efrsm; qHk;HI;ysufjym;cJh&onf/++ (pm-17)
vkyfom;tiftm; ysufjym;qHk;HI;cJh&jcif; taMumif;t&if;udk ppfaq;MunhfvQif
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;cGifudk uRrf;uRrf;usifusif vkyfudkifwwfaom =dk[if*sm+rsm; =jrefrmrif;+
vufxuf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk pGefUcGm ppfwaumif;a'owGif tajccsaexdkifcJhaom
aMumihfjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQvufxuf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;aeonfudk pdwfcs,HkMunf rdrdae&yfXmaeodkU
jyefvnf0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;udk =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpf OD;at;csrf;u
awGUjrifaeonf/
OD;at;csrf;az:jyxm;onfrSm ==tpyxrwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU pdkufysdK;

a&;&moDvkyfom;rsm;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ pyg;&dwfodrf;NyD;vQif rdrdXmaeodkU jyefoGm;cJh

onf/++ (pm-17)
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajym&vQif =Armrif;+ tkyfpdk;aepOfumvtwGif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o
onf Oya'rJhtMurf;zuftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif usa&mufcJhojzifh ppfwaumif;a'oodkU =dk[if*sm+
rsm; xGufajy;cdkvHIcJh&onf/ xdkolrsm;rS wpfcsdKUonf pdkufysdK;&moDwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU

vma&mufpdkufysdK;vkyfudkifcJhonf/ xdktcsdefonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o tvGefrif;rJhpdkuf

vTrf;rdk;aeaom tcsdefjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; Mogher Mulluk
ac: Lawless Society (ac:) tMurf;zufvlaerItodkif;t0dkif;tjzpf ac:a0:cJhonf/ (20)
NAdwdoQt*Fvdyfvufxuf wdkif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;NyD; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;onfhtcg =jrefrmrif;+
vufxuf b*Fvm;a'oodkU xGufajy;cdkvHIoGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif
a'oodkU jyefa&mufvmNyD; bdk;bGm;bDbifwdkU ydkifqdkifcJhaom v,f,majrrsm;tay: tajccs
aexdkifcJhonfudk rnfodkUrQ jiif;y,fr&Edkifay/ txuf odomxif;&Sm;onfh taxmuftxm;udk
OD;at;csrf;u jiif;y,fz,fcsNyD; OD;at;csrfonf =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpf
awGUjrifcJhonf/ xdkUtjyif =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkUvufxuf jrefrmjynf =&efukefNrdKU+
tESHUodkU a&TUajymif;aexdkifvmcJhaom =tdEd,rS a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;+ESihf a&maxG;um =dk[if*sm+
wdkU\ rlvjzpfwnfrIudk vdkonfxufydk yHkBuD;csJUxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/
OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm ==ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;rsm;pGmwdkUonf v,f,majrydkifqdkif

a&;wnf;[laom OD;wnfcsufjzihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU a&TUajymif;vmcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkU\

w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya't& odomxif&Sm;onfrSm (20)&mpktapmydkif;umvwGif v,f,majrydkifqdkif
a&;ESifhywfouf w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rsm;ESihf ywfouf&mtrIwGJrsm; tvGefrsm;jym;cJhonf/ ++ (pm-17)
OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkU tvGefa&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfwwfaom vlrsdK;
tjzpf oufaoxlEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ xdkodkUBudK;yrf;&m =dk[if*sm+wdkU v,f,majrydkifqdkif
a&;ESihfywfouf t*Fvdyfw&m;Hk;wGif ajrmufjrm;pGmaom trIrsm;udk uvdefqif aqmif&GufcJh
onf[kqdkonf/
tjcm;wpfzufrS MunfhjrifoHk;oyfvQifvnf; OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+[k trnf
wyfrqdkvdkaomfvnf; ==ajrmufjrm;pGmaom =dk[if*sm+jynfolrsm;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfudk

=jrefrmrif;+ odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf =b*Fvm;+a'oodkU xGufajy;oGm;cJhNyD; 4if;wdkUonf rdrdwdkU

pGefUvTwfoGm;cJh&aom e,fajrrsm;tm; =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf =Arm+vlrsdK;rsm;u =Armrif;+vufxuf
e,fajrrsm;tm; odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;tay: NAdwdoQvufxufwGif =dk[if*sm+wdkU 4if;odrf;ydkufcH
e,fajrrsm; jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf w&m;Hk;wGif w&m;&ifqdkifcJhonf/++ [k&Sif;vif;jyefonf/

jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmolrsm;[k oHk;oyfMunfh&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf =Arm+rif; tm(&f)

um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU csif;eif;0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufcJhjcif;ESihf ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ppfyGJtedXmHkaMumihf
wpfzuf b*Fvm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;,E&m;\ taxmuftxm;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& =ppfwaumif;+
a'owGif =&cdkif+ =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; rnfrQxd vlOD;a&rsm;jym; wdk;yGm;vmcJhonfudk OD;at;csrf;u
*krpdkuf OayumjyKcJhonf/ xdkUaMumihf OD;at;csrf; a&;om;aom pmtkyfyg wifjycsufrsm;udk
tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf a&SUaemuf rnDGwfaom pum;tquftpyfESihf
taMumif;t&mqufEG,faom t"duudptaMumif;t&mrsm;udk xdefcsefa&;om;xm;ojzihf ol\
wifjyygtcsuftvufrsm; aqG;aEG;&mwGif twm;tqD;t[efUtwm;rsm; jzpfaponf/
OD;at;csrf;onf wnf&SdNyD; ESpfzufa'o(b*Fvm;-tm(&f)um(ef)) tjyeftvSef ,Ofaus;rI
taxmuftxm;ESihf t"duxif&Sm;onfh ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udk olUpmwrf;wGif oufao

taxmuftxm;rsm;tjzpf vHk;0wifjy raqG;aEG;cJhay/ 4if;jzpf&yfaMumihf ola&;om;aom

pmwrf;onf jynfhpHkaom pmwrf;jyKpkjcif;wpfck r[kwfay/ 4if;pmwrf;onf ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
IyfaxG;ayGvDrIudk jzpfay:apNyD; =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ yuwdwnf&SdrIudk wrifoufouf rodusdK;uRef
jyKum ordkif;taMumif;t&mrsm;udk azsmufzsufapvdkaom oabmaqmifonf/ OD;at;csrf;\
todomqHk;aom xdefcsefa&;om;csufwpfckrSm olonf wpfzufwGif =dk[if*sm+ESihfywfouf
aoa&;&Sifa&;wrQ qefUusifaeolwpfOD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufwGif =Arm+rif;vufxuf
=Armjynf+bufrS =Arm+vlrsdK;rsm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif tajccsaexdkifrItay: a&iHkEIwf
ydwfaecJhonf/ txuftaMumif;t&mudk oHk;oyfjcif;jzihf olonf =Arm+vlrsdK;rsm; tm(&f)um(ef)
&cdkifa'owGif tajccsaexdkifjcif;tay: ESpfNcdKufoabmus[ef&Sdonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif
=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tm; tvGeftE&m,f&Sdaom aMumufrufzG,f vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf wifjyxm;
aMumif;awGU&onf/
OD;at;csrf;onf tjcm;aom taMumif;t&mwpfcsdKUudkvnf; OayumjyKxm;aMumif;
awGU&onf/ olonf t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkUvufxuf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif b*Fvm;a'orS
jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;eSihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tjyif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif
=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; OD;a&wdk;yGm;vmjcif;onf v,f,mpdu
k fysdK;a&;vkyfief;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeaom
=dk[if*sm+wdkUu tpvmrf"avhxHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& wpfOD;xufydkaom trsdK;ordD;rsm;tm;
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;aMumihf vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmcJhjcif;omjzpfonf/ 4if;tcsufonf =&cdkif+Ak'bm
omvlrsdK;ESihf rwlnDaom tcsufyifjzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf;onf ol\,lqcsufudk oufaoxl&efBudK;pm;&m rMumcP 0da&m"djzpfae
aMumif;awGU&onf/ OD;at;csrf;onf NAdwdoQwdkU aumuf,laom vlOD;a&ppfwrf; Arakanese
Muslims rsm;udk Indians [kvnf;aumif;? wpfcsdKUae&mwGif =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+[kvnf;aumif;
rSwfcJhonf[k az:jyxm;onf/ OD;at;csrf;onf (21)&mpkwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd =dk[if
*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tm; udk;uG,f&mbmom,HkMunfrIESihf vlrsdK;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;jzihf =dk[if*sm+
rsm; EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&; &xdku?fr&xdkuf pHcsdefpHTef;(Criteria) owfrSwfcsuf qHk;jzwfay;
jcif;onf t*FvdyfwdkU (18)&mpku wifusefcJhonfh rSm;,Gif;aom wifjycsufrsm;tay: wwrf;
wrf;taightaxhjzpfaejcif;jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;udk jcHKiHo
k Hk;oyfMunhfvQif OD;at;csrf; uHraumif;
taMumif;rvSonfrSm olonf yiftyfwdk(w&m;r0ifdk[if*smrsm;)wpfacsmif;udk aumufdk;yHkxJ
tm;pdkuf&SmazGaejcif;yifjzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf; bmoma&; taMumufw&m; vTrf;rdk;cHae&jcif;
OD;at;csrf;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;tMum; pdwfZa0Z0gjzpfap&ef olonf NAdwdoQ tpdk;&wdkU
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; vlrsdK;? bmom? omoem cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfjcif;tay: csD;usL;axmyem
jyKxm;onf/ OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrSm ==NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;tpdk;&onf rGwfqvifaus;&Gmae

vlxkrsm;tm; bmoma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGihfudk twdkif;twmwpfcktxd

csD;jrSihfcJhonf/ e,fpyfa'owGif =ppfwaumif;+rS topfa&TUajymif;vmolrsm; aus;&Gmvlxk tzGJUt
pnf;rsm; rnfuJhodkU xlaxmifEdkifcJhoenf;/ a&TUajymif;vmrGwfqvifwdkUonf =Arm+rif;vufxuf

xGufajy;oGm;aom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;\ aus;&Gmaetdrfrsm;wGif toifhae&m,l tdk;tdrfrsm;xl

axmif cJhonf/++ (pm-19)
tvGeftHhMozG,faumif;onfrSm =dk[if*sm+rsm; topf0ifa&mufaexdkifvmonfudk
=Armrif;+ vufxuf =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;enf;wl =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; xGufajy;cdkvIHoGm;cJhonfudk
OD;at;csrf; em;rvnfEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ odomxif&Sm;onfrSm =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf rdrdarG;&yfXm
aeodkU a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; bk&m;ykxdk;apwDrsm; rwnfaqmufcJhay/ trSefpifppf c&pf,efwdkU
onf c&pf,efbk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhrnfjzpfNyD; Ak'bmom0ifwdkUonf bk&m;ykxdk;
apwDrsm;udk wnfaqmufrnfjzpfum rGwfqvifwdkUonfvnf; rdrdwdkU aus;&Gmae&mrsm; AvD
rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ txuftaMumif;t&mqufpyfrIudk OD;at;csrf;u &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; raz:jyxm;ay/
1942ckESpfwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkiftm; *syefwdkU usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf ==dk[if*sm++wdkU\
tedXmHk pwifjcif;
ou&mZf 1784 ckESpfwGif =Armrif;+ &cdkifjynfudk rw&m;odrf;ydkufjcif;ESihf 1826 ckESpfwGif
udkvdkeDNAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmjcif;aMumihf tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifa'oae jynfolrsm;tay: usa&mufcJhaom tedXmHktrsdK;rdsK;aMumihf a'owGif;jynf
olrsm;\ vlrIb0taxGaxG ysufjym;&jcif;tay: rauseyfEdkifao;aom =&cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'D+ wdkU
onf 1942 ckESpfwGif zufqpf*syefwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; odrf;ydkufjcif;ESihf aemufquf
wGJ vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf; (dk[if*sm-&cdkif)topfwpfckudk zefwD;cJhonf/ 4if;t"dukPf; aemuf
qufwGJjyemaMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf vlrIb0taxGaxGqHk;IH;cJhonf/
OD;at;csrf;qufpyfaz:jyxm;onfrSm ==zufqpf*syefavwyfonf Akyabac: =ppfawG+

