Nwuo (Oëhm: Amojs

nwUo {Oëhm
amOJS>
{H$ëë`mMr C § M r : 1394 _rQ>a.
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : {JarXwJ©
S>m| J aam§ J : nwU o
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : _Ü`_
{H$„o amOJS>, qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMr amOYmZr
JS>m§Mm amOm, am{O`m§M m JS>
amOJS> ho {edmOr _hmamOm§M o n{hbo à_wI amOH$s` H|$Ð. ~wb §X, ~obmJ Am{U ~iH$Q> amOJS> AmOhr Amnë`mbm qhXwñdamÁ`mMr
½dmhr XoV C^m Amho. nwÊ`mÀ`m Z¡F $Ëòbm 48 {H$._r. A§Vamda AZ² ^moaÀ`m ~m`ìòbm 24 {H$._r. A§Vamda Zram-doid§S>r-H$mZ§Xr
Am{U Jw§ OdUr ZÚm§À`m Imo-`m§À`m ~oMŠ`mV _wé§~XodmMm S>m|Ja C^m Amho. _mdi^mJm_Üò amÁ`{dñVma gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOJS>
Am{U VmoaUm ho XmoÝ hr {H$„o _moŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo. VmoaUm Oar AôÚ Agbm Var ~mbo{H$„m AmH$mamZo bhmZ Agë`m_wio
amOH$s` H|$Ð åhUyZ hm {H$„m gmo`rMm ZìhVm. Ë`m_mZmZo amOJS> XwJ©_ AgyZ Ë`mMm ~mbo{H$„m VmoaUm {H$ëë`mnojm _moR >m Amho.
{edm` amOJS>mH$S>o H$moUË`mhr ~mOyZo òVmZm EImXr Q>oH $S>r qH$dm ZXr Amobm§S>mdrM bmJVo EdT>r gwa{jVVm hmoVr,åhUyZ Amnbo
amOH$s` H|$Ð åhUyZ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr amOJS>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br.amOJS>mbm VrZ _mÀ`m d ~mbo{H$„m Amho. ~mbo{H$„m gdm©V C§M
Agy Z Ë`mMr g_w Ð gnmQ>rnmgyZMr C§M r 1394 _rQ>a Amho.
{edVrW© am`JS> lr {edN>Ì nVtÀ`m H$V¥© ËdmMm {dñVma XmIdVmo Va XwJ©amO amOJS> Ë`m§À`m _hËdmH$m§joMr C§Mr XmIdVmo.
B{Vhmg : amOJS>m g§~YrMo C„oI
1)"amOJS> Am{U VmoaUm ho XmoÝhr {H$„o AôÚ ñdê$nmMo AgyZ Aem {R>H$mUr dgbo AmhoV H$s _mdi`m§Mm ZoVm {edmOr `mbm
amÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r {H$ëë`m§M m ânya Cn`moJ Pmbm."
-Oo å g S>½bg(~w H $ Am°\$ ~m°å~o )
2) gmH$s _wñV¡XImZ Ë`mÀ`m _m{gao Am{b_{Jao ZmdmÀ`m J«§WmV åhUVmo- "amOJS> hm A{Ve` C§M . Ë`mMr C§Mr nmhVm gd©
{H$ëë`mV Vmo loð> hmo` Ago åhUVm òB©b. Ë`mMm Koa 12 H$mogm§Mm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _O~yVrMr Va H$ënZmhr H$adV ZìhVr.
S>m|JamÀ`m X-`mImo -`mVyZ Am{U KZKmoa AaÊ`mVyZ dm-`m{edm` Xwg ao H$mhr {\$aHy$ eH$V Zmhr. òWo nmdgmbmM \$º$ dmQ> {_iy
eH$Vo. BVa H$moUrhr Ë`mVyZ OmD$ eH$V Zmhr."
3) _ho_X hm{e_ ImbrImZ `mZo "_wÝVI~wbbw~m~-E-_ho_Xm°emhr " Zm_H$ J«§Wm_Üò åhUVmo,"amOJS> {H$ëë`mMo _r H$go dU©Z
H$é?H$m` Ë`m {H$ëë`mMr C§Mr, H$m` Ë`m§Mm {dñVma !OUy H$mhr AmH$meM ngabo hmoVo Ë`mMo Q >moH$ nmhÿZ N>mVr XS>no. Ë`mÀ`m
^mamZo n¥Ïdr YmaU H$aUmam nmVmimVrb d¥f^ AmoaS>V Agmdm. Ë`m ^mJmV gmnm§Mm gwigwimQ> hmoVm. {OH$S>o {VH$S>o {Za{Zamù`m
àH$maMo qhg new {XgV. Ë`m_wio gJio ÌñV hmoD$Z Jobo. amOJS> {H$„m åhUOo S>m|JamMr am§J Ë`mMm Koa ~mam H$mog m§Mm Ë`mbm
gJirH$Sy>Z doT>m KmbUo H${R>U hmoVo."
B{Vhmg :-
B{VhmgmVyZ Añnï> òU m-`m C„oIm§d éZ gmVdmhZnyd © åhUOo gmYmaU 2000 dfm© nydu nmgyZMm hm S>m|Ja Amho. ~«åhfu F$ftMo
òWo AgUmao dmñVì` d `mM ~«åhfu F$ftÀ`m ZmdmdéZ òWo ñWmnZ Pmbobo lr ~«åhfu XodñWmZ `mdéZ S>m|Ja \$ma nwamVZ
Agmdm.
amOJS>mMo nyduMo Zmd hmoVo _wa§~Xod hm {H$„m ~h_Zr amOdQ>r _Üò `mM ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmV Ago AWm©V Ë`mdoir JS>mMo ñdê$n
\$ma H$mhr ^ì` {X ì` Ago ZìhVo. Bgdr gZ 1490 À`m gw_mamg Ah_XZJaÀ`m {ZOm_emhrMm g §ñWmnH$ Ah_X ~{har `mZo
dmboKmQ> Am{U ViH$moH$UmVrb AZoH$ {H$„o qOHy$ Z npíM_ _hmamï´>mV à^md {Z_m©U Ho$ bm Am{U `mM doir Ë`mZo _wê§$~Xod hm {H$„m
hñVJV Ho$bm. _wé_Xod mMo JS>H$ar {~ZmeV© eaU Amë`m_wi o Ah_X ~{harbm {H$„m qOH$Ê`mg {deof à`mg H$amdo bmJbo Zmhr.
nwT>o {H$ëë`mda {ZOm_emhrMr gÎmm àñWm{nV Pmë`mda 125 df} {H$ëë`mda H$moUmMmhr h„m Pmbm Zmhr. Bgdr gZ 1625 À`m
gw_mamg _wê$_Xod {H$„m {ZOm_emhr H$Sy>Z Am{Xbehr H$S>o Ambm. {ZOm_ehmÀ`m dVrZo ~mOr h¡~Vamd {ebr_H$a d Ë`mMo dS>rb
éÐmOr ZmB©H$ `m {H$ëë`mMr ì`dñWm nmhV hmoVo. _{bH$ A§~aÀ`m AmXoemZwgma ~mOr h¡~amdmZo _wé_XodmMm Vm~m Am{Xbemhr
gaXma h¡~VIm_mH$S>o {Xbm.
1630 À`m gw_mamg hm {H$„m Am{Xb ehmH$Sy>Z naV {ZOm_emhrV X mIb Pmbm. ehmOramO m§M m A{YH$ mar gmoZmOr `m {H$ëë`mM m
H$ma^ma nmhÿ bmJbm. {d Omnya Am{Xb emhr g¡Ý`mÀ`m EH$m VwH$S>rZo {H$ëë`md a h„m Ho$bm. Ë`mV g moZmOr OI_r Pmb m. åhUyZ
~mbmOr ZmB©H $ {eir_H$a Amnë`m VwH $S>rgh _wé _Xod mÀ`m ajUmW© YmdyZ Jobm. Voìhm ~mbmO r ZmB©H $ OI _r Pmb m. `m H$m_{Jar
~Ôb ehmOramO m§Zr ~mimOr ZmB©H$ {ebr_H$am§M m Z§Va g Ý_mZhr Ho$b m.
{edam`m§Zr _wé_ XodmM m {H$„m H$Yr KoVbm `mMm {b IrV nwa mdm AmO _mÌ CnbãY Zmhr Ë `m_wi o {H$„ m Vmã`mV H$Y r Ambm ho
gm§JUo A{ZpíMVM Amho.
{edM [aÌ g m{hË` I §S>mÀ`m X hmì`m I§S>mV à{gÕ Pmbb o EH$ d¥Îm gm§JVo H$s, "{edmOrZo ehm_¥J ZmdmMm nd©V Vmã`mV K oD$Z
Ë`md a B_maV ~m§Ybr."
g^mgX ~Ia åhUVmo H$s,
"_wam~mX åhUmoZ S>m|Ja hmoVm Ë`mg d g{d bo Ë`mM o Zmd amOJS> åhU moZ R>o{db o. Ë`m JS>mÀ`m Mma _mÀ`m dg {dë`m g ^mgXmZo
~mbo{H$ëë`mbm gwÕm EH$ _mM r åhUyZ JUb r Amho."
_mÌ gZ 1646 Vo 1647 À`m g w_mamg {edam`m§Zr VmoaUm {H$ëë`mgmo~V hm {H$„ m qOHy$Z K oVbm. hm {H$„m ~m§YÊ`mMo H$m_
_hmamOm§Zr _moR>ç m PnmQ>çmZo gwé Ho$bo. Ë`m S>m|Jamg VrZ gm|S>m qH$dm _mÀ`m hmoË`m Ë `mghr VQ>~§X r Ho$b r. _w» ` {H$ëë`mg amOJS>
Zmd R>od yZ EH$ B_maV C^ r Ho$b r. VrZ _mÀ`m§Zm g wd oi m, g§OrdZr Am{U nÙ mdVr hr Zmdo {Xb r. {eadi ZOrH$ IoS>~mao ZmdmMm
Jmd hmoVm VoWo amZ \$ma hmoVo Ë`m {R >H$mUr \$_m©er Am§ã`mM r PmS>o b mdyZ noR > dg {db r d {VM o Zmd {edmnya Ago R>o db o.Bgdrg Z
1660 _Üò Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m AmkoZwg ma em{hñVoI mZmZo {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m àXoemda ñdmar Ho$b r. \$magr gmY Zm§_ YyZ Aer
_m{hVr {_i Vo H$s em{hñVoI mZmZo amOJS>mH$S>o \$m¡O nmR>{dbobr hmoVr øm \$m¡O oZo amOJS>mÀ`m Od inmg Mr H$mhr IoS>r OmiyZ
CÜdñV Ho$b r na§Vw àË`j amOJS> {H$„m {OH§$Ê `mMm à`ËZ _mÌ Ho$b m Zmhr 6 E{àb 1663 amoO r emhrñVoI mZmda N>mnm Kmb yZ
{edmO r _hmamO amOJS>mda naVbo.
gZ 1665 _Üò {_P m©amOm O`qg J `mZo {edam`m§À `m àXoemda ñdmar Ho$b r. XmD$XImZ Am{U am`qgJ `m XmoZ gaXmam§Zm Ë`mZo
`m n[agamVrb {H$„o qOH$Ê`mg mR>r nmR>{d bo. 30 E{àb 1665 amoO r _wJb g¡Ý`mZo amOJS>mda Mmb Ho$b r. na§Vw _amR>ç m§Zr
{H$ëë`md éZ {d bjU _mam Ho$ë`m _wi o _wJbm§Zm _mK ma ¿`md r bmJb r.
{edmO r _hmamOm§Zr O`qgJ ~amo~a Vh H$aVmZm 23 {H$„o XoÊ `mMo _mÝ` Ho$b o d ñdV:H$S>o 12 {H$„o R>odb o. `m 12 {H$ëë`m§_Üò
amOJS>, VmoaUm, qbJmUm, am`JS> `m§Mm g _mdoe hmoV mo. g^mgX ~IarVrb C „oI Imbrb à_mUo Amho -
"gÎmmdrg {H$„o Vm§~«mg {X bo. {ZemUo MT>{dbr daH$S> amOJS> d H$moQ > _moamon§V noed o d {Zbmon§V _wOw_Xma d ZoVmOr nmbH$a
gaZmo~V Ag o _mVwltÀ`m hdmb r Ho$b o d AmnUhr {X„rg Omdo, ~mXemhmMr ôQ > ¿`mdr Agm H$ama Ho$bm."
{edmO r _hmamO Am½è`mhÿZ {ZgQ y>Z {Zd S>H$ bmoH$m§{Zer 12 gßQ >|~a 166 6 bm amOJS>mb m gwIén nmoMb o. 24 \o$~«wdmar 1670
amoO r amOJS>mda amOmam_Mm OÝ_ P mbm. qg hJS> {H$„m KoÊ`mgmR>r {edmOr _hmamOm§Z r VmZmOr _mbwg wao `mg amO JS>mdéZM
1670 _Üò nmR>{dbo. gZ 1671-1672 _Üò {ed mOr _hmamOm§Z r am`JS> ñWmZ amO YmZr g mR>r {ZpíM V Ho$ bo Am{U amOYmZr
am`JS>mdé Z amOJS>mH$S>o hb {db r.
3 E{àb 1680 amoO r {edam`m§M o {ZYZ Pmë`mda ñd amÁ`mda Am¡a§JOo~mÀ `m ñdmarMo g§H$Q> H$mog ib o. 11 _mM© 1689 amoOr
g§^mOr _hmamOm§Zm nH$Sy>Z R>ma _mabo `mZ§Va _wJ bmZr _amR>çm§M o AZoH$ JS> qOHy$Z KoÊ`mM m à`ËZ Ho$ bm. {H$emoaqg h hmS>m `m
_wJb gaXmamZo OyZ 1689 _Üò amOJS> qOHy$Z KoVbm. Am¡a§JOo~mZo A~wbI¡aImZ `mbm amOJS>mMm A{Y H$mar åhU yZ Zo _bo. _mÌ
AÚmn g §^mO r _hmamOm§Zm nH$S>ë`mMr d mVm© ngabr ZìhVr Ë`m_wi o _amR >çm§M r \$m¡O amOJS>m^mod Vr Jmoi m Pmbr Am{U Amnë`m
~imda amOJS> nwÝ hm qOHy$Z K oVbm.
OmZodmar 1694 _Yrb EH$m nÌ mV e§H$amOr ZmamÙ g {Md `mZo ' H$mZX Imo-`mVrb Xoe_wI m§Zr amO JS>mÀ`m n[ag amVrb à XoemMo
_wJb m§À`m hëë`mnmgyZ g§ajU Ho$ë`m ~Ôb Ë`m§Mr BZm_o Ë `m§M H$S>o M mbd mdrV ' Agm AmXoe {Xb m hmoVm.
nwT>o 11Zmoh|~a 1703 _Üò ñdV: Am¡a§JOo~ OmVr{Zer hm {H$„m qOH$Ê`mgmR>r nwÊ `mhÿZ {ZKmb m. Am¡a§JO o~mMm hm à dmg _mÌ
gwIH$a Pmb m Zmhr. amOJS>mÀ`m AbrH$S>o Mma H$mog KmQ >mVbm añVm Amho. añVm Ho$di X wJ©_ hmoVm Am¡a§JOo~mZo E H$ _{hZm AmYr
H$mhr hOma Jd§S>r, ~obX ma Am{U H$m_Xma `m§Zm añVm ZrQ> H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m_md a nmR>{dbo. nU añVm H$mhr ZrQ> Pmbm ZìhVm Ë`m_wi o
~aoM eo g m_mZ Amho {VWo Q >mHy$Z Úmd o bmJbo. 2 {S>g|~a 1703 amoO r Am¡a§JOo~ amOJS>m Odi nmohMb m. {H$ëë`mg _moM } bmdb o.
{H$ëë`mM m ~wéO Vrg JO C§M Ë`mM C§MrMo X_X_o V`ma H$éZ Ë`mda Vmo\$m MT>{dë`m d ~wéOmda Vmo\$m§M m ^S>r_ma H$é bmJbo.
Va{~`VImZ Am{U h_r~wÔrZImZ `mZo nÙ mdVrÀ`m ~mOyZo _moM } bmd bo. nwT>o X moZ _{hZo Pmbo Var {H$„m H$mhr hmVmV òV ZìhVm.
eodQ>r 4 \o$~«wd mar 1703 amoO r amOJS> Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m hmVmV nS>bm. BamXVImZ `mbm Am¡a§JO o~mZo {H$„oXma Zo_b o Am{U
{H$ëë`mM o Zmd "Zm{~ehmJS>"Ag o R>o db o.
29 _o 1707 amoOr JwUmOr g md§V `mZo n§VmOr {edX od m ~amo~a amOJS>mda ñd mar H$éZ Vmo {H$„m qO Hy$Z KoVbm Am{U nwÝ hm {H$„m
_amR>`m§À`m ñdmYrZ Pmb m. nwT>o emhþÀ`m Vmã`mV {H$„ m Amë`mda 1709 _Üò emhþZo g wd oi m _mMrg 300 é nò d g§OrdZr
_mMrg 100 énò Aer ì`dñWm bmdyZ {Xbr.
noedoH$mimV amOJS> hm g{Mdm§À`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. noedmB© _Üò Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr dm§adma {~KS>V Agë`mZo {H$ëë`mda {e~§XrMo
nJmahr doi od a hmoV ZgV. AemM n[apñWVr _Üò amOJS>mdarb god H$m§M o nJma EH$ df©â WH$bo hmoVo - amOdmS>o I§S> 12.
`mZ§Va amOJS> ^moa g§ñWmZmÀ`m Vmã`mV Job m. Ë`mMr ì`dñWm nmhÊ`mgmR>r ghm A{YH$mar Zo_bo. gwdoim _mMrgmR>r gaZmo~V
{ebr_H$a, nÙmdVr _mMrgmR>r gaZmo~V-ndma KamÊ`mVrb, g§OrdZr _mMrgmR>r gaZmo~V- ImonS>o KamÊ`mVrb `m {edm` ZmB©H$
d gaZmB©H$ ho A{YH$mar gwÕm AgV.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :
nÙmdVr Vbmd :-
Jwá XadmOm H$Sy>Z nÙmdVr _mMrda Amë`mda g_moaM gw~H$ ~m§YUrMm {dñVrU© Agm Vbmd AmT>iVmo. VbmdmÀ`m
q^Vr AmOhr em~yV AmhoV. VbmdmV OmÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m q^VrVM EH$ H$_mZ V`ma Ho$bobr Amho. VbmdmV gÜ`m
Jmi _moR>çm à_mUmV gmMbm Amho.
am_oœamMo _§{Xa:-
nÙmdVr XodrÀ`m _§{Xam g_moaM nyd©{^_wI Ago am_oœa _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamVrb {edqbJ {edH$mbrZ Amho. _§{XamV
AgUmar _mê${Vam`m§Mr _yVu X{jUm{^_wI Amho.
amOdmS>m :
am_oœa _§{XamnmgyZ nm`-`m§Zr da OmVm§Zm COdrH$S>o amOdmS>çmMo H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV.`m amOdmS>çm_Üò EH$
Vbmd Amho.`m {edm` amOdmS>çmnmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda A§~maImZm bmJVmo.`mÀ`m WmoS>o nwT>o gXa Amho. gXaoÀ`m
g_moa XméH$moR>ma Amho.
gXa:-
hr JS>mdaMr gdm©V _hËdmMr Aer dmñVy. am_oœa _§{XamnmgyZ nm`-`m§Zr da Joë`mda COì`m hmVmg amOdmS>çmMo
Adeof AmhoV. WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda COdrH$S>o gXa Amho. nydu `m gXaoV AmoQ>rÀ`m H$S>og _Yë`m IUmV EH$ OwZm
Jm{bMm d Ë`mda bmoS> R>odbobm Ago.AZoH$ B{Vhmg VÁkm§Mo Ago _V Amho H$s hr gXa ZgyZ VQ>gaZm¡~VmMo Ka
Amho.
nmbr XadmOm:-
nmbr XadmOmMm _mJ© nmbr JmdmVyZ òVmo. hm _mJ© \$ma àeñV AgyZ MT>Ê`mgmR>r nm`-`m ImoXë`m AmhoV.
nmbr XadmOmMo n{hbo àdoe Ûma ânya C§MrMo Am{U é§XrMo Amho, `mVyZ hÎmr gwÕm A§~margh AmV òD$ eH$Vmo. ho
àdoeÛma Amobm§Sy>Z 200 _r. nwT>o Joë`mda â^¸$_ ~m§YUrMo Xwgao àdoeÛma Amho. àdoeÛmamMo g§ajU Mm§Jë`m
~wb§X Aem ~wéOm§Zr Ho$bobo Amho. `m XadmOmMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo XadmOmÀ`m da Am{U ~wéOmda naH$moQ> ~m§Ybobo
AmhoV. `m naH$m|Q>mZm Jmob AmH$mamMo PamoHo$ R>odbobo AmT>iVmV. Aem PamoŠ`m§Zm '\${bH$m' Ago åhUVmV. `m
\${bH$m§Mm Cn`moJ Vmo\$m S>mJÊ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago. XadmOmVyZ AmV {eaë`mda XmoÝhr ~mOyg nhmaoH$-`m§À`m XodS>çm
AmhoV. `m XadmOmZo JS>mda Amë`mda AmnU nÙmdVr _mMrda nmohMVmo.
Jw§OdUo XadmOm:-
Jw§OdU XadmOm åhUOo EH$m_mJo EH$ Agboë`m VrZ àdoeÛmam§Mr EH$ _m{bH$ Amho. n{hbm XadmOm AË`§V gmÜ`m
~m§YUrMm Amho. _mÌ XadmOmbm XmoÝhr ~mOyg â^¸$_ ~wéO Amho. Jw§OdUo XadmOmÀ`m Xwg-`m àdoeÛmambm
d¡{eï>nyU© H$_mZ Amho.`m XadmOmÀ`m eodQ>r d JUoe nÅ>rÀ`m Imbr XmoÝhrH$S>o XmoZ CnS>o KQ> KoVboë`m d EH$m
H$_bH${bHo$ g_moa Agboë`m gm|Sm> AmhoV. gm§àV `m {eënmdéZ lr qH$dm JO{eën V`ma Pmbo Agmdo Ago
AZw_mZ {ZKVo. `m gd© Jmoï>tdéZ Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s,ho àdoeÛma {ednyd©H$mbmV ~m§Ybobo Agmdo. `m
àdoeÛmamVyZ AmV Amë`mda XmoÝhr ~mOyg
nÙmdVr _mMr:-
amOJS>mbm EHy$U 3 _mÀ`m AmhoV. `m n¢H$s gdm©V àeñV Aer _mMr åhUOo nÙmdVr _mMr. nÙmdVr _mMr Ho$di
EH$ bîH$ar H|$Ð ZgyZ {ZdmgmMo {R>H$mUhr hmoVo. _mMrda ~m§YH$m_mMo AZoH$ Adeof gmnS>VmV. nÙmdVr XodrMo
_§{Xa,gB©~mBªMr g_mYr ,hdmbXmam§Mm dmS>m, aËZembm, gXa, nÙmdVr Vbmd, Jwá XadmOm, nmbr XadmOm, Jw§OdUo
XadmOm, XméJmoù`mMr H$moR>mao `m dmñVy AmOhr {e„H$ AmhoV.`m{edm` nÙmdVr _mMrda ~«måhUdJm©Mr Am{U
Aï>àYmZ _§S>imMr H$mhr Kao AmhoV.
nÙmdVr _§{Xa :-
gÜ`m 2002 _Üò `m _§{XamMm OrUm}ÜXma Ho$bm Amho. {edam`m§Zr {H$„o _wé§~XodmMo amOJS> åhUyZ Zm_H$aU
Ho$ë`mda òWo Agboë`m OmJoda nÙmdVr XodrMo _§{Xa ~m§Ybo `mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo. gÜ`m _§{XamV Amnë`mbm VrZ
_yË`m© {XgVmV. _w»` nwOoMo _yVu ^moaÀ`m n§V g{Mdm§Zr ñWmnÞ Ho$br Amho. Ë`mÀ`m COì`m ~mOwbm bhmZ Agbobr
_yVu {edam`m§Zr ñWm{nV Ho$bobr Amho Va XmoZ _yVuÀ`m _Üò e|Xya
nhmaoH$-`m§À`m XodS>çm AmhoV.\$mgbobm Vm§Xim åhUOo nÙmdVr XodrMr _Vu Amho. `m _§{XamV gÜ`m 20 Vo 30
OUm§Zm amhVm òVo. _§{XamÀ`m ~mOygM nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. `mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Amho. _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM
gB©~m§B©Mr g_mYr Amho.
g§OrdZr _mMr:-
gwdoim _mMrÀ`m ~m§YUrZ§Va {edmOr_hmamOm§Zr `m _mMrMo ~m§YH$m_ H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. _mMrMr EHy$U bm§~r
AS>rM {H$._r. Amho. hr _mMr gwÕm 3 Q>ßß`m§_Üò ~m§Ybobr Amho. g§OrdZr _mMrdarb Kam§Mo Adeof AmOhr
ApñVËdmV AmhoV. _mMrÀ`m àËòH$ Q>ßß`mg {MbIVr ~wéO AmhoV. n{hbm Q>ßnm Imbr CVéZ CÎmaoH$S>o diyZ
VQ>mbmJV WmoS>o _mJo MmbV Joë`mda VrZ {Vhoar ~m§YUrMo ~wé§O bmJVmV. `m {VÝhr ~wéOmda {edH$mbmV àM§S>
_moRç> m Vmo\$m Agmì`mV `m _mMrda AZoH$ nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. `m _mMrbm EHy$U 19 ~wéO AmhoV. _mMrbm
^w`mar naH$moQ>mMr `moOZm Ho$bobr Amho. `m ^w`mamVyZ ~mhoarb VQ>~§Xr H$S>o òÊ`mgmR>r qXS>çm§Mr ì`dñWm Ho$bobr
Amho. g§OrdZr _mMrda Amiw XadmOmZo gwÕm òVo. Amiw XadmOm nmgyZ amOJS>mMr d¡{eï>` Agbobr {MbIVr
VQ>~§ Xr Xw V\$m© Mmby hmoVo. XmoÝhr VQ>m§_Yrb A§Va AYm©-nmD$U _rQ>a AgyZ Imobr gw_mao 6 Vo 7 _rQ>a Amho. `m
^mJmV ~wéOm§À`m {MbIVmV CVaÊ`mgmR>r nm`-`m§À`m qXS>çm AmhoV. VgoM ZmioVyZ da òÊ`mgmR>r XJS>r gmonmZ
AmhoV. _mMrda VQ>~§Xr _Üò H$mhr OmJr àmV{d©YrMr {R>H$mUo AmT>iVmV. Xwhoar VQ>~§XrÀ`m eodQ>r ~bmT>ç ~wéO
AmhoM `m§Mm Cn`moJ Xyada ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.
Amiw XadmOm:-
g§OrdZr _mMrda òÊ`mgmR>r `m XadmOmMm Cn`moJ hmoV Ago. VmoaUm déZ amOJS>mda òÊ`mMm EH$_od _mJ© `m
XadmOmVyZ OmV Ago. Amiw XadmOm gÚpñWVrbm ~-`mn¡H$s T>mgmiboë`m AdñWVoV Amho. `m XadmOmda EH$
{eën Amho. dmKmZo EH$ gm§~ma CVmUo nmS>bo Amho Ago {MÌ `m {eënmV XmIdbo Amho.
gwdoim _mMr:-
_wé§~XodmMm {H$„m Vmã`mV Amë`mZ§Va {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {H$ëë`mÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb S>m|Jaam§Jobm â^¸$_ VQ>~§Xr
~m§Ybr, Am{U _mMrbm gwdoim _mMr Ago Zmd R>odbo. nyd}H$S>o hr _mMr Agë`m_wio `m _mMrMo Zmd gwdoim Ago
R>odbo. gwdoim _mMr hr g§OrdZr EdT>r bm§~ Zmhr _mÌ `m _mMrMo gwÕm 3 Q>ßno AmhoV. nyd}H$S>o hr _mMr qMMmoir hmoV
Jobobr Amho.
_mMrÀ`m àma§^r Q>oH$S>r gmaIm ^mJ Amho `mbm Sw>~m Ago åhUVmV. `m Sw>ã`mÀ`m S>mdrH$Sy>Z amZmVyZ OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo
Joë`mda {e~§Xr KaQ>o {XgVmV. VoWo S>mì`m hmVmg EH$ X{jU_wIr dra _méVr d Ë`mÀ`m Odi nmÊ`mMo Q>mH$ Amho.
òWo AgUmao Mm¡Wao ògmOr Ho$H$, VmZmOr _mbgwao d {ebt~H$a `m gaXmam§Mr hmoVr. òWyZ gai OmUmar dmQ>
gwdoim _mMrÀ`m Xwg-`m Q>ßn`mda OmVo Va S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> H$mioœar ~wéOmÀ`m n[agamV KoD$Z OmVo. AmnU
_mMrÀ`m {XeoZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda COdrH$S>o EH$ gXa bmJVo. òWyZ nwT>o VQ>~§XrÀ`m Iam ^mJ gwé hmoVmo. òWrb
VQ>~§Xr XmoZ Q>ßß`m§V {d^mJbr AgyZ àËòH$ Q>ßß`mÀ`m eodQ>r {MbIVr ~wéO Amho. Xwg-`m Q>ßß`mV Joë`mda
VQ>~§XrÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg AmVrb A§Jmg ^w`mar {MbIVr naH$moQ>mMr aMZm Ho$br Amho. Xwg-`m Q>ßn`mH$S>o OmVm§Zm
EH$ C§M IS>H$ bmJVmo Am{U `m IS>H$mV 3 _rQ>a ì`mgmMo EH$ {N>Ð AmT>iVo `m IS>H$mbmM ZoQ> qH$dm 'hÎmràñVa'
Ago åhUVmV. `m hÎmràñVamÀ`m AbrH$S>o VQ>mVrb JUnVr AmT>iVmo d VoWyZM nwT>o VQ>mVyZ Imbr OmÊ`mgmR>r Jwá
XadmOm Amho. `m XadmOmbm _T>o XadmOm Ago åhUVmV.hÎmr àñVamÀ`m nwT>rb ^mJmV gwÕm EH$ AgmM Jwá XadmOm
gwdoim_mMrÀ`m gdm©V eodQ>À`m Q>ßß`mV ImbÀ`m ^mJmV dmKOmB©Mo {eën Amho.
H$mioœar ~wéO Am{U n[aga:-
gwdoim _mMrÀ`m Xwg-`m Q>ßß`mH$S>o OmUm-`m dmQ>oÀ`m COdrH$S>o dië`mda Amnë`mbm nmÊ`mMr H$mhr Q>mH$s
{XgVmV. nwT>o am_oœa _§{XamMo H$mhr Adeof AmhoV.`m am_oœa _§{XamV {edqbJ, ^¾ Z§Xr, EH$ `j_yVu Aer {eëno
AmT>iVmV.
`m am_oœa _§{XamÀ`m darb ~mOyg {ebmI§S>mda JUoemMr à{V_m, nmd©Vr, {edqbJ Aer {eëno AmhoV. òWyZ WmoS>ogo
nwTo> Joë`mda H$mioœar ~wéO Amho. òWoM VQ>mV EH$ Jwá XadmOm XoIrb AmT>iVmo.
~mbo{H$„m:-
amOJS>mÀ`m gdm©V C§M ^mJ åhUOo ~mbo{H$„m hmo`. `m ~mbo{H$ëë`mH$S>o OmUmam añVm H$R>rU Am{U Aé§X Amho.
MT>U g§në`mZ§Va ~mbo{H$ëë`mMm XadmOm bmJVmo. `mbmM _hmXadmOm Ago hr åhUVmV. AmOhr XadmOm Mm§Jë`m
pñWVrV Amho. àdoeÛmamMr C§Mr 6 _rQ>a AgyZ àdoeÛmamda H$_i, ñdpñVH$ hr ew^{MÝh H$moabobr AmhoV.
~mbo{H$ëë`mbm gmYmaU 1.5 _rQ>a C§MrMr VQ>~§Xr ~m§Ybobr AgyZ {d{eï> A§Vamda ~wéOhr R>odbobo AmhoV.
XadmOmVyZ AmV Joë`mda g_moaM OZZr_§{Xa Amho. òWyZ nwT>o Joë`mda M§ÐVio bmJVo. Vù`mÀ`m g_moaM CÎma~wéM
Amho. òWyZ nÙmdVr _mMr Am{U BVa gd© n[aga {XgVmo. ~wéOmÀ`m ImbyZ EH$ nm`dmQ> ~mbo{H$ëë`mda òVo AmVm
_mÌ hr dmQ> EH$ _moRm> {ebmI§S> Q>mHy$Z ~§X Ho$bobr Amho.hr dmQ> Á`m ~wéOmdê$Z da òVo Ë`m ~wéOmbm CÎma ~wéO
Ago åhUVmV.òWyZ g§nyU© amOJS>mMm Koam Amnë`m bjmV òVmo.`m CÎma ~wéOmÀ`m ~mOwbm ~«åhfu F$ftMo _§{Xa
Amho.`m {edm` ~mbo{H$ëë`mda H$mhr ^¾ AdñWoVrb B_maVr Mm¡Wao, dmS>çm§Mo Adeof AmT>iVmV.
amOJS> {H$„m g§nyU© nmhÊ`mgmR>r gmYmaU 2 {Xdg bmJVmV. JS>mdéZ VmoaUm, àVmnJS>, am`JS>, {bJm§Um,
qghJS>, nwa§Xa, dO«JS>, _ëhmaJS>, amohrS>m, amàoœa Am{U bmohJS>, {dgmnya ho {H$„o {XgVmV.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ _mJ© AmhoV.
