I - Part 1 GL 2011

Section 17

Hatchways

Chapter 1 Page 171

Section 17 Hatchways
A. 1. General Hatchways on freeboard and superstructure decks 3. p Definitions = design load [kN/m2] for hatch covers of respective load cases A to D according to B. = pH for vertical loading on hatch covers = pA for horizontal loading on edge girders of hatch covers and on coamings = liquid pressure p1, p2 according to Section 4, D.1. ReH = minimum nominal upper yield point of the steel used [N/mm2] according to Section 2, B.2. For hatch covers the application of steel which minimum nominal upper yield point exceeds 355 N/mm2 is not permitted. Rm = tensile strength of the steel used [N/mm2] For normal strength hull structural steel: Rm = 400 N/mm2 with ReH = 235 N/mm2 For higher strength hull structural steel: Rm = 440 N/mm2 with ReH = 315 N/mm2 = 490 N/mm2 with ReH = 355 N/mm2 l a t = unsupported span [m] of stiffener = spacing of stiffeners [m] = thickness of structural member [mm] = tnet + tK tnet tK = net thickness [mm] = corrosion addition according to Table 17.1

1.1 The hatchways are classified according to their position as defined in Section 1, H.6.7. 1.2 Hatchways are to have coamings, the minimum height of which above the deck is to be as follows: in position 1: 600 mm in position 2: 450 mm

1.3 A deviation from the requirements under 1.2 may only be granted for hatchways on exposed decks which are closed by weathertight, self tightening steel covers. The respective exemption, in accordance with ICLL Regulation 14-1, has to be applied for in advance from the competent flag state authority. 1.4 Where an increased freeboard is assigned, the height of hatchway coamings according to 1.2 and the design load for hatch covers according to Table 17.2 on the actual freeboard deck may be as required for a superstructure deck, provided the summer freeboard is such that the resulting draught will not be greater than that corresponding to the minimum freeboard calculated from an assumed freeboard deck situated at a distance equal to a standard superstructure height below the actual freeboard deck. 1.5 For corrosion protection of hatch coamings and hatch covers of bulk carriers, ore carriers and combination carriers, see Section 35, G. Note Special requirements of National Administrations regarding hatchways, hatch covers, tightening and securing arrangements are to be observed. 2. Hatchways on lower decks and within superstructures

B. 1.

Hatch Covers Design loads

2.1 Coamings are not required for hatchways below the freeboard deck or within weathertight closed superstructures unless they are required for strength purposes. 2.2 Where within hatch casings no hatch covers are arranged at the deck level, the next covers and their supports beneath are to be strengthened corresponding to the greater load.

Structural assessment of hatch covers and hatch coamings is to be carried out according to the following design loads: 1.1 Load Case A

1.1.1 The vertical design load pH for weather deck hatch covers is to be taken from Table 17.2 unless higher design loads are requested by the owner.

Chapter 1 Page 172

Section 17

Hatchways

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Table 17.1

Corrosion additions for hatch coamings and hatch covers

Application Structure Hatch covers: weather exposed plating remaining structure Hatch coamings Hatch covers in general: weather exposed plating remaining structure Double skin hatch covers and closed box girders: weather exposed plating and bottom plating inner structures remaining structure Hatch coamings not part of the longitudinal hull structure Hatch coamings part of the longitudinal hull structure Coaming stays and stiffeners Hatch covers: top plating remaining structures Hatch coamings tK [mm] 1,3 1,0 according to Section 3, K.1. Load case A, D Load case B, C, E 1 2,0 1,5 2,0 1,2

Weather deck hatches of container ships, car carriers, paper carriers, passenger vessels

Weather deck hatches of all other ship types (e.g. multi-purpose dry cargo ships)

1,5 (2,0) 2 1,0 (1,5) 2 1,2 1,5 according to Section 3, K.1. 1,5 1,2 1,0 according to Section 3, K.1. to K.3.

Hatches within enclosed spaces

1 2

The tK-values for load cases B, C and E, respectively, are to be indicated in the drawings. The tK-values in brackets are to be applied to bulk carriers according to the definition of IACS Common Structural Rules (see Section 23, B.1.4).