NrdKUtm; 1942 ckESpf? rwfv? 23 &ufaeUwGif AHk;BuJwdkufcdkufcJhaomaMumihf NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf

olwdkU\ tkyfcsKyfa&;XmecsKyftm; rwfv-30&ufaeUwGif tdEd,odkU ajymif;a&TUcJhonf/ 1942
ckESpf? {NyDv? (13)&ufaeUrSpwif *syefwdkUonf =ppfawG+NrdKUtm; Martial Law(ac:) ppftrdefU
Oya'jzihf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpwif vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif; y#dyuESihf vlrIa&; rwnfNidrfrI
rsm; pwifcJhonf/ (Owen-1946:26) (pm-22) olqufvufa&;om;xm;onfrSm ==tm(&f)um(ef)
&cdkifa'owGif vlrsdK;t"dukPf; pwifjzpfyGm;jcif;ESihf ywfouf xif&Sm;aompma&;q&m wpfOD;
jzpfonfh Moshe Yegaru a&;om;xm;onfrSm 1942 ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkU tdEd,odkU
qkwfcGmoGm;onfhtcg Arakanese Hoodlumsac: &cdkifvlqdk;*dkPf;0if &mZ0wfaumifrsm;onf
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;a'o&Sd rGwfqvifaus;&Gmrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf/
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;a'oae rGwfqvifwdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'oodkU
a&TUajymif;oGm;NyD; bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,f&Sd &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;tm; tjyeftvSef uvJhpm;acs
cJhonf/ (Yegar 1972:67) odkUaomfjim;vnf; =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;\ taxmuftxm;wpfckt&
*syefwdkU0ifa&mufvmNyD;aemuf t*FvdyfNAdwdoQtpdk;& NydKvJoGm;onhftcg ajryHkNrdKUe,f? ,yfacsmif;
aus;&GmolBuD;ESihf 4if;\ nDESpfOD;tm; Kula ac: rGwfqvifaus;&Gmom;rsm;u owfjzwfcJhonf/

=&cdkif+trsdK;om;ESpfOD;jzpfaom =odef;ausmfatmif+ ESihf =ausmf&+wdkUonf vlwpfcsdKUudk pnf;Hk;NyD;

=ukvm;+aus;&Gmrsm;tm; wdkufcdkufcJhaomaMumihf vltcsdKUaoqHk;cJhonf/++ (&cdik ftrsdK;om;aumifpD
1986;36) (pm-21)
OD;at;csrf;onf tvGefqdk;oGrf;uvdefuuspfusonfh wpfzufapmif;eif; &cdkif
trsdK;om;aumifpD\ udk;um;csufudk &nfTef;xm;NyD; =ukvm;+qdkonfrSm =dk[if*sm+rsm;om
jzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf; qufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm ==&maygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tm(&f)

um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;ae rGwfqvifwdkUonf ajrmufbufodkU xGufajy;cJhonf/ xdkUtjyif t*Fvdyf

NAdwdoQwdkU yJcl;wdkif;ESihf &cdkifawmifydkif;a'orS qkwfcGmcJh&jcif;aMumihf &cdkifdk;ray:&Sd ya'gif;awmifukwf awmifMum;vrf;ay:wGif tdEd,'kuonfwpfcsdKU "jrwdkufjcif;cHcJh&onf/++ (pm-22)
txufaz:jyyg OD;at;csrf;\ wifjycsufrSefuefvQif OD;at;csrf;\ e*dkrlv
xifjrif,lqcsufjzpfaom =dk[if*sm+rsm; =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+ jzpfonf[laom ,lqcsufonf
ol\ az:jycsufESihf uGJvGJaeaMumif; awGU&onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;
a'orS ajrmufydkif;a'oodkU a&TUajymif;oGm;aom rGwfqvifwdkUonf =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpf
rxifjrif&bJ tm(&f)um(ef)awmifydkif;a'orS e*dkrl&if;a'ocH =dk[if*sm+rsm;omjzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;aeonf/
1942 ckeSpfwGif jzpfcJhaom vlrIa&;t"dukPf;ESihfywfouf OD;at;csrf; qufpyf
a&;om;onfrSm ==odkU&mwGif owfjzwfrI? vk,ufrIESihf t"rjyKusihfrIESihfqdkif&m owif;rsm;onf
csJUum;ajymqdkjcif;omjzpfaMumif; (Ba Maw 1968:78)? NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif
a'o\ uHMurmtm; =Arm+rsm;ESihf =&cdkif"jr+wdkU vufxJwGif tyfESHcJhNyD; xGufajy;cJhonf++ (pm-22)
pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,fawGU&onfrSm
OD;at;csrf;taejzihf
=&cdkifvlqdk;*kPf;0if+wdkU
=dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf owfjzwfcJhonfudk ="jr+[komac:qdkNyD; =zufqpf+ [k
ac:qdk&ef 0efav;aeaMumif;awGU&onf/ trSefpifppf rGwfqvifwdkUtay: owfjzwfcJhaom
tpkvdkuftNyHKvkduf owfjzwfyGJtm; 1939 ckeSpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;
uGef*&uf(ANC)\ acgif;aqmifqdkolrsm;ESihf 4if;wdkU\ aemufvdkuftzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfaom =tpGef;
a&muftMurf;zuf&cdkiftrsdK;om;wyfOD;+wdkU yl;aygif;qifETJaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; rsdK;jzKwfokwfoif
a&;yifjzpfonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf(ac:)(ANC)tm; tm(&ff)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU *syefwyf
ESihf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(BIA) ra&mufcifpyfMum; &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;tm; umuG,f
apmihfa&Smuf&efESihf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; rsdK;jzKwfokwfoif&ef zGJUpnf;cJhaomtzGJUjzpfonf/
ol\ pmydk'fwpfavQmufvHk;wifjycsuft& OD;at;csrf;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;omvQif t"du
tm;jzihf 'kuonfrsm;jzpfaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ ae&m OD;at;csrf;udk ar;vdkonfrSm
t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS qkwfcGmcJhNyD; zufqpf*syefvufatmufwGif tpp
t&m&m tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'ota&;t&mudk aqmif&GufaecJhaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkU\ acgif;
aqmifrsm;vufatmufwGif &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm; rnfuJhodkU 'kuonf jzpf&oenf;/ qefUusifbuf

tm;jzihf awGU&onfrSm zufqpf&cdkiftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwdkUonf =vomwkef; Adkif;iif+ qdkouJh

odkU tcGihfomwkef; rGwfqvifvlrsdK;rsm;tm; rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfa&;twGuf &cdkiftpGef;a&muf trsdK;
om;0g'Drsm;ESihf owfjzwfyGJqifETJa&;? vIHaqmfa&;rsm;ESihfom tvkyfrsm;aecJhonf/ [kwfygonf/
om"utm;jzihfajym&vQif =*smreD+EdkifiHESihf ,cif=,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;+EdkifiHwdkUuJhodkUyif jzpfonf/
1942 ck =dk[if*sm+wdkUtay: qifETJcJhaom wpfzufowfvlowfyGJjzpf&yfaMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)
&cdkifawmifydkif;ae =dk[if*sm+rsm;onf ajrmufydkif;odkU a&TUajymif;aexdkifcJhonf/ 4if;a'oudk ar,k
cdkife,fjcm;a'o[kac:onf/ 4if;ar,kcdkife,fjcm;a'oudk OD;at;csrf;u Illegal Enclave
(ac:) =rdrdydkifeufe,fajrtwGif;odkU EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufaexdkifaeaome,fajr+[k rSm;
,Gif;pGm ac:qdkaejcif;jzpfonf/
Irwinonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o
No Man's Land (ac:)vlraeaoma'o

OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;jyefonfrSm == Anthony

wpfckvHk;tm; *syefodrf;ydkufpOf (3)ESpfwmumvtwGif;

(odkU)vlr&Sdaoma'otjzpf ac:a0:cJhonf/ (Irwin:1946:27) Irwinonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif
a'otm; =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm; oD;jcm;uGJjym;pGm aexdkifonfudk &Sif;vif;
xm;onfrSm =NAdwdoQwdkU aemufwzef 0ifa&mufonfhtcgwGif olwdkYqkwfcGmcJhpOfu wnf&SdcJhaom
Mussulman Country(ac:)rGwfqvifrsm;aexdkif&ma'ojzpfaMumif;ESihf xdka'orsm;rSyif t*Fvdyf
wdkU\ ScoutESihf Agentrsm;tm; kwfodrf;cJhaom a'ojzpfonf/ ppffyGJrjzpfcifu &cdkifa'o
weHwvsm;wGif Mussulman ESihf Maugh(Arakanese)(ac:)&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm; ysHUESHUpGmaexdkifcJhonf/
xdkUaemuf 1941 ckeSpfwGif tkyfpkESpfpkonf wdkufyGJpwifcJhawmhonf/ ppfyGJaMumihf Maugh (ac:)
&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;tm; odrf;ydkufaexdkifcJhNyD; Mussulman wdkUonf
ajrmufydkif;a'otm; odrf;ydkufaexdkifcJhonf/++ (Irwin 1946:86) (pm-23)
taMumufw&m;vTrf;rdk;jcif;ESihftwl trkef;w&m;yGm;rsm;jcif;/
jrefrmhwyfrawmfESihf 4if;wdkU\taygif;tygrsm;jzihf pepfwus yHkpHoGif;jyKvkyf
xm;aom jrefrmhvlUabmif,Ofaus;rItzGJUtpnf;onf taMumufw&m;rsm;pGmjzihf vTr;f rdk;jcif;cHae
&onf/
erlemtm;jzihf OD;at;csrf;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynf\ rGwfqviftodkif;t0dkif;
ESihfywfouf qufpyfaz:jyonfudk wifjy&vQif ==NAdwdoQt*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxuf csrSwfay;

cJhaom aus;&Gmrsm;zGJUpnf;jyifqifjcif;tufOya'(1924)t& aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDrsm;wGif

tpvmrfbmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;acgif;aqmif =tDrmrf+(ac:)=armfv0D+rsm;ESihf AvDtkyfcsKyfa&;
aumfrwDtzGJU0ifrsm; vIyf&Sm;yg0ifaqmif&GufcGihf &cJhonf/ olwdkUonf aus;&Gmw&m;olBuD;tzGJU
0ifrsm;ESihf rGwfqvifaus;&Gmrsm;twGuf bmoma&;qdkif&mrlrsm; csrSwfcGihf&cJhonf/ (Charter
1938: 34-38) tenf;qHk; aus;&Gmwpfck&Sd tpvmrfa&;&mw&m;Hk;wpfckwGif tpvmrfh,Ofaus;rI
"avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&mudp&yfrsm;jzpfaom tdrfaxmifa&;? tarGqufcHcGihfESihf uGm&Sif;jywfqJa&;
qdkif&mudprsm;wGif w&m;pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmrsm; &SdcJhonf/ w&m;pD&ifrIqdkif&mudp&yfrsm;wGif

bufvdkufjcif; r&SdcJhonfhtjyif tpvmrfbmom0ifrGwfqvifr[kwfolrsm;tay:vnf; w&m;pD&if