1.JwáXadmÁ`mZo amOJS> : nwUoè amOJS> Aer Eg.Q>r nH$Sy>Z Amnë`mbm dmOoKa `m Jmdr CVaVm òVo.~m~wXm
Pmnm nmgyZ EH$ VmgmÀ`m A§Vamda aoqbJ AmhoV.`m§À`m gmømZo AË`§V H$_r doimV amOJS>mda OmVm
òVo.`mdmQ>oZo JS>mda OmÊ`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV.
2.nmbr XadmÁ`mZo amOJS>: - nwUo-doëho Eg.Q>r.Zo doëho _mJ} nm~o `m Jmdr CVéZ H$mZX ZXr nma H$éZ nmbr
XadmOm JmR>mdm.hr dmQ> nm`-`mMr AgyZ gdm©V gmonr Amho.`mdmQ>oZo JS>mda OmÊ`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV
3.Jw § O dUo XadmÁ`mZo amOJL >... nwUo doëho `m h_añË`mdarb _mJm©gZr `m Jmdr CVamdo Am{U {VWyZ gmIa_mJ}
Jw§OdUo `m JmdmV OmVm òVo.hr dmQ> AdKS> Amho.`m dmQ>odê$Z JS> JmR>Ê`mg AS>rM Vmg bmJVmV._m{hVJmam
{edm` `m dmQ>oMm Cn`moJ H$ê$ Zò.
4.Aiw XadmÁ`mZo amOJS>: - :^wVm|S>o _mJ} Amiw XadmÁ`mZo amOJS> JmR>Vm òVmo.{edWa KirVyZ hr Aiy
XadmÁ`mZo amOJS> JmR>Vm òVmo .
5.JwáXadmOm_mJ} gwdoim_mMr :- : Jw§OdUo JmdmVyZ EH$ dmQ> O§JbmVyZ JwáXadmOo_mJ} gwdoim _mMrda òVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo ` : 1.JS>mdarb nÙmdVr _§{XamV 20 Vo 25 OUm§Mr ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
2.nÙmdVr _mMrda ahmÊ`mgmR>r n`©Q>H$ {ZdmgmÀ`m Imoë`m AmhoV.
Oo d UmMr gmo ` : AmnU ñdV: H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo ` : nÙmdVr _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam do i : 3 Vmg.
qghJS>
{H$ëë`mMr C § M r : 4400 \y$Q>
S>m| J aam§ J : nwUo
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
nwÊ`mÀ`m Z¡F $Ëòbm gmYmaU 25 {H$._r A§Vamda

AgUmam hm {H$„m g_wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ gw_mao 4400 \y$Q>
C§M Amho. gømÐrÀ`m nyd© emIoda ngaboë `m
^wboœamÀ`m am§Joda hm JS> Amho. XmoZ nm`-`m§g maIm
{XgUmam Im§XH$S>çmMm ^mJ Am{U Xya Xe©ZMm
C^mabobm _Zmoam øm_wio nwÊ `mVyZ Hw$Ry>Zhr Vmo nQ>H$Z
Ü`mZr òV mo . nwa §X a, amOJS>, VmoaUm, bmohJS>, {dgmnya,
Vw§J Agm àM§S> _wbyI JS>mdê$Z {XgVmo.
B{Vhmg : hm {H$„m nydu Am{XbemhrV hmoVm. XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod ho {dOmnyaH$am§H$Sy>Z åhUOoM
Am{Xbem{hH$Sy>Z gwôXma åhUyZ Zo_bo hmoVo. nwT>o B.g.1647 _Üò XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xodm§Mo {ZYZ Pmë`mda
H$m|S>mÊ`mdarb {H$„oXma {gÔr A§~a `mbm bmM XoD$Z {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr hm {H$„m ñdamÁ`mV AmUbm d `m
JS>mda Amnbo bîH$ar H|$Ð ~Zdbo. nwT>o B.g.1649 _Üò ehmOr amOm§À`m gwQ>Ho$gmR>r {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Vmo
naV Am{Xehmbm {Xbm. nwa§XaÀ`m VhmV Oo {H$„o _moJbm§Zm {Xbo Ë`m_Üò qghJS> nU hmoVm. _moJbm§V\}$ CXo^mZ
amR>moS> hm H$m|S>mÊ`mMm A{YH$mar hmoVm. hm _yiMm amOnyV hmoVm nU Vmo ~mQy>Z _wgb_mZ Pmbm.
qghJS> hm _w»`V³: à{gÕ Amho Vmo VmZmOr _mbwgao `m§À`m ~{bXmZm_wio. {edmOr _hmamO Ooìhm Am½è`mhÿZ
gwQy>Z naV Ambo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr {Xbobo JS> naV ¿`m`bm gwédmV Ho$br. Voìhm VmZmOrZo H$m|S>mUm AmnU KoVmo
åhUyZ H$~yb Ho$bo.
`m `wÕm~m~V g^mgX ~IarV nwT>rbà_mUo C„oI AmT>iVmo:
VmZmOr _mbygam åhUyZ hOmar _md{i`m§Mm hmoVm Ë`mZo H$~yb Ho$bo H$s,"H$m|S>mUm AmnU KoVmo ", Ago H$~yb
H$ê$Z dóo,{dS>o KoD$Z JS>mMo `ËZmg 500 _mUyg KoD$Z JS>mImbr Jobm. Am{U XmoKo _mdio ~ao, _Xm©Zo {ZdSy>Z
amÌr JS>mÀ`m H$S>çmdê$Z MT>dbo. JS>mda CXo^mZ aOnyV hmoVm Ë`m§g H$ibo H$s, J{Z_mMo bmoH$ Ambo. hr I~a
H$iyZ Hw$b aOnyV H§$~a~ñVm hmoD$Z, hmVr Vmohm ~ma KoD$Z, {hbmb (_emb), M§ÐÁ`moVr bmdyZ ~mameo _mUyg
Vmo\$mMr d {Va§XmO, ~aMrdmbo, MmbmoZ Ambo. Voìhm _mdio bmoH$m§Zr \$m¡Ooda aOnwVm§Mo MmbyZ KoVbo. _moR>o `wÕ
EH$ àha Pmbo. nmMeo aOnyV R>ma Ombo. CXo^mZ {H$„oXma Imem Ë`m§er d VmZmOr _mbwgam gwôXma `m§er JmR>
nS>br. XmoKo _moR>o `moÕo, _hmeya, EH$ EH$mda nS>bo. VmZmOrMo S>mdo hmVMr T>mb VwQ>br. Xwgar T>mb g_`mg
Ambr Zmhr. _J VmZmOrZo Amnbo S>mdo hmVmMr T>mb H$ê$Z Ë`mOd[a dmoT> KoD$Z, XmoYo _hmamJmg noQ>bo. XmoYo
R>ma Pmbo. _J gy`m©Or _mbwgam (VmZmOrMm ^mD$),`mZo qh_V Yê$Z, Hw$b bmoH$ gmdê$Z, Cabo amOnwV _m[abo.
{H$„m H$m~rO Ho$bm. {edmOr _hmamOmZm JS> qOH$ë`mMr nU VmZmOr nS>ë`mMr ~mV_r {_imbr Voìhm Vo åhUmbo
,"EH$ JS> KoVbm, na§Vw EH$ JS> Jobm." _mK dÚ Zd_r {X. 4 \o$~«wdmar 1672 À`m amÌr ho `wÕ Pmbo.
Xmê$Mo H$moR>ma : XadmOmVyZ AmV Amë`mda COdrH$S>o Or XJS>r B_maV {XgVo VoM Xmê$ H$moR>ma. {X. 11 gßQ>|~a
1751 _Üò `m H$moR>mamda drO nS>br. øm AnKmVmV JS>mdarb Ë`mdoiÀ`m \$S>Urgm§Mo Ka CÜdñV hmoD$Z
KamVrb gd© _mUgo _aU nmdbr.
{Q>iH$ ~§Jbm : am_bmb Z§Xam_ ZmB©H$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z IaoXr Ho$boë`m OmJodaÀ`m øm ~§Jë`mV ~mi J§JmYa {Q>iH$
òV AgV. 1915 gmbr _hmË_m Jm§Yr d bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$ `m§Mr ôQ> `mM ~§Jë`mV Pmbr.
H$m|T>mUoœa : ho _§{Xa e§H$amMo AgyZ Vo `mXdm§Mo Hw$bX¡dV hmoVo. AmV EH$ qnS>r d gm§~ AgUmao ho _§{Xa `mXdH$mbrZ
Amho.
lr A_¥Voœa ^¡ad _§{Xa : H$m|T>mUoœamÀ`m _§{Xamdê$Z WmoS>o nwT>o Jobo H$s S>mdrH$S>o ho A_¥VoœamMo àmMrZ _§{Xa
bmJVo. ^¡ad ho H$moù`m§Mo X¡dV Amho. `mXdm§À`m AmYr øm JS>mda H$moù`m§Mr dñVr hmoVr. _§{XamV ^¡ad d ^¡adr
Aem XmoZ _waË`m {XgVmV. ^¡admÀ`m hmVmV amjgmMo _w§S>Ho$ Amho.
Xo d Q>m Ho : VmZmOr ñ_maH$mÀ`m _mJyZ S>mì`m hmVmÀ`m N>moQ>çm VbmdmÀ`m ~mOyZo S>mdrH$S>o Joë`mda ho à{gÕ Ago
XodQ>mHo$ bmJVo. `m Q>mŠ`mMm Cn`moJ {nÊ`mMo nmUr åhUyZ hmoV Ago d AmOhr hmoVmo. _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ooìhm nwÊ`mg
òV Voìhm _wÔm_ øm Q>mŠ`mMo nmUr _mJdV AgV.
H$ë`mU XadmOm : JS>mÀ`m npíM_og hm XadmOm Amho. H$m|T>Unyadê$Z nm`Ï`mÀ`m H$ë`mU JmdmVyZ da Amë`mg
øm XadmOmVyZ Amnbm àdoe hmoVmo. ho EH$m_mJmo_mJ Ago XmoZ XadmOo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s daÀ`m XadmÁ`mÀ`m
XmoÝhrH$S>rb ~wéOm§À`m q^VrV AY©dQ> ~mhoa Ambobm hÎmr d _mhÿV Aer XJS>r {eëno hmoVr.
lrembrdmhZ eHo$ 1672 H$maH$sX©
lr_§V ~mimOr ~mOramd n§ {S>V àYmZ
Agm {ebmboI AmT>iVmo.

CXo^mZmMo ñ_maH$ : XadmOmÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOy g da Agboë`m Q>o H$S>rda `mdo. òWo Omo Mm¡H$moZr XJS> Amho Vo M CXo^mZ
amR>moS>Mo ñ_maH${MÝh åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. _moJbm§V\}$ CXo^mZ hm qghJS>Mm A{YH$mar hmoV m.
Pw§Oma~wê$O : Pw§Oma~wê$O ho qghJS>Mo X{jU Q>moH$ hmo`. CX`^mZyÀ`m ñ_maH$mnwTy>Z g_moaMr Q>oH$S>r CVê$Z `m
~w éOmda òVm òV o. òWyZ g_moa M Q>monrgmaIm amOJS>, Ë`mÀ`mM COdrH$S>o VmoaUm ho JS> {XgVmV Va Imbr nmZeo VMo
Imoao {XgVo. nyd}H$S>o bm§~da nwa§Xa {XgVmo.
S>m oU{JarMm C\©$ VmZmOr H$S>m : Pw§ Oma~wê $Omdê$Z _mJo òD$Z VQ>mÀ`m q^VrÀ`m ~mOy Zo nm`dmQ>o Zo VmZmOrÀ`m
H$S>ç mH$S>o OmVm òV o. hm H$S>m JS>mÀ`m npíM_og Amho. òWyZM VmZmOr _mdù`m§gh da MT>bm.
amOmam_ ñ_maH$ : amOñWmZr nÕVrMr a§JrV Xod imgmaIr Or Kw_Q>r {XgVo VrM N>Ì nVr amOmam_ _hmamO `m§Mr g_mYr.
_moJ br \$m¡Oobm gVV 11 df} Q>¸$a XoUm-`m amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mo d`mÀ`m Ad¿`m 30ì`m dfu e{Zdma {X.2 _mM©
B.g.1700 `m {Xder qghJS>mda {ZYZ Pmbo. no eì`m§V \}$ `m ñ_maH$mMr CÎm_ ì`dñWm R>od br Om`Mr.
VmZmOrMo ñ_maH$ : A_¥ VoœamÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOyZo da Joë`mda S>mì`m ~mOy g gwà{gÜX VmZmOrMo ñ_maH$ {XgVo. 'VmZmOr
ñ_maH$ g{_VrÀ`m' dVrZo ho ~m§ YÊ`mV Ambo Amho . _mK dÚ Zd_r {X. 4 \o$~«w dmar 1672 `m {Xder Pmboë`m bT>mB©V
VmZmOr _mabm Jobm. Xadfu _mK dÚ Zd_rg òW o _§S>imV\}$ VmZmOrMm ñ_¥{V{XZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
JS>m da OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m :
nw U o -H$m|T>U nya : nwUo-H$m|T >Unya ~gZo H$m|T >Unya bm CVê$Z H$ë`mU JmdmVyZ H$ë`mU XadmOmVyZ AmnU JS>mda OmVmo.
`m _mJm©Zo XmoZ XadmOo nma Ho$ë`mda Amnbm JS>mda àdoe hmo Vmo.
nwUo XadmOm : nwUo-qghJS> `m ~gZo OmVmZm dmQ>o V IS>H$dmgbm YaU bmJVo. `m _mJm©Zo VrZ XadmOo nma Ho$ë`mda
Amnbm JS>mda àdoe hmo Vmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo ` : Zmhr
Oo d UmMr gmo ` : JS>mda N>moQ>o hm°Q>oëg `m_Üò OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo ` : Xod Q>mŠ`m§_Yrb nmUr ~mam_{hZo nwaVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam do i : 2 Vmg
Vmo a Um
{H$ëë`mM r C§ Mr : 1400_rQ>a
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : {JarXwJ ©
S>m|Jaam§J: nwUo
{Oëhm : nwUo
l o U r : _Ü`_
{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV Oo H$mhr {H$„o KoV bo Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ {H$„ m VmoaUm. JS>mda VmoaU OmVrMr
nwîH$i PmS>r Agë`m_wi o JS>mMo Zmd nS>bo Vmoa Um. _hmamOm§Zr JS>mMr nhmUr H$aVm§Zm `mÀ`m àM§S > {dñVmam_wi o `mMo
"àM§S>JS>' Ago Zmd R>odbo.
nwUo {OëømÀ`m doëhm VmbwŠ`mVyZ Joboë`m gømÐrÀ`m am§JoVyZ XmoZ nXa {ZKyZ nyd}bm ngaV Jobobo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s
n{hë`m nXamda Vmoa Um d amOJS> dgbobo AmhoV Va Xwg -`m nXambm ^w boœ a am§J åhUV mV. nwÊ`mÀ`m Z¡F $Ë` og
Agboë `m nd© VamOr_Üò CÎma Ajm§e d nyd© aoIm§emda hm {H$„m Amho. `mÀ`m X{jUobm doid§S >r ZXr d CÎmaobm H$mZX
ZXrMo Imoao Amho. JS>mÀ`m npíM_o bm H$mZX qIS >, nyd }bm ~m_U d I ard qIS >r AmhoV .
B{Vhmg : hm {H$„m H$Yr Am{U H$moU r ~m§Ybm `mMm nwamdm AmO CnbãY Zmhr. òWrb boÊ `m§À`m Am{U _§{Xam§À` m
Adeofm§déZhm e¡dn§W mMm Aml_ Agmdm. B.g.1470 Vo 1486 À`m Xaå`mZ ~h_Zr amOdQ>rgmR>r _m{bH$ Ah_X
`mZo hm {H$„m qOH$bm. nwT>o hm {H$„m {ZOm_emhrV Jobm. Z§V a Vmo _hmamOm§Zr KoV bm d `mMo Zmd àM§S>J S> R>odbo. JS>mda
H$mhr B_ma Vr ~m§Yë`m. amOm§Zr Am½è`mhÿZ Amë`mda AZoH$ JS>m§Mm OrUm}Õma Ho$bm. Ë`mV 5 hOma hmoZ BVH$m IM©
Ë`m§Zr Vmoa Ê`mda Ho$bm. g§^mOr _hmamOm§M m dY Pmë`mda hm {H$„m _moJ bm§H$S>o Jobm. e§H$amOr ZmamÙ g{Mdm§Zr Vmo
naV _a mR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV AmUbm. nwT >o B.g.1704 _Üò Am¡a §J Oo~ mZo `mbm doT>m KmVbm d bT>mB© H$ê $Z Amnë`m Vmã`mV
AmUbm d `mMo Zmd \w$V wCëJ¡~ åhUOo X¡d r {dO` R>od bo. nU naV Mma dfmªZr gaZmo~V ZmJmoOr H$moH$mQ>o `m§Zr JS>mda
bmoH$ MT>dyZ JS> nwÝhm _amR>çm§À` m Vmã`mV AmUbm d `mZ§V a Vmoa Um H$m`_ ñdamÁ `mVM am{hbm. nwa §X aÀ`m VhmV Oo
{H$„o _moJbm§Zm {Xbo Ë`m_Üò VmoaUm _hmaOm§H$S>o M am{hbm. {deof åhUOo Am¡a §J Oo~ ~mXehmZo bT>mB© H$ê$Z qOH$bob m
Agm hm _amR>çm§Mm EH$_od {H$„m hmo`.
JS>m darb nhmÊ`mg maIr {R>H$mUo :
JS>m da OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m :
amhÊ`mMr gmo ` : JS>mdarb _| JmB© Xod rÀ`m _§{XamV 10 Vo 15 OUm§ Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo ` hmoV o.
Oo d UmMr gmo ` : AmnU ñdV:M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo ` : _|J mB© Xo drÀ`m _§{XamÀ`m g_moa M ~ma m_hr nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam do i : AS>rM Vmg doëho_mJ}, 6 Vmg amOJS>-VmoaUm _mJ}
gyMZm : JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> :- H$R>rU- amOJS>- VmoaUm _mJ}
nwa§Xa
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 1500 _rQ>a
S>m|Jaam§J: nwUo
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
gømÐrÀ`m X{jUmoÎma ngaboë`m _yi am§JoVyZ H$mhr \$mQ>o nyd© {XeoH$S>o \w$Q>bo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m \$mQ>çmda qghJS> Amho. VmoM \$mQ>m
VgmM nyd}H$S>o AX_mgo 24 {H$. _r. YmdyZ ^wboœa Odi bmon nmdVmo. `mM S>m|Jaam§Joda nwa§Xa, dO«JS> dgbobm Amho. H$mÌO KmQ>,
~mnXod KmQ>, {Xdo KmQ> ho VrZ KmQ> Amobm§Sy>Z nwa§XaÀ`m nm`Ï`mer OmVm òVo. {H$ëë`mbm Mm¡\o$a _mÀ`m AmhoV. {H$ëë`mMo ñWmZ
18.28 A§e Ajm§e d 74.33 A§e aoIm§e da pñWV Amho. {H$„m nwÊ`mÀ`m Am¾o` {Xeobm A§XmOo 20 _¡bm§da Va gmgdS>À`m
Z¡F$Ëòbm 6 _¡bm§da Amho. JS>mÀ`m nyd}bm ~hþVm§er àXoe gnmQ> Amho Va npíM_obm S>m|Jami àXoe Amho. dm`ìòbm 13-14 _¡bm§da
qghJS> Amho Va npíM_obm 19-20 _¡bm§da amOJS> Amho. nwa§Xa {H$„m Vgm {dñVmamZo _moR>m Amho. {H$„m _O~yV AgyZ ~Mmdmbm OmJm
CÎm_ Amho. JS>mda _moR>r {e~§Xr amhÿ eH$Vo. Xmê$Jmoim d YmÝ`mMm _moR>m gmR>m H$ê$Z JS> XrK©H$mi bT>dVm òD$ eH$V Ago. EH$ ~mOy
gmoS>br Va JS>mÀ`m BVa gd© ~mOy XwJ©_ AmhoV. JS>mdê$Z g^modmaÀ`m àXoemda ~marH$ ZOa R>odVm òVo.
B{Vhmg : Aë`mS> OoOwar në`mS> gmoZmoar _Üò dmhVo H$èhm nwa§Xa emo^Vr {edemhrMm Vwam Ÿ& Ago nwa§Xa {H$ëë`mMo dU©Z Ho$bobo
AmT>iVo. nwa§XaÀ`m nm`Ï`mer ZmamÙnya ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. `m JmdmV `mXdH$mbrZ YmQ>UrMo _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho. `mdê$Z hm {H$„m
gmYmaU 1000 Vo 1200 dfmªnyduMm Amho Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo. nwa§Xa åhUOo B§Ð. Á`mà_mUo B§ÐmMo ñWmZ ~bmT>ç VgmM hm nwa§Xa.
nwamUmV `m S>m|JamMo Zmd Amho 'B§ÐZrb nd©V'. hZw_§VmZo ÐmoUm{Jar CMbyZ ZoV AgVmZm Ë`m nd©VmMm H$mhr ^mJ Imbr nS>bm, VmoM hm
B§ÐZrb nd©V. ~hm_ZrH$mir ~oXaMo M§Ðg§nV Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr ~hm_Zr emgZmÀ`m dVrZo nwa§Xa Vmã`mV KoVbm. Ë`m§Zr nwa§XaÀ`m
nwZ{Z©_m©Umg àma§^ Ho$bm. Ë`mM KamÊ`mVrb _hmXOr {ZiH$ÊR> `mZo H$gmoerZo ho H$m_ nyU© Ho$bo. òWrb e|Xè`m ~wê$O ~m§YVmZm Vmo
gmaIm T>mgiV Ago. Voìhm ~{haZmH$ gmoZZmH$ `mZo Amnbm nwÌ ZmWZmH$ Am{U gyZ XodH$mB© Aer XmoZ _wbo Ë`mV JmS>Ê`mgmR>r {Xbr.
Ë`m§Mm ~ir KoVë`mdaM hm ~wê$O C^m am{hbm. hm {H$„m gZ 1489 À`m gw_mamg {ZOm_emhr gaXma _{bH$ Ah§_X `mZo qOHy$Z
KoVbm. nwT>o eHo$ 1550 _Üò Vmo Am{XbemhrV Ambm. B. g. 1649 _Üò Am{XbehmZo ehmOramOm§Zm H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. `mM doir
{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr AZoH$ Am{Xbemhr {H$„o Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbo. åhUyZ {edam`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{XbehmZo \$ÎmoImZmg
admZm Ho$bo. n[apñWVr \$maM {~H$Q> hmoVr. EH$sH$S>o Amnbo dS>rb H¡$XoV hmoVo Va XwgarH$S>o \$ÎmoImZmÀ`m ñdmar_wio ñdamÁ` YmoŠ`mV
òUma hmoVo. _hmamOm§Zr `mdoir bT>mB©gmR>r nwa§Xa {H$ëë`mMr OmJm {ZdS>br. _mÌ `mdoir JS> _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV ZìhVm. _hmXOr
{ZiH§$R>amd `m§À`m Vmã`mV {H$„m hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m ^mdm^mdm§_Yrb ^m§S>UmMm \$m`Xm CR>dyZ _hmamOm§Zr {H$ëë`mV àdoe H$aÊ`mV è
{_idbo. `m nwa§Xa {H$ëë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _amR>çm§Zr \$ÎmoImZmer Pw§O {Xbr Am{U bT>mB© qOH$br. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm `m n{hë`m
bT>mB©VM _moR>o è àmá Pmbo. gZ 1655 _Üò {edmOr amOm§Zr ZoVmOr nmbH$a `mg JS>mMm gaZm¡~V Zo_bo. d¡emI ew. 12 eHo$
1579 åhUOoM 16 _o 1657 Jwédma `m {Xder g§^mOr amOm§Mm OÝ_ nwa§Xamda Pmbm. eHo$ 1587 åhUOoM 1665 _Üò _moJb
gaXma O`qgJmZo nwa§Xabm doT>m KmVbm. `m `wÕmMo dU©Z g^mgX ~Iar _Üò Ago AmT>iVo. "Voìhm nwa§Yamdar Zm_OmX bmoH$m§Mm gaXma
am{O`mMm _wama~mOr na^w åhUyZ hmoVm. Ë`mO~am~a hOma _mUyg hmoVo. `mIoarO {H$ëë`mMo EH$ hOmao Ago XmoZ hOmao bmoH$ hmoVo. Ë`mV
{ZdS> H$ê$Z _wama~mOr `mZo gmVeo _mUyg KoD$Z Vo JS>mImbr {XboaImZmdar Ambo. {XboaImZ VmboXma Omoamda nR>mU nmM hOma
`mIoarO ~¡b d¡Jao bmoH$ Eoer \$m¡O JS>mg Mm¡V\$m© MT>V hmoVr. Ë`mV hmoD$Z ga{_gi Omhbo. _moR>o Ymoa§Xa `wÕ Omhbo. _mdio bmoH$m§Zr
d Im§gm _wama~mOr `m§Zr {ZXmZ H$ê$Z ^m§S>U Ho$bo. nmMeo nR>mU bîH$a R>ma Omhbo. VgoM ~{hbo _mabo." _wama~mOr Xoenm§S>o Mo ho em¡`©
nmhÿZ {XboaImZ ~mo{bbm, "Aao Vy H$m¡b Ko. _moR>m _Xm©Zm {enmB© VwO Zmd{OVmo." Eogo ~mo{bVm _wama~mOr ~mo{bbm "VwOm H$m¡b åhUOo
H$m`? _r {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm {enmB© VwPm H$m¡b KoVmo H$s H$m`?" åhUmoZ ZrQ> ImZmdar Mm{bbm. ImZmdar VbdarMm dma H$amdm Vmo
ImZmZo Amnbo VrZ Vra _mê$Z nwam Ho$bm. Vmo nS>bm. _J ImZmZo Vm|S>mV Am§Jmoir KmVbr, "Agm {enmB© IwXmZo n¡Xm Ho$bm." ImZmZo
dO«JS> Vmã`mV KoVbm Am{U nwa§Xamda h„m Ho$bm d nwa§Xa _mMrMm Vm~m KoVbm. _mMrda ImZmMo Am{U _wama~mOrMo KZKmoa `wÕ Pmbo.
_wama~mOr nS>bm Am{U Ë`mM ~amo~a nwa§Xahr nS>bm. ho dV©_mZ Ooìhm amOm§Zm H$ibo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr O`qgJmer VhmMo ~mobUo gwê$ Ho$bo
Am{U 11 OyZ 1665 gmbr B{Vhmg à{gÕ 'nwa§XaMm Vh' Pmbm. `mV 23 {H$„o amOm§Zm _moJbm§Zm Úmdo bmJbo. Ë`m§Mr Zmdo Aer,
1. nwa§Xa 2. éÐ_mi qH$dm dO«JS> 3. H$m|T>mUm 4. amohrS>m 5. bmohJS> 6. {dgmnya 7. Vw§J 8. {VH$moZm 9. à~iJS> 10. _mhþbr
11. _Za§OZ 12. H$mohmoO 13. H$Zm©im 14. gmoZJS> 15. nigJS> 16.^§S>maJS> 17. ZaXwJ© 18. _mJ©JS> 19. dg§VJS> 20.
Z§JJS> 21. A§H$mobm 22. {IaXwJ© (gmJaJS>) 23. _mZJS> 8 _mM© 1670 _Üò {Zimon§V _wOw_XmamZo {H$„m ñdamÁ`mV AmUbm.
g§^mOr amOm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va {H$„m Am¡a§JOo~mZo qOH$bm d Ë`mMo Zmd 'AmO_JS>' R>odbo. nwT>o _amR>çm§À`m dVrZo e§H$amOr ZmamÙ
g{Mdm§Zr _moJbm§er ^m§Sy>Z nwa§Xa KoVbm. eHo$ 1695 _Üò N>ÌnVr emhÿ `m§Zr {H$„m noedo `m§g {Xbm. AZoH$ {Xdg {H$ëë`mda
noeì`m§Mr amOYmZr hmoVr. eHo$ 1697 _Üò J§Jm~mB© noedo `m§Zm JS>mda _wbJm Pmbm, Ë`mMo Zmd gdmB© _mYdamd R>odÊ`mV Ambo. B. g.
1818 _Üò B§J«Om§Zr JS> Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nwa§Xa Am{U dO«JS> Oar EH$mM S>m|Jagm|S>oda dgbobo Agbo Var Vo XmoZ ñdV§Ì {H$„o
AmhoV.
{~Zr XadmOm : nwa§Xa _mMrdarb hm EH$_od XadmOm. AmnU ZmamÙnya JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmVm§Zm hm XadmOm bmJVmo. XadmOm
AmOhr Mm§Jë`m pñWVrV Amho. XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda nhmaoH$-`m§À`m XodS>çm AmhoV. XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM
nwa§XaMm I§XH$S>m Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda XmoZ añVo bmJVmV, EH$ gai nwT>o OmVmo Va Xwgam S>mdrH$S>o
_mJÀ`m ~mOyg diVmo. AmnU gai añË`mZo nwT>o Joë`mda CVmamda bîH$amÀ`m ~amH$s Am{U H$mhr ~§Jbo {XgVmV. _mMrMr EH§$Xa bm§~r
EH$ _¡b Amho, Va é§Xr 100 Vo 150 \y$Q> Amho. WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda COdrH$S>o ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer EH$ _§{Xa {XgVo Ë`mMo Zmd
'nwa§Xaoœa'.
am_oœa _§{Xa : nwa§Xaoœa _§{XamÀ`m _mJrb H$mon-`mV noedo KamÊ`mMo am_oœa _§{Xa Amho. ho noeì`m§Mo ImOJr _§{Xa hmoVo. `m _§{XamÀ`m
WmoS>o daVr Joë`mda noeì`m§À`m Xw_Obr dmS>çm§Mo Adeof {XgVmV. noedmB©À`m Ama§^r ~mimOr {dœZmWmZo Vmo ~m§Ybm. `m dmS>çmVM
gdmB© _mYdamdm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. dmS>çmÀ`m _mJo {dhra Amho. AmOhr Vr Mm§Jë`m AdñWoV Amho. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ dmQ>m
bmJVmV. EH$ dmQ> ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m {XeoZo da OmVo Va Xwgar Imbr ^¡adqIS>rÀ`m {XeoZo OmVo. AmnU àW_ ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m {XeoZo da
OmD$`m. `mdmQ>oZo da Joë`mda 15 {_{ZQ>mVM AmnU {X„r XadmOmnmer nmohMVmo.
I§XH$S>m : `m Vrg-`m XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$ H$S>m WoQ> nyd}H$S>o Jobobm {XgVmo hmM Vmo I§XH$S>m. `m H$S>çmÀ`m
eodQ>r EH$ ~wê$O Amho. ~wê$O nmhÿZ Amë`mda naV Vrg-`m XadmÁ`mnmer `mdo. òWyZ EH$ dmQ> nwT>o OmVo. dmQ>oVM AmOw~mOybm
nmÊ`mMr H$mhr Q>mH$s bmJVmV. WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda COdrH$S>o EH$ C§MdQ>m bmJVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _mJo nS>Š`m OmoË`m§Mo Adeof AmhoV. òWoM
A§~aImZm Agë`mMo Adeof {XgVmV. WmoS>o da MTy>Z nm{hë`mg dmS>çmMo Adeof {XgVmV. ho gd© nmhÿZ nwÝhm Amnë`m dmQ>obm bmJmdo.
dmQ>odê$Z nwT>o Joë`mda H$mhr nmÊ`mMo hm¡X bmJVmV. `m dmQ>odê$Z nwT>o OmVm§Zm EH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o Imbr Jobr Amho. `m dmQ>odê$Z Imbr
Joë`mda Ho$Xma XadmOm bmJVmo. nS>PS>r _wio AmO hm XadmOm dmnamV Zgbm Var nydu `m XadmOmbm \$ma _hÎd hmoVo. nÙmdVr Vio :
_wama~mOtÀ`m nwVù`m nmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda nÙmdVr Vio bmJVo.
e|X-`m ~wê$O : nÙmdVr Vù`mÀ`m _mJo ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m dm`ìòg, VQ>~§XrÀ`m ~amo~arZo EH$ ~wê$O ~m§Ybm Amho Ë`mMo Zmd e|X-`m
~wê$O.
nwa§Xaoœa _§{Xa : ho _§{Xa _hmXodmMo Amho. _§{XamV B§ÐmMr gìdm Vo XrS> \y$Q>mn`ªVMr _yVu Amho. ho _§{Xa gmYmaUnUo ho_mS>n§Wr
YmQ>UrMo Agmdo. Wmoaë`m ~mOramdmZo `m _§{XamMm OrUm}Õma Ho$bm.