Table 17.2

Design load of weather deck hatches

Design load pH [kN/m2]

Position

x 0, 75 L
for L 100 m

0,75 <

x 1 L

9,81 (1,5 L + 116 ) 76

for L > 100 m

9,81 x ( 4, 28 L + 28 ) 1, 71 L + 95 L 76

for type B ships according to ICLL 1 9,81 3,5

x 9,81 ( 0, 0296 L1 + 3, 04 ) 0, 0222 L1 + 1, 22 L

for ships with less freeboard than type B according to ICLL

x 9,81 ( 0,1452 L1 8,52 ) 0,1089 L1 + 9,89 L L1 = L, with L1,max = 340 m

for L 100 m
9,81 (1,1 L + 87,6 ) 76 9,81 (1,5 L + 116 ) 76

for L > 100 m 9,81 2,6 9,81 3,5

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Section 17

Hatchways

Chapter 1 Page 173

1.1.2 The design load for hatch covers of decks the height of which above baseline is z > zfb + 2 hN may be reduced, if the Administration concerned agrees and if it is verified that the load capacity of the hatch cover corresponds at least to that of the deck beside. zfb hN = required height of the freeboard deck above baseline [m] according to ICLL = superstructure standard height according to ICLL = 1,0 + 0,01 L [m]

M
A
z

hm

B B
z

1,8 h N 2,3
Fig. 17.1

1.1.3 The vertical design load pH shall in no case be less than the deck design load according to Section 4, B.1. Instead of the deck height z the height of hatch cover plating above baseline is then to be inserted. 1.1.4 The horizontal design load pA for the outer edge girders of weather deck hatch covers and of hatch coamings is to be determined analogously as for superstructure walls in the respective position. For bulk carriers according to Section 23 the horizontal load shall not be less than: PAmin = 175 kN/m2 in general for outer edge girders of hatch covers = 220 kN/m2 in general for hatch coamings = 230 kN/m2 for the forward edge girder of the hatch 1 cover, if no forecastle according to Section 23, D. is arranged = 290 kN/m2 for the forward transverse coaming of hatch 1, if no forecastle according to Section 23, D. is arranged 1.2 Load case B:

Forces due to load case C acting on hatch cover

av M

= acceleration addition according to Section 4, C.1. = mass of container stack [t]

hm = height of centre of gravity of stack above hatch cover supports [m] For M and hm those values shall be used, which are calculated using non reduced acceleration values according to the GL Rules for Stowage and Lashing of Containers (I-1-20), Section 3, A. b = distance between foot points [m]

Az, Bz, By = support forces in y-, z-direction at the stack corners

1.3.1 Load cases with partial loading

The load cases B and C are also to be considered for partial loading which may occur in practice, e.g. where specified container stack places are empty. The design load for other cargo than containers subject to lifting forces is to be determined separately.
1.3.2 In case of container stacks secured to lashing bridges or carried in cell guides the forces acting on the hatch cover are to be considered. 1.4 Load case D:

Where cargo is intended to be carried on hatch covers they are to be designed for the loads as given in Section 4, C.1. If cargo with low stowage height is carried on weather deck hatch covers Section 4, B.13 is to be observed. 1.3 Load case C:

Where containers, which are not horizontally supported, are stowed on hatch covers the following loads due to the ship's rolling motion are to be considered, see also Fig. 17.1:

h M Az = 9,81 1 + av 0,45 0,42 m [kN] 2 b

Hatch covers of hold spaces intended to be filled with liquids are to be designed for the loads specified in Section 4, D.1. and D.2. irrespective of the filling height of hold spaces.
1.5 Load case E:

h M Bz = 9,81 1 + av 0,45 + 0,42 m [kN] 2 b

By = 2,4 M

[kN]

Hatch covers, which in addition to the loads according to 1. are loaded in the ship's transverse direction by forces due to elastic deformations of the ship's hull, are to be so designed that the sum of stresses does not exceed the permissible values given in 2.

Chapter 1 Page 174

Section 17

Hatchways

I - Part 1 GL 2011

1.6

Horizontal mass forces

For the design of the securing devices against shifting according to 4.7 the horizontal mass forces are to be calculated for ax ay
2.

Verifications according to Section 3, F. are to be based on t = tnet and stresses corresponding to tnet applying the safety factor S = 1,1. For all structural components of hatch covers for spaces in which liquids are carried, the minimum thickness for tanks according to Section 12, A.7. is to be observed.
3.2 Hatch cover supports

= 0,2 g [m/s2] = 0,5 g [m/s2]

in longitudinal direction in transverse direction

Permissible stresses and deflections

The equivalent stress v in steel hatch cover 2.1 structures related to the net thickness shall not exceed 0,8 ReH. v = b n 2 + 3 2 [N / mm 2 ]

Supports and stoppers of hatch covers are to be so arranged that no constraints due to hull deformations occur in the hatch cover structure and at stoppers respectively, see also load case E. Deformations due to the design loads according to 1. between coaming and weathertight hatch covers, as well as between coaming and covers for hold spaces in which liquids are carried, shall not lead to leakiness. If two or more deck panels are arranged on one hatch, clearances in force transmitting elements between panels have generally to be observed. For bulk carriers according to Section 23 each panel has to be assumed as independently load-bearing. Stiffness of securing devices, where applicable, and clearances are to be considered.
3.3 Strength calculations for beam and girder grillages