ydkifcGihftmPmrsm; roufa&mufcJhay/ txl;ojzihf ESpfOD;ESpfbufqdkif&mudprsm;jzihf qHk;jzwfcsuf
csrSwf&mwGif txl;tav;xm; aqmif&GufcJhNyD; aus;&GmvlrItodkif;t0dkif;wGif twdkif;twm
wpfcktxd ta&;BuD;onfh tcef;u@rS ta&;ygcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif 'kwd,urmppftwGif;
umvESihf 1948 wpf0dkufwGif Ak'bmom0if&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;rGwfqvif
wdkUonf BuD;rm;pGmaom vlrsdK;a&;y#dyujzihf aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhonf/ ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'orS
touf(70)?(80)0ef;usif&Sd vlyk*dKvfwpfcsdKUwdkUonf 1942 ckESpfESihf 1943 ckESpftMum;
jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlrsdK;a&;owfjzwfyGJudk ,cktcsdeftxd rarhEdkifao;ay/ 4if;ppfyGJonf NAdwdoQwdkU
jrefrmEdkifiHu qkwfcGmcJhonfhtcsdefESihf *syefwdkU &cdkifjynfudk odrf;ydkufcJhaom tcdsefpyfMum;umv
jzpfyGm;cJhaom rif;rJhpdkufyifjzpfonf/++
OD;at;csrf;onf 1942 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlowfyGJudk todtrSwfjyK
aomfvnf; =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;\ ppfyGJtedXmHk tusdK;oufa&mufrIudkum; todtrSwfrjyKay/
qefUusifbuftjriftm;jzihfajym&vQif tcsdKU=dk[if*sm+oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;\ cefUrSef;ajct&
=dk[if*sm+vlOD;a& =40000+cefU owfjzwfcH&aMumif; od&Sd&onf/(21) OD;at;csrf;\ jiif;csuf
xkwfcsuft& olonf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ taxGaxGvlUtcGihfta&;udk qefUusifaom jrefrmhtMurf;
zufwyfrawmftpdk;&\ ay:vpDESihf twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaeoljzpfonf/ wyfrawmf
tpdk;&ESihf &cdkiftpGef;a&muftrsdK;om;0g'Drsm;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tay: rvdktyfaom
taMumufw&m;rsm; vTrf;rdk;NyD; trkef;w&m;yGm;rsm;aponfh ordkif;taMumif;t&mrsm;udk zefwD;
aejcif;jzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;\ a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;tay: 1942 ckESpfywf0ef;usifavmufu
dk;dk;omreftjzpftysuf MuHKawGU&olrsm;yifvQif OD;at;csrf;\ raumif;BuHvDq,fa&;om;
xkwfa0aeaom pmayta&;tom;rsm;tay: oHo,ruif; IyfaxG;ayGvDjzpfrdrSm trSefyif
jzpfonf/
rvdkvm;tyfaom pdwful;OmPfrsm; BuD;xGm;zGHUNzdK;vmjcif;
OD;at;csrf; qufvuf&Sif;vif;xm;onfrSm ==vlrsdK;pkESpfpktMum; y#dyujzpfyGm;

&jcif; tjcm;taMumif;t&if;wpfckrSm Zamindary(ac:)t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkU b*Fvm;rS o,faqmif

vmaom ajr,mydkifqdkifrI pepfwpfckyif jzpfonf/ pepfatmufwGif NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf
b*FgvDajrydkif&Sifrsm;tm; ESpf(90)ajriSm;*&efjzihf v,f,majraygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk pdkufysdK;
xGef,ufcGihf ay;cJhonf/ =jrefrmrif;+vufxuf b*Fvm;EdkifiHodkU xGufajy;cdkvIHcJhaom &cdkif
trsdK;om; v,fvkyfolrsm;onf NAdwdoQtpdk;&vufxufwGif rdrdae&yfodkU jyef0ifvmaomtcg
xGufajy;pOfu pGefUvTwfcJhaom v,f,majrrsm;wGif NAdwdoQwdkU usihfoHk;aom v,f,mvkyfydkifcGihf
pepft& &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkU v,f,mydkifqdkifcGihf r&cJhay/++ (pm-20)
OD;at;csrf;\ wifjycsufudk dk;om;pGm jiif;csufxkwfrnfqdkvQif NAdwdoQtpdk;&wkdU\
Zamindary System qdkonfh ajr,mydkifqdkifrIpepfonf trsm;jynfol vdkvm;aom pepfr[kwfcJhay/
ajr,mydkifqdkifolrsm;onf NAdwdoQwdkU\ vufyg;aprsm;omjzpfcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkUpepfatmufwGif

&cdkiftrsdK;om;xJrS v,f,majrajrmufjrm;pGm ydkifqdkifolrsm;jzpfNyD; =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf vlenf;pk

omjzpfonf/ ajr,mydkifqdkifrIpepft& =dk[if*sm+trsdK;om;wdkUonf =&cdik f+trsdK;om;wdkUxuf vlrI
b0 qHk;IH;epfemrIrsm;cJhaMumif; ordkif;uqdkonf/
OD;at;csrf;u =dk[if*sm+rsm;tay: rauseyfcsuf qufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm

==tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif;odkU a&TUajymif;vmaom b*FgvDrsm;onf xdkpOfu b*Fvm;a'owGif

ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom Faraidi Movement(ac:)=z&'DvIyf&Sm;rI+ pdwf"gwfrsm; jyif;xefcJhaMumif;ESihf

4if;vIyf&Sm;rIonf tma&AsEdkifiHrsm;rS pwifcJhaom =0g[mbD+tawG;tac:udk tm;opfavmif;
&efjzpfonf/ 4if;=0g[mbD+tawG;tac:onf rGwfqvifnDaemifrsm;tm; v,f,mpdkufysdK;
xGef,ufvkyfudkifpm;aomuf&ef a&cHajrcHaumif;aom ae&ma'orsm;wGif tajccsaexdkifa&;udk
tm;ay;axmufcHwdkufwGef;cJhonf/ xkdodkU v,f,mpdkufysdK;xGef,ufvkyfudkifonfhtjyif vdktyfvQif
bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmft& bmoma&;ppfyGJ qifETJ&ef tqifoifhjzpf&rnf/ (Raham:1979:200204)

++

tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihfpyfvsOf; txufaz:jyyg Fazlur Rahman \ udk;um;

csufudk rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufjzihf OD;at;csrf;u az:jy&oenf;/ uRefawmhfoabmESihfajym&vQif
OD;at;csrf;onf tvGefw&m dk;om;rIuif;rJhaom yk*dKvfwpfOD; jzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf rdrd
vdk&if;udk oufaojy&eftwGuf txufyg Rahman\ udk;um;csufudk tvGJoHk;pm;jyKaejcif;yif
jzpfonf/ yxrqHk;taejzihf Fazlur Rahmanonf tm(&f)um(ef)a'orGwfqvifrsm;ESihf
ywfouf rnfodkUrQ &nf&G,frajymqdkxm;onfhtjyif =z&m'DvIyf&Sm;rI+ESihf ywfoufaomf
vnf;aumif;? Ikwan Connection(ac:)rGwfqvifnDaemiftcsif;csif; qufoG,faqmif&GufrIudp
qdkonfrSmvnf; rnfodkUrQ raz:jyxm;ay/ trSefpifppf Faraidi Movementonf The Oppres
sive Zamindary System (ac:) &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom ajr,mydkifqkdifrIpepftm; qefUusifawmf
vSefaom vIyf&Sm;rIwpfckjzpfNyD; tdEd,EdkifiH&Sd Wahabi vIyf&Sm;rIESihf vm;vm;rQrwlay/ xdkUaMumihf
txufyg OD;at;csrf;\ &nfTef;csuftay: odomxif&Sm;aom &nf&G,fcsufESpfck&SdaMumif;
od&SdEdkifonf/ wpfckrSm OD;at;csrf;onf ,ckuJhodkU rGwfqvifpma&;q&mwpfOD;udk &nfTef;
jcif;jzihf ola&;om;aom pmwrf;jyKpkrIESihfywfouf ESpfbufa'o ,Ofaus;rIa&;&mwGif uRrf;
usifESHUpyfolwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; az:jyvdkonfuwpfaMumif;ESihf 'kwd,taejzihf tpvmrfomoem
onf tvGeftE&m,f&SdaMumif; az:jyvdkaom qEtrSefyifjzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;\ txuf
taMumif;t&myg udprsm;ESihfywfouff uREkfyfwdkUxH OD;at;csrf;onf ola&;om;aom pmwrf;
ay:wGif rnfrQxd ,HkMunfxdkufonfudk ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfaeygonf/
pdwful;,Ofrsm; ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmjcif;
OD;at;csrf;\

pdwful;,Ofrsm;udk

qufvufaz:jy&mwGif

==tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif

a'owGif ppfwaumif;a'ocHrsm; &moDtvdkuf tvkyfvkyfudkifEdkifa&; tpOfajyap&eftwGuf

ukrPDonf 1914 ckESpfwGif bl;oD;awmifESihf armif;awmtMum; rD;&xm;vrf;wpfckudk

wnfaqmufcJhonf/ Flotilla ukrPD\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm bl;oD;awmifESihfppfwaumif; qufoG,f
aqmif&GufEdkifa&;yifjzpfonf/ Flotilla ukrPD\ rD;oabFmrsm;onf bl;oD;awmifrS Akyab ESihf
4if;rSwqihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkiftv,fydkif;ESihf awmifydkif;odkU c&D;oGm;vmcJhonf/++
Flotilla

ae&m OD;at;csrf;onf rnfonfhudk;um;csufudkrS Tef;rxm;ay/ t

aMumif;t&mudponf trSefyif pDrHudef;wpfck jzpfcJhaomfjim;vnf; rnfonfhae&mrSmrS az:jy
rxm;aomaMumihf OD;at;csrf;\ az:jycsuftm; trSef[k rxifrSwfEdkifay/ txuf
taMumif;t&mudk oHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzihf OD;at;csrf;\ az:jycsuft& &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUtMum;wGif
r[kwfrrSefaom jzpf&yfwpfcktm; aMumufrufzG,fyHkjyifwpfyk'ftjzpf wDxGifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
xdkUtjyif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihf ppfwaumif;NrdKUwdkUonf rdkifaygif;(300)ausmf a0;onfh
tjyif 4if;a'oESpfcktMum; awmawmiftxyfxyf xlajymaejcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif;? ajrmuf
jrm;pGmaom jrpfrsm;ESihf 4if;wdkU\ jrpfvufwufrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif; Flotilla
ukrPDonf &xm;vrf;wnfaqmufrnfh tpDtpOf&SdcJhav[ef pdwful;,Ofqefqef OD;at;csrf;
wifjycsuf rnfodkUrQ rjzpfEdkifay/ jzpf&yfrSef az:jy&vQif ,cktcsdeftxd ppfwaumif;NrdKUrS
4if;awmifbufodkU (18)rdkifcefUavmufom &xm;vrf;azgufEdkifcJhaMumif; od&onf/ trSefajym
&vQif ordkif;tjrifta&;tom;ESihf o&JwappmayyHkjyifta&;tom;wdkUtMum; jcm;em;rIwpfck
&SdpNrJyg/
OD;at;csrf; qufvufajymqdkxm;onfrSm ==1920 ckESpfESihf 1930 ckESpf pyfMum;

umv jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIacwfOD;wGif ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'orS rGwfqvifrsm;pGm

wdkUonf tdEd,EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;tod<u,f0vmaeaom Muslim League(ac:)tdEd,rGwfqvif
tzGJUcsKyfESihf qufoG,frI&SdcJhonf/++
txufaz:jycsuf\ &nfTefudk;um;csufudk OD;at;csrf;u raz:jyxm;ay/
odkU&mwGif tdEd,EdkifiHrS Ulama(ac:)bmoma&;q&mrsm;tzGJUonf Muslim League(ac:)rGwfq
viftzGUJcsKyfESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhonfr[kwfbJ =tdEd,uGef*&uf+ESihfom yl;wGJaqmif&GufcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ txufyg OD;at;csrf;\ &nfTef;csufrygaom ordkif;ta&;tom;rsm;aMumihf
ol\xifjrif,lqcsufESihf oltrSefwu,fjzpfcsifaeonfrSm Anti-Muslim Built-Prejudices (ac:)
rGwfqvifrsm;tay: tCmwBuD;rm;NyD; qefUusifawmfvSefvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf; qufvufaz:jyonfrSm