{X„r XadmOm : hm CÎmam{^_wI XadmOm Amho. XadmÁ`mÀ`m diUmda lr bú_r _mVoMo Xodmb` Amho. XadmOm ~-`mn¡H$s gwpñWVrV
Amho. `m XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV Joë`mda COdr H$S>o AmUIr EH$ XadmOm {XgVmo. S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mn`ªV
OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Joë`mda H$mhr nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s bmJVmV. `m{edm` `m ^mJmV ~KÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. Amë`m _mJm©Zo {X„r
XadmÁ`mnmer `mdo. g_moaM COdr H$S>o AgUm-`m XadmÁ`mZo nwT>o Omdo. òWyZ nwT>o Joë`mda AmUIr EH$ XadmOm bmJVmo. `m
XadmÁ`mda XmoÝhr ~mOyg qghmÀ`m à{VH¥$Vr AmT>iVmV.
Ho$Xmaoœa : 20 {_{ZQ>mV Ho$Xma XadmOm nmhÿZ AmnU Amnë`m _yi dmQ>obm bmJy eH$Vmo. `mdmQ>oZo 15 {_{ZQ>o MmbyZ Joë`mda H$mhr nm`-
`m bmJVmV. Ë`m Amnë`mbm WoQ> Ho$XmaoœamÀ`m _§{Xam n`ªV KoD$Z OmVmV. nwa§XaMo _yi X¡dV åhUOo Ho$Xmaoœa. _§{XamMm OrUm}Õma
Ho$bobm Amho. _hm{edamÌrbm hOmamo ^m{dH$ `mÀ`m Xe©Zmbm òVmV. _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM EH$ XJS>r Xrn_mi Amho. g^modVr XJS>r
\$ag~§Xr Amho. Ho$XmaoœamMo _§{Xa åhUOo {H$ëë`mdarb AË`wƒ ^mJ. òWyZ amOJS>, VmoaUm, qghJS>, amàoœa, amohrS>m, _ëhmaJS>, H$-
honR>ma hm gd© n[aga {XgVmo. `m Ho$Xma Q>oH$S>rÀ`m _mJo EH$ ~wê$O Amho Ë`mbm H$moH$Ê`m ~wê$O Ago Zmd Amho.
nwa§Xa _mMr : Amë`m dmQ>oZo _mKmar {\$ê$Z {X„r XadmÁ`mVyZ OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo WoQ> nwT>o `mdo. åhUOo AmnU _mMrdarb ^¡adqIS>rV
OmD$Z nmohMVmo. dmQ>oV dmS>çm§Mo AZoH$ Adeof {XgVmV.
^¡adqIS> : `mM qIS>rVyZ dO«JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r dmQ> Amho. qIS>rV {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm nwVim Amho. `m qIS>rn`ªV JmS>r añVm Ambobm
Agë`mZo Ë`m añË`mdê$Z MmbV Joë`mda dmQ>oVM COdrH$S>o amOmio Vbmd bmJVmo. gÜ`m nwa§Xa_mMrda `mM VbmdmMo nmUr dmnabo
OmVo.
dra _wama~mOr : {~ZrXadmOmVyZ AmV {eaë`mda COdrH$S>o Joë`mda g_moaM dra _wama~mOrMm nwVim {XgVmo. B.g. 1970 _Üò hm
nwVim C^m Ho$bm Amho.
g§nyU© JS> {\$aÊ`mg EH$ {Xdg bmJVmo. nwa§Xa gmo~V dO«JS> XoIrb nhm`Mm Agë`mg XrS> {Xdg bmJVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : nwa§Xa {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV.
1) nwÊ`mhÿZ : nwÊ`mhÿZ 30 {H$._r A§Vamda AgUm-`m gmgdS> `m Jmdr `mdo. gmgdS> Vo ZmamÙnya hr Aer Eg.Q>r godm XoIrb
CnbãY Amho. ZmamÙnya ho {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho. JmdmVyZM JmS>r añVm WoQ> {H$ëë`m n`ªV Jobobm Amho. nwUo Vo ZmamÙnya
Aer ~g godm XoIrb CnbãY Amho. ZmamÙnya JmdmVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg XmoZ _mJ© Amho. EH$ åhUOo JmS>r añVm. `m añË`mZo JS>
JmR>Ê`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV Va Xwgar åhUOo O§JbmVyZ OmUmar nm`dmQ>. `m nm`dmQ>oZo EH$ VmgmV AmnU nwa§Xa _mMrdaÀ`m
{~ZrXadmÁ`mnmer nmohMVmo
2) gmgdS>hÿZ : {H$ëë`mda OmUmar Xwgar dmQ> Oam AmS>_mJm©Mr Amho. gmgdS>hÿZ gmgdS> - ^moa JmS>r nH$S>mdr. `m JmS>rZo ZmamÙnya
JmdmÀ`m nwT>o AgUm-`m 'nwa§Xa KmQ>_mWm' `m Wm§ã`mda CVamdo. hm KmQ>_mWm åhUOo nwa§Xa {H$„m Am{U g_moa AgUm-`m gy`©nd©V
`m_Yrb qIS> hmo`. `m Wm§ã`mda CVaë`mda g_moaM S>m|Jamda EH$ XmoZ Kao {XgVmV. `m Kam_mJyZM EH$ nm`dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o da OmVo. hr
dmQ> nwT>o JmS>r añË`mbm OmD$Z {_iVo. `m dmQ>oZo nmD$U VmgmV nwa§Xa _mMrdarb {~ZrXadmOm JmR>Vm òVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda {_{bQ>arMo ~§Jbo AmhoV. `m_Üò amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r VoWo AgUmè`m Ë`m§À`m
Am°{\$gaMr nadmZJr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU ñdV… H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmUr CnbãY Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm`Ï`mnmgyZ 1 Vmg.
{edZoar
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 3500 \y$Q>
S>m|Jaam§J: ZmUoKmQ>
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : _Ü`_
{edZoar {H$„m nwUo {OëømVrb OwÞa ehamV Amho. OwÞa _Üò {eaVmZm§M {edZoarMo Xe©Z hmoVo. _hmamï´>mMo X¡dV lr {edN>ÌnVr `m§Mo
ho OÝ_ñWmZ. {H$„m Vgm \$ma _moR>m Zmhr.1673 _Üò B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrVrb S>m°. Om°Z \«$mà `mZo `m {H$ëë`mbm ôQ> {Xbr. Ë`mZo
Amnë`m gmYZJ«§YmV, `m {H$ëë`mda hOma Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm gmV df}nwaob EdT>r {eYmgm_wJ«r Amho Agm C„oI Ho$bm Amho.
B{Vhmg : 'OrU©ZJa', 'OwÞoa' åhUOoM OwÞa ho eha BgdrgZmnyd© H$mimnmgyZ à{gÕ Amho. OwÞa hr eH$amOm ZhnmZmMr
amOYmZr hmoVr. gmVdmhZ amOm Jm¡V_rnwÌ gmVH$Uu `mZo eH$m§Mm Zme Ho$bm Am{U OwÞa d òWrb gd© n[agamda Amnbo dM©ñd
àñWm{nV Ho$bo. ZmUoKmQ> hm nwamVZ ì`mnmar _mJ©. `m _mJm©dê$Z \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmda dmhVyH$ MmbV Ago. `mda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r `m
_mJm©darb XwJmªMr {Z_uVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gmVdmhZm§Mr gÎmm pñWamdë`mZ§Va òWo AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Ë`m§Zr boUr ImoXdyZ KoVbr.
gmVdmhZm§Z§Va {edZoar MmbwŠ`, amï´>Hy$Q> `m amOdQ>tÀ`m gÎmoImbr hmoVm. 1170 Vo 1308 À`m gw_mamg `mXdm§Zr òWo Amnbo amÁ`
ñWmnZ Ho$bo. Am{U `mM H$mimV {edZoarbm JS>mMo ñdê$n àmá Pmbo. Z§Va B. g. 1443 _Üò _{bH$ - Cb - VwOma `mZo `mXdm§Mm
nam^d H$ê$Z {H$„m ga Ho$bm. Aem àH$mao {H$„m ~h_Zr amOdQ>rImbr Ambm. B. g. 1470 _Üò _{bH$ - Cb - VwOmaMm à{V{ZYr
_{bH$ _h§_X `mZo {H$„m ZmHo$~§Xr H$ê$Z nwÝhm ga Ho$bm. 1446 _Üò _{bH$ _h§_XÀ`m d{S>bm§À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va {ZOm_emhrMr ñWmnZm
Pmbr. nwT>o 1493 _Üò amOYmZr JS>mdê$Z Ah_XZJabm hbdÊ`mV Ambr. B. g. 1565 _Üò gwbVmZ _y{V©Om {ZOm_mZo Amnbm
^mD$ H$mgr_ `mbm `m JS>mda H¡$XoV R>odbo hmoVo. `mZ§Va 1595 _Üò {H$„m d OwÞa àm§V _mbmoOr amOo ^mogbo `m§À`mH$S>o Ambm.
{OOm_mVm JamoXa AgVmZm OmYmamdm§Zr 500 ñdma Ë`m§À`m gmo~V XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm amVmoamV {edZoarda KoD$Z Jobo. "{edZoar JS>mda
lr^dmZr {gdmB©, Vrg Zdg {OOmD$Zo Ho$bm Oo Amnë`mbm nwÌ Pmbm Va VwP| Zm§d R>odrZ. Ë`mD$na {edmOramOo `m§Mm OÝ_ Ombm
eHo$ 1556 jò Zm_ g§dËgao d¡emI ewÕ n§M_r M§Ðdma.' B. g. 1632 _Üò {edam`m§Zr JS> gmoS>bm Am{U 1637 _Üò
_moJbm§À`m Vmã`mV Jobm. 1650 _Üò _moJbm§{dê$Õ òWrb H$moù`m§Zr ~§S> Ho$bo. `mV _moJbm§Mm {dO` Pmbm. B. g. 1673 _Üò
{edam`m§Zr {edZoarMm {H$„oXma AOrOImZ `mbm {\$VdyZ {H$ëë`mbm _mi bmdyZ ga H$aÊ`mMm Aèñdr à`ËZ Ho$bm. B. g. 1678
_Üò OwÞa àm§V bwQ>bm Jobm Am{U _amR>çm§Zr {H$„m KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm _mÌ Anè nXamV nS>bo. nwT>o 40 dfmªZ§Va 1716 _Üò
emhþ_hmamOm§Zr {H$„m _amR>oemhrV AmUbm d Z§Va Vmo noeì`m§H$S>o hñVm§VarV H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : gmV XadmÁ`m§À`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda òVm§Zm nmMdm åhUOo {enmB© XadmOm nma Ho$ë`mda
_w»` dmQ>gmoSy>Z COì`m ~mOyZo nyT>o Joë`mda "{edmB© XodrMo ' _§{Xa bmJVo._§XramÀ`m _mJo AgUm-`m H$S>çmV 6 Vo 7 Jwhm AmhoV.`m
Jwhm _w¸$m_mgmR>r A`mo½` AmhoV. _§{XamV {edmB© XodrMr _yVu Amho . eodQ>À`m XadmÁ`mVyZ JS>mda àdoe Ho$ë`mda g_moaM A§~aImZm
Amho.AmO{_{Vg `m A§~aImÝ`mMr _moR>çm à_mUmV nS>PS> Pmbr Amho. _mÌ nydu `m A§~aImÝ`mMm Cn`moJ YmÝ` gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm
OmV Ago. A§~aImÝ`mnmgyZ XmoZ dmQ>m {ZKVmV.EH$ dmQ> g_moaM AgUm-`m Q>oH$mS>mda OmVo. `m Q>oH$mS>mda EH$ H$moir Mm¡Wam Am{U EH$
BXJm Amho. Xwgar dmQ> {edHw§$Omnmer KoD$Z OmVo. dmQ>oV J§Jm, O_wZm d `m{edm` nmÊ`mMr AZoH$ Q>mH$s bmJVmV. {OOmC§À`m nwT>çmV
Agbobm ~mb{edmOr , hmVmVrb N>moQ>r Vbdma {\$adrV AmB©bm Amnbr ^ì` ñdßZo gm§JV Amho, Aem Amdr^m©dmVrb _m`boH$am§Mm
nwVim "{edHw§$Om' _Üò ~g{dbm Amho.{edHw§$Omg_moaM H$_mZr _{eX Amho Am{U g_moaM Imbr nmÊ`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho. òWyZ g_moa
MmbV Joë`mg h_m_ImZm bmJVmo. òWyZM nwT>o {edOÝ_ñWmZmMr B_maV Amho. hr B_maV Xw_Obr AgyZ ImbÀ`m ImobrV {OWo
{edam`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm VoWo {edam`m§Mm nwVim ~g{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. B_maVrÀ`m g_moaM "~Xm_r nmÊ`mMo Q>mH§$' Amho.òWyZ nwT>o
OmUmam añVm H$S>obmoQ> Q>moH$mda KoD$Z OmVmo. gw_mao {XS> hOma \w$Q> C§MrMm øm gaigmoQ> H$S>çmMm Cn`moJ hm JwÝhoJmam§Zm {ejm
XoÊ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.JS> {\$aÊ`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV. da {H$ëë`mdê$Z Mmd§S>, ZmUoKmQ> Am{U OrdYZ VgoM g_moa AgUmam dSy>O
YaUmMm Obme` bú` doYyZ KoVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m :JS>mda OmÊ`mMo XmoZ à_wI _mJ© OwÞa JmdmVyZM OmVmV. nwUoH$am§Zm VgoM _w§~B©H$am§Zm EH$m {XdgmV
{edZoar nmhÿZ Kar naVVm òVo.
gmIirMr dmQ> : `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda `m`Mo Pmë`mg OwÞa ehamV {eaë`mZ§Va Zì`m ~gñQ>±S> g_moarb añË`mZo {ednwVù`mnmer `mdo.
òWo Mma añVo EH$Ì {_iVmV . S>mì`m ~mOyg OmUm-`m añË`mZo gmYmaUV: EH$ {H$bmo_rQ>a Joë`mda añË`mÀ`m COì`m H$S>obm EH$ _§{Xa
bmJVo. _§{Xamg_moê$Z OmUmar _ibobr nm`dmQ> WoQ> {edZoar {H$ëë`mÀ`m EH$m H$mViq^Vrnmer KoD$Z OmVo.q^Vrbm bmdboë`m
gmIirÀ`m gmømZo Am{U H$mVimV ImoXboë`m nm`-`m§À`m gmømZo da nmohMVm òVo. hr dmQ> WmoS>r AdKS> AgyZ JS>mda nmohMÊ`mg
nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo.
gmV XadmÁ`m§Mr dmQ> : {ednwVù`mnmgyZ S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m añË`mZo MmbV gwQ>ë`mg S>m§~ar añVm AmnUmg JS>mÀ`m nm`-`m§nmer KoD$Z
OmVmo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda òVm§Zm gmV XadmOo bmJVmV. n{hbm _hmXadmOm, Xwgam nra XadmOm, {Vgam nadmZJrMm XadmOm, Mm¡Wm hÎmr
XadmOm, nmMdm {enmB© XadmOm, ghmdm \$mQ>H$ XadmOm Am{U gmVdm Hw$bm~H$a XadmOm .`m _mJ}{H$ëë`mda nmohMÊ`mgmR>r XrS> Vmg
bmJVmo.
_w§~B©hÿZ _mieoO _mJ}: OwÞabm òVm§Zm _mieoO KmQ> nma Ho$ë`mda 8 Vo9 {H$bmo_rQ>ada "{edZoar 19 {H$._r.' Aer EH$ nmQ>r
añË`mÀ`m H$S>obm bmdbobr {XgVo. hm _mJ© JUoe qIS>rVyZ {edZoar {H$ëë`mn`ªV OmVmo. `m _mJm©Zo JS>mda nmohMÊ`mg EH$ {Xdg
bmJVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : `m {H$ëë`mda {edHw§$OmÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg AgUm-`m d-hm§S>çm_Üò 10 Vo 12 OmUm§Mr ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda OodUmMr gmo` Zgë`mZo Vr ì`dñWm AmnU ñdV:M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : J§Jm d O_wZm `m Q>mŠ`m§_Üò ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmUr CnbãY Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmIirÀ`m _mJ}nmCU Vmg, gmV XadmOm _mJ}XrS> Vmg.
Mmd§S>
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : _Ü`_
Mm_w§S>m An^«§eo Mmd§SŸ&> O`mdar gáHw§$SŸ&&> {Jar Vo ImoXyZr Aí_I§SŸ&> àgÞJS>m _mJ© {Z{_©bmŸ&& OwÞa VmbwŠ`m_Üò ZmUoKmQ>mMo nhmaoH$ar
åhUyZ Zmdbm¡{H$H$ {_idbobo {H$„o åhUOo OrdYZ, Mmd§S>, hS>ga Am{U {edZoar. `m§n¡H$s Mmd§S> OwÞa ehamnmgyZ VmgmâmÀ`m
àdmgmda Agboë`m AmnQ>mio JmdmZOrH$ Amho. JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Mmd§S> Jmd dgbobo Amho. ZmUoKmQ>mnmgyZ OwÞaÀ`m {XeoZo 15
{H$._r. À`m Amgnmg Mmd§S> dgbobm Amho. Mmd§S> JmdmV Am{U AmOw~mOyÀ`m Jmdm§_Üò _hmXodH$moù`m§Mr dñVr Amho.
B{Vhmg : 1) gZ 1485 _Üò Ah_XZJaÀ`m {ZOm_emhrMr ñWmnZm H$aUmè`m _{bH$ Ah_Xbm nwUo àm§VmVbo Oo {H$„o {_imbo
Ë`m_Yo Mmd§S>Mo Zmd Amho. ~h_Zr gm_«mÁ`mMo Oo VwH$S>o Pmbo Ë`mV Ë`mbm CÎma H$moH$U d nwUo àm§V {_imbo. 2) Xwgam ~wèhmU
{ZOm_emh (B.g. 1590-1594) hm gmVdm {ZOm_. `mMm ZmVy ~hmXwaemh 1594 gmbr Mmd§S>bm H¡$XoV hmoVm. 3) 1636 _Üò
{ZOm_emhrMm Am{Xbemh Am{U _moJbm§nmgyZ ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r ehmOramOm§Zr Omo Vh Ho$bm, Ë`mZwgma Mmd§S> _moJbm§Zm {_imbm. 4)
_o 1672 nUm©b nd©V J«hUm»`mZmV H$dr Oàm_ qnS>o åhUVmo H$s Ë`mMà_mUo Mm_w§S>JS>, h[aíM§ÐJS>, _{hfJS> Am{U AS>gaJS> ho
{H$„o _hmamOm§À`m _mdù`m§Zr {O{H$arZo bTy>Z KoVbo. _hmamOm§Zr `mMo Zmd àgÞJS> Ago R>odbo. 5) `m JS>mMr AZoH$ Zmdo AemàH$mao
AmhoV- Mm_w§S>, MmD§$S>, Mmd§S>- hr Zmdo Mm_w§S>m `m eãXmMm An^«§e AmhoV. Mw§S>- ho {ZOm_emhr Am_XmZrVrb Zmd Amho. àgÞJS>-
ho {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr R>odbobo Zmd. _{bH$ Ah_XZo {edZoar qOH$ë`mda Amnë`m EH$m gaXmamÀ`m hmVr hm {H$„m {Xbm. `m
{H$ëë`mVhr ânya byQ> Ë`mÀ`m hmVr Ambr. Om|S> {H$ëë`mMrhr ì`dñWm Amnë`m EH$m gaXmamÀ`m hmVr gmondyZ Ë`mZo bmohJS>mH$S>o
Amnbm _moMm© didbm.
g§X^© - Ah_XZJaMr {ZOm_emhr _{bH$ Ah_XÀ`m A{YH$mamnwT>o Z_yX Ho$boë`m {H$ëë`m§À`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr _mZ PwH$dbr ZìhVr.
Ë`m§Mm nmS>md H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Hy$M Ho$bo. Vo {H$„o åhUOo- Mmd§S>, bmohJS>, Vw§J, H$moAmar, {VH$moUm, H$m|T>mUm, nwa§Xa, ^moan, OrdYZ,
_wa§OZ, _hmobr Am{U nmbr. ho gd© {H$„o Ë`mZo ~imMm dmna H$ê$Z Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbo. g§X^© - JwbeZo B~«m{h_r Am{XbemhÀ`m
g¡Ý`mer bT>VmZm B~«mhr_ {ZOm_emhÀ`m _ñVH$mV Jmoir bmJyZ Vmo R>ma Pmbm. {ZOm_emhr dH$sb {_`m _§Oy `mZo Ah_X ZmdmÀ`m
_wbmbm Xm¡bVm~mXÀ`m H¡$XoVyZ gmoS>dyZ JmXrda ~gdbo. Ë`mMdoir Ë`m§Zo B~«mhr_À`m Aënd`rZ _wbmMr åhUOo ~hmXyaemhMr Mmd§S>bm
~§{XdmgmgmR>r admZJr Ho$br. Mm§X~r~r hr ~hmXyaemhMr AmË`m. {_`m _§OyZo ~hmXyaemhda Agbobo Mm§X~r~rMo nmbH$Ëd {hamdyZ KoVbo.
nwT>o {ZOm_emhr JmXrda VmoV`m Amho ho {gÕ Pmbo. {ZOm_emhr gaXma B»bmgImZ `mZo Mmd§S> {H$ëë`mÀ`m gwôXmambm amOnwÌ ~hmXya
`mbm Amnë`m hdmbr H$aÊ`mg hþHy$_ nmR>dbm. `m hþHw$_mMo nmbZ {_`m _§Oy `mÀ`m boIr Amko{edm` hmoUma Zmhr Ago gwôXmamZo
H$idbo. B»bmgImZmZo VmoV`m ~hmXyaehm {Z_m©U Ho$bm. {_`m _§OyZo AH$~amMm amOnwÌ _wamX `mg _XVrg ~mobmdbo. _wamX
Ah_XZJaÀ`m {H$ëë`mda MmbyZ Ambm. AmVm {_`m _§Oybm níMmÎmmn Pmbm. Ë`mZo Ah_XZJaÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r gaXma AÝgmaImZ d
amÁ`à{V{ZYr åhUyZ Mm§X~r~rbm Zo_bo. {_`m _§Oy Am{Xbemh d Hw$Vw~ehm `m§Zm _XVrg ~mobmdÊ`mg Ah_XZJaÀ`m ~mhoa nS>bm.
Mm§X~r~rZo `mMm \$m`Xm CR>drV Ë`mMm hñVH$ AÝgmaImZ `mMm IyZ H$adbm. Am{U Mmd§S>À`m AQ>Ho$VyZ ~hmXyaemhMr _wº$Vm H$aV
Ë`mMr gwbVmZ åhUyZ ½dmhr {Xbr. 1) Oo {H$„o F$fr Zmdm§er g§~§{YV AmhoV Vo A{VàmMrZ. 2) Oo {H$„o ~m¡Õ, O¡Z boÊ`m§Zr
Ab§H¥$V AmhoV Vo àmMrZ. 3) Oo {H$„o e¡d, emº$, ZmW gm§àXm`mer {ZJ{S>V AmhoV Vo åhUOo _Ü`_`wJrZ. 4) Mmd§S> hm Mm_w§S>m
ZmdmMm An^«§e Agë`mZo d Ë`mda nmU`mMr gmV Q>mH$s EH$mM {R>H$mUr Agë`mZo Vmo gá _mV¥H$m§er g§~§{YV Amho. åhUyZ Vmo emº$
n§Wmer {ZJ{S>V Amho. Mmd§S> {ZOm_emhrV OmÊ`mAJmoXa VoWrb {H$„oXma _hmXodH$moir O_mVrVbm Agmdm Ago VoWrb ñWm{ZH$
_hmXodH$moir dñVrdê$Z àVrV hmoVo. òWrb Adeofm§Zm nmhVm Am{U amO_mJ© Aä`mgVm Mmd§S> gmVdmhZH$mbrZ Agë`mMr {MÝho
{XgVmV. {ZOm_emhr dmagXmambm òWo R>odÊ`mgmR>r `m {H$ëë`mMm dmna Ho$bm Jobm. `mdê$Z Ë`mMr XwJ©_Vm {XgyZ òVo. Ë`mMm B{Vhmg
~IatÀ`m nmZm§V Zgbm Var _m¡{bH$ bmoH$gm{hË`mV Z¸$s gmnS>ob. 5) Mm_w§S>m ho XodrMo H«y$a ê$n. `m énmV gd© H$mhr ^`mZH$,
A_§Jb. hr Xodr ~§Jmb, {~hma, CÎma àXoe, amOñWmZ òWrb Amho. hmS>Hw$ir, Or^ ~mhoa, Cô Ho$g, _w§S>m§À`m _mim, hmS>m§Mo Xm{JZo,
ì`mK«M_© Zogbobr. ñ_emZmV qnnimImbr {hMo dmñVì`. {hMo dmhZ JmT>d, àoV, Kw~S>, {JYmS>. ÜdOmda A¾rnwamUmà_mUo Mma hmV.
eº$s, _w§S>, eyi hr {hMr Am`wYo. 6) gá _mV¥H$m åhUOo- ~«måhr, _hoœar, H$m¡_mar, d¡îUdr, dmamhr, BÝÐm{U Am{U Mm_w§S>m. `m
gdmª_Üò Mm_w§S>m loð>. g§X^© - Xodr ^mJdV
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : XadmOmVyZ AmV OmVmM Xhm nm`è`m MTy>Z Joë`mda XmoZ dmQ>m bmJVmV. daMr
COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> CX²ÜdñV Adeofm§H$S>o KoD$Z OmVo, Va S>mdrH$S>o VQ>~§XrÀ`m ~mOyZo OmUmar dmQ> Amho. COì`m ~mOyg H$mVimV
H$moaboë`m 15-20 nm`è`m MTy>Z Joë`mda H$mhr dmñVy ZOaoV òVmV. EH$m dmñVyMm Mm¡Wam AOyZ ì`dpñWV Amho. BWo Amnë`mbm Aem
~è`mM dmñVy {XgVmV åhUyZ Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm òB©b H$s BWoM gmam H$ma^ma MmbV Agmdm. Odi Odi 15 Vo 20 dmñVy BWo
AmhoV. OoWo Mm¡Wam {e„H$ Amho VoWoM _moR>o Jmob CIi Amho. _mÌ Ë`mg ImbÀ`m ~mOybm EH$ {N>Ð Amho. ~mOybmM 2 g§b¾ Aer Q>mH$s
AmhoV òWyZ CÎmaog WmoS>o nwT>o Jobmo H$s EH$ IMV Mmbbobr dmñVy ZOaog nS>Vo. {hÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mdê$Z Ago àVrV hmoVo H$s ho EH$ _§{Xa
Agmdo. nU ~arM IMë`m_wio OmñV H$mhr A§XmO ~m§YVm òV Zmhr. òWyZ AmOybm~mOybm gmYmaU 300 _r. À`m n[agamV 10-15
CX²ÜdñV ~m§YH$m_o VerM 7-8 Q>mH$s AmT>iyZ òVmV. JS>mÀ`m dm`ì` ^mJmV Amnë`mbm EH$_oH$m§Zm bmJyZ Aer gmV Q>mH$s AmhoV. hr
Q>mH$s gá _mV¥H$m§er {ZJ{S>V AmhoV. JS>mÀ`m `mM ^mJmV ~è`mn¡H$s VQ>~§Xr AgyZ Am¾o` ^mJ H$S>çm§Zr ì`mnbm Amho. `mdê$Z H$iyZ
òV§ H$s JS> {H$Vr XwJ©_ Amho. åhUyZM ~hmXyaemh {ZOm_mbm òWo R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Á`m ^mJmV VQ>~§Xr Amho Ë`m ^mJmV `m
VQ>~§XrÀ`m ~mOyZo {\$aÊ`mg OmJm Amho. hr ~hþXm JñV KmbÊ`mgmR>r Agmdr. `m {R>H$mUr ~amM CVma AgyZ H$mhr {R>H$mUr hm¡X AmhoV.
WmoS>o nwT>o COdrH$S>o Joë`mda EH$m _§{XamMo Adeof AmT>iVmV. òWohr ~aoM {eënH$m_ AmT>iVo. Á`m {R>H$mUr VQ>~§Xr T>mgibobr Amho,
{VWo {Mè`mMo XJS> JmS>½`mgmaIo aMyZ R>odbo AmhoV. ho H$moUmMo H$m_ Agmdo ho H$iV Zmhr. B©emÝ` ^mJmV Á`m {R>H$mUr VQ>~§Xr g§nVo
Ë`m {R>H$mUr H$mViH$moard Jwhm AmhoV. `m nhmaoH$è`m§À`m Mm¡Š`m Agmì`mV. EH$ Jwhm AJXr gwpñWVrV Amho. JwhoV àdoe Ho$ë`mda XmoÝhr
~mOybm hm¡XgÑe gmYmaU 5 \y$Q> ImobrMo ~m§YH$m_ AmT>iVo. `m JwhobJV Agboë`m VQ>~§XrÀ`m Imbr ^w`mar _mJm©Mo àdoeÛma Amho
Ago J«m_ñV gm§JVmV. òWo a°nqbJ H$ê$Z OmVm òVo.`mnwT>o AmnU JS>mÀ`m nyd}g òVmo. `m ^mJmV H$moUVohr Adeof ZmhrV. ~obmJ
H$S>çm§Zr hm ^mJ ì`mnbm Agë`m_wio BWo VQ>~§Xr Zmhr. hm ^mJ ~amM {dñVrU© AgyZhr {ZO©Z Am{U AmogmS> Amho. Odi Odi AÜ`m©
{H$._r.À`m n[agamV EH$hr ~m§YH$m_ AmT>iV Zmhr. JS>mÀ`m X{jU ~mOybm Am{U Z¡F$Ëòg Amnë`mbm VwaiH$ Aer VQ>~§Xr AmT>iVo.
BWoM nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV. BWyZ nwÝhm npíM_oH$S>o {ZKmë`mda Amnë`mbm _O~yV Aem VQ>~§XrMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. XmoZ ~wê$Ohr
AmT>iVmV. BWyZ AmnU Q>oH$S>r H$S>o {ZKVmo, _§{Xa nmhm`bm.JS>mÀ`m gdm©V C§M ^mJmV Mm_w§S>m XodrMo _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamVrb _yVu
àmMrZ AgyZ ~m§YH$m_ _mÌ ZdrZ Amho. AmOw~mOybm OwÝ`m _§{XamMo Adeof {dIwabobo {XgVmV. EH$ VwQ>bobr _yVu AmT>iVo Or EImÚm
F$frMo àVrH$ Agmdr. VgoM EH$ AmíM`©H$maH$ Jmoï> åhUOo `m Mm_w§S>m XodrÀ`m _§{Xamg_moa AmT>iUmam Z§Xr. OwÝ`m Adeofm§_Üòhr
Z§XrMr _yVu AmT>iVo. `mMm AW© hm hmoVmo H$s OdiM Hw$R>oVar {edqbJ Agmdo Am{U H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV hadbo Agmdo. J«m_ñWm§Zr
l_XmZmZo Ogo ZdrZ XoD$i ~m§Ybo Ver eoOmar Agbobr Xrn_mihr ~m§YÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. hr Xrn_mi Ago gwMdVo H$s BWo EH$
{ed_§{Xa Agmdo.EH§$XarV nmhVm, JS>mMm Koam {dñVrU© Amho. gmYmaU 5-6 {H$._r.Mm ì`mg Agmdm. JS>mÀ`m B©emÝòg AgUmè`m
Jwhm§Mm Aä`mg hmoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. `m dmñVy§{df`r ~è`mM X§VH$Wm EoH$Ê`mV AmhoV. JS>mda gmVdmhZ g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md Amho.
gmVdmhZm§Mm B{Vhmg \$ma ^ì` Amho, nU Ë`m§À`m {H$ëë`m§Mo AOyZ g§emoYZ Pmbo VaM `m ^ì` B{Vhmgmda OmñV àH$me nS>ob. `m
{H$ëë`m§Mm B§J«Om§Zr nyU© Zm`ZmQ> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm, nU Vo g\$b Pmbo ZmhrV. AmO hoM {H$„o Amnë`mbm AmdmhZ H$arV AmhoV,
Ë`m§Zm ôQ> Úm`bm, Va H$m AmnU OmD$ Zò? BWë`m ñWm{ZH$ _hmXodH$moù`m§H$Sy>Z Ogo AmnU X§VH$Wm EoH$Vmo, Vgo B{Vhmghr OmUyZ
KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$`m.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mgmR>r JS>mÀ`m npíM_oH$Sy>ZM dmQ> Amho. Mmd§S> dmS>rVrb Aml_emionmgyZ JS>
MT>Ê`mg Mm§Jbr _ibobr nm`dmQ> Amho. `m dmQ>oZo gmYmaU AYm©Vmg MT>ë`mZ§Va AmnU IS>H$mV ImoXboë`m nm`è`m§À`m g_m§Va aofoV
MmbVmo. ( àM{bV X§VH$WoZwgma Vo JS>mda nmohmoMdUmao Jwá ^w`ma Agmdo.) gmYmaU 15 nm`è`m MTy>Z Joë`mda AmnUmg EH$ _Z {IÞ
H$aUmar Jmoï> OmUdVo. nydu H$moUm AZm{_H$mZo `m nm`è`m MT>Ê`mgmR>r AmYma åhUyZ EH$m N>moQ>çm Vmo\o$Mr Zir O{_ZrV nwabr Amho.
gmYmaU 2 B§M A§VJ©V ì`mg Agbobr hr Vmo\$ 2 Vo 2 1/2 \y$Q> bm§~rMr Amho.O{_ZrÀ`m da Agbobm hm ^mJ gmYmaU XmoZ
V¥{V`m§e Amho. `m Vmo\o$Mr bm§~r gmYmaU 3 Vo 3 1/4 \y$Q> Agmdr. `m Vmo\o$bm O§~waH$m åhUVmV.`m nm`è`m AJXrM N>moQ>çm AmhoV.
