CHAPTER 4

MEDIUM-RANGE COMBATIVES

In medium-range combatives, two opponents are already within touching

distance. The arsenal of possible body weapons includes short punches and

strikes with elbows, knees, and hands. Head butts are also effective; do not forget

them during medium-range combat. A soldier uses his peripheral vision to

evaluate the targets presented by the opponent and choose his target. He should be aggressive and concentrate his attack on the opponent's vital points to end the

fight as soon as possible.

4-1. VITAL TARGETS

The body is divided intothree sections: high, middle, and low. Eachsection contains vital targets(Figure 4-1,pages 4-5 and 4-6). The effects of

striking these targets follow:

High Section.

The high section includes the head and neck; it is the mostdangerous target area.

(1)

Top of the head.

The skull is weak where the frontal cranial bones join.

A forceful strike causes trauma to the cranial cavity, resulting in

unconsciousness and hemorrhage. A severe strike can result in death.

(2)

Forehead.

A forceful blow can cause whiplash; a severe blow can

cause cerebral hemorrhage and death.(3)

Temple.

The bones of the skull are weak at the temple, and an artery

and large nerve lie close to the skin. A powerful strike can cause

unconsciousness and brain concussion. If the artery is severed, the resultingmassive hemorrhage compresses the brain, causing coma and or death.

(4)

Eyes.

A slight jab in the eyes causes uncontrollable watering and

blurred vision. A forceful jab or poke can cause temporary blindness, or theeyes can be gouged out. Death can result if the fingers penetrate through thethin bone behind the eyes and into the brain.(5)

Ears.

A strike to the ear with cupped hands can rupture the eardrumand may cause a brain concussion.

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(6)

Nose.

Any blow can easily break the thin bones of the nose, causing

extreme pain and eye watering.

(7)

Under the nose.

A blow to the nerve center, which is close to the

surface under the nose, can cause great pain and watery eyes.(8)

Jaw.

A blow to the jaw can break or dislocate it. If the facial nerve ispinched against the lower jaw, one side of the face will be paralyzed.

(9)

Chin.

A blow to the chin can cause paralysis, mild concussion, andunconsciousness. The jawbone acts as a lever that can transmit the force of

a blow to the back of the brain where the cardiac and respiratory mechanisms

are controlled.

(10)

Back of ears and base of skull.

A moderate blow to the back of the

ears or the base of the skull can cause unconsciousness by the jarring effecton the back of the brain. However, a powerful blow can cause a concussionor brain hemorrhage and death.

(11)

Throat.

A powerful blow to the front of the throat can cause death

by crushing the windpipe. A forceful blow causes extreme pain and gagging

or vomiting.

(12)

Side of neck.

A sharp blow to the side of the neck causes

unconsciousness by shock to the carotid artery, jugular vein, and vagus nerve.

For maximum effect, the blow should be focused below and slightly in front

of the ear. A less powerful blow causes involuntary muscle spasms and

intense pain. The side of the neck is one of the best targets to use to drop anopponent immediately or to disable him temporarily to finish him later.

(13)

Back of neck.

A powerful blow to the back of one’s neck can cause

whiplash, concussion, or even a broken neck and death.b.

Middle Section.

The middle section extends from the shoulders to thearea just above the hips. Most blows to vital points in this region are not fatal

but can have serious, long-term complications that range from trauma to

internal organs to spinal cord injuries.(1)

Front of shoulder muscle.

A large bundle of nerves passes in front of

the shoulder joint. A forceful blow causes extreme pain and can make the

whole arm ineffective if the nerves are struck just right.(2)

Collarbone.

A blow to the collarbone can fracture it, causing intense

pain and rendering the arm on the side of the fracture ineffective. The

fracture can also sever the brachial nerve or subclavian artery.(3)

Armpit.

A large nerve lies close to the skin in each armpit. A blow tothis nerve causes severe pain and partial paralysis. A knife inserted into thearmpit is fatal as it severs a major artery leading from the heart.

(4)

Spine.

A blow to the spinal column can sever the spinal cord, resultingin paralysis or in death.

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(5)

Nipples.

A large network of nerves passes near the skin at the nipples.

A blow here can cause extreme pain and hemorrhage to the many blood

vessels beneath.

(6)

Heart.

A jolting blow to the heart can stun the opponent and allow

time for follow-up or finishing techniques.

(7) Solar plexus.

The solar plexus is a center for nerves that control the

cardiorespiratory system. A blow to this location is painful and can take the

breath from the opponent. A powerful blow causes unconsciousness byshock to the nerve center. A penetrating blow can also damage internal

organs.

(8)

Diaphragm.

A blow to the lower front of the ribs can cause the

diaphragm and the other muscles that control breathing to relax. This causesloss of breath and can result in unconsciousness due to respiratory failure.

(9)

Floating ribs.

A blow to the floating ribs can easily fracture them

because they are not attached to the rib cage. Fractured ribs on the right side

can cause internal injury to the liver; fractured ribs on either side can possibly

puncture or collapse a lung.(10)

Kidneys.

A powerful blow to the kidneys can induce shock and canpossibly cause internal injury to these organs. A stab to the kidneys inducesinstant shock and can cause death from severe internal bleeding.(11)

Abdomen below navel.

A powerful blow to the area below the navel

and above the groin can cause shock, unconsciousness, and internal bleeding.

(12)

Biceps.

A strike to the biceps is most painful and renders the arm

ineffective. The biceps is an especially good target when an opponent holds

a weapon.

(13)

Forearm muscle.

The radial nerve, which controls much of the

movement in the hand, passes over the forearm bone just below the elbow.

A strike to the radial nerve renders the hand and arm ineffective. An

opponent can be disarmed by a strike to the forearm; if the strike is powerfulenough, he can be knocked unconscious.(14)

Back of hand.

The backs of the hands are sensitive. Since the nervespass over the bones in the hand, a strike to this area is intensely painful. Thesmall bones on the back of the hand are easily broken and such a strike canalso render the hand ineffective.c.

Low Section.

The low section of the body includes everything from thegroin area to the feet. Strikes to these areas are seldom fatal, but they can beincapacitating.

(1)

Groin.

A moderate blow to the groin can incapacitate an opponent

and cause intense pain. A powerful blow can result in unconsciousness and

shock.

4-3