==xif&Sm;onfh ArmrGwfqvifacgif;aqmif

rsm;jzpfaom M.A.Rashib ESihf U Razak wdkUonf jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;wGif

acgif;aqmifrIae&m ,lcJhonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQygvDreftpdk;&onf jrefrmEkdifiHtm; tdEd,
tifyg,mrS cGJxkwfa&;ESihfywfouf jrefrmjynfolvlxk\qEudk aumufcH&&Sd&efESihf zJGUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya' jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tm; pHkprf;ar;jref;&eftwGuf Simon Commissiontm; cefUtyf
cJhonf/ Muslim LeaguerS ajyma&;qdkcGihf&Sdolu tpdk;&0efxrf;tvkyftudkiftcGihftvrf; nDwl
nDrQ &&Sda&;ESihf jynfholUtpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif (10)&mcdkifEIef;pD udk,fpm;vS,fyg0ifcGihf &&Sda&;

tjyif txl;ojzihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif rGwfqvifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;ESihf

jynfolUbPfrS nDwlnDrQ acs;aiG&&Sda&;wdkUtwGuf EdkifiHawmfrS oifhwifhrQwpGm aqmif&Gufa&;
wdkUudk awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (Cady 1958:194) ++
OD;at;csrf;,lqcsufudk tjyeftvSeftm;jzihfajym&vQif =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ rlv&
ydkifcGihf tcGihfta&;awmif;qdkcsufudk OD;at;csrf;taeESihf jyuf&,fjyKaomfvnf; =dk[if*sm+wdkU
tcGihfta&; &xkdufonfrSm trSefyif jzpfonf/ txufyg OD;at;csrf;wifjycsufESihf pyfvsOf;
ar;cGef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm xkwf&ef&Sdaomfvnf; ae&m ar;vdkonfrSm txufaz:jyyg
EdkifiHa&;ygwDu tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; jrefrjynfrrS cGJxGuf&ef awmif;qdkcJhbl;ygovm;/
tajzrSefrSm vHk;0rawmif;qdkcJhyg/ xdkUaMumihf OD;at;csrf;taejzihf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;twGif;
taMumufw&m;ESihf aoG;xdk;vHIUaqmfrIrsm; zefwD;&ef rvdktyfay/ OD;at;csrf;onf =&cdkif+ESihf
=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;Mum; twdwfordkif; rnfodkUyifjzpfapumrl a&SUavQmuf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif
a'owGif vlrsdK;pkESpfpk at;twlyltrQ? pm;twl? rpm;twl Nidrf;csrf;om,mpGm twlwuG
yl;aygif;aexdkifEdkifaom tpOftvmudk ordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD;taejzihf tajrmftjrifBuD;rm;pGm
rwnfaqmufbJ ,ckuJhodkU &efvdkrkef;wD;rIESihf wpfausmhjyefaoG;acsmif;pD;Edkifonfh tmCmw
w&m;rsm; vTrf;rdk;atmif tb,fhaMumihf zefwD;aeoenf;/
OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm;
wifpm;xm;jcif;

Illiterate Brute

(ac:) pmayrwwfaom wd&pmeftjzpf

OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrSm ==ynma&;u@wGif =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm;onf

=&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;xuf udkvdkeDe,fcsJUumvwpfavQmuf ynma&;wGif acwfaemufususef&pfcJhonf/

(1901)ckESpf oef;acgifpm&if;t& &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;\ pmwwfajrmufrIEIef;onf 25.5 &mcdkifEIef;
&SdonfhtcgwGif b*FvDrGwfqvifrsm;onf 4.5&mcdkifEIef;om pmwwfajrmufonf/ R.B.SMART
u rSwfcsufjyKcJhonfrSm ppfwaumif;eD;,ef; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;onf ynma&;\
tusdK;aus;Zl;udk *krpdkuf OayujyKcJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf bl;oD;awmif? armif
awme,frS v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;cGifwGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvsuf
&Sdaom rGwfqvifvlOD;a&rsm;onf ynma&;udk *krpdkufMuay++ (pm-20)
wzef OD;at;csrf;\ qufpyfwifjycsufonf 0da&m"djzpfaeaMumif; awGU&
jyefonf/ txufpmyk'fwGif olwifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; aqG;aEG;&vQif Muslim Zamindars (ac:)
rGwfqvifajrydkif&Sifrsm;vufatmuf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; "g;pmcHjzpfcJhonf[k qdkcJhaomfvnf; ,ck
wzef rGwfqvifwdkUonfom &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;xuf ynma&;wGif aemufususefcJhonf[k qdkjyef
onf/ qdkvdk&if;rSm t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkUonf rGwfqvifrsm;tm; &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;xuf ajr,mydkifqdkif
rIrsm;udk ay;tyfcsD;jrSihfcJhrnfqdkvQif rGwfqvifrsm;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;xuf ynma&;t&mwGif
rnfuJhodkU aemufususef&pfcJhoenf;/ b*Fvm;a'owGif NAwdoQwdkUusifhoHk;cJhonfh Zamindary
System (ac:) ajr,mydkifqdkifrIpepft& rsm;pGmaomajr,mydkifqdkifolrsm;onf rGwfqvifvlrsm;
pkMum;wGif =[dEL+rsm;om jzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;az:jycsuft& NAdwdoQwdkUonf rGwfqvifwdkUtm;

ydkrdkESpfNcdKuf tompD;tcGihftvrf;udk ay;tyfcJhrnfqdkvQif rGwfqvifwdkUonfom ynma&;wGif

xl;cRefajymifajrmufrnfjzpfonf/ ,ckrl OD;at;csrf;tqdkt& rGwfqvifwdkUonfom &cdkifwdkUxuf
ynma&;wGif aemufususef&pfcJhonf[k rSwfcsufjyKonf/
OD;at;csrf;onf &cdkifAk'bmomvlrsdK;ESihf jrefrmjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;tm; =dk[if*sm+
ESihfywfouf xGifvHk;trsdK;rsdK;xGifum r[kwfru vDq,fajymqdka&;om;aejcif;udk =v,fjyifrSm
qifBuD;oGm;ouJhodkU+ awGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/ ol\ ed*Hk;csKyfudk &Sif;vif;pGm oHk;oyf&onfrSm
rGwfqvifwdkUonf pmrwwfajrmufolrsm;? xdkUaMumihf pmrwwfaomwd&pmef (odkUr[kwf) tpGef;
a&mufolrsm;ESihf tcsdeftcgra&G; 'kuay;onfholrsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkUonf &cdkif*kPfoa&&Sd
vlBuD;rsm;ESihf at;csrf;om,mzGUHNzdK;rIudk vdkvm;aom &cdkifvlxkudk tpOfojzihf aESmuf,Sufrnfh
olrsm;tjzpf yHkaz:vdkonf/ uHraumif;taMumif;rvS pdwfraumif;jzpf&onfrSm OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU
&cdkifordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD;\ pmwrf;jyKpkrI uJhodkUaom uvdefuuspf ulvDulrm rvdkwpfrsdK;
vdkwpfrsdK; ta&;tom;rsdK;onf &cdkifordkif;udk tvGefw&mpdwf0ifpm;olrsm; rqdkxm;ESihf omref
pmIol vlydef;rsm;yifvQif ol\ taumufMuHudk awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf;onf bmomaA'ynm&Siftjzpf a<u;aMumfjcif;
OD;at;csrf; a&;om;wifjyonfrSm ==tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owpfckvHk;wGif (1894)

ckESpfwGif URDUR pmoifausmif;aygif;(9)ck&SdNyD; ausmif;om;aygif; (375)OD;&Sdonf/ NAdwdoQ

a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;tpdk;&onf 'kynma&;rSL;wpfOD;udk cefUtyfcJhonf/ (1902)ckESpfwGif pmoif
ausmif;aygif; (72)ausmif;txd jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;om;OD;a&vnf; (1474)OD;txd wdk;vm
cJhonf/ (SMART 1957:207-209) ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif rsm;pGmaom Ak'bmom&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf
[dELtdEd,vlrsdK;wdkUonfvnf; udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;,E&m;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Guf vkyf
udkifcJhonf/++ (pm-21)
OD;at;csrf; twdtvif;aMujimxm;onfrSm olonf bmomaA'ynm&SifwpfOD;
jzpfonf[k qdkonf/ oluRrf;usifaom bmomaA'onf URDU r[kwfbJ URDUR [kqdkonf/
OD;at;csrf; qufvufqdkxm;onfrSm ==(19)&mpk tv,facwfavmufrSpwif

EdkifiHa&;tjriftm;jzihf wuf<uvef;qef;aom ynmwwfrGwfqvifrsm; ay:aygufxGef;um;cJhNyD;

rsdK;qufopf EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;ESihf wuf<urIr&Sdaomolrsm;ae&mwGif
tpm;xdk;yg0ifaqmif&GufvmcJhonf/ 'kwd,urmppfrwdkifrDu tpvmrfynm&Sifrsm;\ vrf;TefrI
jzihf zGJUpnf;xlaxmifcJhaom Jami-a-tul Ulema-e-Islam(ac:)tdkvrmtpvmrfomoemynm&Sif
rsm;tzGJU emrnfjzihf EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpfckudk zGJUpnf;onf/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDonf tpvmrfa&;&m\
tqHk;tratmufwGif wnf&Sdonf/ (Khingyi Paw 1960:99)++ (pm-25)
OD;at;csrf;onf =oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;+ESihf =rwwfuRrf;aomolrsm;+[k Tef;qdk
onfrSm rnfonfudk qdkvdkoenf;/ tu,f olwdkUonfom pmayrwwfuRrf;cJhbl;qdk&if
ordkif;u@wGif tb,faMumihf ta&;ygcJhoenf;/ olwdkUonf pmayusrf;*ef rwwfuRrf;cJhvQif

rnfonfwdkUudk aqmif&GufcJhavoenf;/ xl;qef;zG,f awGU&Sd&onfrSm OD;at;csrf; az:jy&m

olonf Jami-a-tul Ulema-e-Islam (ac:) =tdkvrm tpvmrfomoem ynm&Sifrsm;tzGJU+ ygwD
udkom kyfvHk;az:aqmifxm;onf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkY\ aeUpOfb0wGif ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom tjcm;
=dk[if*sm+EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk rTef;qdkbJ OD;at;csrf;onf =tdkvrm tpvmrfomoem ynm&Sif
rsm;tzJGY+ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfckwnf;udkom az:xkwfa&;om;jcif;onf olUaemufvdkuf &cdkiftrsdkK;om;
vlxktMum; =dk[if*sm+qefUusifa&; tmCmww&m; BuD;xGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf/
OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrSm =='kwd,urmppfNyD;umv aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;rSm tm(&f)

um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf b*FgvDrGwfqvifwdkUonf wpfOD;ay:wpfOD; oHJo,yGm; r,Hk