B§J«Om§Zr 1 _o 1818 amoOr Mmd§S>da h„m H$ê$Z òWrb nm`è`m CX²ÜdñV H$ê$Z Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Vem gwé§J bmdë`mÀ`m
IwUmhr Amnë`mbm nm`è`m MT>VmZm {XgVmV. `mZ§Va 20-25 nm`è`m MTy>Z Joë`mda Amnë`mbm àdoeÛmamMr VQ>~§Xr nyU©nUo gm_moar
òVo. òWo 3 _r. bm§~rÀ`m àeñV nm`è`m AmhoV, Á`mda AmO amZJdV _mObobo Amho. da MTy>Z Joë`mda àW_Xe©Zr ZOaog nS>Vo Vr
H$mViH$moard JUoeà{V_m, Am{U Z¡F$Ë`_wIr àdoeÛma. `m àdoeÛmamdahr EH$ JUnVr H$moabobm Amho. `mdê$Z Ago H$iVo H$s noedo
H$mimVhr `m JS>mda ~amM am~Vm Agmdm. XadmOmMr COdr ~mOy EH$ AI§S> H$mVi Amho. COdm ñV§^hr `mM H$mVimVyZ H$moabobm
Amho. JS>mdaMr hrM dmñVy A~m{YV am{hbr Amho. XadmOmOdiM EH$ CIi nS>bo Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb H$moR>mam§_Üò 15 Vo 20 OU amhÿ eH$VmV, Va Mm_w§S>m _mVoÀ`m _§{XamV 2 OU. BWo C§Xra Ìmg XoD$
eH$VmV. Mmd§S>dmS>rV ahmÊ`mMr CÎm_ gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda OodUmMr gmo` Zmhr. _mÌ Mmd§S> JmdmV OodUmMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda AZoH$ Q>mH$s AmhoV Á`m_Üò ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmUr Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg Mmd§S> JmdmnmgyZ
hS>ga
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : _Ü`_
gømÐr åhUOo XwJmªMr ImUM. nwUo {OëømVrb OwÞa VmbwH$m AgmM JS>{H$ëë`m§Zr ZQ>bobm Amho. "hS>ga' hm AgmM `m
^mJmVrb gw§Xa {H$„m Amho. ZmUoKmQ>m nmgyZ gwédmV H$ê$Z OrdYZ ,Mmd§S> , {edZoar , boÊ`m{Ð, hS>ga Am{U h[aíM§ÐJS> Aer
ghm {Xdgm§Mr ^Q>H§$Vr Amnë`mbm H$aVm òVo.
B{Vhmg : hS>ga {H$ëë`mMo Xwgao Zmd åhUOo nd©VJS>. gmVdmhZH$mbmV `m JS>mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr AgyZ `m H$mimV JS> _moR>çm
à_mUmda am~Vm hmoVm. ZmUoKmQ>mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r ZJaÀ`m gahÔrda hm {H$„m ~m§Ybm Jobm. 1637 _Üò ehmOr amOm§Zr _moJbm§er
Ho$boë`m Vhm_Üò hS>ga {H$ëë`mMm g_mdoe hmoVm, Agm C„oI Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mJXnÌm§_Üò AmT>iVmo. `mZ§Va 1818 À`m gw_mamg
{~«{Q>em§Zr OwÞa d AmgnmgMo {H$„o qOH$bo. hS>ga {H$ëë`mÀ`m dmQ>mhr {~«{Q>em§Zr gwé§J bmdyZ \$moS>ë`m.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : hS>ga {H$ëë`mMr àdoeÛmao åhUOo ñWmnËèmómMm EH$ Z_wZmM Amho. ~moJXodOm
àdoe_mJm©daMr XadmÁ`m§Mr Xw¸$b§ , ZirV ImoXboë`m nm`-`m Am{U Jmo_wIr aMZm Agbobr àdoeÛmao nmhUo åhUOo XwJ©emómVrb
EH$ doJioM XwJ©d¡{eîQ>çM R>aVo. JS>mdarb _w»` XadmÁ`mVyZ daVr Amë`mda XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV. `mVrb EH$ dmQ> g_moaÀ`m
Q>oH$mS>mda OmVo. Va Xwgar dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o AgUm-`m Xwg-`m àdoeÛmamnmer OmVo. Xwg-`m XadmÁ`mVyZ daVr Amë`mda g_moaM
nmÊ`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho. `mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mg `mo½` Amho. òWoM g_moa EH$ C§MdQ>m {XgVmo. `m C§MdQ>çmÀ`m {XeoZo MmbV OmD$Z
S>mdrH$S>odië`mda H$S>çmbJVM eodQ>À`m IS>H$mV H$moabobr VrZ àeñV H$moR>mao {XgVmV. `m§À`m H$mVimda JUoeà{V_m H$moaë`m
AmhoV. hr H$moR>mao amhÊ`mgmR>r A`mo½` AmhoV.òWyZM COdrH$S>o Joë`mda _moR>m Vbmd bmJVmo. òWo _hmXodmMo _§{Xahr bmJVo.
_§{XamÀ`m g_moaM _moR>m Z§Xr AgyZ _§{XamÀ`m g^m_§S>nmV ghm H$moZmS>o AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m H$moZmS>çmV JUoe_yVu , Jê$S>_yVu Va
EH$mV hZw_mZmMr _yVu ñWmZmnÞ Amho. _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM EH$ ^¸$_ ~wê$O Amho. _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM EH$ Vbmd Amho. nmdgmù`mV
VbmdmV ânya nmUr gmR>Vo. Vù`mÀ`m _Ymo_Y EH$ nwîH$aUr gmaIo XJS>mVrb KS>rd ~m§YH$m_ Amho. ~wéOmÀ`m q^VrÀ`m COdrH$S>o
Imbr CVaë`mda EH$ ~wObobo Q>mHo$ {XgVo. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda H$mVimV ImoXbobr àeñV Jwhm bmJVo. _mÌ hr Jwhm åhUOo
nhmaoH$-`m§Mr XodS>rM hmo`. _§{XamÀ`m g_moarb Q>oH$S>rdê$Z _m{UH$S>moh Obme`mMm n[aga AË`§V gwaoI {XgVmo. g_moaM Mmd§S> ,
ZmUoKmQ> , {edZoar , ^¡adJS>, OrdYZ Agm {ZgJ©aå` n[aga Ý`mhmiVm òVmo. òWyZ naV {\$ê$Z àdoeÛmamnmer `mdo Am{U
naVrÀ`m dmQ>obm bmJmdo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : `m {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r àm_w»`mZo XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV. `mn¡H$s EH$ dmQ> amOXadmÁ`mMr AgyZ
Xwgar dmQ> JmdH$-`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m gmo`rgmR>r XJS>mV nm`-`m H$moê$Z ~m§YyZ H$mT>bobr Amho.H$moUË`mhr dmQ>oZo JS>mda nmohMÊ`mgmR>r
hS>ga `m Jmdr `mdo bmJVo. OwÞahÿZ {Z_{Jar, amOya qH$dm Ho$dmS>m `mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr ~g nH$Sy>Z nmD$U VmgmV hS>ga `m Jmdr
nmohMVm òVo. hS>ga `m JmdmVyZ da S>m|Jamda OmVmZm EH$ {dhra bmJVo. òWyZ WmoS>o da Joë`mda S>mdrH$S>o nR>mamda MmbV Omdo.
nR>mamdarb eoVm_YyZ MmbV Joë`mda 15 {_{ZQ>m§À`m A§Vamda XmoZ S>m|Jam§_Yrb qIS> d Ë`m_Yrb VQ>~§Xr Ñ{ï>jonmV òVo. qIS>
g_moa R>odyZ MmbV Joë`mda AÜ`m© VmgmV AmnU ~wê$Omnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo. òWyZ gmono H$mViamohU H$ê$Z AmnU {H$ëë`mÀ`m
XadmÁ`mnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo. dmQ>oVM S>m|JaH$nmarV nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. Xwgè`m dmQ>oZo åhUOo `m qIS>rH$S>o Z diVm
gai nwT>o MmbV OmD$Z S>mì`m ~mOyg AgUm-`m S>m|Jambm digm KmbyZ S>m|JamÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg nmohMmdo. òWyZ e§â Vo XrS>eo
nm`-`m MTy>Z Joë`mda AmnU qIS>rVrb _w»` XadmÁ`mnmer nmohMVmo. hr amOXadmÁ`mMr dmQ> AgyZ AË`§V gmonr Amho. òWyZ
{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : _hmXodmÀ`m _§{XamV 4 Vo 5 OUm§Zm amhVm òVo. _mÌ nmdgmù`mV _§{XamV nmUr gmR>V Agë`mZo amhÊ`mMr
WmoS>r J¡agmo`M hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : da {H$ëë`mda OodUmMr gmo` Zgë`mZo Vr AmnU ñdV:M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda àdoeÛmamVyZ daVr Amë`mda g_moaM ~ma_mhr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg
OrdYZ
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 3754
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : H$R>rU
KmQ>KaÀ`m n[agamV nyd©_wIr Agbobm 'OrdYZ' {H$„m àmMrZ ZmUoKmQ>mÀ`m ì`mnmar _mJm©da g§ajUmgmR>r C^m Ho$bm hmoVm.
OrdYZ {H$„m ZmUoKmQ>mnmgyZ AJXr gmXoÀ`m A§Vamda Amho.
B{Vhmg : {edOÝ_mÀ`m doir {ZOm_emhr AñVmbm OmV hmoVr. nU `mMr gmj XoUmam EH$_od {H$„m åhUOo OrdYZ hmo`. 17
OyZ 1663 amoOr {ZOm_emhr ~wS>mbr. ehmOramOm§Zr {ZOm_emhrMm eodQ>Mm d§eO '_y{V©Om {ZOm_' `mbm OrdYZ `m JS>mda H¡$XoV
AgVmZm Ë`mbm gmoS>dyZ g§J_ZoaOdi AgUm-`m no_{Jar {H$ëë`mda KoD$Z Jobo. Ë`mbm {ZOm_ehm åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo Am{U
ñdV… dOra ~Zbo. KmQ>Ka ho OrdYZÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd. òWrb O{_ZrMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ~m§~yMr ~Zo. gmao O§Jb ho ~m§~yÀ`m ~Zm§Mo
Amho.JmoajJS>mà_mUo `m JS>m§Mm XadmOmXoIrb H$mViH$S>çm_Üò H$moabobm Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : npíM_ XadmÁ`mZo da JS>mda nmohmoMë`mda g_moaM JObú_rM§ {eën Amho. JmdH$ar
`mbm 'H$moR>r' Ago g§~mo{YVmV. OdiM nmÊ`mMr Q>mHo$ AmhoV. X{jUog OrdmB©XodrMo nS>PS> Pmbobo _§{Xa Amho. VgoM JS>mda
A§V^m©JmV EH$mV EH$ Aer nmM YmÝ`H$moR>ma§ AmhoV. AmV H$_bnwîno H$moabobr AmhoV. eodQ>À`m B§J«O-_amR>o `wÕmV 1818 _Üò
`m H$moR>mam§Zm AmJ bmJbr hmoVr. Vr amI AmOhr `m H$moR>S>çm§_Üò AmT>iVo. JS>mÀ`m EH$m Q>moH$mbm Joë`mda g_moaM XmoZ hOma
\y$Q>m§Mm dm§XaqbJr gwiH$m bj doYyZ KoVmo. JS>mMm AmH$ma Am`VmH¥$Vr Amho. dm§XaqbJrÀ`m H$S>çmnmgyZ H$moH$UMo {ZgJ©aå` Xe©Z
hmoVo. g_moaM ZmZmMm A§JR>m, h[aíM§ÐJS>, hS>ga, Mmd§S>, Hw$H$S>oœamMo _§{Xa, YgB©Mo N>moQ>ogo YaU, _mieoO KmQ>mVrb H$mio
VwH$VwH$sV añVo Ý`mhmiVm òVmV. AemàH$mao hm OrdYZ {H$„m Mma Vo nmM Vmgm§V nmhÿZ hmoVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m :
1) H$ë`mU-ZJa _mJm©V ZmUoKmQ> MTy>Z Joë`mda nR>ma bmJVo. `m nR>mamdê$Z COdrH$S>o O§JbmV EH$ dmQ> OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo XmoZ
AmoT>o bmJVmV. ho AmoT>o nma Ho$ë`mda EH$ H$mViq^V bmJVo. `m q^Vrbm {MH$Qy>Z COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> dm§XaqbJr gwiŠ`mnmer
KoD$Z OmVo. Va S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> EH$m qIS>rnmer nmohmoMVo. Ord _wR>rV Yê$Z Ë`m Cä`m H$mViq^Vr nma Ho$ë`mda nwÝhm
H$mVimV ImoXboë`m nm`-`m bmJVmV. gZ 1818 Z§Va gwé§J bmdyZ B§J«Om§Zr hm _mJ© {MUyZ H$mT>bm d npíM_ XadmÁ`mMr dmQ>
~wOdyZ Q>mH$br. `m XadmÁ`mZo da OmÊ`mg AZoH$ dmZa`wŠË`m `moOmì`m bmJVmV. dmQ> Oam AdKS>M Agë`mZo OnyZM Omdo.
2) JS>mdaOmUmar Xwgar dmQ> OwÞa-KmQ>Ka _mJ}amOXadmÁ`mMr Amho. hr dmQ> KmQ>KahÿZ gai JS>mda OmVo. dmQ> AË`§V gmonr
Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU ñdV…M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~ma_mhr nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.
ZmUoKmQ
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
B{Vhmg : ZmUoKmQ> `m Zmdmdê$ZM Amnë`mbm H$ënZm òB©b H$s hm KmQ> \$maM nwamVZ Amho. ZmUoKmQ> gw_mao gìdmXmoZ hOma
dfm©nydu ImoXbm Jobm. à{Vð>mZ hr gmVdmhZm§Mr amOYmZr. gmVdmhZ H$mimV H$ë`mU Vo à{Vð>mZ (OwÞa) `m amO_mJm©da
ZmUoKmQ>mV S>m|Ja \$moSy>Z øm _mJm©Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Jobr. gmVdmhZ Hw$b ho _hmamï´>mVrb àmMrZ Ago Hw$b Amho Am{U Ë`m§Mo amÁ`
B.g nyd© AS>rMeo df© Va Vo B.g Z§Va AS>rMeo df}Ago OdiOdi nmMeo df© hmoVo. àmMrZ H$mir H$ë`mU ~§Xam_Üò naH$s` bmoH$
{deofV: amo_Z ì`mnmar Amnbm _mb KmoS>o AWdm ~¡bmda dmhÿZ ZoV AgV. hm _mb àm_w»`mZo gmVdmhZ H$mimVrb amOYmZr
Agboë`m à{Vð>mZ ZJarV ì`mnmamgmR>r Zobm OmB©. `m ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z OH$mV O_m Ho$br OmB©. Ë`m OH$mVrMm XJS>r am§OU AmOhr
òWo nhmd`mg {_iVmo
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : ZmUoKmQ>mMr g§ajH$ \$ir hr {edZoar, hS>ga, Mmd§S> Am{U OrdYZ `m Mma
{H$ëë`m§Zr ~Zbobr Amho. gmR> _rQ>a bm§~ Am{U OmJmoOmJr XmoZ Vo nmM _rQ>a ê§$X Aer hr ZmUoKmQ>mMr Zir Amho. `m ZirÀ`m
_wImer EH$ XJS>r am§OU Amho. AX_mgo Mma \y$Q> ì`mgmMm Am{U nmM \y$Q> C§MrMm hm am§OU nydu OH$mVrgmR>r dmnabm OmV Ago.
OH$mVH$a énmZo `mV VËH$mbrZ "H$fm©nU' ZmdmMr ZmUr Q>mH$br OmV AgV. ZmUoKmQ> MTy>Z Joë`mda àW_ Xe©Zr Ñ{ï>jonmV
nS>Umar H$mVimV H$moabobr Eogn¡g Am{U gw§Xa Jwhm hoM òWrb _hËdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`. `m JwhoV gmYmaUV: 40-45 OU amhÿ
eH$VmV. gÜ`m dmnaÊ`mV òUm-`m JwhoV {VÝhr q^Vrda boI AmhoV. hm boI EHy$U 20 AmoitMm AgyZ _Ü` ^mJmVrb q^Vrda
10 Va COdrH$S>rb ^mJmda Xhm Amoir AmhoV. hm boI ~«måhr {bnrVbm AgyZ `m boIm_Üò AZoH$ A§H${Z{X©ð> g§»`m AmhoV.
nwamUH$mbmVrb BVH$s g§»`m Agboë`m ^maVmVrb hm àmMrZ Agm boI Amho. `m boImV gmVdmhZ g_«mkr "ZmJ{VH$m' {hZo
Ho$boë`m `km§Mr Zmdo AmhoV. òWo dmOno`, amOgy`, Aœ_oY Aem àH$maMo `k Ho$bo Agë`mMo C„oI gmnS>VmV. `m `kmV
~«m÷Um§Zm Ho$boë`m XmZm§Mm XoIrb C„oI `m boIm§_Üò AmT>iVmo. `m JwhoV gmVdmhZm§Mr {eëno XoIrb H$moabobr AmhoV. `mn¡H$s
n{hbo {eën gmVdmhZ g§ñWmnH$ em{bdmhZmMo, Xwgao {eën amOm gmVH$Uu `mMr nËZr Xodr Zm`{ZH$sMo Va {Vgao {eën amOm
gmVH$UuMo. Jwhoda nmÊ`mMr VrZ Vo Mma Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. JwhoÀ`m da nm{hë`mda EH$ àM§S> H$mVi q^V {XgVo, `mbmM ZmZmMm
A§JR>m Ago åhUVmV. KmQ>_mÏ`mda nmohMë`mda ,COdrH$S>o dië`mda AmnU ZmZmÀ`m A§JR>çmda òD$Z nmohmoMVmo.òWoM ~mOybm
EH$ JUoemMr _yVuhr Ñ{ï>jonmV òVo. g_moa {XgUmao JmoaIJS>, _pÀN>¨ÐJS> , {gÜXJS>, h[aíM§ÐJS>, ^¡adH$S>m, H$moH$UH$S>m Am{U
S>mdrH$S>o AgUmam OrdYZ Amnbo _Z _mohÿZ Q>mH$VmV. KmQ>mdarb {dñVrU© Ago nR>ma ho ZmUoKmQ>mMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUyZ
gm§JVm òB©b. AemàH$mao _w§~B©H$am§Zm EH$m {XdgmV OmD$Z òVm òB©b Agm ZmUoKmQ>mMm Q´>oH$ hm EH$ gwaoI AZw^d R>aVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : ZmUoKmQ>mbm `m`Mo Pmë`mg _w§~B© qH$dm nwUo JmR>mdo 1: _w§~B©H$am§Zm ZmUoKmQ>mbm `m`Mo Agë`mg
H$ë`mU _wa~mS> _mJ}d¡emIao Jmdr `mdo. d¡emIao ho Oar nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Agbo Var VoWo Z CVaVm d¡emIao nmgyZ nwT>o XmoZ {H$._r
A§Vamda Agboë`m ZmUoKmQ> `m Zm_{ZX}{eV \$bH$mÀ`m _mJm©Zo WoQ> XmoZ VmgmV Amnë`mbm ZmUoKmQ>mda nmohMVm òVo. `m dmQ>oda
nmdgmù`mV XmoZ AmoT>çm§Mo Xe©Z hmoVo. 2:nwÊ`mhÿZ ZmUoKmQ>mbm `m`Mo Pmë`mg nwUo-OwÞa EgQ>r nH$Sy>Z OwÞabm `mdo. OwÞa Vo
KmQ>Ka EgQ>r nH$Sy>Z KmQ>Kabm `mdo. òW n`ªV nmohMÊ`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.KmQ>Ka dê$Z 5 {H$._r MmbV ZmUoKmQ> JmR>Vm òVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JwhoV 40-45 OUm§À`m ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m OodUmMr gmo` Zgë`mZo hr gmo` AmnU ñdV:M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JwhoeoOmarb Vrg-`m d Mm¡Ï`m Q>mŠ`mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : XmoZ Vmg nm`Ï`mnmgyZ.
amohrS>m
S>m|Jaam§J: _hm~ioœa
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : _Ü`_
gømÐrÀ`m S>m|Jaam§JoV ^moa Vo _hm~ioœa Agm EH$ gwaoI S>m|Ja_mJ© Amho. `m S>m|Jaam§JoV 3 Vo 4 {H$„o AmhoV. `mn¡H$s EH$
amohrS> Imo-`mV dgbobm {H$„m åhUOoM "{H$„o amohrS>m'. amohrS>Imoao ho Zram ZXrÀ`m Imo-`mÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV dgbobo Amho. `m
Imo-`mV 42 Jmdo hmoVr. Ë`mn¡H$s 41 Jmdo gÜ`mÀ`m nwUo {OëømÀ`m ^moa VmbwŠ`mV _moS>VmV. amohrS>m {H$„m ho amohrS> Imo-`mMo
à_wI {R>H$mU hmoVo. nwUo gmVmam {OëømVrb ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZo, ghH$mar XyY`moOZm `m_wio òWrb n[agamVrb ~hþVoH$ gd©
Jmdmn`ªV ~g, drO AmXr gw{dYm nmohMë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio òWrb OrdZ gwIr Pmbobo Amho. amohrS>m {H$„m ^moaÀ`m X{jUog gw_mao
6 _¡bm§da Amho. amohrS>m {H$ëë`mbm {d{MÌJS> qH$dm {~ZrMm {H$„m Ago XoIrb g§~moYbo OmVo.
B{Vhmg : `m {H$ëë`mMr {Z{_©Vr hr `mXdH$mbrZ Amho. `m {H$ëë`mdarb Vrg-`m XadmOmda AgUm-`m {ebmboImdê$Z
_whå_X Am{XbehmZo øm JS>mMr XwéñVr Ho$br Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo. `m {ebmboImdê$Z _o 1656 Z§Va hm {H$„m {edmOr
_hmamOm§Zr ~m§Xb Xoe_wIm§H$Sy>Z KoVbm Ago g_OVo. {H$„m KoÊ`mgmR>r amOm§Zm ~m§Xb Xoe_wIm§er hmVKmB©Mr bT>mB© H$amdr bmJbr.
`mV H¥$îUmOr ~m§Xb _mabm Jobm. ~mOrà^y Xoenm§S>o ~m§XbmMo _w»` H$ma^mar hmoVo. bT>mBªVa ~mOrà^y Xoenm§S>o d BVa ghH$m-`m§Zm
ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoVbo Jobo. B.g. 1666 À`m nwa§XaÀ`m VhmZwgma hm {H$„m _moKbm§À`m ñdmYrZ Ho$bm Jobm. 24 OyZ 1670
amoOr {edam`m§Zr {H$„m naV KoVbm.H$mÝhmoOr `m§À`mH$S>o ^moaMr nyU© Va amohrS>m {H$ëë`mMr {Zå_r Xoe_wIr d O{_ZrMo H$mhr VwH$S>o
BZm_ hmoVo. amohrS>çmMo JS>H$ar Ë`m§MoH$Sy>Z 30 hmoZ KoV hmoVo. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m A{YH$m-`m§Zr {edmOr _hmamOm§H$S>o {dMmaUm Ho$br
H$s 30 M hmoZ H$m, {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {ZU©` {Xbm H$s, OoYo Amnbo MmH$a Agë`m_wio nydm©nma MmbV Ambobo Ðì`M ¿`mdo. nwT>o
{H$„m _moKbm§Zr qOH$bm, _mÌ ^moaÀ`m n§V g{Mdm§Zr Am¡a§JOo~mer Pw§OyZ {H$„m ñdamÁ`mV nwÝhm XmIb Ho$bm. g§ñWmZo {dbrZ
hmoB©n`ªV amOJS>, VmoaUm, Vw§J Am{U {VH$moZm {H$ëë`mà_mUo hm hr {H$„m ^moaH$am§H$S>o hmoVm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : n{hë`m XadmÁ`mÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rda JUoenÅ>r Am{U da {_ham~ Amho. nwT>o 15 Vo 20 nm`-
`m nma Ho$ë`mda Xwgam XadmOm bmJVmo. òWyZ AmV Joë`mda g_moaM nmÊ`mMo ^w`mar Q>mHo$ Amho. `mMo nmUr ~mamhr _{hZo nwaVo. òWyZ
5-7 nm`-`m MTy>Z Joë`mda {Vgam XadmOm bmJVmo. hm XadmOm A{Ve` ^¸$_ Amho. `mda ~-`mM à_mUmV H$moard H$m_ AmT>iVo.
XmoZhr ~mOy§g hÎmrMo {ea H$moaÊ`mV Ambo Amho. VgoM S>mì`m ~mOybm _amR>r d COì`m ~mOybm \$magr {ebmboI Amho. AmOw~mOyÀ`m
VQ>~§XrMr nS>PS> Pmbr Amho. øm gd© XadmOm§Mr aMZm EH$_oH$m§Zm H$mQ>H$moZmV Amho. òWyZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM 2 dmñVy {XgVmV.
EH$ JS>mdarb gXa Agmdr Va Xwgao {H$„oXmamMo Ka Agmdo. S>mì`m ~mOybm WmoS>o A§Va MmbyZ Joë`mda amo{hS>_„ C\©$ ^¡am~mMo _§{Xa
bmJVo. _§{Xamg_moa bhmZgo Q>mHo$, Xrn_mi d Mm¡H$moZr WS>Jr AmhoV. XodimV JUnVr, ^¡ad d ^¡adr `m§À`m _yVu AmhoV. amohrS>çmMm
Koa Vgm bhmZM Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m Am¾oòg {eadbo ~wê$O, npíM_og nmQ>Uo ~wê$O d Xm_JwS>o ~wê$O, CÎmaog dmKOmB©Mm ~wê$O d
nyd}g \$Îmo ~wê$O d gXaoMm ~wê$O Ago EHy$U 6 ~wê$O AmhoV. JS>mMr VQ>~§Xr d ~wéOm§Mo ~m§YH$m_ AOyZhr _O~yV AmhoV. JS>mÀ`m
CÎmaoH$S>rb ^mJmV Q>mŠ`m§Mr gbJ am§J Amho. òWoM EH$ ^y{_JV nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. VoWoM _mZdr _yVu d {edqnS>r Amho. g§nyU© JS>
{\$aÊ`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.
~mOmadmS>r _mJ}: X{jUog 8-10 {H$_r A§Vamda ~mOmadmS>r ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. ~mOmadmS>rn`ªV OmÊ`mgmR>r EgQ>r godm CnbãY Amho.
~mOmadmS>rnmgyZ _ibobr dmQ> JS>mÀ`m n{hë`m XadmOmnmer KoD$Z OmVo. dmQ> AË`§V gmonr AgyZ XadmOmn`ªV nmohMÊ`mg EH$ Vmg
bmJVmo.A§~dS>o _mJ}^moa Vo A§~dS>o Aer EgQ>r godm CnbãYAmho.nyUo-^moa-nmZdi-A§~dS>o Aer ~ggodm XoIrb CnbãY Amho. `m
JmS>rZo A§~dS>o Jmdr CVê$Z JmdmÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb Xm§S>mdê$Z JS> MT>Ê`mg gwédmV H$amdr. hr dmQ> bm§~Mr Am{U {ZgaS>r Amho. `m dmQ>oZo
JS> JmR>Ê`mg gw_mao AS>rM Vmg nwaVmV.eŠ`Vmo JS>mda OmVmZm ~mOmadmS>r _mJ}Omdo Am{U CVaVmZm ZmPao qH$dm A§~dS>o _mJ}CVamdo
åhUOo amàoœamH$S>o OmÊ`mg gmono OmVo.
amohrS>m Vo amàoœa dmQ>m : 1. ^moa - H$mar ~gZo H$mar JmdmV CVamdo. {VWyZ bmohXam _mJ}2 Vmgm§V amàoœa nR>mamH$S>o nmohMVmo d
nR>mamdarb dñVr n`ªV OmÊ`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo. 2. dS>Vw§~r _mJ}- XwnmaMr (2.45) ^moa-{Q>Q>oKa JmS>r Am§~dÊ`mg òVo. {VZo
dS>Vw§~r \$mQ>çmda CVamdo. {VWyZ 15 {_{ZQ>m§V dS>Vw§~r Jmd JmR>Uo. òWyZ gmYmaUV… 2 VmgmV JUoeXam _mJ}amàoœa nR>mamda
nmohMVm òVo. 3. ^moa-H$mob}JmS>rZo H$mob}JmdmV CVamdo. amÌr Cera Pmë`mg JmdmV _w¸$m_ H$ê$Z nhmQ>o Jm`Xam _mJm©Zo 3 VmgmV
amàoœa nR>mamdarb XodimV OmVm òVo. 4. ^moa-Xm~oHo$Ka ~gZo Xm~oHo$Kabm CVam`M§ d {VWyZ YmZdbr n`ªV MmbV Om`M§. nwT>o
dmKXam_mJ}3 VmgmV amàoœa JmR>m`M§.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : amohrS>_„À`m _§{XamV 5 Vo 7 OUm§Mr ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. nmdgmù`mV _mÌ _§{XamV ahmVm òV Zmhr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {nÊ`mMo nmUr ~ma_mhr CnbãY Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : ~mOmadmS>r _mJ}- 1 Vmg
H$moarJS> - H$moamB©JS>
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : \y$Q>
S>m|Jaam§J: bmoUmdim
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
_wier YaUmÀ`m npíM_oH$S>o EH$ _mdi Amho Ë`mMo Zmd§ Amho H$moa~mag _mdi.`mM _mdi àm§VmV H$moarJS> Am{U KZJS> ho {H$„o
òVmV.bmoUmdim Am{U nmbr `m§À`m_Üò AgUm-`m gìdmîUr KmQ>mÀ`m _mÏ`mda H$moarJS> Amho.hm {H$„m à{gÕ Amho Ë`mÀ`m
gÚ…pñWVrbm Agboë`m AI§S> VQ>~§Xr_wio. `m ^mJmVrb {H$„o nhmd`mMo Agë`mg VrZ Vo Mma {Xdgm§Mr gdS> hdr. H$moarJS>,
KZJS>, gwYmJS> Am{U gagJS> `m gmaIm gw§Xa Q´>oH$hr `m ^mJmV Amnë`mbm H$aVm òVmo.
B{Vhmg : `m JS>mMm B{VhmgmV \$magm Hw$R>o C„oI Zmhr. 1657 _Üò _hmamOm§Zr bmohJS>, {dgmnya, Vw§J-{VH$moZm `m
{H$ëë`m§~amo~a H$moarJS> Amnë`m ñdamÁ`mV XmIb H$ê$Z KoVbm. _mM© 1818 _Üò EH$ Vmo\o$Mm Jmoim XméH$moR>mamda nmSy>Z Ë`mZo
hm JS> qOH$bm .JS>mda _moR>çm à_mUmda àmUhmZr Am{U {dÎmhmZr Pmbr . `m {H$ëë`m~amo~a X{jUoH$S>rb KZJS>hr hr B§J«Om§Zm
{_imbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : noR>-ehmnya JmdmVyZ H$moamB©JS> EH$m q^VrgmaIm ^mgVmo. JS>_mWm åhUOo EH$
^bo_moR>o nR>maM Amho.JS>mMr VQ>~§Xr gmYmaUV… XrS> {H$bmo_rQ>a bm§~rMr Amho. VQ>~§Xrdê$Z g§nyU© JS>mbm \o$am KmbVm òVmo. noR>-
ehmnyaÀ`m dmQ>oZo da òVm§Zm _mJm©V AZoH$ Jwhm d nmÊ`mMr Q>mHo$ Am{U lr JUoemMr _yVu bmJVo. JUoeXadmÁ`mZo AWm©V noR>
ehmnyaÀ`m dmQ>oZo da Amë`mda g_moaM dmS>çm§Mo Adeof AmT>iVmV. g_moaM nR>mamda Xyada H$moamB©XodrMo _§{Xa Amho ._§{XamMm
OrUm}Õma Ho$bm Amho. _§{Xamg_moaM EH$ Xrn_mi Amho. H$moamB©XodrÀ`m _yVuMr C§Mr gmYmaUV… Mma \y$Q> Amho. JS>mda X{jUoH$S>À`m
~mOyg AZoH$ ~wê$O AmhoV. JS>mda AmOhr ghm Vmo\$m AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s gdm©V _moR>r 'bú_r ' Vmo\$ H$moamB©XodrÀ`m _§{XamOdi
Amho.`mMà_mUo JS>mda AmUIr XmoZ _§{Xao AmhoV. JS>mda XmoZ {dñVrU© Vir AmhoV. Vù`m§À`m nwT>o AmUIr XmoZ Jwhm AmhoV. òWoM
e§I-MH«$ -JXm-nÙYmar lr {dîUyMr _yVu Amho. JS>mdê$Z g_moaM ZmJ\$UrMo Q>moH$, Vw§J, {VH$moZm, _mWoamZ, à~iJS>, H$Zm©im
Am{U _m{UH$JS> Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : gÚ…pñWVrbm JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m ApñVËdmV AmhoV.