= b + n = bending stress = normal stress = shear stress

The deflection f of weather deck hatch covers under the design load pH shall not exceed

f
lg Note

= 0, 0056 l g

= largest span of girders [m]

Where hatch covers are arranged for carrying containers and mixed stowage is allowed, i.e. a 40'container on stowages places for two 20'-containers, the deflections of hatch covers have to be particularly observed. 2.2 Where hatch covers are made of aluminium alloys, Section 2, D. is to be observed. For permissible deflections 2.1 applies. 2.3 The permissible stresses specified under 2.1 apply to primary girders of symmetrical cross section. For unsymmetrical cross sections, e.g -sections, equivalence in regard to strength and safety is to be proved, see also Section 3, L. 3. 3.1 Strength calculation for hatch covers General

Cross-sectional properties are to be determined considering the effective breadth according to Section 3, E. Cross sectional areas of profiles parallel to the girder web within the effective breadth can be included, see Section 3, F. The effective width of flange plates under compression with stiffeners perpendicular to the girder web is to be determined according to Section 3, F.2.2. In way of larger cutouts in girder webs it may be required to consider second order bending moments.
3.4 FEM calculations

For strength calculations of hatch covers by means of finite elements, the cover geometry shall be idealised as realistically as possible. Element size shall be appropriate to account for effective breadth. In no case element width shall be larger than stiffener spacing. In way of force transfer points and cutouts the mesh has to be refined where applicable. The ratio of element length to width shall not exceed 2.

Calculations are to be based on net thickness t net = t t K The tK values used for calculation have to be indicated in the drawings.

The element height of girder webs shall not exceed half the web height. Stiffeners, supporting plates against lateral loads, have to be included in the idealization. Buckling stiffeners may be disregarded for the stress calculation.

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Section 17

Hatchways

Chapter 1 Page 175

4. 4.1 4.1.1

Scantlings Hatch cover plating Top plating

For biaxially compressed flange plates this is to be verified within the effective widths. At intersections of flanges from two girders, notch stresses have to be observed. The thickness of main girder webs shall not be less than: t = 8 a [mm]

The thickness of the hatch cover top plating is to be obtained from the calculation according to 3. However, the thickness shall not be less than the largest of the following values:
t = t net + t K [mm] = cp 16,1 a p + tK R eH

t min = 6, 0 mm For hatch covers of bulk carriers according to Section 23 the ratio of flange width to web height shall not exceed 0,4, if the unsupported length of the flange between two flange supports of main girders is larger than 3,0 m. The ratio of flange outstand to flange thickness shall not exceed 15.
4.3 Edge girders

= 10 a

[mm]

t min = 6, 0 mm cp

x 0, 64 1,5 = 1,5 + 2,5 R eh for p = pH x 0, 64 1,0 = 1, 0 + 2,5 R eh for p from pD, cargo load or liquid pressure

4.3.1 Scantlings of edge girders are obtained from the calculations according to 3. The thickness of the outer edge girders exposed to wash of sea shall not be less than the largest of the following values:

= t net + t K [mm] = 16,1 a pA + tK R eH

= bending stress [N/mm2] of main girder at a distance a/2 of the girder web, see Section 3, F.

= 10 a [mm]

For flange plates under compression sufficient buckling strength according to Section 3, F. is to be verified. For hatch covers subject to wheel loading plate thickness shall not be less than according to Section 7, B.2.
4.1.2 Lower plating of pontoon hatch covers and box girders

t min = 6, 0 mm
4.3.2 The stiffness of edge girders of weather deck hatch covers is to be sufficient to maintain adequate sealing pressure between securing devices. The moment of inertia of edge elements is not to be less than:

I = 6 q s4 q s

[cm 4 ]

The thickness is to be obtained from the calculation according to 3. The thickness shall not be less than the larger of the following values:
t = 8a

= packing line pressure [N/mm], minimum 5 N/mm = spacing [m] of securing devices

[ mm]

t min = 6, 0 mm The lower plating of hatch covers for spaces in which liquids are carried is to be designed for the liquid pressure and the thickness is to be determined according to 4.1.1.
4.2 Main girders

4.3.3 For hatch covers of spaces in which liquids are carried, the packing line pressure shall also be ensured in case of hatch cover loading due to liquid pressure. 4.4 Hatch cover stiffeners

The section modules Wnet and shear area Asnet of uniformly loaded hatch cover stiffeners constraint at both ends shall not be less than: Wnet = Asnet = 104 a l 2 p [cm3 ] R eH 10 a l p R eH [cm 2 ]

Scantlings of main girders are obtained from the calculation according to 3. under consideration of permissible stresses according to 2. For all components of main girders sufficient safety against buckling shall be verified.