ouFmpdwfrsm;ESihf aecJhMu&onf/ NAdwdoQavbmtpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef
*wdjyKaomtcg &cdkif(bmomjcm;)vlrsdK;wdkU\ tE&m,fudk aMumuf&GHUaeaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;onf
=&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf twlwuG aexdkifEdkifa&;udk tNrJpdk;&drfaMumihfMuaecJhonf/ rGwfqvif
acgif;aqmifwpfcsdKUonf NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESihf rMumcP ta&muftaygufrsm;cJhonf/++ (pm-23)
tcsdefra&G; tE&m,fusa&mufEdkifonfh =&cdkif+vlrsdK;trsm;pktMum; tpOfwpdkuf
xdwfvefUwMum; usD;vefUpmpm;ae&aom =dk[if*sm+wdkU\b0tm; vltrsm; udk,fcsif;pmEdkif
ygonf/
=dk[if*sm+vlxk pdwfysuftm;i,faejcif;ESihf EdkifiHjcm;om;olpdrf;wpf&Htjzpf qufqHcHae&jcif;
OD;at;csrf;onf olUpmwrf;wifjya&;om;&mwGif (1942)ckESpf tjzpfysufudk Zigzag
Fashion oabmaqmifaom a&SUoGm;vdkuf? ab;wdkufoGm;vdkuf yHkpHrsdK;jzihf wifjyxm;onf/
OD;at;csrf; qufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm ==(1947)ckESpf {NyDv? (1)&ufaeUwGif =ajryHk+ NrdKU

usif;yaom &cdkifwpfjynfvHJk;qdkif&m xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; &cdkifjynfrS EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm;vHk;

xdktpnf;ta0;yGJodkU wufa&mufcJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; wuf
a&mufcJh&m tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufvmolrsm;u AdkvfcsKyftm; tcGihfta&;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf
wdkufcdkufa0zefcJhonf/ (British Library, London, India Office Records M/4/Pro:Wo 203/5262)
a0zefwdkufcdkufykefuefolrsm;xJwGif OD;pdef'g;vnf; yg0ifcJhonf/ trSefpifppf tvHeDuGefjrLepf
ygwDonf OD;pdef'g;ESihf AFPFLMum; jzpfyGm;cJhaom em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;tay: tcGihfta&; t&,l
cJhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ trSefrSm OD;atmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom AFPFL (ac:) =ArmtrsdK;om;aoG;
pnf;nDGwfaomwyfOD;+twGif; 0g'a&;&mwdkufyGJyifjzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;
ynmtajrmftjrif&Sd pmayusrf;*efwwf Oya'bGJU& =OD;vSxGef;jzL+onf &efukefNrdKUwGif &cdkif
trsdK;om;rsm;twGuf ArakanistanzGJUpnf;xlaxmifa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (British Library,
London, India Office Records, M/4/2503) txufyg &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;\ EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;onf ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'o&Sd rGwfqvifrsm;tm; wyfvSefUEdI;aqmfapcJhonf/ jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;pumvwGif rGwfqviftajrmftjrif&Sd ynmwwfyk*dKvfrsm;onf rGwfqvifxk

wpf&yfvHk; bmomudk;uG,frIt& tpvmrfbmomudk vufcH,HkMunfrItay: tajccHNyD; ,Ofaus;

rIa&;&mt& rGwfqvifwdkUonf &cdkif? jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkUESihf uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/++ (pm-24)
trSefpifppf ar,ke,fjcm;a'o&Sd =dk[if*sm+wdkUESifh &cdkifwpfjynfvHk;tESHU tenf;ESihf
trsm; ysHUESHUaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf tpOftvmtm;jzihf olpdrf;wpf&HuJhodkU pdrf;um;jcif;
cHae&onf/ tBudrfBudrf kwfkwfoJoJ txdwfwvefUb0wGif aecJh&onf/ tm(&f)um(ef)
&cdkifjynf&Sd rGwfqviftaygif;tm; =ukvm;+[laom uJh&JUonfh emr0daooetm;jzihf qufqHjcif;
cHaecJh&onf/ xdkodkU ESdrfhcspGm qufqHjcif;cHae&mrS (1950)wpf0dkufwGif =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf
ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm t&ifuwnf;u wnf&SdcJhaom emrnft&if;udk urmodatmif The
Rohingya of Arakan(ac:)=tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS dk[if*sm+[k trnfwyfac:a0:apcJhonf/
ordkif;taxmuftxm;t& xif&Sm;pGm&SdaeNyD;aom =dk[if*sm+qdkaom wdkif;&if;om;emrnf
t&if;udk =dk[if*sm+acgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfwGif;ESihf urmtESHUodapjcif;jzifh =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm;
aMumufrufzG,f&mvlrsdK;tjzpf zefwD;vdkaom &cdkiftpGef;a&mufwdkU\&efrS umuG,f&efvnf;
aumif;? Kolas(ac:)Negros(ac:)uJh&JUzG,f&m tom;rnf;vlrsdK;tjzpf ac:a0:jcif;rS &yfpJvdkaom
aMumihfvnf;jzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf; qufvufajymqdkonfrSm ==ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'owGif rGwfqvif

vlOD;a&rsm; xlxyfpGm aexdkifjcif;aMumihf 4if;a'o&Sd &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;\ vlrIb0vHkNcHKa&;ESihf

xdkvlrsdK; touf&Sifaexdkifa&;twGuf tNrJwrf; pdk;&drfylyefcJh&onf/++ (pm-24)

trSeftm;jzihf (1824-26)wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom t*Fvdyf-jrefrm yxrppfyGJumvESihf

yxrurmppftNyD; tpGef;a&muf&cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'DwdkUonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwdkUu ,ckacwf =&cdkif+
tm; xdkpOfu Maugh[laom emrnfjzihf ac:a0:jcif;udk &cdkifwdkUu =&cdkif+[laomtrnf ajymif;
vJac:a0:ap&ef =&cdkif+wpfrsdK;om;vHk;\ pdwf"gwf tvHk;t&if;jzihf BuD;xGm;&SifoefcJhonf/
4if;aemuf =Armtpdk;&+\ ulnDrIESihf tpOftvmtm;jzihf urmodcJhaom tm(&f)um(ef)a'otm;
Rakhine State(ac:)=&cdkifjynfe,f+tjzpf ajymif;vJac:a0:apcJhonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'DwdkUonf
Armtpdk;&\ yhHydk;ulnDaqmif&GufrIjzihf =&cdkifjynfe,f+tjzpf ac:a0:apcJhaomaMumihf a'
owGif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; rwnf&SdcJhonfh(odkU)rwnf&Sdoa,mif oabmaqmifonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\
NrdKUawmfjzpfaom Akyabtm; =ppfawG+[k emrnfajymif;onfhtjyif =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ tjcm;
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom txifu& ordkif;0iftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk azsmufzsufapjcif;jzihf =dk[if*sm+
rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; oufaoxlEdkif&ef tpOfojzihf BudK;yrf;
cJhonf/ wpfbufwGif Rakhinization(ac:)=&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;wnf;[laom+ BudK;yrf;rIudk tqufrjywf
aqmif&GufcJhNyD; tjcm;wpfzufwGif OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU ulvDulrm pmayusrf;*efwwf todynm&Sif
rsm;ESihf olUwkdUaemufu uyfygvdkufaeaom pmrwwffayrwwf &cdkiftrsdK;om; evydef;wHk;
qifuef;awmwdk;wdkUonf (1950)ckESpfrwdkifcifu =dk[if*sm+[laomemrnf wpfcgrS rMum;cJhbl;[k
[mo&,fzG,fjzpfatmif ukef;atmfaejcif;aMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;om
jzpf&rnf[k t"dyg,fzGihfqdkaeonf/

vlrsdK;pkESpfpktMum; ppfrufjzpfyGm;&ef &nf&G,faomtm;jzihf t&Sufodumr&Sdaom

OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrSm ==(1948)ckESpf? ZE0g&Dv? (4)&ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdkifiH t*FvdyfxHrS

vGwfvyfa&; &onfESihfwpfNydKifeuf ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'o&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;t"d

ukPf; pwifcJhonf/ Jihad(ac:)bmoma&;ppfyGJudk rGwfqvifbmoma&;q&mrsm; OD;aqmif
vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf; aus;&GmtESHUtjym;wGif jzpfyGm;apjcif;jzihf t"rvk,ufjcif;? rD;dIUzsufqD;
jcif;ESihf rk'drf;usihfrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/++ (pm-25)
pGyfpGJcsufonf rnfodkUrQ taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkrIr&Sday/ tHHhMozG,f&m r[kwf
onfrSm OD;at;csrf;onf tudk;tum;wpfpHkwpf&m axmufjyEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh &cdkifvlxk aus;&Gmol
aus;&Gmom;wdkU\ =va&mifatmufu yg;pyfpum;+udk a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfNyD; vDq,fordkif;
toGif a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
odkU&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf pma&;q&m Moshe
&mwGif

Yeagar\

pmom;udk udk;um;

== =rl*sm[pf+aomif;usef;ol ay:aygufvm&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if;wpfckrSm zufqpf

*syefwdkU\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIrS wpfbufEdkifiHodkU xGufajy;oGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm;

rdrdwdkU\ rl&if;aexdkif&ma'orsm;wGif jyefvnfaexdkifEdkifa&;tay: oufqdkif&mrS wm;qD;ydwfyif
aejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ (Yegar 1972:98)++ (pm-25)

txuftaMumif;t&mqufpyfrIudk awG;awmjcif;tm;jzihf =dk[if*sm+vlxktm;

umuG,fvdkaom =rl*sm[pfwyfrsm;+udk tjypfydkUEdkifrnfavm/ taMumif;rSm 1942 ckESpfwGif
jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf;aMumihf tajctae tvGefwif;rmaecJhonf/ vlrsdK;a&;
t"dukPf;tusdK;qufaMumihf &cdkifawmifbufa'orS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+
xkonf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcg rdrdwdkUe,fajrrsm;wGif jyefvnfaexdkifcGihf? toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;vkyfydkifcGihfrsm; vufvGwfqHk;HI;cJh&aomaMumihf =dk[if*sm+rsm;\ tajctae tvGefqdk;0g;
ysufjym;cJhonf/ xdkuJhodkUaom tajctaetrsdK;rsdK;aMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonfvnf; rvGJra&Smif
ombJ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;qufqHaom w&m;aovufudkif0g'udk twdkif;twmwpfcktxd awmfvSef&ef
taMumif;ay:vmcJhonf/ taMumif;t&mudpESihfywfouf OD;at;csrf;ESihf oabmxm;
tjrifrwlaom urmausmfpma&;q&m Yegaru ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owpfcGifwGif tm(&f)
um(ef)&cdkifa'oonf vlrsdK;a&;y#dyutqufqufaMumihf pOfqufrjywf 'kuonfrsm; zefwD;
arG;zGm;ay;aom ae&ma'ojzpfonf[k qdkonf/ qefUusifbuftm;jzihf OD;at;csrf;url &cdkif
vlqdk;*kdPf;0ifrsm;\ vufcsufaMumihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; tBudrfBudrf wpfbufEdkifiHodkU xGufajy;
wdrf;a&SmifcJh&NyD; wdkif;jynfat;csrf;onfhtcg rdrdarG;&yfXmaeodkU jyefvnf0ifa&muf tajccs
aexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;udk =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm;[k ac:onf/ OD;at;csrf;onf xdkodkU
wpfzufEdkifiHodkU xGufajy;cdkvHI&mrS rdrdEdkifiHoUdk jyefvnf0ifa&muf tajccsaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+
rsm;udk =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm;tjzpf uifyGef;wyf&jcif;rSm =dk[if*sm+vlxktay: &cdkifzufqpfwdkU
usL;vGefcJhaom vlowfrItjzpfoepfrsm;udk [kwfrSefaMumif; xif&Sm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf/

a&S;oa&mtcgu tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; =Armrif;+wpfvSnfhESihf =b*Fvm;pkvfwef