1. noR>-ehmnya : H$moarJS>bm OmÊ`mgmR>r bmoUmdù`mbm `mdo. òWyZ Am`.EZ.Eg. {edmOr_mJ}Am§~dUo qH$dm ^m§~wS>}bm OmUmar ~g
nH$S>mdr, qH$dm ghmam àH$ënmH$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr Am{U ^wer YaUmÀ`m nwT>o, Am`.EZ.Eg. {edmOrÀ`m nwT>o 22 {H$._r. darb
noR>-ehmnya JmdmV CVamdo. `m JmdmVyZ gai OmUmar nm`dmQ> Amnë`mbm nm`-`m§nmer KoD$Z OmVo. nm`-`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo drg
{_{ZQ>m§V JS>mda nmohMVm òVo.
2. Am§~dUo Jmd : H$moarJS>bm OmÊ`mgmR>r Am§~dUo JmdmVyZhr OmVm òVo. hr dmQ> _mÌ Oam AdKS> Amho. `m dmQ>oZo OmÊ`mgmR>r
bmoUmdù`mhÿZ ^m§~wS>}H$S>o AWdm WoQ> Am§~dUoH$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr. JmdmVyZ AÜ`m© VmgmV JS>mda OmVm òVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb _§{XamV amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda OodUmMr gmo` Zgë`mZo Vr AmnU ñdV…M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Zmhr, JS>mda XmoZ Vir Agbr Var Ë`mVrb nmUr {nÊ`m`mo½` Zmhr. noR>ehmnya _mJ}JS>mda òUmè`m
dmQ>oda XadmOmÀ`m AbrH$S>o EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mgmR>r ho dmnamdo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : noR>ehmnya _mJ}AYm© Vmg.
KZJS
>{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 3000
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : {JarXwJ
©S>m|Jaam§J: - bmoUmdim
{Oëhm : am`JS
>loUr : H$R>rU
_wierÀ`m npíM_obm EH$ _mdi ^mJ Amho `mbmM "H$moag~mag' _mdi åhUVmV.`mM _mdimV òUmam hm KZJS>.AmS>
~mOybm Agbobm hm {H$„m _mÌ Amnë`mgma»`m Q´>oH$g©bm Zoh_rM IwUmdV amhVmo.òWrb OZOrdZ ehar gwIgmo`tnmgyZ
Xwamdbobo.
B{Vhmg :
{H$ëë`mÀ`m ~Ôb B{VhmgmV \$magm C„oI AmT>iV Zmhr._mÌ {H$„m H$moir gm_§VmH$Sy>Z {ZOm_ehmH$S>o Am{U nwT>o
Am{XbehmH$S>o Am{U ZVa _amR>çm§H$S>o Ambm.
{H$ëë`mda àdoe Ho$ë`mda S>mì`m hmVmbm AgUmar Q>oH$S>rda OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr.`m dmQ>oZo da OmVm§Zm EH$m
nS>Š`m XadmOmVyZ AmnU JS>_mÏ`mda àdoe H$aVmo.JS>mda nS>Š`m Kam§Mo Adeof AmhoV.nmÊ`mMr EH$ Vo XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV
AmO{_{Vg _mÌ Vr \w$Q>bobr AmhoV.~mH$s {H$ëë`mda \$mago Adeof ZmhrV.{H$ëë`mdê$Z gwYmJS>,gagJS> A{U V¡b~¡bm Mr
q^V hm n[aga {XgVmo.VgoM ZmUXm§S> KmQ> ,gìdîUrMm KmQ> ,^moaß`mMr Zmi `m H$moH$UmVrb KmQ>dmQ>m gwÜXm {XgVmV.
H$R>rU. àñVamamohU Amdí`H$.
1. EoH$mobo_mJ}
{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$M dmQ> Amho A{U Vr EoH$mobo JmdmVyZM da OmVo._w§~B©H$amZr A{U nwUoH$am§Zr bmoUmdim
JmR>mdo.bmoUmdù`mhÿZ ^m~wS>}H$S>o OmUmar Eg Q>r nH$S>mdr.bmoUmdim Vo ^m§~wS>}ho A§Va 40 {H$._r Mo Amho.^m§~wS>}JmdmVyZ WoQ>
EoH$mobo JmdmV `mdo .^m§~wS>}Vo EoH$mobo ho gmYmaUV: A§Va 20 {_{ZQ>mMo Amho.EoH$mobo JmdmVyZM {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mMm añVm
Amho.JmdmVyZ ~mhoa nS>ë`mda S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.hr dmQ> WoQ> {H$ëë`mda OmVo.`mdmQ>oZo nwT>o OmVm§Zm JmaOmB© XodrMo
_§{Xa bmJVo.`m _§{XamV ""lr JmaAmB© _hmamOmMr d {H$bo KZJS>mMr '' Agm {ebmboI H$moabobm Amho._§{XamÀ`m g_moaM
EH$ Vmo\$Jmoim nS>bobm Amho. `m _§{XamÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyZoM {H$ëë`mda OmUmar dmQ> Amho.òWyZ WmoS>çmM doimV AmnU EH$m
H$mViH$S>çmnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo.JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> BJ«Om§Zr gwé§J bmdyZ {MUyZ H$mT>br Amho.15 \w$Q>mÀ`m øm H$S>çmda
WmoS>o àñVamamohU H$ê$Z MTy>Z Omdo bmJVo.Amdí`H$ Agë`mg 15 \w$Q>mMm Xmoa bmdmdm.hm H$S>m nma Ho$bm H$s AmnU WoQ>
{H$ëë`mVM àdoe H$aVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` :
da amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr _mÌ JmaOmB© À`m _§{XamV 20 bmoH$m§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` :
AmnU ñdV: H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` :
{H$ëë`mda {nÊ`mMo nmUr Zmhr
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :
EoH$mobo JmdmVyZ AYm©Vmg
OmÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ H$mbmdYr gd© F$VwV
bmohJS
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr :
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
ndZm_mdimV AgUmam Am{U bmoUmdim (~moa) KmQ>mMmH$ g§ajH$ AgUmam hm bmohJS> nwUo - _w§~B© h_añË`mdê$Z
ghOM ZOaog nS>Vmo. nwÊ`m Am{U _w§~B©nmgyZ Odi Agë`m H$maUmZo òWo Q´>oH$g© _§S>itMr Zoh_rM ò Om Mmby AgVo.
{H$ëë`mÀ`m nmoQ>mV ^mOo Am{U ~oS>go `m à{gÜX boÊ`m AmhoV.. _w§~B© - nwUo aoëdo_mJm©darb _idbr ñQ>oeZda CVê$Z AmnU
{H$ëë`mH$S>o OmD$ eH$Vmo. _hm_mJm©nmgyZ OdiM Agë`mZo nm`Ï`mÀ`m JmdmV gd© gwIgw{dYm AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : bmohJS> {H$„m hm A{V _O~yV, ~wb§X Am{U XwO}` Amho. {H$ëë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Odi AgUmar ^mOo Am{U ~oS>go
hr ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ boUr Á`m H$mir {Z_m©U Pmbr, Ë`mhr nydu åhUOoM gÎmmdrego dfmªnydu Pmbobr Agmdr Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo.
gmVdmhZ, MmbwŠ`, amï´>Hy$Q>, `mXd `m gd© amOdQ>r `m {H$ëë`mZo nm{hë`m.B. g. 1489 _Üò _{bH$ Ah_§XZo
{ZOm_emhrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Am{U AZoH$ {H$„o qOHy$Z KoVbo. Ë`mn¡H$sM bmohJS> hm EH$. B. g. 1564 _Üò Ah_XZJaMm gmVdm
amOm Xwgam ~wèhmU {ZOm_ `m {H$ëë`mda H¡$XoV hmoVm. B. g. 1630 _Üò {H$„m Am{XbemhrV Ambm. 1657 _Üò {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr
H$ë`mU Am{U {^d§S>r n[aga qOHy$Z KoVbm Am{U bmohJS> - {dgmnya hm gd© n[aga gwÕm ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoVbm. B. g.
1665 _Üò Pmboë`m nwa§XaÀ`m VhmV hm {H$„m _moJbm§À`m ñdmYrZ Ho$bm Jobm. nwT>o 13 _o 1670 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr {H$„m naV
qOH$bm. n{hë`m gwaV byQ>oÀ`m doiog AmUbobr g§nÎmr ZoVmOr nmbH$aZo bmohJS>mda AmUyZ R>odbr hmoVr. B. g. 1713 _Üò
emhÿ_hmamOm§Zr H¥$nmd§V hmoD$Z bmohJS> H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«o `m§g {Xbm. 1720 _Üò Am§Jè`m§H$Sy>Z Vmo noeì`m§H$S>o Ambm. 1770 _Üò ZmZm
\$S>Udrgm§Mm gaXma OmdOr ~m|~bo `mZo Vmo Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm. ZmZm§Zr nwT>o Ym|S>mon§V {ZËgwao `m§À`mH$S>o {H$ëë`mMm H$ma^ma
gmondbm.B. g. 1789 _Üò ZmZm§Zr {H$ëë`mMo ~m§YH$m_ AmUIrZ _O~yV H$ê$Z KoVbo. {H$ëë`mV ZmZm§Zr gmoim H$mZ Agbobr EH$
~md ~m§Ybr d {VÀ`m ~mOyg EH$ {ebmboI H$moabm, Ë`mMm AW© Agm- eHo$ 1711 _Üò ~mimOr OZmX©Z ^mZy - ZmZm \$S>Udrg
`m§Zr hr ~md Ym|S>mo ~„mi {ZËgwao `m§À`m XoIaoIrImbr ~mOrMQ> `mMoH$Sy>Z ~m§{Ydbr. ZmZm§Zr Amnbo gd© Ðì` {ZËgwè`m§Mo {ZJamUrV
bmohJS>mda AmUbo. 1800 _Üò {ZËgwè`m§Mm H¡$bmgdmg Pmbm. 1802 _Üò Ë`m§À`m nËZr {H$ëë`mda òD$Z am{hë`m. 1803 _Üò
{H$„m B§J«Om§Zr KoVbm. nU Z§Va Xwgè`m ~mOramdmZo Vmo nwÝhm qOH$bm. 4 _mM© 1818 bm OZab àm°Wa bmohJS> qOH$Ê`mgmR>r Ambm.
Ë`mZo gd© àW_ {dgmnya qOH$bm. Á`m {Xder {dgmnya B§J«Om§Zr KoVbm Ë`mÀ`m Xwgè`mM {Xder _amR>o bmohJS> gmoSy>Z Jobo. JS>mdarb
nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda MT>Vm§Zm Amnë`mbm gbJ Mma àdoeÛmam§_YyZ Am{U gnm©H$ma _mJm©dê$Z Omdo bmJVo. gd©àW_
1. JUoe XadmOm:- ømÀ`mM S>mì`m - COì`m ~wéOmImbr gmdio Hw$Qw>§~mMm Za~ir XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ~Xë`mV Ë`m§À`m
d§eOm§Zm bmohJS>dmS>rMrnm{Q>bH$s XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.òWo AmVrb ~mOyg {ebmboI AmhoV. 2. ZmamÙ XadmOm:- hm XadmOm ZmZm
\$S>Urgm§Zr ~m§Ybm. òWo EH$ ^w`ma Amho, {OWo ^mV d ZmMUr gmR>dyZ R>odÊ`mV òB©. 3. hZw_mZ XadmOm:- hm gdm©V àmMrZ XadmOm
Amho. 4. _hmXadmOm:- hm JS>mMm _w»` XadmOm Amho. `mda hZw_mZmMr _yVu H$moabr Amho. øm XadmÁ`m§Mo H$m_ ZmZm \$S>Urgm§Zr 1
Zmoìh|~a 1790 Vo 11 OyZ 1794 `m H$mbmdYrV Ho$bo._hmXadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaVmM EH$ XJm© bmJVmo. X½`m©À`m eoOmar gXa d
bmohmaImZmMo ^¾ Adeof AmT>iVmV. `mM X½`m©À`m ~mhoa ~m§YH$m_mMm MwZm ~Z{dÊ`mMm KmUm Amho.COdrH$S>o ÜdOñV§^ Amho.`mÀ`m
OdiM EH$ Vmo\$ H$mhr hm¡e XwJ©ào_tZr qg_oQ>À`m Mm¡W-`mV ~gdbobr Amho.AerM EH$ Vmo\$ VwQ>boë`m AdñWoV bú_rH$moR>rÀ`m g_moa
nS>bobr Amho. ÜdOñV§^mÀ`m COdrH$S>o MmbV Joë`mg bú_r H$moR>r AmT>iVo. `m H$moR>rV amhmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.`m H$moR>rV AZoH$ Imoë`m
AmT>iVmV.X½`m©À`m nwT>o WmoS>o COdrH$S>o Joë`mg WmoS>m C§MdQ>`mMm ^mJ Amho , {OWo EH$ gw§Xa {ed_§{Xa AmT>iVo.nwT>o gai MmbV
Joë`mda EH$ N>moQ>ogo Vio Amho.ho Vi Aï>H$moZr Amho. Ë`mÀ`mM ~mOybm {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ XoIrb Amho.hr JS>mdarb {nÊ`mÀ`m
nmÊ`mMr EH$_od gmo` Amho. {VWyZ nwT>o n§Yam Vo drg {_{ZQ>o MmbV Joë`mg EH$ _moR>o Vio AmT>iVo.ZmZm \$S>Udrgm§Zr `m Vù`mMr
~m§YUr Ho$br Amho.ho Vi§ gmoimH$moZr Amho._moR>çm Vù`mÀ`m nwT>o qdMwH$mQ>çmH$S>o OmVm§Zm dmS>çm§Mo H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV. bú_r
H$moR>rÀ`m npíM_og qdMyH$mQ>m Amho. `m qdMyH$mQ>çmg ~KyZ Amnë`mbm AmR>dU òVo Vr åhUOo amOJS>mÀ`m g§OrdZr _mMrMr. n§Yameo
_rQ>a bm§~ Am{U Vrg _rQ>a é§X Aer hr S>m|JamMr gm|S> Amho. qdMwH$mQ>`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Q>ßnm CVê$Z nbrH$S>o Omdo bmJVo .
JS>mdê$Z nm{hbo AgVm hm ^mJ qdMdmÀ`m Zm§JrgmaIm {XgVmo,åhUyZ `m§g qdMyH$mQ>m åhUVmV.`m ^mJmV nmÊ`mMr CÎm_ gmo` AmT>iVo.
JS>mÀ`m AmOw~mOyMm n[aga Ý`mhmiÊ`mgmR>r `m qdMyH$mQ>çm Mm Cn`moJ hmoV Agmdm. `m JS>mdê$Z òVm§Zm ^mOo JmdmVrb ^mOo boÊ`m
AmdOy©Z nmhì`mV.nmdgmù`mVrb bmohJS>mMo én nm{hbo H$s _ZmoÝ_Zr JwUJwUV§...Ÿ& Amoë`m nmZmVë`m aofm dmMVmV Amobo njrŸ& Am{U
nmonQ>r a§JmMr amZ XmI{dVo Zjr Ÿ&&
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : bmohJS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r VrZ dmQ>m AmhoV.
1) nyÊ`mdê$Z AWdm _w§~B©dê$Z òVm§Zm bmoUmdù`mÀ`m nwT>o AgUm-`m _idbr ñWmZH$mda CVamdo.VoWyZ EŠñàog hm`do nma H$ê$Z
^mOo JmdmVyZ WoQ> bmohJS>bm OmUar dmQ> nH$S>mdr.dmQ> _moR>r Am{U àeñV Amho.{VWyZ XrS> Vmgm§À`m MmbrZ§Va "Jm`_wI' qIS>rV
òD$Z nmohMVmo. qIS>rÀ`m A{bH$S>oM EH$ Jmd Amho Ë`mMo Zmd bmohJS>dmS>r.qIS>rVyZ COdrH$S>o dibo åhUOo bmohJS>mg n mg nmohMVmo
Am{U S>mdrH$S>o dibo åhUOo {dgmnya {H$ëë`mda nmohMVmo.`m _mJ}bmohJS>mda àdoe H$aVm§Zm Mma XadmOo bmJVmV.
2) bmoUmdù`mhÿZ XwMmH$s AWdm MmaMmH$s dmhZmZo WoQ> bmohJS>mdmS>r n`ªV OmVm òVo.ndZm YaUmH$S>o OmUm-`m añË`mZo WmoS>o nwT>o
Joë`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$ añVm bmJVmo VoWyZ 3 Vo 4 qH$ _r A§Vamda bmohJS>mdmS>r Amho.C^m MT> Am{U A{Ve` YmoH$mXm`H$ diUo
AmhoV.gmYmaU AYm© VmgmMm àdmg Amho._mÌ òWo EgQ>r _hm_§S>imMr gmo` Zmhr.ñdV:Mo dmhZ Agë`mg CÎm_ AWdm bmoUdù`mVyZ
Q´>°ŠgZo OmVm òVo _mÌ Q´>°Šg^mS>o 1000 é AmhoV.
3) H$mio H$m°bZr hr ndZm YaUmOdi dgbobr Amho.VoWyZ bmohJS> Am{U {dgmnya _Yrb Jm`_wI qIS> n[aga ì`dpñWV {XgVmo.ndZm
YaUmÀ`m ImbyZ EH$ añVm Jm`_wI qIS>rÀ`m S>mdrH$S>rb Q>oH Q>oH$S>rda OmVmo VoWyZ EH$ _ibobrnm`dmQ>AmnUmgbmohJS>mdmS>rV KoD$Z
OmVo.`m Q>H$S>rda AJ«dmb ZmdmÀ`m Bg_mMm ~§Jbm Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg 2 Vmg bmJVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : bú_r H$moR>r ahmÊ`mMr EH$_od gmo` Amho.30 Vo 40 OU Amam_mV amhÿ eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU ñdV: OodUmMr gmo` H$amdr AWdm bmohJS>dmS>r _Ü`H$ OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mgmR>r nmUr CnbãY Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 2 Vmg.
{dgmnya
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 3038\y$Q>
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : _Ü`_
nwÊ`mH$S>o OmVm§Zm bmoUmdim gmoS>bo H$s bmohJS>-{dgmnya hr OmoS>Jmoir {J`m©amohH$m§Mo bj doYyZ KoV AgVo. _idbr
aoëdoñWmZH$mda CVaë`mda g_moaM {XgVmo Vmo åhUOo bmohJS>. _mÌ S>m|Jam_mJo bnbobm {dgmnya {H$„m ^mOo JmdmV Joë`mdaM
ZOaog nS>Vmo. ndZm_mdimV _moS>Umam Am{U bmoUmdim (~moa) KmQ>mMo g§ajU hm {dgmnya {H$„m H$aVmo. nydunmgyZM Xwb©{jV
Agbobm hm {dgmnya {H$„m B{VhmgmV \$ma _moR>o Ago ñWmZ {_idy eH$bm Zmhr.
B{Vhmg : _amR>o 1682 gmbÀ`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV nwÊ`mÀ`m CÎma ~mOybm ñdmargmR>r Jobo. {S>g|~aÀ`m n{hë`m AmR>dS>çmV
ehm~wÔrZ MmH$U_Üò hmoVm. _amR>o bmohJS>mÀ`m ~mOybm Amë`mMo g_Oë`mda Vmo VoWo nmohMbm. VoWo Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m MH$_H$sV 60
_mUgm§Mr H$Îmb Pmbr. VoWyZ _amR>o {dgmnya {H$ëë`mda Joë`mMo g_Obo åhUyZ Vmo VoWo nmohMon`ªV _amR>o Hw$gmnwa JmdmOdi
nmohMbo. 1682 _Üò _amR>çm§Mm Am{U _moJbm§Mm {edm{edrMm Ioi MmbyM hmoVm. 4 _mM© 1818 bm OZab àm°Wa bmohJS>
qOH$Ê`mgmR>r Ambm. Ë`mZo gd© àW_ {dgmnya qOH$bm. Á`m {Xder {dgmnya B§J«Om§Zr KoVbm Ë`mÀ`m Xwgè`mM {Xder _amR>o bmohJS>
gmoSy>Z Jobo
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nm`-`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo {H$ëë`mda OmVmZm EH$ _méVrMo XoD$i Amho. ~mOybmM XmoZ
Jwhm AmhoV. `mV 30 Vo 40 OUm§Mr ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. _mÌ nmdgmù`mV JwhoV nmUr gmR>Vo. JS>mda nmÊ`mMr Vir AmhoV.
JS>mdarb nR>mamda bm§~da ngabobr VQ>~§Xr Amnbo bú` doYyZ KoVo. JS>mda EH$ _moR>o OmV§hr Amho
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : _w§~B©-nwUo bmoh_mJm©da _idbr `m aoëdo ñWmZH$mda CVamdo. òWyZ ^mOo JmdmV `mdo. ^mOo
JmdmVyZ {dgmnya {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV.
1) n{hë`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`Mo Pmë`mg dmQ>mS>çm KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. ^mOo boÊ`m§Zm OmÊ`mgmR>r nm`-`m AmhoV. `m nm`-`m
gmoSy>Z EH$ nm`dmQ> O§JbmV Jobobr {XgVo. COdrH$S>Mr nm`dmQ> Yaë`mda 20 {_{ZQ>o MmbyZ Joë`mda H$mhr Kao bmJVmV. `m dmQ>oZo
AmnU _moS>H$irg Amboë`m nm`-`m§nmer nmohMVmo. òWo ~mOybmM EH$ _§{Xa Amho.
2) Xwg-`m dmQ>oZo ^mOo JmdmVyZ Jm`_wI qIS>rn`ªV `mdo. Jm`_wI qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>o O§JbmV OmUmar dmQ> WoQ> {dgmnya {H$ëë`mda
KoD$Z OmVo.
3) _idbr ñWmZH$mVyZ ~mhoa Amë`mda dmQ>oV EŠñàog hm`do bmJVmo. hm`do nma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m§Yboë`m nmXMmar nwbmdê$Z
S>mdrH$S>o CVaUmam {OZm CVaë`mda nmQ>U Jmd bmJVo. `mM nmQ>U JmdmVyZ {dgmnyada OmÊ`mMm añVm Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ Jwhm AmhoV.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mgmR>r Vir AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AS>rM Vmg.
amO_mMr
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr :
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : _Ü`_
gømÐrÀ`m bmoUmdim I§S>mim nmgyZ {ZKUm-`m S>m|Jaam§Jo_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobm n[aga "Cëhmg ZXrMo Imoao' åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.`mM
n[agamVyZ Cëhmg ZXr CJ_ nmdVo.`mM "Cëhmg ZXrÀ`m Imo-`m§À`m àXoemV _w§~B©nwUo bmoh_mJm©da bmoUmdù`mÀ`m dm`ìòg 15 {H$._r
A§Vamda amO_mMr {H$„m dgbobm Amho.H$ë`mUm Zmbmgmonmam hr àmMrZ H$mimVrb _moR>r ì`mnmar ~§Xao.`m ~§XamnmgyZ ~moaKmQ>_mJ}nwÊ`mH$S>o
OmUmam _mJ© hm nwamVZ ì`mnmar _mJ©.Ogm ZmUoKmQ> Vgm ~moaKmQ>,Ë`m_wio `m _mJm©dê$Zhr _moR>çm à_mUmV dmhVyH$ MmbV Ago.`m ì`mnmar
_mJm©Mo {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {edm` OH$mV dgybrgmR>r H$moH$U Am{U KmQ>mÀ`m doerda AgUm-`m {H$ëë`m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV
Ago.`mn¡H$s gdm©V à_wI" {H$„o amO_mMr.{H$ëë`mMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑîQ>çm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Amnë`m Ago bjmV òB©b H$s amO_mMrÀ`m EH$m
~mOyg ndZ _mdi àm§VmVrb Vw§J, {VH$moZm, bmohJS>, {dgmnya Va EH$m ~mOyg noR>, ^r_me§H$a, T>mH$ Mm {H$„m, JmoaIJS>, {gÜXJS>, M§Xoar
Agm gd© n[aga ZOaoV nS>Vmo. Ë`m_io hm {H$„m åhUOo bîH$ar Ñï>`m EH$ à_wI R>mU§ Agbo nm{hOo. {H$ëë`mbm XmoZ ~mbo{H$„o AmhoV. ho
XmoZ ~mbo{H$„o åhUOo XmoZ ñdV§Ì Ag o{H$„oM hmo`.
B{Vhmg : amO_mMr {H$ëë`mÀ`m nmoQ>mV EH$ boU§ Amho `mbmM "H$m|S>mUo boUr' Ago åhUVmV.hr boUr H$m|S>mUm JmdmnmgyZ Am¾oòg 2
{H$._r A§Vamda AmhoV.hr boUr {¼ñVnyd© Xwg-`m eVH$mV åhUOo gmVdmhZH$mbmÀ`m gwadmVrbm ImoXbobr AmhoV.AI§S> XJS>mV
H$moaboë`m dmñVw{eënmMm hm CËH¥$ð> Z_wZm Amho.`m boUr g_whmV EH$ M¡Ë`J¥h Am{U gmV {dhmam§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `m boÊ`m§Mr {Z_uVr
amO_mMrda AgUm-`m gÎmoImbr Pmbr.`mdéZM Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s hm {H$„m gmYmaU 2500 dfm©nyduMm Agmdm.amO_mMr {H$ëë`mg
nydu "H$m|H$UMm XadmOm'g§~moYÊ`mV òV Ago. H$ë`mUÀ`m 1657 À`m ñdmar Z§Va Ë`mMdfu {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr nwUo Am{U H$ë`mU
{d^mJmV Agboë`m ~moaKmQ>mdarb amO_mMr ,bmohJS>, Vw§J, {VH$moZm, {dgmnya {H$„o ñdamÁ`mV XmIb H$ê$Z KoVbo. `m_wio nwÊ`mnmgyZ Vo
R>mÊ`mn`ªVMm gd© àXoemda {edemhrMo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmbo. nwT>o g§^mOr _hmamO {Od§V Ago n`ªV åhUOoM gZ 1689 n`ªV ho gd©
{H$„o _amR>`m§À`m Vmã`mV hmoVo. `mZ§Va 1713 _Üò emhþ_hmamOm§Zr H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«o `m§Zm hm {H$„m {Xbm . gZ 1730 _Üò hm {H$„m
n{hbo ~mOramd noedo `m§À`mH$S>o Ambm.1776_Üò gXm{edaamd VmoV`mZo g§nyU© H$moH$U àm§V H$m~rO H$arV ~moaKmQ>m n`ªV nmohMbm.Ë`mZo
amO_mMr {H$„m KoVbm.`mZ§Va `m VmoV`mMo dM©ñd dmT>bo _mÌ noeì`m§Zr Ë`mÀ`mda h„m H$ê$Z amO_mMr {H$„m Am{U AmOw~mOwMm n[aga
Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm.nwT>o 1818 _Üò {H$„m B§J«Om§H$S>o Jobm. Cëhmg ZXrÀ`m `m nmÌmV H$m|XrdS>o Am{U H$m|T>mUm Odi EH$m _moR>çm
XJS>mV 21 h§S>o nmUr _mdob EdT>m nmiUm H$moabm AgyZ Ë`m_Üò EH$m ~mbH$mMr _yVu H$moabr Amho.nydu ñW{ZH bmoH$ _wb§ hmoÊ`mgmR>r òWo
Zdg H$aV Agm g§X^© _hmamï´> J°Po{Q>Aa am`JS> {Oëhm gZ 1993 n¥ð> H«§$ 721 da {Xbm Amho.`m n[agamV `mbm "{OOmD$ Hw§$S>
'åhUVmV `m Hw§$S>mV bmoH$ _moR>çm lÜXoZo gy`©ñZmZ H$aVmV.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : bmoUdù`mhÿZ Vw§Jmbu_mJ}amO_mMrbm òVm§Zm dmQ>oVM JmdmÀ`m doerOdi EH$ `moÜÚmMo
ñ_maH$ ,AY©dQ> VwQ>bobr VQ>~§Xr,XadmOmMo Adeof,JUn{V Am{U _mé{Vam`mMr _yVu Amho.{H$ëë`mdê$Z AmOw~mOwMm {XgUmam n[aga
{ZgJ©gm¢X`m©Zo ZQ>bobm Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m _mMrda dñVr Amho {Vbm "CYodmS>r' Ago åhUVmV.
CX`gmJa Vbmd : nmdgmi`mV hm Vbmd _mÌ Amog§Sy>Z dmhVmo. VbmdmÀ`m g_moarb Q>oH$mS>§ Imbr CVê$Z Joë`mda g_moaM EH$ _moR>o nR>ma
bmJVo.nmdgmi`mV XarVyZ nS>Um-`m Y~Yã`m§Mo gw§Xa Ñî` {XgVo.{hadrJma dZlr AJ{UV Y~Y~o Am{U gVV H$moiUmam nmD$g `m
AëhmXXm`H$ dmVmdaUm_wio _ZmoÝ_Zr Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m Amoir JwUJwUm`bm bmJVmV , n{bH$S>o Iimio {Z_©i {Ziga nmUr CÎmw§J Vé§Mr
C^r g^moVr loUr EH$mH$s Yyga nmD$bdmQ> _Yo hr {VOdê$Z {dhmao _Zm_Üò dZamUr
_Za§OZ : C§MrZo lrdY©Znojm bhmZ AgUm-`m `m ~mbo{H$ëë`mda OmUar dmQ> gmonr Amho. gmYmaU AÜ`m© VmgmV AmnU ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m
àdoeÛmamV nmohMVmo. _Za§OZda OmUmar dmQ> gmonr Amho. `m {H$ëë`mMm XadmOm hm Jmo_wIr Amho.{H$ëë`mda Joë`mda COdrH$S>À`m dmQ>oda
OwÝ`m H$mimVrb {H$„oXmam§À`m dmS>çm§Mo Adeof {XgVmV. Ë`mg_moaM N>ßna CS>mbobo CÎm_ XJS>r~m§YH$m_mMo _§{Xa Amho. `m _§{XamÀ`m
XadmÁ`mda JUoemMo {eën H$moabobo Amho. XmoZ Mma nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. {H$ëë`mMr VQ>~§Xr AmOhr H$mhr à_mUmV em~yV Amho. òWyZ
H$Zm©im, à~iJS>, B©em©iJS>, T>mH$~{har, ZmJ\$UrMo Q>moH$ hm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.
lrdY©Z : amO_mMrÀ`m AgUm-`m XmoZ ~mbo{H$ëë`m§n¡H$s gdm©V C§M Agm hm ~mbo{H$„m.lrdY©ZMr VQ>~§Xr Am{U ~wéO AmOhr ~-`mn¡H$s
gwpñWVrV Amho.{H$ëë`mbm AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Xwhoar VQ>~§Xr Agmdr Ago Adeofm§dê$Z {XgVo.XadmOmMr H$_mZ ~-`mn¢H$s em~yV Amho.
XadmOmÀ`mM ~mOwbm nhmaoH$-`m§À`m XodS>çm AmhoV.{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>odaM EH$ Jwhm Am{U nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV .`m Jwhm
åhUOo XméJmoù`mMo H$moR>ma Amho.~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m _mÏ`mda EH$ ÜdOñV§^ Amho.g_moaM T>mH$~{harMm {MÎmWamaH$ gwiH$m Va Ë`mÀ`m
COì`m hmVmg AgUmam {eamoQ>çmMm Z`Zaå` Vbmd hm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.
e§H$amMo _§{Xa : VbmdmÀ`m npíM_obm EH$ gw§Xa H$ierXma e§H$amMo _§{Xa Amho.`m _§{Xamg_moaM Jmo_wI AgyZ Ë`mVbo nmUr g_moaÀ`m
Q>mŠ`m_Üò nS>Vo. gÜ`m `m _§{XamÀ`m CËIZZmMo H$m_ JmdH$-`m§Zr hmVr KoVbobo Amho.amO_mMrbm nyd© Am{U X{jU {Xem§Zm Or Imob Xar
Amho Vr "H$mViXam' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo.`m XarVyZM Cëhmg ZXr CJ_ nmdVo.`m ZXrÀ`m npíM_oH$S>rb S>m|Jambm "^¡ad S>m|Ja'
åhUVmV.Aem {ZgJ©gm¢X`m©Zo ZQ>boë`m amO_mMr {H$ëë`mMo Iao d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo `m {H$ëë`mMo XmoZ ~mbo{H$„o lrdY©Z Am{U _Za§OZ
.~mbo{H$ëë`mH$S>o OmVm§Zm dmQ>oV IS>H$mV ImoXboë`m Jwhm bmJVmV.lrdY©Z Am{U _Za§OZ ~mbo{H$ëë`m§À`m _Üò EH$ gIbnÅ>r
Amho,`mdaM ^¡adZmWmMo EH$ _§{Xa Amho. _§{Xamg_moaM 3 {Xn_mim Am{U bú_rMr _yVu Amho.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> _Za§OZ Am{U
COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> lrdY©Z {H$ëë`mda OmUmar Amho.
bmoUmdù`mhÿZ VwJm§bu _mJ}: bmoUmdù`mhÿZ VwJm§bu _mJ}amO_mMr JmdmV `mdo. hr dmQ> EH$X§a 19 {H$._r Mr Amho.dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg
5 Vmg bmJVmV.
H$O©VhÿZ H$m|XrdS>o _mJ}: H$O©VhÿZ H$m|XrdS>o `m JmdmV ~gZo `mdo.BWyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg gw_mao 3 Vo 4 Vmg bmJVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : 1. CYodmS>r JmdmV amhÊ`mMr CÎm_ gmo` hmoVo. ^¡adZmWmÀ`mÀ`m _§XramVhr Am{U ~mbo{H$ëë`mda OmVm§Zm bmJUm-`m
JwhoVhr amhmVm òVo. 2. amO_mMr éba ES> EÝS> S>oìhbn_|Q> àmoJ«m_ `m g§ñWoZo ~m§Yboë`m Imoë`m§_Üòhr ahmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : amO_mMr JmdmV OodUmMr CÎm_ gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : amO_mMr JmdmV nmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Vw§Jmbu _mJ}5 Vmg, H$O©V - H$m|{XdS>o _mJ}2 Vmg
{VH$moZm
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
_w§~B©-nwUo h_añË`mdéZ {XgUmao bmohJS> Am{U {dgmnya {H$„o Amnë`mbm gdmªZm _mhrV AmhoV. `mM {H$ëë`m§À`m _mJrb ~mOyg
ndZ_mdi àm§VmV AgUm-`m {VH$moZm D$\©$ {dV§S>JS> `mMr AmnU§ AmoiI H$ê$Z KoD$`m. bmohJS> Am{U {dgmnya`m {H$ëë`m§À`m _mJo hm
{H$„m Agë`mZo WoQ> ZOaog nS>V Zmhr.gÜ`mÀ`m ÐwVJ{V _hm_mJm©dê$Z _mÌ hm {H$„m ghO Ñï´>rjonmV òVmo.~moaKmQ> MTy>Z Joë`mda
_mÏ`mda H$mb}, ^mOo, ~oS>go, ^§S>mam Am{U eobmadmS>r hr boUr AmhoV. `m boÊ`m§À`m gwa{jVVogmR>r C^mabobo {H$„o åhUOo bmohJS>,
{dgmnya, Vw§J Am{U {VH$moZm. àmMrZ ~§XamZm KmQ>_mÏ`mer OmoS>Um-`m AZoH$ KmQ>dmQ>m `m n[agamV AmhoV Ë`m_wio `mda dMH$ R>odÊ`mgmR>r
`m XwJmªMr {Z_uVr Ho$br hmoVr. gmYmaUV: `m n[agamVrb boUr hr ~m¡ÜX Am{U {hZ`mZ nÜXVrMr Agë`m_wio ho gd© {H$„o 800 Vo 1000
`m H$mimV ~m§Ybobo AgmdoV.