Chapter 1 Page 176

Section 17

Hatchways

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Stiffeners parallel to main girder webs and arranged within the effective breadth according to Section 3, E. shall be continuous at transverse girders and may be regarded for calculating the cross sectional properties of main girders. It is to be verified that the resulting stress from main girders and hatch cover stiffeners does not exceed the permissible stress according to 2. If hatch cover stiffeners are sniped at the edge girders, Wnet is to be increased by 50 %. The thickness of hatch cover plating at sniped stiffener ends shall not be less than the thickness according to Section 3, D.3. For hatch cover stiffeners under compression sufficient safety against lateral and torsional buckling according to Section 3, F. is to be verified. For hatch covers subject to wheel loading stiffener scantlings are to be determined by direct calculations.
4.5 Hatch cover supports

Where large relative displacements of the supporting surfaces are to be expected, the use of material having low wear and frictional properties is recommended.
4.5.2 Drawings of the supports shall be submitted. In the drawings of the supports the permitted maximum pressure given by the material manufacturer related to long time stress is to be specified. 4.5.3 If necessary, sufficient abrasive strength may be shown by tests demonstrating an abrasion of support surfaces of not more than 0,3 mm per one year in service at a total distance of shifting of 15 000 m/year. 4.5.4 The substructures of the supports have to be of such a design, that a uniform pressure distribution is achieved. 4.5.5 Irrespective of the arrangement of stoppers, the supports shall be able to transmit the following force Ph in the longitudinal and transverse direction:

Ph Pv

Pv d

4.5.1 For the transmission of the support forces resulting from the load cases specified in 1.1 1.6, supports are to be provided which are to be designed such that the nominal surface pressures in general do not exceed the following values:

= vertical supporting force = frictional coefficient = 0,5 for steel on steel for non-metallic, low-friction support materials on steel = 0,35

p n max = d p n d = 3,75 0,015 L

[N / mm 2 ]

dmax = 3,0 dmin = 1,0 in general = 2,0 for partial loading conditions (see 1.3.1) pn = see Table 17.3
Permissible nominal surface pressure pn pn [N/mm] Support material when loaded by vertical force horizontal force

4.5.6 Supports as well as the adjacent structures and substructures are to be designed such that the permissible stresses according to 2. are not exceeded. 4.5.7 For substructures and adjacent constructions of supports subjected to horizontal forces Ph, a fatigue strength analysis is to be carried out according to Section 20 by using the stress spectrum B and applying the horizontal force Ph. 4.6 4.6.1 Locking and securing of hatch covers Securing of weather deck hatch covers

Table 17.3

hull structural steels hardened steels plastic materials on steel

25 35 50

40 50

4.6.1.1 Locking devices between cover and coaming and at cross-joints are to be provided to ensure weathertightness. Sufficient packing line pressure is to be maintained. The packing line pressure is to be specified in the drawings.

Securing devices shall be appropriate to bridge displacements between cover and coaming due to hull deformations.
4.6.1.2 Securing devices are to be of reliable construction and effectively attached to the hatchway coamings, decks or covers. Individual securing devices on each cover are to have approximately the same stiffness characteristics. 4.6.1.3 Where rod cleats are fitted, resilient washers or cushions are to be incorporated.

For metallic supporting surfaces not subjected to relative displacements the following applies: p n max = 3 pn [N / mm 2 ]

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Section 17

Hatchways

Chapter 1 Page 177

4.6.1.4 Where hydraulic cleating is adopted, a positive means is to be provided to ensure that it remains mechanically locked in the closed position in the event of failure of the hydraulic system. 4.6.1.5 The spacing of securing devices shall generally not exceed 6 m. 4.6.1.6 Securing devices are to be provided at each corner of the hatch cover. This applies also to hatch covers consisting of several parts. 4.6.1.7 The net cross-sectional area of the securing devices is not to be less than:

The permissible stress in stoppers and their substructures in the cover and of the coamings is to be determined according to 2.
4.8 Cantilevers, load transmitting elements

Cantilevers and load transmitting elements 4.8.1 which are transmitting the forces exerted by hydraulic cylinders into the hatchway covers and the hull are to be designed for the forces stated by the manufacturer. The permissible stresses according to 2. are not to be exceeded.
4.8.2 Structural members subjected to compressive stresses are to be examined for sufficient safety against buckling, according to Section 3, F. 4.8.3 Particular attention is to be paid to the structural design in way of locations where loads are introduced into the structure. 4.9 Container seatings on hatch covers

A = q s

0, 28 q s k l

[cm 2 ]