bk&if+wdkU wpfvSnfhpDjzihf tkyfcsKyfcHa'ojzpfaecJh&m =&cdkifvlrsdK;+rsm;ESihf =dk[if*smvlrsdK;+wdkUonf
vnf; xdka'o\ twdwfordkif;u&SdaecJhaom xif&Sm;aom oufaocHtaxmuftxm;rsm;yif
jzpfonf/ ,ckrl taMumufw&m;ESihf trkef;w&m;yGm;rsm;aom jrefrmhwyfrawmftpdk;&onf
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk tkyfcsKyf&m 4if;ESihfqufpyfywfouf&m =dk[if*sm+ordkif;rsm;udk
ajAmifusus jiif;qefaeonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SESihf awmiftm&Sa'otMum;wGif wnf&Sdaeaom
tvGefw&m qufpkyf&GH&SmzG,f&maumif;onhf vlom;csif;rpmemwwfaom jrefrmhwyfrawmf acwf
tqufquf\ ESdyfpufrI tedXmHktaygif;udk cHpm;ae&aom =dk[if*sm+'kuonfwdkUonf
=ppfwaumif;a'o+odkUom tqufrjywf xGufajy;cdkvHIae&onf/ ,ckxufwdkif ppfwaumif;
cdkifa'owGif =dk[if*sm+w&m;0if'kuonf (20000)cefU&Sdonf[k od&onf/ ywfouf quf
EG,frIudk oHk;bufoHk;&HrS qufpyfMunfh&m tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS =dk[if*sm+wkdUonf ESdyfpuf
rItaygif;rS =ppfwaumif;awmifydkif;a'+odkU xGufajy;oGm;NyD; 'kuonfjzpfonfhtcg Armhwyfr
awmftpdk;&ESihf 4if;taygif;tygrsm;jzpfaom OD;at;ausmf? OD;at;csrf;wdkUuJhodkU =&cdkiftrsdK;
om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;+rS yk*dKvfwdkUonf xdkvlrsm;tm; dk;&Sif;pGm =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+[k ac:av
awmhonf/ wdkif;jynf Nidrf0yfydjym;onfhtcsdefrsm;wGif 'kuonfrsm; rdrdarG;&yfXmaeodkU jyefa&muf
oGm;onfhtcg =tE&m,f&Sdaom ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpf awGUjrif,lqNyD; aoG;at;at;jzihf
owfjzwfvQifowf? rowfvQif axmifcs odkUr[kwfvQif EdkifiHjcm;om;tjzpf owfrSwf rdrdarG;&yf
XmaerS armif;xkwfcHae&onf/ enf;tm;jzihf &cdkifvlrsdK;tpGef;a&muf0g'Drsm;ESihf acwft
qufquf wyfrawmftpdk;&wdkU\ pepfwuspDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom =tmCmww&m; a&SUxm;jcif;ESihf
trkef;w&m;rsm; vTrf;rdk;onfh+ tusdK;qufaMumihf =d[
k if*sm+wdkif;&if;om;wdkUonf ppfwaumif;
a'oodkU tpOfojzihf xGufajy;cdkvIHae&onf/
OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm ==jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;raMunmcif (2)ESpft&if
uwnf;u =rl*sm[pf+vIyf&Sm;rI ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif ppfwaumif;e,fcH Zaffar
Kawalqdkol OD;aqmif =rGwfqvifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJUtpnf;(MLO)+udk zGJUpnf;xlaxmifcJh
onf/ 1948 ckESpf? arvwGif armifawmNrdKU ajrmufbuf&Sd (Garabyin)aus;&GmwGif nDvmcH

wpfck jyKvkyfcJhonf/ MLO tzGJUtpnf;tm; =rl*sm[pfygwD+tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhonf/

(jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf armfueG f;wdkuf? &efukef? DR-491(56))++ OD;at;csrf;az:jycsufudk
xyfqihftm;jznhf jznfhpGufaomtm;jzihf olqufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm ==Zaffar Kawal onf um
uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmNyD; ppfawGcdkif &JwyfzJGUrS wyfMuyfa[mif; Abdul Husseinonf
=Adkvf+jzpfvmonf/ (jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf armfuGef;wdkuf? &efukef DR-1016) 1948 ckESpf?
ZGefv? (9)&ufaeU aeUpGJjzihf =rl*sm[pfygwD+onf armifawmNrdKUHk;t&m&SdrSwqihf jrefrmEdkifiH
tpdk;&xHvdyfrl URDURpmjzihf a&;xm;aom pmwpfapmifydkUay;onf/ pmt&awmif;qdk
csufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
(1) jrefrmrGwfqvifrsm; arG;&yfXmaetjzpf ukvm;wefjrpftaemufbufurf;ESihf ewfjrpf
ta&SUbuf&Sd e,fajrrsm;udk udk,fydkife,ftjzpf owfrSwfay;a&;?

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS rGwfqvifrsm;tm; EdkifiHom;tjzpfvufcHa&;?

=rl*sm[pfygwD+tm; w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDtqihf owfrSwfay;a&;?
tl(&f)'l(&f)bmompum;tm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifwGif aexdkifaom rGwfqvifrsm;twGuf
trsdK;om;bmompmaytjzpf owfrSwfay;&efESihf rGwfqvifrsm;aexdkif&ma'o&Sd ausmif;
rsm;wGif 4if;pmayoifMum;ay;&ef cGihfjyKa&;?
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;a'orS wpfbufEdkifiHodkU xGufajy;cdkvHIae&aom =dk[if*sm+
rsm;tm; EdkifiHawmfp&dwfjzihf rdrdarG;&yfXmaersm;wGif tajccsaexdkifay;a&;?
=ta&;ay:vHkNcHKa&;tufOya'+t& zrf;qDcHrGwfqvifrsm;tm; cRif;csufr&Sd vTwfay;a&;?
=rl*sm[pf+ygwDtzGJU0ifrsm;twGuf vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihfay;a&;wdkU yg0ifonf/++ [kqdkonf/

txufwGif az:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; 4if;xJwGif =dk[if*sm+vlxktwGuf taxGaxGrauseyf

csufwpfck &SdcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf 4if;rauseyfcsufudk ododESihf rnfodkUrQ rajzqdk
xm;ay/ tb,faMumihf xdkodkU rauseyfcJh&oenf;/ tb,faMumihf jynfolU&JwyfzGJUwpfa,muf
yifvQif olpdrf;wpf&HuJhodkU qufqHcHcJh&oenf;/ taMumif;t&if;rSm =dk[if*sm+wdkUtay:wGif
bufaygif;pHkrS taxGaxGrw&m;rItaygif; usihfoHk;cJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\
awmif;qdkcsufonf w&m;0if&ydkifcGihfwpfckjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmhwyfrawmfESihf &cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'D
wdkUonf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsmay;&ef ta&;rBuD;oabmaqmifcJhonf/
0efBuD;csKyf=OD;Ek+vufxuf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;xJrS wdkif;
&if;om;vlenf;pkwpfrsdK;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhNyD; wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,f0ifwdkUESihf aygif;pyfEdkifa&;
twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ odkU&mwGif 1962 ckESpfwGif Armhwyfrawmfonf OD;EkxHrS tmPmodrf;,l
cJhNyD; aemufydkif;rSpwif =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ taxGaxG vlUtcGihfta&;rsm; csdK;azmufcH&onfhtjyif
=dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; tquffrjywf ajAmifwif;wif;? rw&m;ojzihf vlom;csif;rpmempGmjzihf ESdyfpuf
uvljyK tkyfcsKyfvmcJhawmhonf/
1942 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom =dk[if*smrsdK;jzKwfokwfoifa&;+BudK;yrf;rI vHk;0eD;yg;
rNyD;ao;[k ,lqaecJhaom ESpfzuftiftm;pk(ArmA[dktpdk;&ESihf&cdkifvlrsdK;)wdkUonf 1962 ckESpfrS
pwif =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf jrefrmEdkifiHom;aomifrS rjzpfEdkifa&; bufaygif;pHkrS BudK;yrf;rI txGwf
txdyfodkU a&mufcJhonf/ vlrsdK;a&; t"dukPf;tedXmHk tusdK;qufrsm;aMumihf tjypfrJh dk;dk;
omrefvlrsm;onfom &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefonfholrsm;xuf xdcdkufqHk;HI;epfemcJhonf/ t"dukPf;
jzpfyGm;&ef aoG;xdk;vHIYaqmfolrsm;onf t"duvlowfw&m;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif jzpfyGm;
cJhaom vlrsdK;a&;y#dyuwGif vlrsdK;a&;tmCmww&m;BuD;rm;aom =taemufwdkif;acwfynmwwf+
&cdkiftrsdK;om;wpfcsdKUvnf; =aemufuG,frS BudK;udki+f cJhaMumif;od&onf/
OD;at;csrf;az:jyonfrSm ==awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwufNyD; (2)ESpfwmumvtwGif;

tdEd,vlrsdK; wpfodef;cefUESihf ygupwefvlrsdK;(120000)cefUwdkUonf olwdkUwdkif;jynfodkU toD;oD;

xGufcGmcJhMuonf/ jynfolydkifodrf;cH&aom tdEd,vlrsdK;wdkUonf 1964 ckESpfwGif tpkvdkuftNyHK
vdkuf xGufajy;cJhMuonf/ (Donison 1970:199-200) odkU&mwGif &cdkifajrmufydkif;a'orS 'kwd,

urmppfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHvl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;XmerS xkwfay;xm;aom trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwif

u'fjym;udk udkifaqmifxm;onfh rGwfqvifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;onf txufaz:jyyg
tdEd,ESihf ygupwefvlrsdK; jynfolydkifodrf;cH&NyD;aemufydkif; xGufajy;olrsm;uJhodkU r[kwfay/
odkU&mwGif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; 1982 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfu jyKpka&;om;cJhNyD; 1987 wGif
4if;udk w&m;0ifoufa&mufapcJhaom EdkifiHom;jzpfrIqdkif&m yk'fxD;?yk'fr trsdK;rsdK;jzihf =dk[if*sm+
wdkUtm; EdkifiHom;trsdK;rsdK; cGJjcm;owfrSwfapcJhonf/ ++ (pm-26)
OD;at;csrf;taejzihf vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;XmerS xkwfay;cJhaom trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwif
u'fjym;rsm;udk udkifaqmifxm;onfh rsm;pGmaom tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'orS rGwfqvif
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;onf ,cktcsdeftxd jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;r[kwfao;ojzihf olwdkU
onf jrefrmEdkifiHydkifeuf e,ferdwf{&d,m EnclavetwGif;odkU w&m;r0if vma&mufaexdkif
olrsm;jzpfaomaMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'oudk pGefUcGmoGm;&efjzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;
em;vnfatmif axmufjy&vQif =OD;at;ausmf+uJhodkU =&cdkifArm+vlrsdK;wpfOD;onf taemufEdkifiH
wpfckEdkifiHom;wdkif;&if;om;jzpf&ef (10)pkESpfwpfckawmif rvdktyfvQif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; wdkUonf
olwdkU\ bdk;bGm;tpOftvm acwftpOftqufuwnf;uyif aexdkifvmcJhaom (Ancestral
Land)wGif rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumihf jrefrmEdkifiHom;rjzpf&rnfenf;/ =OD;Ek+acgif;aqmifaom
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; vlrsdK;rcGJjcm;bJ EdkifiHom;rSwfyHkwifu'fjym; xkwfay;
cJhNyD; ESpf(40)aomumv Mum&SnfNyD;aemufydkif; jrefrmhwyfrawmftpdk;&u EdkifiHom;jzpfrIqdkif&m
Oya'yk'fxD;?yk'frtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh =dk[if*sm+wdkU udkifaqmifcJhaom trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;udk
=w&m;r0if+aMumif; aMujimowfrSwfvdkjim; rnfodkUaom taMumif;t&mrsm; ay:aygufcJhoenf;/
odomxif&Sm;onfrSm ,ckuJhodkU EdkifiHawmfydkif;\ BudK;yrf;rIonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif
aexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tm; rvdktyfaom =vlrsdK;tkyfpk+tjzpf xm0&okwfoifvdkaom
oabmxm;jzihf =vlrsdK;wkef;rsdK;jzKwfa&;+ pDrHudef;yifjzpfonf/ xdkodkU EdkifiHawmf\ r[mAsL[m
udp&yftm; ,ckuJhodkUaom OD;at;csrf;\ ta&;tom;rsm;aMumihf =dk[if*smrsdK;jzKwf pDrHudef;+udk
OD;at;csrf;u wpfzufwpfvrf;rS yHhydk;ulnDaeaom =rD;avmif&mavyifh+ay;aeolwpfOD;[k rSwf,l
&rnf/
OD;at;csrf; yHkjyifajymaeyHk
OD;at;csrf; qdkvdkonfrSm ==Oya'topft& tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif ESpf(100)t&if