B{Vhmg : B.g 1585 À`m gw_mamg {ZOm_emhrMm gaXma _{bH$ Ah_X {ZOm_ehm `mZo hm {H$„m qOH$bm Am{U {H$„m {ZOm_emhrV
gm_rb Pmbm.`m JS>m ~ÔbMm B{Vhmg \$magm Hw$R>ohr CnbãY Zmhr.{edam`m§Zr 1657 _Üò OwÝ`m {ZOm_er H$moH$UmVrb _mhþbr ,bmohJS>,
{dgmnya,gmoZJS>,Vim d H$Zm©im `m {H$ëë`m§gmo~V hm {H$„m XoIrb Amnë`m ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb H$éZ KoVbm d gd© {ZOm_emhr H$moH$U
{edam`m§À`m hmVmImbr Ambo.`m {H$ëë`mMm Cn`moJ g§nyU© ndZ_mdimda XoIaoIm R>odÊ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.gZ 1660 _Üò `m ^mJmÀ`m
gwa{jVVogmR>r ZoVmOr nmbH$a `m§Mr {Z`wº$s Pmbr.12 OyZ 1665 nwa§Xa VhmZwgma 18 OyZbm Hw$~mXImZmZo hbmbImZ d BVa
gaXmam§gmo~V øm n[agamMm Vm~m KoVbm. .B.g 1682 À`m Am°Jï> _{hÝ`mV g§^mOr d AH$~a `mMr ôQ> Pmbr `m ôQ>rZ§Va AH$~a
{VH$moZm {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mg Ambm._mÌ òWrb hdm Z _mZdë`mZo Ë`mbm O¡Vmnya òWo YmS>Ê`mV Ambo. B.g.1818 _Üò {H$ëë`mda
N>moQ>çm\$ma à_mUmV bT>mB© Pmbr `mV {H$ëë`mMo ~-`mM à_mUda ZwH$gmZ Pmbo.AmO{_{Vg {H$ëë`mMr _moR>`m à_mUmda nS>PS> Pmbr
Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mMm Koam \$ma _moR>m Zgë`m_wio EH$ VmgmV§ gd© JS> nmhÿZ hmoVmo.JS>mÀ`m XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV
{eaë`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo.WmoS>o A§Va MmbyZ Joë`mda EH$ nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Am{U Jwhm bmJVo.JwhoV 10 Vo 15 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr hmoVo._mÌ
nmdgmù`mV Jwhm amhÊ`mg A`mo½` Amho.JwhoÀ`m ~mOwZo da OmUmar dmQ>oZo WoQ> ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamnmer nmohMVmo.àdoeÛmamÀ`m nm`-
`m øm X_N>mH$ H$aUm-`m AmhoV. XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV§ {eaë`mda COdrH$S>o nmÊ`mMr Q>mH§$ AmhoV Va S>mdrH$S>o VQ>~§XrMm ~wéO {XgVmo.gai
WmoS>oda Joë`mda EH$ dmQ> COdrH$S>o CVaVo.òWo nmÊ`mMr H$mhr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.òWyZ _mKmar {\$ê$Z gai dmQ>obm bmJmdo.hr dmQ>
Amnë`mbm H$mhr VwQ>boë`m nm`-`m§nmer KoD$Z OmVo.òWyZ da Joë`mda g_moaM _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho._§{Xam_mJo nmÊ`mMm _moR>m I§XH$
Amho.`mbm digm KmbyZ Joë`mda AmnUm ÜdOñV§^mÀ`m OmJr nmohMVmo. ~mbo{H$ëë`mdéZ g_moaM C^m AgUmam
Vw§J,bmohJS>,{dgmnya,^mVamerMm S>m|Ja,_mog}Mm S>m|Ja,Om§^wirMm S>m|Ja,ndZoMm n[aga Am{U \$mJUo YaU hm gd© n[aga Ý`mhiVm
òVmo.JS>mdê$Z g§nyU© _mdiàm§V Amnë`m ZOaoV òVmo.Aem àH$mao 4 VmgmV g§nyU© JS> nmhÿZ naVrÀ`m àdmgmbm bmJw eH$Vmo.gd© JS>
{\$aÊ`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
~oS>go boÊ`m _mJ}: AZoH$ Q´>oH$g© bmohJS>,{dgmnya ,~oS>go boUo Am{U {VHo$Zm Agm Q´>oH$hr H$aVmV.`mgmR>r ~oS>go boÊ`m H$éZ {VH$moZmnoR>oV
OmVm òVo.
~«måhUmobr _mJ}: AZoH$ Q´>oH$g© Vw§J Am{U {VH$moZm Agm Q´>oH$hr H$aVmV.`mgmR>r Vw§J {H$„m nmhÿZ Vw§JdmS>rV CVamdo Am{U Ho$dao `m Jmdr `mdo
òWyZ bm±MZo n{bH$S>À`m Vramdarb ~«måhUmobr `m Jmdr `mdo.~«mhUmobr Vo {VH$moZmnoR> ho A§Va 30 {_{ZQ>m§Mo Amho.
{VH$moZmnoR> _mJ}: JS>mda OmUmar _w»` dmQ> hr {VH$moZmnoR> `m JmdmVyZ OmVo.`mgmR>r bmoUmdù`mÀ`m XmoZ ñQ>oeZ nwT>À`m H$m_eoV ñQ>oeZmda
CVamdo.H$m_eoV Vo H$mio H$m°bZr ~g nH$Sy>Z H$mio H$m°bZr _Üò CVamdo. H$m_eoV Vo H$mio H$m°bZr Aer ~g godm AWdm Orngodm CnbãY
Amho.H$mio H$m°bZr Vo {VH$moZmnoR> Aer XoIrb Orngodm CnbãY Amho.`m ~gZo qH$dm OrnZo {VH$moZmnoR> Jmd§ JmR>mdo. H$m_eoV nmgyZ gH$mir
8.30 bm gwQ>Umar nm¢S> ~g nH$Sy>Z {VH$moZmnoR> `m Jmdr CVamdo.VgoM H$m_eoV Vo _mog}~g nH$Sy>Z hr {VH$moZmnoR>bm CVaVm òVo.
{VH$moZmnoR>oVyZ 45 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU {H$ëë`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ> \$ma X_N>mH$ H$aUmar ZgyZ AË`§V gmonr d gai Amho.{H$ëë`mdarb
XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$ dmQ> OmVo,`m dmQ>oZo 20 {_ZrQ>m§VM ~mbo{H$„m JmR>Vm òVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : nmdgmim gmoSy>Z BVa gd© F$VwV 10 Vo 15 OUm§Zm Jwho _Üò amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU§ ñdV: H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Q>mH§$ AmhoV.
Vw§J
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
{H$ëë`mÀ`m Zmdmdê$Z Amnë`m gdmªZm AgoM dmQ>ob H$s, {H$„m MT>m`bm IamoIaM H$R>rU Amho _mÌ {H$„m MT>Ê`mg \$maM gmonm
Amho. ndZ _mdi àm§VmVrb Vw§J {H$„m hm EH$ KmQ>ajH$ XwJ© åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. nydu ~moaKmQ>m_mJ}MmbUm-`m dmhVwH$sda ZOa
R>odÊ`mgmR>r `m {H$ëë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoV Ago. `m {H$ëë`mdê$Z bmohJS> ,{dgmnya ,ndZ _mdi hm gd© n[aga ZOaoV òVmo.
B{Vhmg : `m {H$ëë`mbm Ver d¡^dembr B{VhmgmMr na§nam bm^bobr Zmhr. _mÌ 1657 _Üò _mdi àm§VmVrb BVa {H$ëë`m§g_doV hm
{H$„m XoIrb ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb Pmbm. gZ 1660 _Üò `m ^mJmÀ`m gwa{jVVogmR>r ZoVmOr nmbH$a `m§Mr {Z`wº$s Pmbr. O`qgJmZo
Am{U {XboaImZmZo Amnë`m ñdmarÀ`m doir 6 _o 1665 amoOr Vw§J Am{U {VH$moZm `m ^mJmVrb AZoH$ Jmdo Omibr nU, ho {H$„o _mÌ qOHy$
eH$bo Zmhr. 12 OyZ 1665 nwa§Xa VhmZwgma 18 OyZbm Hw$~mXImZmZo hbmbImZ d BVa gaXmam§gmo~V øm n[agamMm Vm~m KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :JS>_mWm \$maM AmQ>monVm Agë`m_wio EH$ VmgmV gd© JS> nmhÿZ hmoVmo. Vw§JdmS>rVyZ JS>mda
OmUmar dmQ> _méVrÀ`m _§{Xam OdiyZ OmVo. `m _§{XamV 5 Vo 6 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. `m _§{XamnmgyZ WmoS>çmM A§Vamda JS>mda
OmÊ`mgmR>r nm`-`m bmJVmV. nm`-`m§À`m dmQ>oV WmoS>çmM A§Vamda hZw_mZ _§{Xa bmJVo.nwT>o Jmo_wIr aMZoMm XadmOm Amho. òWyZ AmV
{eaë`mda AmnU JS> _mÏ`mda nmohmoMVmo. COdrH$S>o JUoemMo _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg nmÊ`mMm I§XH$ AmT>iVmo. òWyZM
~mbo{H$ëë`mda OmUmar dmQ> Amho.~mbo{H$ëë`mda Vw§JrXodrMo _§{Xa Amho. _§{Xam g_moaM O{_ZrV ImoXbobr Jwhm Amho. `mV nmdgmù`m
{edm` BVa F$VyV 2 Vo 3 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. Aem àH$mao EH$ {XdgmV {H$„m nmhÿZ bmoUmdù`mbm naVVm òVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : `m JS>mda OmUm-`m gd© dmQ>m nm`Ï`mÀ`m Vw§JdmS>rVyZM OmVmV. `m dmS>rVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg
gmYmaUV: 45 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV. JS>_mWm Vgm bhmZ Agë`m_wio EH$ VmgmV gd© JS> nmhÿZ hmoVmo.
KwgiIm§~ \$mQ>çm_mJ}: JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r bmoUmdim ñQ>oeZda nmohMmdo. òWyZ ^m§~yS>}AWdm Am§~dUo H$S>o OmUmar Eg.Q>r nH$Sy>Z 26
{H$._r A§Vamdarb KwgiIm§~ \$mQ>çmnmer CVamdo. `m \$mQ>çmnmgyZ XrS> Vmgm§Mr nm`nrQ> Ho$ë`mda AmnU 8 {H$._r A§Vamdarb Vw§JdmS>rV
nmohmoMVmo. òWyZ JS>mda nmohMÊ`mg 45 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV.
~«måhUmobr-Ho$dao : AZoH$OU {VH$moZm Vo Vw§J Agm Q´>oH$ XoIrb H$aVmV. `mgmR>r {VH$moZm {H$„m nmhÿZ {VH$moZmnoR>oV CVamdo Am{U H$mio
H$m°bZr Mm añVm Yamdm. dmQ>oVM ~«måhUmobr Jmd§ bmJVo. `m JmdmVyZ bm±M nH$Sy>Z ndZoÀ`m Obme`mV Ob{dhmamMr _m¡O bwQ>V
nbrH$S>À`m Vramdarb Ho$dao `m Jmdr `mdo. Ho$dao Jmdm nmgyZ 20 {_{ZQ>mVM AmnU Vw§JdmS>rV nmohmoMVmo.
Vw§JdmS>rÀ`m \$mQ>çm _mJ}: Oa bm±M Mr gmo` CnbãY Zgob Va {VH$moZmnoR>oVyZ Xwnmar 11.00 dmOVmMr Eg.Q>r _hm_§S>mimMr H$m_eoV-
_moado JmS>r nH$Sy>Z _moado JmdmÀ`m AbrH$S>À`m Vw§JdmS>rÀ`m \$mQ>çmda CVamdo. òWyZ nmD$U Vmgm§Mr nm`nrQ> Ho$ë`mda AmnU§ Vw§JdmS>rV
nmohMVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : Vw§JdmS>rVrb _méVrÀ`m _§{XamV 6 Vo 7 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. Vw§JdmS>rV ^¡amo~mMo XoIrb _§{Xa Amho `mV
20 OUm§Zm amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU ñdV: H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : _§{Xam OdiM JmdmV nmUr CnbãY Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm`Ï`mngyZ 45 {_{ZQ>o
_ëhmaJS
S>m|Jaam§J: ^wboœa am§J
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
_hmamï´>mVrb gd© {H$ëë`m§_Üò gdm©V eodQ>r ~m§Ybm Jobobm {H$„m åhUyZ '_ëhmaJS>' à{gÕ Amho. nwUo {OëømÀ`m X{jUoH$S>o doëho VmbwŠ`mVyZ
gømÐrÀ`m _yi am§JoMo XmoZ \$mQ>o \w$Q>VmV. EH$m S>m|Jaam§Joda amOJS> Am{U VmoaUm Va Xwgar S>m|Jaam§J hr nyd©-npíM_ ngabobr Amho. `mM am§Jobm
^wboœa am§J åhUVmV. nwa§Xa, dO«JS>, _ëhmaJS>, qghJS> `mM am§Joda dgbobo {H$„o AmhoV. nwÊ`mhÿZ gmgdS>bm OmVm§Zm bmJUmè`m {XdoKmQ>mda
bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r _ëhmaJS>mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Jobr. `m {H$ëë`mMr {Z{_©Vr AJXr AbrH$S>Mr åhUOo B. g. 1757 Vo 1760 `m H$mimVrb
Amho. nm`Ï`mbm AgUmè`m gmoZmoar Jmdm_wio `m JS>mbm 'gmoZmoar' åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo.
B{Vhmg : `m {H$ëë`mMr ~m§YUr noeì`m§Mo gaXma nmZgo `m§Zr Ho$br. nmZgo ho noeì`m§À`m Vmo\$ImÝ`mMo à_wI hmoVo. gZ 1757 Vo 1760
À`m H$mbmdYr_Üò {H$ëë`mMo ~m§YH$m_ Pmbo. gZ 1771 - 72 _Üò Wmoabo _mYdamd noedo {H$ëë`mda òD$Z Joë`mMo C„oI Eo{Vhm{gH$
H$mJXnÌm§_Üò AmT>iVmV. `m nmZg|Mm {H$ëë`mImbÀ`m gmoZmoar JmdmV EH$ {Mao~§Xr dmS>m gwÕm Amho. `mM gmoZmoar JmdmV lrH¥$îUmMr AË`§V
gw§Xa _yVu Agbobo _§{Xa Amho. `m {H$ëë`mMm Cn`moJ {XdoKmQ>mda Am{U AmOw~mOyÀ`m àXoemda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _ëhmaJS> hm gmYmaU {ÌH$moUr AmH$mamMm AgyZ AmVrb ~mbo{H$ëë`mbm Mm¡H$moZr AmH$mamMm VQ> Amho.
_ëhmaJS> AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgyZ g§nyU© {H$„m nmhÊ`mg AYm©-nmD$U Vmg nwaVmo. {H$ëë`mMr VQ>~§Xr, ~wê$O `m§Mr H$mhr {R>H$mUr nS>PS>
Pmbr Agbr Var ~è`mM {R>H$mUr Vr em~yV Amho. nyd}H$S>À`m _w»` àdoeÛmamVyZ AmV {eaë`mda S>mì`m ~mOyZo nwT>o Jobo AgVm
~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m VQ>mAmYr Amnë`mbm EH$m dmS>çmMo Adeof {XgVmV. ~mOybmM EH$ {dhrahr Amho. _mÌ Vr dmnamV Zgë`mZo JS>mdarb
BVa {d{hat à_mUoM `mV nmUr A{O~mV Zmhr. ~mbo{H$ëë`mV àdoe Z H$aVm AgoM VQ>mÀ`m ~mOyZo nwT>o Joë`mda g_moaM EH$ Vio bmJVo.
{H$ëë`mÀ`m X{jUobm AgUmao ho Vio VQ>mbm bmJyZM AgyZ nmdgmù`mV d {hdmù`mV nmÊ`mZo âbobo AgVo. `mVrb nmUr dmnaÊ`mg
Cn`wº$ Agbo Var {nÊ`m`mo½` _mÌ Zmhr. AgoM nwT>o {H$ëë`mÀ`m Q>moH$mda AgUmè`m ~wéOmH$S>o OmVmZm AOyZ EH$ {dhra bmJVo. `mhr
{d{harV nmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. `m ~wéOmÀ`m Imbr Amnë`mbm EH$ ~wObobm XadmOm {XgVmo. `m ~wéOmH$Sy>Z COdr H$S>o nwT>o Joë`mda
Amnë`mbm AmUIr EH$ A{Ve` bhmZ XadmOm {XgVmo. P|S>odmS>r JmdmVyZ Amë`mda `mM XadmÁ`mVyZ AmnU {H$ëë`mV àdoe H$aVmo.
AmVm AmnU ~mbo{H$ëë`mV àdoe H$ê$. ~mbo{H$ëë`mVrb XmoZ _§{Xam§Mr {eIao Amnë`mbm H$Yr nmgyZ IwUmdV AgVmV. hr XmoZ _§{Xao
~mbo{H$ëë`mV ~mOy~mOybmM AgyZ `mVrb bhmZgo XoD$i I§S>mo~mMo Va Xwgao WmoS>o _moR>o XoD$i _hmXodmMo Amho. I§S>mo~mÀ`m Xodim_wioM
`m JS>mbm _ëhmaJS> ho Zmd nS>bo Agmdo. _hmXodmÀ`m XodimV e§H$amMr qnS> AgyZ `m _§{XamV amhm`Mo åh§Q>ë`mda \$maVa 5 - 6 _mUgo
XmQ>rdmQ>rZo amhÿ eH$VmV. ~mbo{H$ëë`mMm VQ> Mm¡H$moZr AgyZ H$mhr {R>H$mUr Ë`mMr nS>PS> Pmbr Amho. ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m CÎmaobm àdoeÛma
Amho.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : _ëhmaJS>mda Amnë`mbm àm_w»`mZo XmoZ dmQ>m§Zr OmVm òVo.
1] : nwÊ`mhÿZ gmgdS>bm {ZKmë`mda {Xdo KmQ> g§në`mda H$mhr doimZo 'P|S>odmS>r' JmdmMm \$mQ>m bmJVmo. òWyZ 2 {H$._r. da P|S>odmS>r ho Jmd
Amho. `m JmdmV Amnë`mbm P|Sy>À`m \w$bm§Mr eoVr Ho$bobr {XgVo. Jmd nma H$ê$Z Amnë`mbm g_moaÀ`m S>m|Ja am§Jm§_Üò {XgUmè`m 'U'
AmH$mamÀ`m qIS>rV Omdo bmJVo. JmdmV {dMmaë`mda JmdH$arhr Amnë`mbm Vr qIS> XmIdVmV. `m qIS>rV nmohmoMë`m{edm` _ëhmaJS>mMo
Amnë`mbm {~bHw$b Xe©Z hmoV Zmhr. `m qIS>rV Joë`mda g_moaM `mM S>m|Jaam§Jo_Üò AgUmam _ëhmaJS> Amnë`mbm {XgVmo. VQ>~§XtZr
gOboë`m _ëhmaJS>mda Om`bm Amnë`mbm nwÝhm S>m|Ja CVamdm bmJV Zmhr. qIS>rVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg AYm©Vmg Va AmnU CVaboë`m
P|S>odmS>r\$mQ>çm nmgyZ qIS>nma H$ê$Z {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg gmYmaUnUo XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.
2] : gmgdS> nmgyZ 6 {H$._r. da 'gmoZmoar' ho Jmd Amho. `m Jmdmbm Eg.Q>r. gmgdS>hÿZ {ZKyZ {XdgmVyZ VrZ doim åhUOo g.- 10, Xw.- 2
Am{U g§Ü`m.- 5 `m doioV ôQ> XoVo. gmoZmoar JmdmVyZ g_moaM {XgUmam _ëhmaJS> Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. JS>mH$S>o Hy$M H$aÊ`mAmYr gmoZmoar
JmdmV AgUmam ghm ~wéOm§Zr `wº$ Agm nmZgo `m§Mm dmS>m nmhÊ`mgmaIm Amho. EImÚm JT>rà_mUo AgUmè`m `m dmS>çmV JOmZZmMo d bú_r-
ZmamÙmMo _§{Xa Amho. gmoZmoar JmdmV _wirM MwH$dyZ MmbUma Zmhr Ago {R>H$mU åhUOo _wabrYamMo gw~H$ _§{Xa d _§{XamVrb AË`§V XoIUr
Aer lrH¥$îUmMr _yVu. H$mù`m nmfmUmV H$moabobr hr Aà{V_ _yVu nmhm`bmM hdr Aer Amho. gmoZmoar JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r AYm©-
nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo. S>m|JamÀ`m gm|S>odê$Zhr JS>m_Üò àdoe H$aVm òV Agbm Var Q>m°daÀ`m ~mOyZo Joë`mg Amnë`mbm {H$ëë`mMo _w»`
àdoeÛma bmJVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : \$º$ 5 - 6 _mUgo _hmXodmÀ`m _§{XamV XmQ>rdmQ>rZo amhÿ eH$VmV. JS>mda AÝ`Ì amhmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. _mÌ
nm`Ï`mbm AgUmè`m gmoZmoar JmdmV qH$dm P|S>odmS>rV emioÀ`m AmdmamV amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. {H$ëë`mV EH$ Vio d VrZ {d{har AmhoV _mÌ {d{hatZm nmUr A{O~mV Zmhr d
Vù`mVrb nmUr \$º$ dmnaÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ Amho, {nÊ`mgmR>r Zmhr.
~gMo doimnÌH$ :
Depot
^r_me§H$a
S>m|Jaam§J: ^r_me§H$a
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : H$R>rU
^r_me§H$a ho ~mam Á`mo{V©qbJmn¡H$s EH$ Á`mo{V©qbJ. gw_mao gmS>oVrZ hOma \y$Q> C§Mrda dgbobo EH$ n{dÌ XodñWmZ. ^r_me§H$aMm AmOw~mOyMm àXoe hm
A{Ve` KZXmQ> O§Jbm§Zr ì`mnbobm Amho. òWo _hmamï´> gaH$maMo A^`maÊ` Amho.
_§{Xa : ^r_me§H$aMo _§{Xa 1200 Vo 1400 dfm©nyduMo AgyZ Ë`mMr ~m§YUr ho_mS>n§Wr nÕVrMo Amho. _§{XamÀ`m N>Vmda Am{U Im§~mda A{Ve` gw§Xa
ZjrH$m_ AmT>iVo. _§{XamÀ`m ~mø^mJmV qghmgZm{Yð>rV XodVm d Ë`m§da N>ÌMm_a T>miUmao Ë`m§Mo godH$ `m§À`m _yVu AmT>iyZ òVmV. Xodimg_moaM 1729
gmbmVrb YmVyMr EH$ àM§S> K§Q>m bQ>H$dbobr Amho. _§{XamÀ`m AmdmamV 5 Vo 20 \y$Q> C§MrMr Xrn_mi Amho. `m Xrn_mioda EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo.
n§T>anyabm M§Ð^mJm åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUm-`m ZXrMo Zmd ^r_m Amho. `m ^r_oMm CJ_ `mM ^r_me§H$aÀ`m S>m|Jamda Amho.
ZmJ\$UrMo Q>moH$ : KmQ>mÀ`m añË`mZo da Amë`mda EH$ Vio bmJVo. `m Vù`mÀ`m COì`m ~mOyZo da OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm hZw_mZ _§{XamH$S>o KoD$Z
OmVo. _§{Xamdê$Z gai da OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AmnU ZmJ\$UrÀ`m Q>moH$mnmer òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. òWyZ g_moaM C^m AgUmam noR>Mm {H$„m,nXaMm {H$„m,no~
Am{U _mWoamZMo nR>ma {XgVo. `m {ZgJ©gm¢X`m©À`m XmbZmVyZ ~mhoa nS>VmZm {ZgJm©da {ZVm§V ào_ H$aUm-`m g_WmªÀ`m Amoir AmR>dVmV
Ðw_bVm g§_Vm JwU_mbVoŸ& gwI _Zr gw_Zr _Z amVboŸ&& na_ gw§Xa Vo IJ ~mobVrŸ& J_Vgo dgVr H$_bmnVr Ÿ&&
^r_me§H$a : am_ _§{XamÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyZo EH$ nmÊ`mMr dmQ> Imbr CVaVo. `m dmQ>oZo gai Joë`mg AmnU KZXmQ> O§JbmV àdoe H$aVmo. nwT>o 25
{_{ZQ>mZ§Va EH$ _§{Xa bmJVo. `m _§{XamnmgyZ S>mdr H$S>o CVaUmar dmQ> AmnUm§g nmÊ`m_wio V`ma Pmboë`m qnS>r H$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. `mbmM Jwá ^r_me§H$a
Ago åhUVmV. nmdgmù`mV òWo \$ma _moR>m Y~Y~m V`ma hmoVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : ^r_me§H$abm OmÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B©hÿZ H$O©Vbm `mdo.nwUoH$am§Zr ñdmaJoQ>dê$Z Eg.Q>r. AWdm Q´>oZZo H$O©V
JmR>mdo. H$O©VhÿZ Im§S>g `m Jmdr `mdo.Im§S>g Vo H$O©V gw_mao 34 {H$._r. Mo A§Va Amho. H$O©VhÿZ Im§S>gbm ~gZo AWdm [ajoZo òÊ`mMr
gmo` hmoVo. Im§S>g JmdmVyZ {eS>r KmQ> Am{U JUoe KmQ> `m XmoÝhr dmQ>m§Zr ^r_me§H$a JmR>Vm òVo
1. JUoe KmQ> : Im§S>g JmdmVyZ XmoZ {H$._r A§Vamda EH$ nyb bmJVmo. `m nwbmnmgyZ COdrH$S>o OmUmar H$ÀÀ`m añË`mMr dmQ> JUoe
KmQ>mMr Amho. hr dmQ> AË`§V gmonr Amho. `m dmQ>oZo VmgâmÀ`m A§Vamda EH$ JUoemMo _§{Xa bmJVo. `m dmQ>oZo da OmÊ`mg 6 Vo 7 Vmg
bmJVmV.
2. {eS>r KmQ> : nwbmÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o OmUmam añVm AmnUmg JmdmV KoD$Z OmVmo. JmdmVyZ {d{harÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyZo OmUmar dmQ> hr {eS>r
KmQ>mMr Amho. hr dmQ> gd© dmQ>m§_Üò AdKS> Amho. nmdgmù`mV hr dmQ> \$maM {ZgaS>r hmoV OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo XrS> Vmgm§V 3 {eS>çm
bmJVmV. Vrg-`m {eS>r Z§Va AÜ`m© VmgmV EH$ dmS>r bmJVo. `m dmS>r _Üò "nw§S>{bH$ h§S>o' `m§Mo Ka Amho. dmS>r nmgyZ da MT>V Joë`mda
EH$ Pmn bmJVo. `m {R>H$mUr JUoe Am{U {eS>r KmQ>mVrb dmQ>m EH$Ì òVmV. òWo Mhm-nmÊ`mMr Mm§Jbr gmo` hmoVo. BWyZ nwT>o XrS> Vmgm§V
AmnU EH$m Vù`mnmer nmohMVmo. `m Vù`mnmgyZ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm _§{XamH$S>o KoD$Z OmVo.
dmhZm§Mr dmQ> : ^r_me§H$abm OmÊ`mgmR>r da Jmdmn`ªV S>m§~ar gS>H$ ~m§Ybobr Amho. `m gmR>r nwUo-VioJmd-MmH$U _mJ}^r_me§H$abm
nmohMmdo
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : ^r_me§H$a Jmdm ~mhoa _hmamï´> n`©Q>Z {dH$mg _hm_§S>imMo hm°Q>ob AmhoV. JmdmV KaJwVr nU _hmJS>r Aer ahmÊ`mMr
gmo` hmoVo. nmdgmù`mV _mÌ ahmÊ`mMr J¡agmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : ^r_me§H$abm OodUmgmR>r hm°Q>oëg AmhoV.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : JUoe KmQ> - 6 Vo 7 Vmg. {eS>r KmQ> - 4 Vmg
gyMZm : JUoe KmQ> gmonm. {eS>r KmQ> H$R>rU.
~gMo doimnÌH$
Depot
XwJ© -T>mH$mo~m
S>m|Jaam§J: ^r_me§H$a am§J
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : _Ü`_
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : XwJ© 3900 \y$Q>,T>mH$mo~m 4100 \w$Q>
ZmUoKmQ> Am{U OrdYZÀ`m X{jUoH$S>o EH$ CÎmw§J nd©V am§J {XgyZ òVo.Ë`mÜòM EH$ S>m|Ja åhUOo "T>mH$mo~m'.{H$ëë`mMr EH$ ~mOy åhUOo
gaigmoQ> gwQ>bobm H$S>m.Vmo gai Imbr H$moH$UmVM CVaVmo.`mM T>mH$mo~mÀ`m gai aofoV AgUmam Xwgam {H$„m åhUOo "XwJ©'.XwJ©_Vm Am{U
{daidñVr ho `m ^mJmMo d¡{eîQ>ç.òWo J«m_ñWm§Mr Amnë`m àmW{_H$ JaOm ^mJdVm§ZmM _mam_ma hmoVo Va drO -{ejU Va XyaM.òWrb _w»`
ì`dgm` eoVr H$mhr {R>H$mUr XwYmMm ì`dgm` nUm Ho$bm OmVmo.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : `m XmoÝhr JS>mda JS> qH$dm {H$„m AgÊ`mMo H$moUVohr Adeof ZmhrV _mÌ
Q>ohiUrgmR>r `m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV Agmdm.YmH$mo~m {H$ëë`mdê$Z ZmUoKmQ> OrdYZMr _mJMr ~mOy ,Xm-`mKmQ> Ago H$moH$UMo
{dh§J_ Ñí` {XgVo.
XwJ© :-XwJm©XodrÀ`m _§{XamgyZ {H$ëë`mda nmohÊ`mg 20 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV.òWyZ JmoaIJS> ,{gÜXJS> Am{U
_pÀN>¨ÐJS> Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : OwÞa - AmnQ>mio -Am§~mobr _mJ}òUm-`m dmQ>oZo àW_ T>mH$mo~m Am{U Z§Va XwJ© H$aVm òVmo.^r_me§H$a-
Ahþno _mJ}òUm-`m dmQ>oZo àW_ XwJ© Am{U Z§Va T>mH$mo~m H$aVm òVmo.