= packing line pressure [N/mm], minimum 5 N/mm = spacing between securing devices [m], not to be taken less than 2 m 235 = R eH
e

kl

ReH is not to be taken greater than 0,70 Rm. e = 0,75 = 1,00 for for ReH > 235 N/mm ReH 235 N/mm

The seatings and their substructures are to be designed for the loads according to load case B and C respectively, applying the permissible stresses according to 2.
5. Weathertightness of hatch covers

For weather deck hatch covers packings are to be provided, exceptions see 5.2.
5.1 Packing material

Rods or bolts are to have a net diameter not less than 19 mm for hatchways exceeding 5 m2 in area.
4.6.1.8 The locking elements of hatch covers, on which cargo is to be lashed, are to be designed for the lifting forces according to 1., load case C. Unsymmetrical loadings, which may occur in practice, are to be considered. Under these loadings the equivalent stress in the securing devices is not to exceed:

5.1.1 The packing material is to be suitable for all expected service conditions of the ship and is to be compatible with the cargoes to be transported.

150 kl

[N / mm 2 ]

The packing material is to be selected with regard to dimensions and elasticity in such a way that expected deformations can be carried. Forces are to be carried by the steel structure only. The packings are to be compressed so as to give the necessary tightness effect for all expected operating conditions. Special consideration shall be given to the packing arrangement in ships with large relative movements between hatch covers and coamings or between hatch cover sections.
5.1.2 If the requirements in 5.2 are fulfilled the weather tightness can be dispensed with. 5.2 Non-weathertight hatch covers

4.6.1.9 Securing devices of hatch covers for spaces in which liquids are carried shall be designed for the lifting forces according to load case D. 4.6.1.10 Cargo deck hatch covers consisting of several parts have to be secured against accidental lifting. 4.7 Hatch cover stoppers

Hatch covers shall be sufficiently secured against shifting. Stoppers are to be provided for hatch covers on which cargo is carried as well as for hatch covers, which edge girders have to be designed for pA > 175 kN/m2. Design forces for the stoppers are obtained from the loads according to 1.

5.2.1 Upon request and subject to compliance with the following conditions the fitting of weather tight gaskets according to 5.1 may be dispensed with: 5.2.1.1 The hatchway coamings shall be not less than 600 mm in height.

Chapter 1 Page 178

Section 17

Hatchways

I - Part 1 GL 2011

5.2.1.2 The hatch covers are located above a depth H(x).

H(x) is to be shown to comply with the following calculated criteria: H(x) Tfb + f b + h N + 4, 6 [m] Tfb fb = draught corresponding to the assigned summer load line = freeboard determined in accordance with ICLL, relative to a deck height which is by hN + 4,6 m smaller than H(x) = 0 for x 0, 75 L x > 0, 75 L [m] [m]

The transverse guides and their substructure are to be dimensioned in accordance with the loads given in 1.6 acting at the position hE using the equivalent stress level v = ReH [N/mm2].

5.3

Drainage arrangements

5.3.1 If drain channels are provided inside the line of gasket by means of a gutter bar or vertical extension of the hatch side and end coaming, drain openings are to be provided at appropriate positions of the drain channels. 5.3.2 Drain openings in hatch coamings are to be arranged with sufficient distance to areas of stress concentration (e.g. hatch corners, transitions to crane posts). 5.3.3 Drain openings are to be arranged at the ends of drain channels and are to be provided with nonreturn valves to prevent ingress of water from the outside. Lengths of fire hoses are not acceptable. 5.3.4 Cross-joints of multi-panel covers are to be provided with efficient drainage arrangements. 5.3.5 If a continuous outer steel contact between cover and ship structure is arranged, drainage from the space between the steel contact and the gasket is also to be provided for. 5.4 Tightness test, trials

hN

= 2,3 for

5.2.1.3 Labyrinths are to be fitted proximate to the edges of each panel in way of the coamings. The clear profile of these openings is to be kept as small as possible.
Where a hatch is covered by several hatch cover panels the clear opening of the gap in between the panels shall be not wider than 50mm. The labyrinths and gaps between hatch cover panels shall be considered as unprotected openings with respect to the requirements of intact and damage stability calculations. With regard to drainage of cargo holds and the necessary fire-fighting system reference is made to the GL Rules for Machinery Installations (I-1-2), Sections 11 and 12. Furthermore, the requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods are to be complied with.