uwnf;u aexdkifvmcJhaom rGwfqvifrsm;tm; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;uJhodkU qufqHcJhonf/ 1983

ckESpfwGif aumufcH&&Sdaom oef;acgifpm&if;t& tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif rGwfqvifvlOD;
a&onf 24.3 &mcdkifEIef;&SdNyD; 4if;wdkUtm;vHk;tm; Bangladeshi(ac:)b*Fvm;EdkifiHom;tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;onf/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif &cdkifAk'bmomvlOD;a&onf (67.8)&mcdkifEIef;
&Sdonf/ (vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESihfjynfolUtiftm;OD;pD;Xme? 1987 1-14) ++ (pm-27)
OD;at;csrf;onf wyfrawmftpdk;&u aumufcHaom oef;acgifpm&if;t& =dk[if
*sm+vlrsdK;wdkU b*Fvm;EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[laom &nf&G,fcsufudk udk;um;xm;onf/ olUudk;um;

csufwGif acwftqufquftpdk;&\ zdESdyfrI'PfrS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;NyD; urmtESHU ysHUESHU

aexdkifaeaom =dk[if*sm+vlOD;a& (1)oef;ausmfudk raz:jyxm;ay/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd
=dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; tMurf;zuftpdk;&u b*Fvm;EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf wHqdyfdkufajymqdkaejcif;
tay: pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMunfhvQif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'owGif xlxyfpGm aexdkifvsuf
&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;=dk[if*sm+rsm; aexdkif&ma'otm; rdrdydkifeufe,fajr(Enclave)twGif;
wpfbufEdkifiHrS w&m;r0if 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifaom vlrsdK;tjzpf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; pGyfpGJ
a&;om;ajymqdkaeaom OD;at;csrf;\ trlt&mtajymtqdkrsm;ESihf wpfax&mwnf;jzpfaMumif;
awGU&onf/
OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm ==1988 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDta&;

tcif; xdkrGwfqvifrsm;onf =dk[if*sm+tvHwvlvlvTifhxl wpfausmhjyefxvmcJhonf/

4if;aemuf wyfrawmftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; zGJUpnf;cGihfay;onfhtcgwGif xkdrGwfqvif
wdkUonf olwdkUzGJUpnf;vdkaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; =dk[if*sm+[laom trnftm;jzihf rSwfyHkwif
cGihf&&Sda&; awmif;qdkcJhonf/ odkUawmif;qdkcsuftm; EkdifiHawmftpdk;&u cGihfrjyKcJhaomaMumihf
olwdkUonf National Democratic Party for Human Rights(NDPHR)(ac:)trsdK;om; vlUtcGihf
ta&;ESihf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDtjzpf ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 1990 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumuf
yGJwGif 4if;ygwDonf ta&G;cs,fcH e,fajr(4)ckrS a&G;aumufcHcJh&NyD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJUcsKyf(ac:)ALDonf ta&G;cs,fcH e,fajr(7)ckrS a&G;aumufcHcJh&onf/++ (pm-27)
OD;at;csrf;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;ae =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; tvGef
tE&m,f&Sdaom vlrsdK;tjzpf kyfvHk;az:jyvdkaomfvnf; 1990 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJwGif
=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf trwfae&m(4)ae&mwGif tEdkif&&Sdjcif;udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzihf =dk[if*sm+
vlrsdK;rsm;onf Democratic-minded people(ac:)'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;aomolrsm;om jzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;pGm odomaeonf/ =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf 'Drdkua&pDoabmobm0udk ,HkMunfhonfh
tavsmuf =dk[if*sm+wkdU &ifqdkifae&aom rnfonfhjyemudkrqdk twlwpfuG SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;
wdkifyif trsm;oabmwl ajz&Sif;vdkaom pdwf"gwf&Sdolrsm;omjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ oabm
obm0udk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm&Sdaeaom Ak'bmom0if jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;
tm;vHk;wdkUonf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; rnfodkUrQ aMumuf&GUHp&mrvdkay/ taMumif;rlum;
olwdkUonf OD;at;csrf;ajymovdk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;r[kwfonfhtjyif tE&m,f&Sdaom vlrsdK;rsm;
r[kwfaomaMumihfvnf; jzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf;ajymqdkdonfrSm ==rnfodkUyifqdkapumrl 1991 ckESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJ

aumfr&Sifonf =&cdkif'Drdkua&pDygwD+ ESihf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ NDPHR ygwDudk zsufodrf;cJhonf/

ygwD0ifxJrS wpfcsdKUyk*dKvfwdkUonf ajratmuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf vIyf&Sm;olrsm;jzpfvmNyD; wpfcsdKU
vnf; axmifeef;pHcJhonf/ ajratmufvIyf&Sm;olrsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm =dk[if*sm+wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;wdkU\ t&Sdw&m;(ac:)ethnic entity tay: wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk tm;vHk;wdkUu wnD
wGwfwnf; todtrSwfjyKa&;ESihf equal status(ac:)wef;wlnDwl tcGihfta&;rsm; cHpm;cGihf
&&Sda&;wdkUjzpfonf/ odkU&mwGif wpfcsdKU qefUusifzuf tjrifusOf;ajrmif;olrsm;onf A Separate

Muslim State(ac:)oD;jcm;rGwfqvifEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;jzpfonf/

atmufaz:jyyg =dk[if*sm tzGJU

tpnf;+rsm;onf jrefrm-b*Fvm;e,fpyfwpfavQmufwGif ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;aeMuonf/ (Mya Win

1992:3)
1/ RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organization)
2/ ARIF (Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front)
3/ RPF (Rohingya Patriotic Front )
4/ RLO (Rohingya Liberation Organization)
5/ IMA (Itihatul Mozahadin of Arakan) wkdUjzpfonf/

++

,ckwpfBudrfvnf; OD;at;csrf;onf taMumufw&m;vTrf;rdk;[ef taumufMuH

vDq,fxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm =tcsdKUqefUusifzuf tjrifusOf;ajrmif;
olrsm;onf oD;jcm;rGwfqvifEdkifiH xlaxmifvdkonf+ OD;at;csrf;qdkvdk&if;udk t&if;ppfvdkuf
aomtcg 1990 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif =dk[if*sm+wdkU &cdkiftaemufajrmufa'owGif trwf
ae&m(4)ck tEdkif&jcif;tay: Trend xGifNyD; taMumufw&m; vTrf;rdk;aejcif;jzpfonf/
=dk[if*sm+wdkUonf trwf(4)ae&m &oGm;aomtcg olwdkUonf oD;jcm;e,fajrxlaxmif&ef
awmif;qdkvdrfhrnf/ oD;jcm;orm;rsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqa<u;aMumfaeaomfvnf; trSeftm;jzihf
=dk[if*sm+wdkUu xdkodkUr[kwfay/ ,aeU=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wkdUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif 'Drdk
ua&pDjyKjyifa&;vrf;aMumif;ay:wGif wnf&Sdrnfh ESpfOD;ESpfbufjyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESihf w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk tvGefvdkvm;olrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ qefUusifzuftm;jzihf OD;at;csrf;
onf ol\ usrf;jyKpk&m =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf tvGeft,lonf;usOf;ajrmif;olrsm;jzpfonf/
tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif =dk[if*sm+wdkUwnf&Sdaejcif;onf Viruses(ac:)tE&,f&Sdaom t
aumifyavmifrsm;tjzpf yHkaz:xm;onf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; OD;pGmrsdK;jzKwfokwfoifvsifokwfoif?
rokwfoifvsifum; olwdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUtm; zsufqD;ypfrnfh[ef
pmwrf;a&;om;jyKpkxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU ,ckvdk =vlom;rsdK;EG,ftm;
odumcs? wefzdk;edrfhusaponfh pmayta&;tom;rsdK;+ Type of Dehumanizing literature a&;om;
wifjyaejcif;onf =*smreD? ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; EdkifiHa[mif;ESihf&0ef'g+EdkifiHwdkUwGif OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU
ynm&Sifrsm;\ aoG;xdk;vIHUaqmfa&;om;rIaMumihf vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf;rSwqihf vlom;rsdK;wHk;
okwfoifapcJhonfh jzpf&yfrsdK; ,ckvnf; =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ pdwfESvHk;tpOfwGif ArmhtMurf;zuf
wyfrawmftpdk;&ESihf &cdkifvlrsdK;wpfcsdKUwkdU yl;aygif; =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; aemufwpfBudrf
rsdK;jzKwfokwfoifaernfvm;[laom taMumufw&m;jzihf tpdk;&drfBuD;pGm xdwfvefUaeMu&onf/
'Drdkua&pDtajymif;tvJudk aMumufaejcif;ESihf &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUBuD;pdk;rI qHk;cef;wdkifa&mufjcif;
OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm == =dk[if*sm+acgif;aqmifwkdUu olwdkUtm; =ppfwaumif;

eD;,ef;b*FgvD+tjzpf &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkU\ oabmjzihf ac:qdkaeaMumif; a0zefonf/ odkU&mwGif

aus;vufawm&Gmae pmayrwwfajrmufaom v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;pGmwdkUonf
olwdkUtm; =b*FgvDrGwfqvif+tjzpf ac:qdkjcif;udk ,ckwdkif ESpfoufMuonf/++ (pm-27)

txufaz:jyyg OD;at;csrf;\ wifjycsufonf ,HkMunf&aom owif;&yfuGufu

r[kwfonfhtjyif &nfTef;udk;um;csufudkvnf; raz:jyxm;ay/ ol\ oHk;oyfcsuf vHk;0rSm;,Gif;
aeaMumif; awGU&onf/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf OD;at;csrf;udk,fwdkifonf =dk[if*smEdkifiHa&;ygwD
rsm;+tm; =dk[if*sm+qdkaom trnfjzihf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u jiif;y,fonfhMum;rS rSwfyHkwifcGihf&&Sda&;
awmif;qdkcJhonf[k qdkonf/ OD;at;csrf;wGif r[mAsL[musaom tajccH,lqcsufwpfck&Sdonf/
4if;rSm ol\ rl&if;oabmqdkvdk&if;udk xkwfaz:jyoEdkif&eftwGuf tudk;tum; taxmuftxm;
rsm;udk jzwfSyfwifjyxm;NyD; ,HkMunf&avmufaom cdkirf monfh trsm;vufcHaom tajccH,lq
csufrsm;udkvnf; raz:jyEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm ==olwdkUonf =twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexdkifvdkonfh+ EdkifiHa&;