1. OwÞa - AmnQ>mio -Am§~mobr _mJ}
OwÞa dê$Z Am§~mobr JmdmV òÊ`mgmR>r WoQ> ~g Amho.ho A§Va gmYmaU XrS> VmgmMo Amho.Am§~mobr JmdmVyZM T>mH$mo~mMo Xe©Z
hmoVo.JmdmVyZ EH$ dmQ> gai g_moaÀ`m nR>mamda OmVo.da OmVm§Zm dmQ>oV VrZ Jwhm bmJVmV. JmdmngyZ nR>mamda òÊ`mg XrS> Vmg
nwaVmo.`m dmQ>oVyZM EH$ dmQ> _Üò COdrH$S>o Xw^mJVo Vr Xm-`mKmQ>m H$S>o OmVo.EH$Xm nR>mamda nmohMë`mda AZoH$ T>moadmQ>m bmJVmV.nU
Ë`m_Üò R>iH$ _mÌ XmoZM dmQ>m AmhoV.Ë`mVrb EH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o OmVo Va XwgardmQ> COdrH$S>o WoQ> YmH$mo~mÀ`m nm`Ï`mbJV nwT>o OmVo
Am{U nwÝhm 5 {_{ZQ>m§Zr S>mdrH$S>o S>m|JaYmaodê$Z Imbr CVaVo.hrM dmQ> nwT>o XwJ©H$S>o OmVo.hr dmQ> Á`m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Imbr diVo VoWyZM
EH$ dmQ> gai S>m|Jamda åhUOoM YmH$mo~mda OmVo. òWyZ JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
2. ^r_me§H$a-Ahþno _mJ} da gm§{JVboë`m XwJ©H$S>o OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o O§JbmV diVo.Vr
YmH$mo~mÀ`m _§{XamH$S>o OmVo Va gai OmUmar dmQ> nwT>o AÜ`m© VmgmV EH$m AmoT>çmnmer òD$Z Wm§~Vo.`m AmoT>çmbm ~mam_hr nmUr
AgVo.`mM dmQ>oZo nwT>o hmVdrO À`m _mJ}{ZKm`Mo.WmoS>o\$ma MT>CVma AmhoV dmQ>obm AZoH$ CndmQ>m \w$Q>boë`m AmhoV nU AmnU R>iH$ dmQ>
gmoS>m`Mr Zmhr.nwT>o EH$ VmgmÀ`m MmbrZ§Va XwJ© {H$ëë`mMo Xe©Z hmoVo.nwT>o EH$m nR>mamda òD$Z dmQ> Xw^mJVo.S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ>
hmVdrO Am{U XwJ©dmS>rH$S>o H$S>o OmVo Va COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> XwJm©XodrÀ`m _§{XamV OmVo.òWyZ XwJm©XodrÀ`m _§{XamV OmÊ`mg AYm©
Vmg nwaVmo.XwJm©XodrÀ`m _§{XamnmgyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg R>iH$ dmQ> Zmhr.dmQ> AmnUM Amnbr emoYyZ H$mT>m`Mr.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda Zmhr.
YmH$mo~mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer AgUm-`m _§{XamV 15 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
XwJ©À`m nm`Ï`mer AgUm-`m XwJm©XodrÀ`m _§{XamV 5 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo`
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : T>mH$mo~m Am{U XwJm©XodrÀ`m _§{XamÀ`m ~mOybmM {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Vir AmhoV.
amàoœa
S>m|Jaam§J: dmB© - gmVmam
{Oëhm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 4000\w$Q>
nmMJUrMo Q>o~bb°ÝS> gdmªZmM _m{hVM AgVo _mÌ Ë`mÀ`mnojmhr C§M Am{U bm§~ Ago Q>o~bb°ÝS> åhUOo amàrMo nR>ma. ^moanmgyZ 8
{H$._r. A§Vamda AgUmao ho amàrMo nR>ma nwÊ`mhÿZ EH$m {XdgmV nmhÿZ òÊ`mgmaIo Amho.XmQ>
PmS>r, Imob Xè`m, C§MÀ`m C§M gwiHo$, AñVmì`ñV ngabobr nR>mao, bm§~M bm§~ gm|S>m Am{U AmS>diUr KmQ>. `m_wio hm n[aga Vgm XwJ©_M
Amho.
B{Vhmg :
{edam`m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMr enW KoVbr Vr `mM amàoœamÀ`m S>m|Jamda. _mÌ hr KQ>Zm H$mën{ZH$ Amho H$s Iar `m~Ôb {ZpíMV {dYmZ
_m§S>Vm òUma Zmhr.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : amàoœamda nmhÊ`mgmaIo \$ma H$mhr Zmhr. amàoœamMo nR>ma ho 5 Vo 6 {H$._r. ngabobo Amho.
Ë`m_wio `m nR>mamdarb dfm©F$VwV nmhÊ`mgmaIo AgVo. amàoœamda e§^w_hmXodmMo _§{Xa bjmV òV Zmhr. nR>mamda A{bH$S>oM Jmd§ dgbobr
AmhoV. nR>mamda ^mV eoVrMo à_mUhr _moR>o Amho. nm§S>dJS>, d¡amQ>JS>, nmMJUr, _hm~ioœa, H$moëhoœa, am`JS>, qbJmUm, amOJS>, VmoaUm,
qghJS>, {d{MÌJS>, nwa§Xa, éÐ_mi, M§ÐJS>, _§JiJS> hm gd© n[aga òWyZ {XgVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : amàoœambm OmÊ`mMo AZoH$ _mJ© AmhoV. H$moUË`mhr _mJm©Zo Om`Mo Pmë`mg
^moa Jmd§ JmR>mdo.
1. {Q>Q>oYaU H$mob}~mOyZo
nwÊ`mhÿZ ^moa_mJ}Am§~dS>o JmR>mdo. VoWyZ {Q>Q>oYaU H$mob}~mOyZo
amàoœamda OmVm òVo. doi gmYmaU 3 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> H$mhr {R>H$mUr AdKS>
Amho.
2. ^moa-amàr _mJ}
^moa JmdmVyZ amàr JmdmgmR>r gH$mir AH$am d gm`§H$mir 6 dmOVm
(_w¸$m_mMr) JmS>r òVo. `mM dmQ>obm gm§~aXè`mMr dmQ> åhUyZ XoIrb
g§~moYVmV. `m dmQ>oZo amàoœa JmR>Ê`mg XmoZ Vmg bmJVmV.
3. Ho$O§iJS>mdéZ
Ho$O§iJS>mdéZ gyUXè`mZo qH$dm œmZXè`mZo gwÜXm amàoœabm OmVm òVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : amàoœamda _§{XamV qH$dm JmdmV 10 Vo 12 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr CnbãY Amho.
am`JS> {Oëhm
am`JS>
S>m|Jaam§J: nwUo
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
_hmS>À`m CÎmaog 25 {H$. _r. da hm {H$„m AgyZ `mMr g_wÐgnmQ>r nmgyZMr C§Mr 2851 \y$Q> Amho. am`JS> hm Mhþ~mOy§Zr S>m|Jaam§Jm§Zr
doT>bobm Amho. `mÀ`m CÎmaobm Am{U nyd}bm H$mi ZXrMo Imoao ngabobo Amho, Va npíM_obm Jm§Ymar ZXr dmhVo. `mÀ`m nyd}bm qbJmUm,
Am¾o`mbm AmH$me ñdÀN> Agob Va amOJS>, VmoaUm X{jUoH$S>o _H$a§XJS>, àVmnJS>, dmgmoQ>m, CÎmaobm H$moH$U{Xdm Agm _wbyI {XgVmo.
am`JS>nmgyZ _w§~B©, nwUo, gmVmam hr ehao gma»`mM A§Vamda AmhoV. gømÐrVrb {H$ëë`m§À`m am§Jm§Vrb hm EH$ Xwdm Amho. am`JS> hm
{ZgJ©V…M S>m|Jam§Zr doT>bobm Agë`m_wio (VgoM) eÌyÀ`m hëë`mnmgyZ ~Mmd ìhmdm `mgmR>r nwUo gmoSy>Z npíM_ S>m|JamV am`JS> hr amOYmZr
_hmamOmZr {ZdS>br.
B{Vhmg :am`JS>mMo àmMrZ Zmd 'amàr' ho hmoVo. `wamonMo bmoH$ Ë`mg 'nyd}H$S>rb {O~«mëQ>a' Ago åhUV AgV. {O~«mëQ>aMo R>mUo {OVHo$
AqOŠ` {VVH$mM am`JS> AqOŠ`, XwJ©_. nmMeo dfmªnydu Ooìhm Ë`mg JS>mMo ñdê$n ZìhVo d Vmo ZwgVm EH$ S>m|Ja hmoVm, Voìhm Ë`mg
'am{gdQ>m' d 'VUg' Aer XmoZ Zmdo hmoVr. Ë`mMm AmH$ma C§Mr d g^modVmbÀ`m Xè`m `mdê$Z Ë`mg 'Z§XmXrn' Agohr Zmd nS>bo.
{ZOm_emhrV am`JS>mMm Cn`moJ H¡$Xr R>odÊ`mnwaVm hmoB©. _moè`m§Mm à_wI èd§Vamd _moao OmdirhÿZ niyZ am`JS>mda OmD$Z am{hbm Va
àVmnamd _moao {dOmnyamg nimbm. _hmamOm§Zr 6 E{àb 1656 amoOr amàrg åhUOoM am`JS>mg doT>m KmVbm d _o _{hÝ`mV amàr
_hmamOm§À`m Vmã`mV Ambm. H$ë`mUMm gwôXma _w„m Ah_X I{OZm KoD$Z {dOmnya H$S>o {ZKmë`mMr ~mV_r _hmamOm§Zm g_Obr. Ë`m§Zr Vmo
I{OZm bwQy>Z am`JS>mda AmUbm d Ë`m I{OÝ`mMm Cn`moJ JS>mÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r Ho$bm. am`JS>mMm _mWm amOYmZr ~ZdÊ`mg gmo`rMm d
nwaogm Amho. eÌybm AdKS> dmQ>Umè`m àXoemVbo Vo A{YH$ AdKS> {R>H$mU Amho. gmJar XiUdiUmghr ho {R>H$mU Odi Amho. åhUyZ
_hmam§Om§Zr amOYmZrgmR>r `m JS>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br. g^mgX ~Ia åhUVo, 'amOm Imgm OmD$Z nmhVm JS> ~hþV MImoQ>m. Mm¡V\$m© JS>mMo H$S>o
Vm{gë`mà_mUo {XS> Jm§d C§M. nO©Ý`H$mir H${S>`mda JdV CJdV Zmhr Am{U Ym|S>m Vmgrd EH$M Amho. Xm¡bVm~mX n¥Ïdrda MImoQ> JS> Iam,
na§Vw Vmo C§MrZo WmoS>H$m. Xm¡bVm~mXMo XeJwUr JS> C§M Ago XoImoZ ~hþV g§Vwï> Pmbo Am{U ~mo{bbo, Vº$mg OmJm hmM JS> H$amdm'. `mM
XwJ©XwJ}œambm 15 {d{dY Zmdm§Zr g§~mo{Ybo Jobo Amho. 1. am`JS> 2. amàr 3. Bñbm_JS> 4. Z§XmXrn 5. O§~w{Ûn 6. VUg 7. am{edQ>m
8.~XoZya 9.am`{Jar 10.amO{Jar 11.{^dJS> 12.aoÈ>r 13.{edb§H$m 14.amhra 15.nyd}H$S>rb {O~«mëQ>a {edamÁ`m{^foH$
{edamÁ`m{^foH$ hm am`JS>mZo AZw^dbobm gd©loð> àg§J _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ åhUOo, _hmamï´>mÀ`mM Zìho Va ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb
EH$ bjUr` KQ>Zm. Vm. 19 _o 1674 amoOr amÁ`m{^foH$m{X {dYrnydu _hmamOm§Zr àVmnJS>mÀ`m ^dmZrMo Xe©Z KoVbo. VrZ _U gmoÝ`mMo
åhUOoM 56 hOma qH$_VrMo N>Ì Xodrbm An©U Ho$bo. JS>mdarb amOgôV Vm. 6 OyZ 1674, Áòð> ewÕ 13 eHo$ 1596, e{Zdma `m
{Xder amÁ`m{^foH$ g§nÞ Pmbm. Vm. 24 gßQ>|~a 1674, b{bVm n§M_r A{œZ ew. 5 AmZ§X g§dËga eHo$ 1596 `m {Xder Vm§{ÌH$
nÕVrZo amOm§Zr ñdV…bm AmUIr EH$ amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm. `m _mJMm Iam hoVy hm OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§Zm g_mYmZ dmQ>mdo hm hmoVm.
hm amÁ`m{^foH$ {ZíMbnwar Jmogmdr `mÀ`m hñVo nma nS>bm. H$dr ^yfU am`JS>mMo dU©Z H$aVmo H$s, '{edmOrZo gd© {H$ëë`m§Mm AmYma d
{dbmgñWmZ Aem am`JS> {H$ëë`mg Amnbo dgVrñWmZ Ho$bo. hm {H$„m EdT>m àM§S> Am{U {demb Amho H$s, Ë`mV VrZhr bmoH$s¨Mo d¡^d
gmR>dbo Amho. JS>mda {d{har, gamodao, Hy$n {damOV AmhoV. gd© `dZm§Zm qOHy$Z am`JS>mda amOm {edmOrZo amOYmZr Ho$br Am{U bmoH$m§Mo
BpÀN>V nwadyZ OJVmV loð> è g§nmXZ Ho$bo.' B. g. 1675 \o$~«wdmar 4, eHo$ 1596 AmZ§X g§dËga _mK d. 5 Jwédma `m {Xder g§^mOr
amOm§Mr _w§O am`JS>mda Pmbr. eHo$ 1601 {gÕmWu g§dËga \$mëJwZ d. 2, 1680 _mM© 7 `m {Xder amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr _w§O am`JS>mda
Pmbr. bJoM AmR> {Xdgm§Zr amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mo b¾ àVmnamd JwOa `m§À`m _wbrer Pmbo. am`JS>mZo AZw^dbobm AË`§V Xw…IX àg§J åhUOo
_hmamOm§Mo {ZYZ. eHo$ 1602 éÐZm_ g§dËgao M¡Ì ewÕ nm¡{U©_m, hZw_mZ O`§Vr, {X. 3 E{àb 1680 `m {Xder _hmamOm§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo.
g^mgX ~Ia åhUVo, 'Vo {Xder n¥ÏdrH§$n Omhbm. Aï>{Xem {X½Xmh hmoD$Z Joë`m. lre§^w_hmXodr Vù`mMo CXH$ aº$m§~a Ombo.' nwT>o eHo$
1602 am¡Ð g§dËga _mK ew. 7, B. g. 1681 16 \o$~«wdmar `m {Xder am`JS>mda g§^mOr _hmam§OmMo {d{Ynyd©H$ amÁ`mamohU Pmbo. B. g.
1684 À`m gßQ>|~a_Üò Am¡a§JOo~mZo am`JS>À`m _mo{h_og gwédmV Ho$br. Vm. 21 amoOr ehm~wÔrZ ImZ `mg Mmirg hOma g¡Ý`mgh
~mXemhZo am`JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer YmS>bo.15 OmZodmar 1685 À`m gw_mamg ehm~wÔrZo JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Agboë`m EH$m Jmdmbm AmJ
bmdbr d bwQ>mbyQ> Mmby Ho$br. nU àË`j am`JS>mda h„m Z H$aVm Vmo 1685 À`m _mM©_Üò naVbm. Am¡a§JOo~mZo Amnbm dOra AmgXImZ
`mMm _wbJm B{VH$mXImZ C\©$ Pwpë\$H$maImZ `mg g¡Ý` XoD$Z am`JS> KoÊ`mg nmR>dbo. eHo$ 1610 {d^d g§dËga \$mëJwZ ew. 3, 12
\o$~«wdmar 1689 amoOr amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr H$maH$sX© gwê$ Pmbr Am{U 25 _mM© 1689 amoOr ImZmZo JS>mg doT>m KmVbm. {X. 5 E{àb
1689 amoOr amOmam_ _hmamO am`JS>mdê$Z {ZgQy>Z àVmnJS>mda Jobo. nwT>o OdiOdi AmR> _{hZo doT>m Mmby hmoVm. nU {X. 3 Zmoìh|~a
1689 amoOr gw`m©Or {ngmi `m {H$„oXmamÀ`m {\$Vwar_wio {H$„m _moJbm§Zm {_imbm. dmB©Mr Xoe_wIr XoÊ`mMo Am{_f XmIdyZ ImZmZo Ë`mg
{\$Vwa Ho$bo. Pwpë\$H$maImZ hm ~mXemhZo B{VH$mXImZbm {Xbobm {H$Vm~ Amho. nwT>o am`JS>Mo Zm_m§Va 'Bñbm_JS>' Ago Pmbo. 5 OyZ
1733 `m {Xder emhÿ_hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuV am`JS> nwÝhm _amR>çm§Zr KoVbm.
1. nmMmS>Mm {OOm~mBªMm dmS>m : CVmad`mV {OOm~mBªZm JS>mdaMr W§S> hdm, dmam _mZdV Zgo, åhUyZ _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§À`mgmR>r
nmMmS>OdiM EH$ dmS>m ~m§YyZ {Xbm. VmoM hm _mgmho~m§Mm amhVm dmS>m. dmS>çmMr ì`dñWm R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr A{YH$mar VgoM {enm`m§Mr
ì`dñWmhr _hmamOm§Zr Ho$br hmoVr. nm`è`m§Mr EH$ CÎm_ {dhra, VgoM {OOm~mBªZm ~gÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobo XJS>r AmgZ ~KÊ`mgmaIo Amho. `mg
'VŠŠ`mMr {dhra' Agohr åhUVmV.
2. Iw~bT>m ~wê$O : JS> MTy> bmJbo åhUOo EH$ ~wéOmMo {R>H$mU {XgVo, VmoM hm gwà{gÕ Iw~bT>m ~wê$O. ~wéOmeoOmar EH$ XadmOm hmoVm,
Ë`mg '{MV² XadmOm' åhUV nU hm XadmOm AmVm nyU©nUo CÜdñV Pmbm Amho.
3. ZmZm XadmOm : `m XadmOmg 'ZmUo XadmOm' Agohr åhUV. `m XadmOmMm g§~§Y ZmZm \$S>{Ugm§er bmdbm OmVmo hr nyU©nUo J¡ag_OyV Amho.
ZmZm XadmOm `mMmM AW© bhmZ XadmOm. B. g. 1674 À`m _o _{hÝ`mV amÁ`m{^foH$mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo B§J«Om§Mm dH$sb hoZ«r Am°ŠP|S>Z `mM
XadmOmZo Ambm hmoVm. `m XadmÁ`mg XmoZ H$_mZr AmhoV. XadmÁ`mÀ`m AmVrb ~mOyg nhmaoH$è`m§gmR>r XmoZ bhmZ Imoë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§g 'XodS>çm'
åhUVmV. XadmOmg AS>ga KmbÊ`mgmR>r Imo~Ur {XgVmV.
4. _Xma_moMm© qH$dm _erX_moMm© : {MV² XadmÁ`mZo Joë`mda ZmJ_moS>r diUo KoV Joboë`m añË`mZo nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ gnmQ>r bmJVo. `m _moH$ù`m
OmJoV Q>moH$mer XmoZ nS>Š`m B_maVr {XgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ nhmaoH$è`m§Mr OmJm AgyZ Xwgao YmÝ`mMo H$moR>ma Amho. òWo _XZehm ZmdmÀ`m gmYyMo
WS>Jo Amho. VoWo EH$ àM§S> Vmo\$hr {XgVo. òWyZ nwT>o Joë`mda IS>H$mV ImoXboë`m VrZ Jwhm {XgVmV.
5. _hmXadmOm : _hmXadmÁ`mÀ`m ~mhoarb A§Jmg da XmoÝhr ~mOyg XmoZ gw§Xa H$_imH¥$Vr H$moaë`m AmhoV. XadmÁ`mda AgUmè`m `m XmoZ
H$_im§Mm AW© åhUOo {H$ëë`mÀ`m AmV 'lr Am{U gañdVr' Zm§XV Amho. 'lr Am{U gañdVr' åhUOoM '{dÚm d bú_r' hmo`. _hmXadmÁ`mbm
XmoZ ^ì` ~wê$O AgyZ EH$ 75 \y$Q> Va Xwgam 65 \y$Q> C§M Amho. VQ>~§Xr_Üò Or CVaVr ^moHo$ R>odbobr AgVmV Ë`mg 'O§½`m' åhUVmV. eÌyda
_mam H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr ^moHo$ R>odbobr AgVmV. ~wéOm§_Yrb XadmOm hm dm`ì` {Xeog Vm|S> H$ê$Z C^m Amho. _hmXadmÁ`mVyZ AmV Amë`mda
nhmaoH$è`m§À`m XodS>çm {XgVmV VgoM g§ajH$m§gmR>r Ho$boë`m amhÊ`mÀ`m Imoë`m {XgVmV. _hmXadmÁ`mnmgyZ COdrH$S>o Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$mn`ªV Va
S>mdrH$S>o {haH$Ur Q>moH$mn`ªV VQ>~§Xr ~m§Ybobr Amho.
6. MmoaqXS>r : _hmXadmÁ`mnmgyZ COdrH$S>o Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$mn`ªV Or VQ>~§Xr OmVo, Ë`mdê$Z MmbV Joë`mg {OWo hr VQ>~§Xr g§nVo, Ë`mÀ`m WmoS>o
AbrH$S>o ~wéOmV hr MmoaqXS>r ~m§Ybobr Amho. ~wéOmÀ`m AmVyZ XadmOmn`ªV òÊ`mgmR>r nm`è`m AmhoV.
7. hÎmr Vbmd : _hmXadmÁ`mVyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Amë`mda Omo Vbmd {XgVmo Vmo hÎmr Vbmd. JOemioVyZ òUmè`m hÎmtÀ`m ñZmZmgmR>r Am{U {nÊ`mgmR>r
`m VbmdmMm Cn`moJ hmoV hmoVm.
8. J§JmgmJa Vbmd : hÎmrVbmdmnmgyZ OdiM am`JS> {Oëhm n[afXoÀ`m Y_©emioÀ`m B_maVr {XgVmV. Y_©emionmgyZ X{jUoH$S>o A§XmOo 50 -
60 nmdbo MmbV Joë`mg Omo Vbmd bmJVmo Vmo J§JmgmJa Vbmd. _hmamÁ`m§À`m amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va gágmJa d _hmZÚm§Mr AmUbobr VrW}`mM
VbmdmV Q>mH$br Jobr. åhUyZM `mMo J§JrgmJa Ago Zmd nS>bo. {edH$mimV {e~§XrgmR>r `mMo nmUr dmnaÊ`mV òB©.
9. ñV§^ :J§JmgmJamÀ`m X{jUog XmoZ C§M _Zmoao {XgVmV. Ë`mgM ñV§^ åhUVmV. OJXrœamÀ`m {ebmboIm_Üò Á`m ñV§^m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm Amho,
Vo hoM AgmdoV. Vo nydu nmM _Obo hmoVo Ago åhUVmV. Vo ÛmXe H$moZr AgyZ ~m§YH$m_mV ZjrH$m_ AmT>iVo.
10. nmbIr XadmOm : ñV§^m§À`m npíM_og q^V Agboë`m ^mJmVyZ 31 nm`è`m ~m§Yboë`m {XgVmV. Ë`m MTy>Z Joë`mda Omo XadmOm bmJVmo Vmo
nmbIr XadmOm. `m XadmÁ`mVyZ Amnë`mbm ~mbo{H$ëë`mV àdoe H$aVm òVmo.
11. _oUm XadmOm : nmbIr XadmÁ`mZo da àdoe Ho$bm H$s, MT> - CVma Agbobm EH$ gai _mJ© Amnë`mbm _oUm XadmOmn`ªV KoD$Z OmVmo.
COì`m hmVmg Oo gmV Adeof {XgVmV Vo AmhoV amÊ`m§Mo _hmb. _oUm XadmÁ`mVyZ ~mbo{H$ëë`mda àdoe H$aVm òVmo.
12. amO^dZ : amUrdemÀ`m g_moa S>mì`m hmVmg XmgXmgtÀ`m _H$mZm§Mo Adeof {XgVmV. `m Adeofm§À`m _mJo Xwgar Or g_m§Va q^V Amho Ë`m
q^VrÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Omo XadmOm Amho VoWyZ ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m A§V^m©JmV àdoe Ho$bm H$s Omo àeñV Mm¡Wam bmJVmo VoM ho _hmamOm§Mo amO^dZ.
amO^dZmMm Mm¡Wmam 86 \y$Q> bm§~ d 33 \y$Q> é§X Amho. 13. aËZemim : amOàmgmXmOdirb ñV§^m§À`m nyd}H$S>o Agboë`m _moH$ù`m OmJoV EH$
ViKa Amho, VrM hr aËZemim. hm Ib~ZImZm åhUOoM Jwá ~mobUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr Imobr Agmdr Agohr åhUVmV.
14. amOg^m : _hmamOm§Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ OoWo Pmbm, VrM hr amOg^m. amOg^m 220 \y$Q> bm§~ d 124 \y$Q> é§X Amho. òWoM nyd}H$S>o Vm|S>
Ho$bobr qghmgZmMr OmJm Amho. òWo ~Îmrg _Um§Mo gmoÝ`mMo qghmgZ hmoVo. g^mgX ~Ia åhUVo, 'V»V gwdUm©Mo ~Îmrg _Um§Mo {gÕ H$adbo.
ZdaËZo A_mo{bH$ {OVH$s H$moemV hmoVr, Ë`m_Üò emoY H$ê$Z _moR>r _mobmMr aËZo OS>md Ho$br.'
15. ZJmaImZm : qghmgZmÀ`m g_moa Oo ^ì` àdoeÛma {XgVo VmoM hm ZJmaImZm. ho ~mbo{H$ëë`mMo _w»` àdoeÛma Amho. ZJmaImÝ`mVyZ nm`è`m
MTy>Z da Jobo H$s AmnU {H$ëë`mdarb gdm©{YH$ C§Mrda AgVmo.
16. ~mOmanoR> : ZJmaImÝ`mH$Sy>Z AmnU S>mdrH$S>o CVê$Z Ambmo H$s, g_moa Or _moH$ir OmJm {XgVo Vmo 'hmoirMm _mi'. VoWoM AmVm
{edN>ÌnVtMm ^ì` nwVim ~gdbobm Amho. nwVù`mg_moa Oo XmoZ am§Jm§_Üò ^ì` Adeof {XgVmV VrM {edH$mimVrb ~mOmanoR>. noR>oÀ`m XmoZ
am§JmV àËòH$s 22 XwH$mZo AmhoV. _YyZ OdiOdi Mmirg \y$Q> é§X añVm Amho.
17. {eH$m©B© XoD$i : _hmamOm§À`m nwVù`mÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyg Oo N>moQ>o XoD$i {XgVo Vo {eH$m©B©Mo XoD$i. {eH$m©B© hr JS>mdarb _w»` XodVm. 18.
OJXrœa _§{Xa : ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg nyd}H$S>rb CVmamda ~«m÷UdñVr, ~«m÷UVio dJ¡ao Adeof {XgVmV. VoWyZM g_moa Oo ^ì` _§{Xa
{XgVo VoM _hmXodmMo åhUOo OJXrœamMo _§{Xa. _§{Xamg_moa Z§XrMr ^ì` Am{U gw~H$ _yVu Amho. nU gÜ`m hr _yVu ^¾mdñWoV Amho. _§{XamV
àdoe Ho$bm H$s ^ì` g^m_§S>n bmJVmo. _§S>nmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr ^ì` H$mgd Amho. Jm^mè`mÀ`m q^Vrg hZw_§VmMr ^ì` _yVu {XgVo. _§{XamÀ`m
àdoeÛmamÀ`m nm`è`m§À`m Imbr EH$ bhmZgm {ebmboI {XgVmo. Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo, 'godoMo R>m`r VËna {hamoOr BQ>iH$a' `m XadmOmÀ`m COì`m
~mOyg q^Vrda EH$ gw§Xa {ebmboI {XgVmo Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo:- lr JUnVò Z_…Ÿ& àmgmXmo OJXrœañ` OJVm_mZ§XXmoZwk`m lr_ÀN>ÌnVo…
{edñ`Z¥nVo… qghmgZo {Vð>V…Ÿ& emHo$ fÊUd~mU^y{_JUZmXmZÝXg§dËgao Á`moVramO_whÿV©{H$Vu_{hVo ewŠboegmn¡ {VWm¡ Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&
dmnrHy$nS>mJam{Oé{Ma§ aå`§ dZ§ dr{VH$m¡ ñVô… Hw§${^J¥ho ZaoÝÐgXZ¡a^«§{bho _r{hVo Ÿ& lr_Ðm`{Jam¡ {Jam_{dfò hram{OZm {Z{_©Vmo
`mdƒÝÐ{XdmH$am¡ {dbgVñVmdËg_w‚m¥§^Vo Ÿ&&2Ÿ&& `mMm WmoS>Š`mV AW© nwT>rbà_mUo - 'gd© OJmbm AmZ§XXm`r Agm hm OJXrœamMm àmgmX
lr_X² N>ÌnVr {edmOr amOm `m§À`m AmkoZo eHo$ 1596 _Üò AmZ§XZm_ g§dËga Mmby AgVmZm gw_whþVm©da {Z_m©U Ho$bm. `m am`JS>mda {hamoOr
ZmdmÀ`m {eënH$mamZo {d{har, Vir, ~mJm, añVo, ñV§^, JOemim, amOJ¥ho Amem§Mr C^maUr Ho$br Amho. Vr M§Ðgy`© AgoVmoda Iwemb Zm§Xmo.'
19. _hmamOm§Mr g_mYr : _§{XamÀ`m nyd©XadmOmnmgyZ WmoS>çm A§Vamda Omo Aï>H$moZr Mm¡Wam {XgVmo VrM _hmamOm§Mr g_mYr. g^mgX ~Ia
åhUVo, 'j{Ì`Hw$bmdV§g lr_Ý_hmamOm{YamO {edmOr _hmamO N>ÌnVr `m§Mm H$mb eHo$ 1602 M¡Ì ewÕ 15 `m {Xder am`JS> òWo Pmbm.
XohmMo gmW©H$ Ë`mUr ~m§{Ybobm OJXrœamMm Omo àmgmX Ë`mÀ`m _hmÛmamÀ`m ~mhoa XjU^mJr Ho$bo. VoWo H$mù`m XJS>mÀ`m {Mè`mMo OmoVo Aï>H$moZr
gw_mao N>mVrâ C§MrMo ~m§{Ybo AgyZ dê$Z \$ag~§Xr Ho$bobr Amho. \$ag~§XrÀ`m Imbr nmoH$ir Amho, VrV _hmamOm§Mm Ad{eï>m§e ajm{_l
_¥{ÎmH$ménmZo gmnS>Vmo.' XhZ^y_r nbrH$S>o ^¾ B_maVtÀ`m Adeofm§Mr EH$ am§J Amho, Vo {e~§XrMo {ZdmgñWmZ Agmdo. Ë`mÀ`m nbrH$S>o gXa
dñVrnmgyZ {dbJ Agm EH$ KamMm Mm¡Wam {XgVmo. ho Ka B. g. 1674 _Üò B§J«O dH$sb hoZ«r Am°ŠP|S>Z `mg amhmd`mg {Xbo hmoVo. _hmamOm§À`m
g_mYrÀ`m nyd}H$S>o ^dmZr Q>moH$ Amho Va COdrH$S>o Xmê$Mr H$moR>mao, ~mam Q>mH$s {XgVmV.
20. Hw$emdV© Vbmd : hmoirMm _mi S>mì`m hmVmg gmoSy>Z COdrH$S>rb dmQ> Hw$emdV© VbmdmH$S>o OmVo. VbmdmOdi _hmXodmMo N>moQ>ogo XoD$i
{XgVo. Xodimg_moa \w$Q>boë`m AdñWoV Z§Xr {XgVmo.
21. dmKXadmOm : Hw$emdV© VbmdmOdiyZ KirZo CVaV dmK XadmOmH$S>o OmVm òVo. AmkmnÌmV {b{hbo Amho H$s, '{H$ëë`mg EH$ XadmOm Wmoa
Am`~ Amho, `m§H$arVm JS> nmhÿZ EH$ XmoZ - VrZ XadmOo, VemM MmoaqXS>çm H$ê$Z R>odmì`m. Ë`m_Üò h_oem am~Ë`mg nm{hOo {VVŠ`m R>odyZ daH$S>
XadmOo d qXS>çm {MUyZ Q>mH$mì`m.' ho XyaXeunUmMo YmoaU R>oD$ZM _hmamOm§Zr _hmXadmOm{edm` hm XadmOm ~m§YyZ KoVbm. `m XadmÁ`mZo da òUo
OdiOdi AeŠ`M Agbo Var Xmoa bmdyZ Imbr CVê$ eH$Vmo. nwT>o amOmam_ _hmamO d Ë`m§Mr _§S>ir Pwpë\$aImZmMm doT>m \$moSy>Z `mM
XadmÁ`mZo {ZgQ>br hmoVr.
22. Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$ : ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m g_moarb Q>onmdê$Z Imbr CVê$Z Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$mH$S>o OmVm òVo. VoWoM EH$m Xmê$À`m H$moR>mamMo Adeof {XgVmV.
OgOgo AmnU Q>moH$mH$S>o OmVmo VgVgm añVm {Z_wiVm hmoV OmVmo. COì`m hmVmbm gai VwQ>bobm 2600 \y$Q> Imob H$S>m Amho. Q>moH$mda dmam
àM§S> AgVmo d OmJmhr H$_r Agë`m_wio Jm|Yi Z H$aVm gmdYmZVm ~miJmdr
23. {haH$Ur Q>moH$ : J§JmgmJamÀ`m COdrH$S>o npíM_og Or qMMmoir dmQ> OmVo Vr {haH$Ur Q>moH$mH$S>o OmVo. {haH$Ur Q>moH$mer g§~§{YV {haH$Ur
JdiUrMr EH$ H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo. `m ~wéOmda H$mhr Vmo\$mhr R>odboë`m {XgVmV. ~wéOmda Cô am{hbo Va S>mì`m hmVmbm Jm§YmarMo Imoao,
COì`m ~mOybm H$mi ZXrMo Imoao {XgVo. VgoM BWyZ nmMmS>, Iw~bT>m ~wê$O, _erX _moMm© hr {R>H$mUo Vmo\o$À`m _mè`mV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
`wÕemómÀ`m VgoM bT>mD$ Ñï>rZo hr Iyn _hÎdmMr Am{U _moŠ`mMr OmJm Amho.