5.2.2

Securing devices

In the context of 5.2 an equivalence to 4.6 can be considered subject to: the proof that in accordance with 1.3 load case C securing devices are not to be required and additionally the transverse cover guides are effective up to a height hE above the cover supports. The height hE shall not be less than the greater of the following hE = 1, 75 2 e s [mm]

5.4.1 The self-tightening steel hatch covers on weather decks and within open superstructures are to be hose tested. The water pressure should not be less than 2 bar and the hose nozzle should be held at a distance of not more than 1,5 m from the hatch cover to be tested. The nozzle diameter should not be less than 12 mm. During frost periods equivalent tightness tests may be carried out to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. 5.4.2 Upon completion of the hatchway cover system trials for proper functioning are to be carried out in presence of the Surveyor.

C. 1.

Hatch Cover Coamings and Girders General

hEmin = height of the face plate [mm] + 150 where e s with 10 s 40 = largest distance of the cover guides from the longitudinal face plate [mm] = total clearance [mm]

1.1 Hatch coamings which are part of the longitudinal hull structure are to be designed according to Section 5. For structural members welded to coamings and for cutouts in the top of coaming sufficient fatigue strength according to Section 20 is to be verified.
In case of transverse coamings of ships with large deck openings Section 5, F. is to be observed.

1.2 Coamings which are 600 mm or more in height are to be stiffened in their upper part by a horizontal stiffener.

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Section 17

Hatchways

Chapter 1 Page 179

Where the unsupported height of a coaming exceeds 1,2 m additional stiffeners are to be arranged. Additional stiffeners may be dispensed with if this is justified by the ship's service and if sufficient strength is verified (e.g. in case of container ships). Longitudinal hatchway coamings are to be adequately supported by stays or brackets. Adequate safety against buckling is to be proved for longitudinal coamings which are part of the longitudinal hull structure.

2.2

Coaming stays

2.2.1 Coaming stays are to be designed for the loads and permissible stresses according to B. 2.2.2 The section modulus of coaming stays of coamings, the height of which is hs < 1,6 m and which are to be designed for the load pA, shall not be less than:

Wnet = e

526 2 e h s pA [cm3 ] R eH

1.3 Hatchway coamings which are exposed to the wash of sea are to be designed for the loads according to B. 1.4 On ships carrying cargo on deck, such as timber, coal or coke, the stays are to be spaced not more than 1,5 m apart. For containers on deck, see also Section 21, G.3.4.
1.5 Coaming plates are to extend to the lower edge of the deck beams; they are to be flanged or fitted with face bars or half-round bars. 1.6 The connection of the coamings to the deck at the hatchway corners is to be carried out with special care. For bulk carriers, see also Section 23, B.9. For rounding of hatchway corners, see also Section 7, A.3. 1.7 For hatch way coamings which are designed on the basis of strength calculations as well as for hatch girders, cantilevers and pillars, see Section 10. 1.8 Longitudinal hatch coamings with a length exceeding 0,1 L are to be provided with tapered brackets or equivalent transitions and a corresponding substructure at both ends. At the end of the brackets they are to be connected to the deck by full penetration welds of minimum 300 mm in length. 2. 2.1 Scantlings Plating

= spacing of coaming stays [m]

The effective breadth of the coaming plate shall not be larger than the effective plate width according to Section 3, F.2. Coaming stays are to be supported by appropriate substructures. Face plates may only be included in the calculation if an appropriate substructure is provided and welding ensures an adequate joint.
2.2.3 Web thickness at the root point shall not be less than:

t w = t net + t K [mm] = hw 2 e hs pA + tK R eH hw

= web height of coaming stay at root point [m]

Webs are to be connected to the decks by fillet welds on both sides with a = 0,44 tw. For toes of stay webs within 0,15 hw the throat thickness is to be increased to a = 0,7 tw for tw 10 mm. For tw > 10,0 mm deep penetration double bevel welds are to be provided in this area.
2.2.4 For coaming stays, which transfer friction forces at hatch cover supports, sufficient fatigue strength according to Section 20 is to be verified. 2.3 Horizontal stiffeners

The thickness of weather deck hatch coamings shall not be less than the larger of the following values:

The stiffeners shall be continuous at the coaming stays. For stiffeners with both ends constraint the elastic section modulus Wnet and shear area Asnet, calculated on the basis of net thickness, shall not be less than: Wnet = Asnet = fp 75 a l 2 pA f p R eH 10 a l pA R eH [cm3 ] [cm 2 ]

= t net + t K [mm] = 16,1 a pA + tK R eH

t min = 6 +

L + t K [mm] 100

L need not be taken greater than 300 m tmin = 9,5 + tK [mm] for bulk carrier according to Section 23. For grab operation see also Section 23, B.9.1.