,HkMunfcsufudk jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&uwnf;u ESpfaygif;(50)txd pdwf0ifwpm; jyocJh

aomfvnf; olwdkU\ EdkifiHa&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rItcGihfta&;rsm;udk ,ckxufwdkif todtrSwfjyK tmr
rcHao;ay/ qefUusifbuftjriftm;jzihf olwdkUawmif;qdkaeaom vlUtcGihfta&;rsm;tm; tod
trSwfjyKa&;onf =udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf+udk OD;wnfaom =wdkufdkufpdefac:rI+ oabmaqmifonfh
tjyif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfwGif &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm; touf&Sifqufvufaexdkifa&;twGuf aMumuf
rufzG,f yHkjyifwpfckuJhodkU jzpfEdkifonf/++ (pm-28)
OD;at;csrf; wifjyygtcsuftvuftm; awGU&Sdjcif;tm;jzihf =vlenf;pktcGihfta&;
twGuf todtrSwfjyKa&; w&m;0ifawmif;qdkcsuf(ac:)the legitimate demand+ tm; =wdkufdkuf
pdefac:rI+oabm[k ,lqvQif &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUonf =dk[if*sm+wdkUtay: genocide (ac:) =vlom;
trsdK;tEG,f rsdK;jzKwfokwfoifa&; pDrHudef;+udk &nf&G,fjcif;yifjzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;rSefygonf/
=dk[if*sm+wdkUonftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfwGif ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&a'otwGuf olwdkU\ w&m;0if
tcGihfta&;tm; =wdkufdkufpdefac:rI+[k OD;at;csrf;u ,lqxm;onf/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynf
onf rnfolwdkU\ e,fajrjzpfoenf;/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oonf 4if;a'oae jynfol
tm;vHk;wdkU\ home land (ac:) arG;&yfa'or[kwfygavm/
OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU tvGefw&mwaZmufuef; &cdkiftrsdK;om; tpGef;a&muf0g'D\ rlv
&nf&G,fcsufonf =Armrif;+odrf;ydkufcJhaom tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; =vGwfvyfaom udk,fhrif;?
udk,fhcsif;? udk,fhxD;? udk,fheef;? udk,fhMuiSef; bk&ifhEkdifiHxlaxmifa&; pdwful;pdwfoef;+ jzpfonf/
&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUtwGuf =&cdkifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfciG hf&a'o+[laomoabmonf tjriftm;jzihf &cdkif
vlrsdK;tm; tcGihfta&;tm;vHk; ray;xm;onfhtjyif tmrcHcsufvnf; enf;yg;onf/ 'Drdkua&pD
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;eSihf omwlnDrQwef;wlnDwltcGihfta&;ESifh w&m;Oya'a&SUarSmufwGif tm;vHk;
wpfom;wnf;[laom oabmudkaqmifonfh vlrItzGUJtpnf;wpfck xlaxmifjcif;jzihf &cdkifvlrsdK;
wdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif wpfzufowf 4if;a'o\ rlvydkif&Sifrsm;oabmtjzpfESihf tcGihf
xl;cHolrsm;tjzpf vufvTwfqHk;IH;oGm;&rnfudk txl;pdk;&drfaeMuonf/ OD;at;csrf; ed*Hk;tcsKyf
=dk[if*sm+wdkUonf onf;cHjcif;w&m; vufudkifxm;vQif =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm;vnf; &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUu
&Sm;yg;aom a&cH? ajrcH? obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk rQa0cHpm;&ef&Sdonf/ tpGef;a&muf &cdkiftrsdK;
om;bkef;BuD;wpfyg;jzpfaom =t&Sifem,u+uvnf; Influx Viruses (ac:) tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf

a&muf&Sdvmaom taumifyavmifrsm;+pmtkyfed'gef;wGif tpcsDa&;om;xm;onfrSm =dk[if*sm+

wdkU\ ajray:? ajratmuf vIyf&Sm;rIonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihf 4if;xufausmfvGef jcdrf;
ajcmufrIESihf pdefac:rIrsm;udk jzpfapcJhonf+[kqdkcJhonf/(22) oHo,jzpfzG,fr&SdonfrSm ajrmufjrm;
pGmaom vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif; y#dyuonf a'owGif;&Sd t"dutqDtESpft&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; vlrsm;
pkwdkUu vuf0g;BuD;tkyf pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fxm;jcif;jzihf vlenf;pkwdkUtm; rQa0rcHpm;apcsifaom
aMumihfvnf;aumif;? tusdK;r&Sdonfh wdrfovmzHk;aom bmomw&m;tay: tajccHoa,mif
t,lonf;yHkjyifrsm;\ tpGJtvrf;aMumihf vlenf;pkrsm;tm; wdkufcdkufa0zefjcif;aMumihfESihf aemuf
qHk;xkdvlrsdK;wdkUtm; EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;tjzpf qufqHvmjcif;aMumihfjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumihf
OD;at;csrf; &;om;aom Influx Virusespmtkyfonf wyfrawmftpdk;&u cdkifcdkifrmrm ausm
axmufaemufcHay;xm;onfh bmomw&m;t,lpGJ yHkjyifwpfcktay:wGif tajccHonfh &cdkif
trsdK;om; touf&Sifoefa&; r@dKifwpfckomvQifjzpfaMumif; rSwfom;&onf/

(ac:)ouf&Sdrsm;
yl;aygif;aexdkifvdkrIoabmonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;pkESpfpktMum; jzpfwnf
&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfcsufESihf vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif; wpfpktay:wpfpk ,HkMunfrI rwnfaqmuf
EdkifcJhjcif;aMumihfESihf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&\ ay:vpDaMumihfvnf;aumif; twlwuG ,SOfwGJyl;wGJ
aexdkif&ef rawG;awmEdkifay/++ (pm-26)
OD;at;csrf; qufvufqdkxm;onfrSm ==A

symbiotic coexistence

ta&SUawmiftm&SESihf awmiftm&Sa'oMum;wGif wnf&Sdaeaom tm(&f)um(ef)

&cdkifa'o&Sd =&cdkifESihf dk[if*sm+wdkUonf jyemwpfck&SdaeaMumif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;onf/
4if;taMumif;t&mudk xif&Sm;pGm odomaeaom tpGef;a&muftrsdK;om;0g'D OD;at;csrf;taejzihf
,ckuJhodkU pmwwef? aywwefjzihf =taMumufw&m;ESihf tmCmww&m;+ vTrf;rdk;onfh bmom
a&;tay: tajccHonfh yHkjyifr[kwfwrf;w&m;rsm; wDxGifjcif;jzihf tjypfrJhaom &cdkifjynfol?
jynfom;rsm;tm; waZmufuef; t,lonf;rsm;jzpfatmif rvkyfoifhay/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o
&Sd =&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUtm;+ =dk[if*smvlrsdK;wdkUtay:+ tmCmww&m;ESihf trkef;w&m;rsm; yGm;rsm;
ap&ef EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u tpOfwpdkuf tqifajyajy acsmarmvSypGm ESpfajrmufjrm;pGmuwnf;u
udkifwG,fvdrfnmaeonfhtcsdefwGif ,ckuJhodkU ODat;csrf;\ rdkufl;&Jaom uavmifpmom;rsm;
aMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ ordkif;rSefESihf yuwdt&Sdw&m;udk trsm;jynfolem;vnf&ef todw&m;ESihf
qufEG,fonfh ynmA[kokwrsm; rnfodkUrQ wnfaqmufay;Edkifrnf r[kwfay/
OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ arG;&mygtcGihfta&;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef
jiif;qdkxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ olonf ==armifawm? bl;oD;awmif r[kwfonfh tm(&f)um(ef)

&cdkifa'orS tjcm;rGwfqvifwdkUonf =dk[if*smta&;+ESihf roufqdkifovdk oD;jcm;pGm wdwfqdwf

aecJhonf/ xdkUaMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf olwdkUvlrsdK;pktwGif;rSyif axmufcHrI tenf;i,fom
&&Sdonfhtjyif olwdkU\ ordkif;aemufcH ywfoufqufEG,frIwkdUonfvnf; jrefrmtpdk;&u axmufcH
tm;ay;&ef 0efav;aeonf/++ (pm-28)

OD;at;csrf;\ Enclaveonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUuom EkdifiH

a&;tompD;jzihf tkyfcsKyfaeaom EkdifiHwpfckjzpfcJhonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;tBuD;tuJwdkUonf MoZm

wdur BuD;rm;cJhaom &cdkiftwdwfordkif;rsm;\ *kPf&Sdef*kPfa&mifjzihf at;csrf;om,mpGm aexdkif

vdkonfhoabm aqmifjyonf/ odkU&mwGif ae&m tem*wf'Drdkua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJ
a&;atmufwGif vlrsdK;? bmomtm;jzihf rwlaom =dk[if*sm+ vlrsdK;wdkUonf tvGeftE&,f&Sdaom
Ncdrf;aNcmufrIwpfckudk zefwD;Ekdifonf/ 4if;tE&m,fonf EdkifiHwum e,fpyfwpfavQmuf&Sd Enclave
(ac:)rdrdydkifeufe,fajrtwGif;odkU EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufaexdkifaom a'o
tjzpf yHkaz:a&;om;xm;NyD; 4if;vlrsdK;wdkUtm; tcsderf D twdkif;twmwpfcktxd rudkifwG,fr
aqmif&Gufygu xkdvlrsdK;wdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o\ *kPf&Sdef*kPfa&mifudk dI;EGrf;atmif
okwfoifzsufqD;ypfvdrfhrnf/
ed*Hk;
o&JtzHk;pGyfxm;aom olawmfaumif;
acwfynmwwf OD;at;csrf;taejzihf olonf vrf;ay:u =zdkufwm+wpfOD;uJhodkU r[kwfbJ
=dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; aemufuG,frS =o&JtzHk;pGyfNyD;+ wdkufcdkufaeonf/ ol\ uavmifjzifh twGif;
pdkuftmCmwrsm;udk ay:vGifxif&Sm;atmif a&;om;aeonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf tMurf;zuf
wyfrawmftpdk;&u =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkU vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmcGihf
tay: wm;qD;aeonfudkvnf;aumif;? vGwfvyfpGm w&m;0if vufxyfydkifcGifhtm; ydwfyif
wm;qD;onfudkvnf;aumif;? =dk[if*sm+aus;&Gmae aus;&Gmom;rsm;tm; tpOfwpfpdkuf MuyfMuyf
rwfrwf oufqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;pHkrsm;rS tNrJwrf; axmufvSef;wdkufcdkuf vk,ufpm;aomuf
aeonfudkvnf;aumif;? =dk[if*sm+wpfrsdK;om;vHk; tpma&pmjywfvyfapjcif;jzihf aouHa&muf
apa&;udk OD;wnfaom EdkifiHawmf\ vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf;aumif;? =dk[if*sm+
vlrsdK;rsm; t"duaexdkif&ma'orsm;tm; =BuD;rm;aom axmifBuD;ozG,f+ jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
4if;axmifBuD;twGif; aeolrsm;tm; olpdrf;w&H(odkU)EkdifiHjcm;om;(odkU)taumifyavmifBuD;rsm;
ozG,f qufqHaejcif;tay: OD;at;csrf;taejzihf wNyHK;NyHK;yDwdwa0a0jzihf ajAmifusus axmufcH
aeonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;aexdkif&m &cdkifajrmufydkif;a'otm; txufwGif
az:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; Enclave [k kyfvHk;az:xm;ouJhodkU 4if;wGif aexdkifaom vlrsdK;rsm;
tm;vHk;tm; tjrefqHk; okwfoif&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&udk tpDtpOftrsdK;rsdK;
taumiftxnfaz: zefwD;ay;aejcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;tpDtpOftwdkif;yifvQif EkdifiHawmftpdk;
&onf =dk[if*sm+ vlxkwpf&yfvHk;tm; vlom;rsdK;EG,f rsdK;jzKwfokwfoifa&; vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifae
vsuf&Sdonf/
OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+ordkif;aMumif;ESihfywfouf rnfodkUyifqdkapumrl =dk[if*sm+
wkdUonf atmufygcdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm;ESihf rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfvsuf&SdaMumif;
awGU&onf/
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(7.7.2009)