= ratio of plastic and elastic section modulus Rm R eH

fpmax =

= 1,16 in the absence of more precise evaluation

Chapter 1 Page 1710

Section 17

Hatchways

I - Part 1 GL 2011

For sniped stiffeners at coaming corners section modulus and shear area at the fixed support have to be increased by 35 %. The thickness of the coaming plate at the sniped stiffener end shall not be less than according to Section 3, D.3. Horizontal stiffeners on hatch coamings, which are part of the longitudinal hull structure, are to be designed analogously to longitudinals according to Section 9.

forward 0,25 L are to comply with the following requirements.

2.1.2 Small hatches in this context are hatches designed for access to spaces below the deck and are capable to be closed weathertight or watertight, as applicable. Their opening is normally 2,5 square meters or less. 2.1.3 Hatches designed for emergency escape need not comply with the requirements according methods A and B in 2.4.1, 2.5.3 and 2.6. 2.1.4 Securing devices of hatches designed for emergency escape are to be of a quick-acting type (e.g. one action wheel handles are provided as central locking devices for latching/unlatching of hatch cover) operable from both sides of the hatch cover. 2.2 Application

D. 1.

Smaller Openings and Hatches Miscellaneous openings in freeboard and superstructure decks

Manholes and small flush deck hatches in 1.1 decks in pos. 1 and 2 or in open superstructures are to be closed watertight.
1.2 If not bolted watertight, they are to be of substantial steel construction with bayonet joints or screws. The covers are to be hinged or to be permanently attached to the deck by a chain. 1.3 Openings in freeboard decks other than hatchways and machinery space openings, may only be arranged in weathertight closed superstructures or deckhouses or in weathertight closed companionways of the same strength. 1.4 Companionways or access hatches on exposed parts of freeboard decks, on decks of closed superstructures and in special cases on the deck of deckhouses are to be of solid construction. The height of the doorway sills is to be 600 mm above decks in pos. 1 and 450 mm (hatches) and 380 mm (doors) respectively above decks in pos. 2. 1.5 The doors of the companionways are to be capable of being operated and secured from both sides. They are to be closed weathertight by rubber sealings and toggles. 1.6 Access hatchways shall have a clear width of at least 600 600 mm. 1.7 Weathertight small hatches in Load Line Position 1 and 2 according to ICLL shall be generally equivalent to the international standard ISO 5778. 1.8 For special requirements for strength and securing of small hatches on the exposed fore deck, see 2. 2. 2.1 Strength and securing of small hatches on the exposed fore deck General

For ships that are contracted for construction on or after 1st January 2004 1 on the exposed deck over the forward 0,25 L, applicable to: All types of sea going ships, where the height of the exposed deck in way of the hatch is less than 0,1 L or 22 m above the summer load waterline, whichever is the lesser.
Strength

2.3

For small rectangular steel hatch covers, the 2.3.1 plate thickness, stiffener arrangement and scantlings are to be in accordance with Table 17.4 and Fig. 17.2. Stiffeners, where fitted, are to be aligned with the metal-to-metal contact points, required in 2.5.1, see Fig. 17.2. Primary stiffeners are to be continuous. All stiffeners are to be welded to the inner edge stiffener, see Fig. 17.3.
Table 17.4 Scantlings for small steel hatch covers on the fore deck
Cover plate thickness [mm] 8 8 8 8 8 8 Primary stiffeners Secondary stiffeners

Nominal size [mm mm] 630 630 630 830 830 630 830 830 1030 1030 1330 1330

Flat bar [mm mm]; number 100 8; 1 100 8; 1 100 10; 1 120 12; 1 150 12; 2 80 8; 2 100 10; 2

For ships with L < 80 m the cover scantlings may be reduced by the factor:

0,11 L 0, 75

2.1.1 The strength of, and securing devices for, small hatches fitted on the exposed fore deck over the

For ships contracted for construction prior to 1st July 2007 refer to IACS UR S26, para. 3.

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Section 17

Hatchways

Chapter 1 Page 1711

Nominal size 630 x 630

Nominal size 630 x 830

Nominal size 830 x 630

Nominal size 830 x 830

Nominal size 1030 x 1030

Nominal size 1330 x 1330

Hinge Securing device / metal to metal contact

Primary stiffener Secondary stiffener

Fig. 17.2 Arrangement of stiffeners

M20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

: butterfly nut : bolt : pin : center of pin : fork (clamp) plate : hatch cover : gasket : hatch coaming
9 2 7 1 5 (min. 16 mm) 6

: bearing pad welded on the bracket of a toggle bolt for metal to metal contact 3 4 10 : stiffener 11 : inner edge stiffener

20

11

10

Fig. 17.3 Example of a primary securing method

Chapter 1 Page 1712

Section 17

Hatchways

I - Part 1 GL 2011

2.3.2 The upper edge of the hatchway coamings is to be suitably reinforced by a horizontal section, normally not more than 170 mm to 190 mm from the upper edge of the coamings. 2.3.3 For small hatch covers of circular or similar shape, the cover plate thickness and reinforcement is to be specially considered. 2.3.4 For small hatch covers constructed of materials other than steel, the required scantlings are to provide equivalent strength. 2.4 Primary securing devices

2.5.5 On small hatches located between the main hatches, for example between Nos. 1 and 2, the hinges are to be placed on the fore edge or outboard edge, whichever is practicable for protection from green water in beam sea and bow quartering conditions. 2.6 Secondary securing device

Small hatches on the fore deck are to be fitted with an independent secondary securing device e.g. by means of a sliding bolt, a hasp or a backing bar of slack fit, which is capable of keeping the hatch cover in place, even in the event that the primary securing device became loosened or dislodged. It is to be fitted on the side opposite to the hatch cover hinges. Fall arresters against accidental closing are to be provided.

Small hatches located on exposed fore deck 2.4.1 subject to the application according to 2.2 are to be fitted with primary securing devices such that their hatch covers can be secured in place and weathertight by means of a mechanism employing any one of the following methods: method A: butterfly nuts tightening onto forks (clamps) method B: quick acting cleats method C: central locking device

E. 1.

Engine and Boiler Room Hatchways Deck openings

2.4.2 Dogs (twist tightening handles) with wedges are not acceptable. 2.5 Requirements for primary securing

The openings above engine rooms and boiler 1.1 rooms should not be larger than necessary. In way of these rooms sufficient transverse strength is to be ensured.
1.2 Engine and boiler room openings are to be well rounded at their corners, and if required, to be provided with strengthenings, unless proper distribution of the longitudinal stresses is ensured by the side walls of superstructures or deckhouses. See also Section 7, A.3. 2. Engine and boiler room casings

The hatch cover is to be fitted with a gasket 2.5.1 of elastic material. This is to be designed to allow a metal to metal contact at a designed compression and to prevent over-compression of the gasket by green sea forces that may cause the securing devices to be loosened or dislodged. The metal-to-metal contacts are to be arranged close to each securing device in accordance with Fig. 17.2 and of sufficient capacity to withstand the bearing force.
2.5.2 The primary securing method is to be designed and manufactured such that the designed compression pressure is achieved by one person without the need of any tools. 2.5.3 For a primary securing method using butterfly nuts, the forks (clamps) are to be of robust design. They are to be designed to minimize the risk of butterfly nuts being dislodged while in use; by means of curving the forks upward, a raised surface on the free end, or a similar method. The plate thickness of unstiffened steel forks is not to be less than 16 mm. An example arrangement is shown in Fig. 17.3. 2.5.4 For small hatch covers located on the exposed deck forward of the foremost cargo hatch, the hinges are to be fitted such that the predominant direction of green sea will cause the cover to close, which means that the hinges are normally to be located on the fore edge.

2.1 Engine and boiler room openings on weather decks and inside open superstructures are to be protected by casings of sufficient height. 2.2 The height of casings on the weather deck of ships with full scantling draught is to be not less than 1,8 m where L does not exceed 75 m, and not less than 2,3 m where L is 125 m or more. Intermediate values are to be determined by interpolation. 2.3 The scantlings of stiffeners, plating and covering of exposed casings are to comply with the requirements for superstructure end bulkheads and for deckhouses according to Section 16, C. 2.4 Inside open superstructures the casings are to be stiffened and plated according to Section 16, C., as for an aft end bulkhead. 2.5 The height of casings on superstructure decks is to be at least 760 mm. The thickness of their plating may be 0,5 mm less than derived from 2.3, and the stiffeners are to have the same thickness and a depth of web of 75 mm, being spaced at 750 mm.

I - Part 1 GL 2011

Section 17

Hatchways

Chapter 1 Page 1713

2.6 The plate thickness of engine and boiler room casings below the freeboard deck or inside closed superstructures is to be 5 mm, and 6,5 mm in cargo holds; stiffeners are to have at least 75 mm web depth, and the same thickness as the plating, when being spaced at 750 mm. 2.7 The coaming plates are to be extended to the lower edge of the deck beams. 3. Doors in engine and boiler room casings

both sides and secured weathertight by toggles and rubber sealings.

Note For ships with reduced freeboard (B-minus) or tanker freeboard (A), Regulation 26 (1) of ICLL is to be observed.

3.2 The doors are to be at least of the same strength as the casing walls in which they are fitted. 3.3 The height of the doorway sills is to be 600 mm above decks in pos. 1 and 380 mm above decks in pos. 2.

The doors in casings on exposed decks and 3.1 within open superstructures are to be of steel, well stiffened and hinged, and capable of being closed from