1) _w§~B© - Jmodm _mJm©darb _hmS> `m ~g ñWmZH$m_YyZ : _w§~B© - Jmodm _mJm©darb _hmS> `m ~g ñWmZH$m_YyZ am`JS>mgmR>r ~gog gwQ>VmV.
VgoM ~g ñWmZH$m ~mhoê$Z OrnJmS>çmhr OmVmV. ~gZo Amë`mda {MV² XadmÁ`mnmer, (Omo AmVm ApñVËdmV Zmhr) {OWo nm`è`m gwê$ hmoVmV VoWo
CVê$Z nm`è`m§Zr JS>mda OmVm òVo. OdiOdi 1500 nm`è`m MTy>Z Joë`mda _hmXadmOmVyZ Amnbm JS>mV àdoe hmoVmo.
2) ZmZm XadmOmH$Sy>Zhr : ZmZm XadmOmH$Sy>Zhr AmnU JS> MTy> eH$Vmo. nm`è`m§H$Sy>Z Omo S>m§~ar añVm nwT>o OmVmo Ë`m añË`mZo WmoS>o nwT>o OmD$Z
COdrH$S>o EH$ nm`dmQ> OmVo. Ë`m dmQ>oZo Joë`mg ZmZmXadmOmZo AmnU JS> MTy> eH$Vmo.
3) amon-do : AmVm JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r amon-doMr ì`dñWm Pmë`mZo nm`Ï`mnmgyZ 10 Vo 15 {_{ZQ>m§V AmnU JS>mda nmohMy eH$Vmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : am`JS> {Oëhm n[afXoÀ`m Y_©emio_Üò amhÊ`mgmR>r Imoë`m CnbãY AmhoV. VgoM E_.Q>r.S>r.gr. À`m ~§Jë`m§_Üò qH$dm
S>m°a{_Q>ar hm°b_Üò amôÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. am`JS> {Oëhm n[afX, VmbwH$m _hmS>, {Oëhm am`JS> AWdm _hmamï´> amÁ` n`©Q>Z H|$Ð, EŠgàog
Q>m°da, Z[a_Z nm°B§Q>, _w§~B© - 21 `m§À`mer g§nH©$ Ho$ë`mg amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eHo$b. nm`Ï`mÀ`m nmMmS> Jmdr d JS>mda lr Xoe_wI `m§Mo
CnhmaJ¥h Amho. nmMmS>Mm \$moZ - (952145) 74848, 74866.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda hm°Q>oëg AmhoV VoWo OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmUr CnbãY Amho
qbJmUm
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 3000 \y$Q>.
S>m|Jaam§J: am`JS>
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : AË`§V H$R>rU
B{Vhmg : qbJmÀ`m AmH$mamMm hm {H$„m _hmS>nmgyZ B©emÝòg gmoim _¡bm§da AgyZ gømÐrÀ`m _w»` am§JoV VmoaUm d am`JS> `m§Mo
Xaå`mZ Amho. qbJmÊ`mMo IS>H$ 2969 \y$Q> C§M AgyZ Ë`mMr MT>U 4 _¡b bm§~rMr Amho. VQ>~§Xr nyU© Zï> Pmbr Amho, ~mH$s AmhoV Vo
\$º$ H$mhr hm¡X d YmÝ` H$moR>mamÀ`m IwUm. _moè`m§Mm nam^d Ho$ë`mda {edmOrZo am`JS>mOdi hm {H$„m ~m§Ybm. BWë`m JwhoV, Oo OwZo
H$mamJ¥h hmoVo, EH$m doiog 50 H¡$Xr R>odV. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n¥. 3,4) 1665 gmbÀ`m nwa§Xa Vhm_Üò am`JS> Am{U Ë`m n[agamVbo
{H$„o qbJmUm d ~mUH$moQ> _hmamOm§H$S>oM am{hbo. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n¥. 24) qbJmÊ`mÀ`m {JX©ZdmhrMo Xod lrOZZr d gmo_OmB© ho
hmoV. Ë`m§À`m ZdamÌmÀ`m CËgdmÀ`m am`JS>mÀ`m O_mIMm©VyZ VaVyX hmoV Ago. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n¥. 130) `m XodVm§Zm ~H$ao ~ir
XoÊ`mMr àWm hmoVr.( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n¥. 131) qbJmUm {H$„m am`JS>Mm nyaH$ hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m S>mJSw>OrMo H$m_ am`JS>m~amo~aM MmbV
Ago. 1786 gmbmn`ªV Ë`mdarb dmñVy§Mr XoI^mb Ho$br OmV Ago Agm C„oI AmT>iVmo. Ë`m_Üò JS>mdarb gXa, ~wê$O, XadmOo Am{U
YmÝ`H$moR>ma `m§Mm g_mdoe Ago. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n¥. 135) VoWo nO©Ý`H$mimV EH$ _Zwî` JñV Kmbr. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n¥.
139) am`JS> Z§Va qbJmUm nS>bm. am`JS>mÀ`m Imoè`mV WmoS>r {dlm§Vr KoD$Z B§J«Om§Mo {dO`r g¡Ý` 23 _o amoOr nmbr nbrH$S>rb _mJm©g
bmJbo. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n¥. 188) JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : Jwhm àeñV AgyZ 30-40 _mUgo gm_mdyZ KoVo.
g_moaM XwJ©amO am`JS>mdaMm pñWVàk OJXrœa Amnë`mbm Xe©Z XoD$Z V¥á H$aVmo. `m Jwhodê$Z nwT>o AmnU Jobmo H$s AmnU EH$m H$moaS>çm
hm¡Xmbm nma H$ê$Z WmoS>ogo nwT>o Mm§Jë`m nmÊ`mÀ`m hm¡Xmnmer òVmo. BWo EH$ {edqbJ Amho, nU Hw$R>o _§{XamMm _mJ_yghr Zmhr. `m hm¡XmÀ`m
nwT>o, åhUOo JS>mÀ`m CÎmaog nm`è`m AmhoV Á`mdaVr Agboë`m Jwhm§n`ªV OmVmo. BH$S>o Amnë`mbm EH$ ~m§YH$m_ ZOaog nS>V§, Oo AOyZhr
em~yV Amho. J«m_ñWm§À`m gm§JÊ`mà_mUo BWo {Xdm bmdV AgV, Omo H$Xm{MV am`JS>mda Bemam XoÊ`mg dmnabm OmV Ago. nU AmO hr dmQ>
nyU©nUo CX²ÜdñV Pmbr Amho. OmÊ`mè`m dmQ>odê$ZM hr dmñVy {XgVo. qbJmÊ`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo BWbm H$R>rU MT>mB©Mm gwiH$m. `mda
Om`Mo åhUOo dmQ> nyU©V: KgaS>r Amho. XmoamÀ`m ghmæ`mZoM BWo MT>Vm òV§. `m gwiŠ`mbm ga H$am`bm Odi Odi 3-4 Vmg bmJVmV.
H$mhr {R>H$mUr Va gai H$mVi MT>mdm bmJVmo. dmQ> H$R>rU Amho. _Üò \$º$ EH$ nmÊ`mMo Hw§$S> Amho, ~mH$s Hw$R>ohr nmUr Zmhr. nU gwiH$m
MTy>Z Joë`mda Omo AmZ§X {_iVmo Vmo H$mhr doJimM AgVmo. `m gwiŠ`mdê$Z nyd}bm amOJS> Am{U VmoaUm, Va npíM_og XwJ©amO am`JS>
Amho. AmVm WmoS>o `mÀ`m B{Vhmg~Ôb OmUyZ KoD$. am`JS> Oa amOJ¥h Va qbJmUm ho H$mamJ¥h. BWbm ~obmJ gwiH$m Am{U {ZgaS>r _mVr
åhUOo `m Jmoï>r `m gmR>r A{Ve` AZwHy$b Amho. Oa H$moUr niÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va Ë`mbm Ord J_mdUo hmM EH$ Cnm`. JS>mdaMo Xmoa
Am{U {eS>çm H$mTy>Z KoVë`m H$s JS>mdê$Z niÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m ~§X. JS>mMo joÌ\$i gwÕm H$_r, Odi-Odi 250 _r. CÎmaog Á`m nm`è`m
AmhoV Ë`m Q>mŠ`m§H$S>o ZoVmV. Vr dmQ>hr {~H$Q> Pmbr Amho. AmO{_Vrg Á`m Q>mŠ`mVyZ nmUr âbo OmVo {VWo EH$ {edqbJ Amho, Vo Hw$Ry>Z
Ambo hm àý nS>Vmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : `m JS>mda OmÊ`mg àW_ AmnUmg `mdo bmJVo Vo _hmS>bm. BWyZ nmZo Jmdmbm OmÊ`mg gH$mir 11.00
dmOVm Am{U gm`§H$mir 4.00 dmOVm JmS>çm AmhoV. nmZo JmdmVyZ gmYmaU nmD$U VmgmÀ`m MT>UrZ§Va AmnU qbJmUm _mMrda nmohmoMVmo.
{VWo nmUr ^ê$Z nwÝhm nmD$U Vmg MT>ë`mda Amnë`mbm KgaS>çm dmQ>odê$Z AmnU AÜ`m© VmgmV AmnU qbJmUm gwiŠ`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer
Agboë`m Jwhonmer òVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : Jwhm àeñV AgyZ 30-40 _mUgo BWo amhÿ eH$VmV. hoM EH$_od ahmÊ`mMo {R>H$mU Amho. OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU
ñdV: H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {nÊ`mMo nmUr JwhoÀ`m nwT>o Agboë`m Q>mŠ`m§_Üò Amho. VgoM gwiH$m MT>Vm§Zm Á`m Q>ßß`mda ~m§YH$m_ bmJVo {VWo
_w»` dmQ>onmgyZ S>mdrH$S>o KgaS>çm dmQ>oda WmoS>çm nwT>o nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm`Ï`mnmgyZ 8 - 9 Vmg.
gyMZm : àñVamamohU Amdí`H$.
gwYmJS>
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
"JS>H$moQ> åhUOo amÁ`mMo _yi'. JS>H$moQ> åhUOo I{OZm . JS>H$moQ> åhUOo g¡Ý`mMo ~i. gwYmJS> åhUOo ^moa g§ñWmZmMo d¡^d. gwYmJS> hm
\$ma àmMrZ {H$„m Amho. nydu `m JS>mbm ^moanJS> Agohr åhUV AgV. nwT>o qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMo g§ñWmnH$ lr {edN>ÌnVtMm nXñne© `m
JS>mbm Pmbm Am{U `mMo Zmd gwYmJS> R>odbo Jobo. `m JS>mMr gmYmaUV: C§Mr 590 _rQ>a Amho. PmS>m§_Üò bnbobm hm JS> {dñVmamZo \$maM
_moR>m Amho. `m JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r VrZ à_wI dmQ>m AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : gwYmJS> hm {H$„m \$ma àmMrZ Amho. `m n[agamV ApñVËdmV AgUmar R>mUmio boUr, hr 2200 dfmªnyduMr AmhoV. `mdê$Z
Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s gwYmJS> hm XoIrb {VVH$mM OwZm {H$„m Agmdm. EImÚm _moR>çm gÎmoImbr `m JS>mMr OS>UKS>U Pmbr Agmdr.
nwamUmV ^¥Jw F$ftZr òWo dmñVì` Ho$ë`mMo AZoH$ C„oI AmT>iVmV. `mM F$ftZr ^moamB© XodrMr ñWmnZm `m S>m|Jamda Ho$br. B. g. 1648
gmbr hm {H$„m ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb Pmbm. `m~m~V Agm C„oI AmT>iVmo H$s, "gmIaXè`mV _mbdOr ZmB©H$ H$maHo$ `m§Zr _mi bm{dbr.
gaXma _mbmoOr ^mogbo `m§À`m hmVmImbr OmYd Am{U gaZmB©H$ ho àW_ {H$ëë`mda MT>bo. `m YmaH$è`m§Zm Cô H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo nmR>rda
h¡~Vamd MT>bo. Ë`mg g§^mOramd nwT>o OmD$Z _mWm Jobo. n§M{dgmZo nwT>o OmD$Z JñV _m[abr. ~moH$S>{gboMm nhmam _mabm. nwT>o ^moamB©À`m
Q>ßß`mdar Jobo Vmo gXaoVyZ {H$„oXma d bmoH$ YmdV Ambo. hmUhmU Pmbr Ë`m g_`r {H$„oXma H$m_mg Ambo. Cnam§{VH$ OmD$Z gXa H$m~rO
Ho$br." {edam`m§Zr `m JS>mMo ^moanJS>mdê$Z "gwYmJS>' Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$bo. JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Agboë`m 'nmÀN>mnya' `m JmdmVM g§^mOr
d Am¡a§JOo~mMm ~§S>Imoa _wbJm AH$~a `mMr ôQ> Pmbr hmoVr. _hmamOm§À`m Aï>àYmZ _§S>imV Agboë`m§n¡H$s AÊUmOr XÎmmo, ~mimOr
AmdOr {MQ>Urg, Ë`mMm _wbJm AmdOr ~„mi, Am{U {hamoOr \$OªX `m gdmªZm ^mÐnX nm¡{U©_oÀ`m {Xder g§^mOrZo gwYmJS> n[agamV
AgUmè`m nabr JmdmV hÎmrÀ`m nm`r {Xbo.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : `m JS>mMm Koam Vgm _moR>m Amho.JS>mda nmÊ`mMo AZoH$ Vbmd AmT>iVmV.JS>mda n§V g{Mdm§Mm
dmS>m Amho. `mV 50 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. VgoM ^moamB© XodrMo _§{Xa Amho. `m_Üò 25 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. òWo O§Jbhr
~-`mn¡H$s Amho. AmOw~mOyÀ`m O§JbmÀ`m n[agamV AZoH$ àH$maMr Am¡fYr dZñnVr AmT>iVmV. JS>mdarb n§V g{Mdm§À`m dmS>çmÀ`m ~mOybm
^moaoœamMo _§{Xa Amho. {VWyZM nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ MmoaXadmOmMr {dhra Amho. g{Mdm§À`m dmS>çmnmgyZ nwT>o nm`-`m§Mr dmQ> OmVo Am{U gai
^moamB© XodrÀ`m _§{XamV AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. Oa hr dmQ> gmoSy>Z ImbMr dmQ> nH$S>br Va nwT>o nmÊ`mMr Q>mHo$ AmhoV. `m Q>mŠ`mVrb nmUr
{nÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ Amho. Q>mŠ`m§À`m S>mdrH$S>rb dmQ> hr AmnUm§g Mmoa XadmÁ`m§H$S>o AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. hr dmQ> _mÌ AmVm ApñVËdmV Zmhr.
nmÀN>mnya XadmOm : `m XadmÁ`mVyZ JS>mda {eaë`mg WmoS>o MT>ë`mda AmnU EH$m nR>mamda nmohmoMVmo. nR>mamÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o {gÜXoœamMo
_§{Xa ,VgoM YmÝ`H$moR>ma§,^mS>çm§Mo Q>mHo$,hdmbXma Vio , hÎmr_mi Amho. COdrH$S>o JS>mMr Z¡g{J©H$ VQ>~§Xr ~Kmd`mg {_iVo.
JS>mdarb Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$ : dmS>çmnmgyZ AmnU nm`-`m§À`m gmømZo da Ambo H$s COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. hr dmQ> _mÌ hÎmrnmJm§ _YyZ OmVo.
`m dmQ>oZo AmnU gai EH$m Q>moH$mda nmohMVmo. `m Q>moH$mH$S>o AmnU nm{hë`mda Amnë`mbm am`JS>mdarb "Q>H$_H$' Q>moH$mMr AmR>dU òVo. `m
Q>moH$mda Cô am{hë`mda g_moaM C^m AgUmam KZJS> , H$moarJS>, V¡b~¡ë`m {XgVmo. VgoM A§~mZXr d ZXrÀ`m AmOw~mOyMr Jmdo hm n[aga
{XgVmo.
qXS>r XadmOm : gdmîUrÀ`m KmQ>mdê$Z òUmar dmQ> AmnUm§g qXS>r XadmÁ`mV AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. hm XadmOm åhUOo am`JS>mdarb
"_hmXadmÁ`mMr ' hþ~ohÿ~ à{VH¥$Vr. ho `m {H$ëë`mMo _hmÛma Amho. `m ÛmamMr aMZm Jmo_wIr ~m§YUrMr Amho. XmoZ ^r_H$m` ~wéOm_Üò
bnë`m_wio `m Ûmamg _moR>o g§ajU bm^bo Amho. JS>mda dmS>çmÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg MmoadmQ> {dhra Amho. Ë`mÀ`mV EH$ ^w`ma AgyZ AmVm _mÌ
Vo JmimZo nyU© âbo Amho. g§H$Q>mÀ`m doir JS>mdê$Z Imbr OmÊ`mgmR>r MmoadmQ> nU Amho. ^moamB© XodrÀ`m _§{XamÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg AZoH$
g_mÜ`m AmhoV.Ë`mda gw~H$ ZjrH$m_ Ho$bo Amho.
gdmîUrMm KmQ> : V¡b~¡bm JmdmVyZ gai Ym|S>go `m Jmdr `mdo. AWdm nmbr Jmd Vo Ym|S>go Jmd ho A§Vahr 12 {H$._r. Amho. nmbrhÿZ Ym|S>go
Jmdr `mdo.{VWyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r 3 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> \$maM X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.dmQ> gaigmoQ> Agë`mZo MwH$Ê`mMm g§^d H$_r
Amho. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU qXS>r XadmOmV òVmo.
ZmUXm§S> KmQ> : EH$mobo JmdmVyZ KZJS> S>mdrH$S>o R>odyZ _mdiVr H$S>o {ZKmdo.nwT>o nmD$U VmgmZo ZmUXm§S> KmQ>mV nmohmoMVmo.nwT>o EH$ ~mdYmZ
Jmd Amho. nwT>o nmÀN>mnyaMr {Xem Yê$Z R>mHy$admS>rV `mdo Am{U _J JS>_mWm Ad¿`m XmoZ VmgmV JmR>Vm òVmo.
nmÀN>mnya _mJ}: `m XadmÁ`mVyZ JS>mda {eaë`mg WmoS>o MT>ë`mda AmnU EH$m nR>mamda nmohmoMVmo. nR>mamÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o {gÜXoœamMo
_§{Xa ,VgoM YmÝ`H$moR>ma§,^mS>çm§Mo Q>mHo$,hdmbXma Vio , hÎmr_mi Amho. COdrH$S>o JS>mMr Z¡g{J©H$ VQ>~§Xr ~Kmd`mg {_iVo.
JS>mdarb Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$ : dmS>çmnmgyZ AmnU nm`-`m§À`m gmømZo da Ambo H$s COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. hr dmQ> _mÌ hÎmrnmJm§ _YyZ
OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU gai EH$m Q>moH$mda nmohMVmo. `m Q>moH$mH$S>o AmnU nm{hë`mda Amnë`mbm am`JS>mdarb "Q>H$_H$' Q>moH$mMr AmR>dU
òVo. `m Q>moH$mda Cô am{hë`mda g_moaM C^m AgUmam KZJS> , H$moarJS>, V¡b~¡ë`m {XgVmo. VgoM A§~mZXr d ZXrÀ`m AmOw~mOyM Jmdo hm
n[aga {XgVmo.
qXS>r XadmOm : gdmîUrÀ`m KmQ>mdê$Z òUmar dmQ> AmnUm§g qXS>r XadmÁ`mV AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. hm XadmOm åhUOo am`JS>mdarb
"_hmXadmÁ`mMr ' hþ~ohÿ~ à{VH¥$Vr. ho `m {H$ëë`mMo _hmÛma Amho. `m ÛmamMr aMZm Jmo_wIr ~m§YUrMr Amho. XmoZ ^r_H$m` ~wéOm_Üò
bnë`m_wio `m Ûmamg _moR>o g§ajU bm^bo Amho. JS>mda dmS>çmÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg MmoadmQ> {dhra Amho. Ë`mÀ`mV EH$ ^w`ma AgyZ AmVm _mÌ
Vo JmimZo nyU© âbo Amho. g§H$Q>mÀ`m doir JS>mdê$Z Imbr OmÊ`mgmR>r MmoadmQ> nU Amho. ^moamB© XodrÀ`m _§{XamÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg AZoH$
g_mÜ`m AmhoV.Ë`mda gw~H$ ZjrH$m_ Ho$bo Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : n§V g{Mdm§Mo dmS>o òWo CnbãY AgyZ òWo 50 _mUgo amhÿ eH$VmV. VgoM ^moamB© XodrÀ`m _§{XamV XoIrb ahmÊ`mMr
gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` ñdV: Ho$bobr Agë`mg CÎm_. nU Vgo eŠ` Zgë`mg JS>mdaVr "_moao' ZmdmÀ`m J¥hñWmMo Ka Amho.
VoWo 4 Vo 5 OUm§Mr OodUmMr gmo` hmoD$ eHo
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdaVrM AZoH$ hm¡X Am{U Vbmd Agë`mZo ~mam_hr nmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : XmoZ Vmg nmÀN>mnya _mJ}, VrZ Vmg qXS>r XadmOm _mJ}.(Ym|S>go _mJ©)
gagJS>
S>m|Jaam§J: nmbr
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : _Ü`_
lr JUoe åhUOo {dÚoMr XodVm. nmbr ho Aï>{dZm`H$m§n¡H$s EH$ {R>H$mUo. òWrb JUnVr"~„mioœa' åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. `mM nmbr
JmdmÀ`m gr_obm bmJyZ C^m AgUmam JS> åhUOo gagJS>. nmbr JmdmV OmVmM `m JS>mMo Xe©Z hmoVo. nmbr JmdmÀ`m X{jUmoÎma gr_oda
gagJS>mMr AOó q^V C^r Amho.`m JS>mMm Cn`moJ _w»`V… Q>ohiUrgmR>r H$aV AgV. `m JS>mdê$Z nmbr d OdiÀ`m g§nyU© n[agamda
Q>ohiUr H$aVm òVo. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr `m JS>mg Amnë`m ñdamÁ`mXmIb H$ê$Z KoVbo Am{U {H$ëë`mÀ`m S>mJSw>OrgmR>r 2000 hmoZ
_§Oya Ho$bo.ñdmV§Í`àmár n`ªV `m JS>mMr ì`dñWm "^moa' g§ñWmZmH$S>o hmoVr.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : Vgo nm{hbo Va hm JS> XmoZ Vo VrZ VmgmV Ý`mhmiVm òVmo. qXS>r XadmOmbm bmJyZM {Vhoar
VQ>~§XrMr aMZm AmnUmg ~Kmd`mg {_iVo. XadmOmVyZ AmV {eaë`mda COdrH$S>o dimdo Am{U 15 nm`-`m da MT>mì`mV åhUOo VQ>~§Xr
{XgVo. XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda S>mdrH$S>o Joë`mda EH$ _moR>m nmÊ`mMm hm¡X bmJVmo. nwT>o EH$ ^w`mar _mJ© bmJVmo. gÜ`m hm _mJ© _mÌ
ApñVËdmV Zmhr. nwT>o JS>mda òUmam Xwgam _mJ© Amho. `mÀ`m OdiM "_moVr hm¡X' Amho. Oa AmnU COdrH$S>o Jobmo Va 15 nm`-`m MT>mì`m
bmJVmV Am{U _J ~mbo{H$ëë`mMm nm`Wm bmJVmo. ~mbo{H$ëë`mMm nm`Wm :- g_moaM EH$ _moR>m nmÊ`mMm hm¡X Amho.òWo ~mam_mhr nmUr
AgVo. hm¡XmÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyg EH$ ehmnramMo WS>Jo Amho . Ë`mÀ`m OdiM nwÝhm nmÊ`mMr Vir AmhoV . OdiM H$nmarV e§H$amMr EH$ qnS>
Amho. `m H$nmarV AmnUmg ahmVm òVo. hm¡XmÀ`m COì`m ~mOybm H$mhr YmÝ`H$moR>mao , eómJmao AmhoV. VgoM {ZdmgñWmZo , AmImS>m d
H¡$XImZm XoIrb Amho. òWo Xhm-~mam OUm§Mr ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. nwT>o ~mbo{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mMm _mJ© bmJVmo. ~mbo{H$„m _mWm :-
~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m _mÏ`mda Img ~KÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. JS>mda Ho$XmaoœamMo _§{Xa Amho. òWo EH$ Vbmd Amho. Q>ohiUrgmR>r XmoZ ~wê$O
AmhoV. _mÌ `m ~mbo{H$ëë`mdê$Z g_moaM AgUmam VrZ H$mdS>rMm S>m|Ja {XgVmo. g_moaM C^m AgUmam gwYmJS>, V¡b~¡bm, YZJS> Am{U
H$moarJS> {XgVmo. VgoM nmbrJmd, A§~mZXr, CÝhoarMr Ja_ nmÊ`mMr Hw§$S>o, H$moH$U, Om§^winmS>m Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo. d¡emI nm¡{U©_obm
JS>mdarb ehmnramMm Cê$g âVmo. _hm{edamÌrbm Ho$Xmaoœambm ^m{dH$m§Mr JXu AgVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r _mÌ "qXS>r' XadmOmMr EH$M dmQ> dmnamV Amho. nmbr JmdmV CVê$Z `m XadmÁ`mZo
JS>mda OmVm òVo. _§{XamÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg AgUm-`m S>m§~ar añË`mdê$Z S>mdrH$S>o dimdo Am{U _ibobr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. hr dmQ> gaigmoQ>
AgyZ AmnUmg WoQ> JS>mÀ`m ~wéOmn`ªV AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. ~wéOmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer EH$ Imobr Amho. `m ImobrMm Cn`moJ nhmaoH$-`m§Zm
ahmÊ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago. nwT>o XadmÁ`mn`ªV OmÊ`mgmR>r 96 nm`-`m MT>mì`m bmJVmV. `m nm`-`m Oam OnyZM MT>mì`mV H$maU nm` Kgabm
Va XarV nS>Ê`mMm YmoH$m CØdVmo. nm`-`m§Mr dmQ> \$ma X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. `m nm`-`m Amnë`mbm gai XadmOmn`ªV AmUyZ gmoS>VmV.
XadmOmÀ`m g_moaM nhmaoH$-`m§À`m XodS>`m AmhoV. JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>rAOyZ EH$ dmQ> AgyZ Vr dmnamVrb Zgë`mZo `m dmQ>oMm Cn`moJ
H$moUr H$aV Zmhr.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Vgo nm{hbo Va amhÊ`mMr ì`dpñWV gmo` Zmhr. _mÌ 7 Vo 8 OUm§Zm qXS>r XadmÁ`mg_moa AgUm-`m XodS>`m§
_Üò AWdm YmÝ`H$moR>mao, H¡$XImZm òWo ahmVm òVo. nU JS>mda \$ma H$_r Q´>oH$g© ahmVmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU ñdV: H$aUoM `mo½`.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda nmÊ`mMr ânya Q>mH$s AmhoV. nU ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer ehmnramÀ`m COì`m ~mOyg AgUmam hm¡X
{nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Cn`wº$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nmbr JmdmhÿZ qXS>r XadmOmn`ªV Om`bm gmYmaU 1 Vmg bmJVmo.
O§{Oam
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : ObXwJ©
S>m|Jaam§J: am`JS>
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
_hmamï´>mbm gw_mao 750 {H$._r. bm§~rMm g_wÐ {H$Zmam bm^bm Amho. `m g_wÐ {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$„o nmhUo åhUOo EH$ AmJir doJir
AmZ§X`mÌmM R>aVo. hr ^Q>H§$Vr Mmby hmoVo aodg ~§XamnmgyZ Va g§nVo VoaoImob n`ªV. Zmair \$mo\$irÀ`m dZm§_YyZ {\$aVmZm H$moH$Ur
g_mOmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. am`JS> {OëømV _wéS> VmbwŠ`mV Mhþ~mOy§Zr gmJar nmÊ`mMm doT>m nS>bobm, amOmnwarÀ`m ImS>rÀ`m Vm|S>mda
_moŠ`mÀ`m OmJr hm AOo` ObXwJ© C^m Amho.
B{Vhmg : O§{Oam {H$ëë`mbmM "{H$„o _ohé~ D$\©$ {H$„o O§{Oam' Aer Zmdo hmoVr. B. g. 1508 _Üò _{bH$ Ah_X {ZOm_emhm _aU
nmdbm. Ë`mMm 7 dfm©Mm Aënd{`Z _wbJm ~w-hmU {ZOm_emhm JmXrda Ambm. {_Pm©A„r Am{U H$b~A„r ho XmoZ {ZOm_emhr gaXma CÎma
H$moH$UmVrb X§S>mamOnwamg Ambo. Ë`mMdoir g_wÐmVrb MmMo H$moù`m§Zm \$ma Ìmg XoV AgV.åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr amOnwarÀ`m ImS>rda bmH$S>r
_oT>oH$moQ> C^mabm. am_nmQ>rb `m H$moù`mMm A_b Ë`mdoir Ë`mgd© n[agamda hmoVm. {ZOm_emhmZo {na_ImZ ZmdmÀ`m gaXmambm
am_nmQ>rbMm H$mQ>m H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r nmR>db§. {na_ImZmZo _oT>oH$moQ>À`m AmOw~mOybm Jb~Vo bmdbr Am{U am_nmQ>rbmbm Xmê$ nmOyZ ~ohmof Ho$bo
d _oT>oH$moQ> Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm. am_nmQ>rbbm {ZOm_emhm H$S>o nmR>dyZ Ë`mMo Y_mªVa Ho$bo .B.g.1526 Vo 1332 À`m H$ma{H$XuZ§Va
.B.g.1532 _Üò {nam_ImZ _aU nmdbm ~w-hmU {ZOm_ehmMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. nwT>o 1567 _Üò hþgoZ {ZOm_ehmÀ`m hþHw$_mZwgma bmH$S>r
_oT>oH$moQ>m EodOr XJS>r H$moQ> ~m§YÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. ho H$m_ B.g 1571 n`ªV nyU© Pmbo Am{U hm XJS>r H$moQ> '{H$„o _ohé~' ZmdmZo
AmoiIbm OmD$ bmJbm. nwT>o 1857 _Üò AbJ©ImZ `mMr òWo Zo_mUwH$ Pmbr. 1612 _Üò `mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm _wbJm B~«mhr_ImZ
`mMr Zo_UyH$ Pmbr ,`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va 1618 - 1620 À`m H$mbmdYrV {gÜXr gwéXImZ hm R>mUoXma Pmbm. `mZ§Va gw_mao 1947 n`ªV
20 {gÜXr Zdm~m§Zr O§{Oam {H$ëë`mda h¸$ JmOdbm. _wéS> n[agamVyZ {_iUmao CËnÞ Am{U IM© `m§Mr gm§JS> ~gV Zgë`mZo _{bH$
A§~aZo hm _wbyI VmoSy>Z XoD$Z `m{R>H$mUr ZdrZ OhmJraXmar ñWnZ Ho$br Am{U {gÜXr A§~agmZH$ `m _wbyImMr O~m~Xmar nmhÿ bmJbm.
AWm©V `m O§{Oam g§ñWmZmMm g§ñWmnH$ {gÜXr A§~agmZH$M R>abm. B.g 1625 _Üò _{bH$ A§~a _aU nmdbm. O§{OaoH$a ñdV§Ì
gÎmmYre Pmbo hmoVo. 20 {gÜXr gÎmm{Yem§Zr {_iyZ 330 df}amÁ` Ho$bo Am{U 1948 _Üò O§{Oam g§ñWmZ ^maVr` g§KmamÁ`mV {dbrZ
Pmbo. B.g 1648 _Üò {edam`m§Zr VioJS>, KmogmiJS> Am{U am`JS> n[agamVrb _wbyI qOH$bm. 1657 _Üò Omdir qOH$br Am{U
Ë`m§Zr Amnbr ZOa CÎma H$moH$Umda didbr. {H$„o O§{Oam Amnë`m Vmã`mV Amë`m{edm` CÎmaH$moH$Umda AmnU dM©ñd JmOdy eH$Umam
Zmhr ho gË` {edam`m§Zm C_Jbo hmoVo.³ 1659 _Üò {edam`m§Zr em_amOn§V d Ë`m gmo~V ~mOr Kmobnbm O§{Oam KoÊ`mgmR>r nmR>dbo nU,hm
n{hbm à`ËZ \$gbm. nwÝhm 1659 _Üò {ZimoOrn§V aKwZmW _wOw_Xma ,_m`mOr ^mQ>H$a `m§Zr O§{OamÀ`m {gÜXrMr H$m|S>r Ho$br nU nwÝhm
hm à`ËZ \$gbm. {Vg-`m ñdmarMo dU©Z g^mgX ~IarV Imbrbà_mUo {Xbobo Amho. "" am{O`m§Zr ì`§H$moOr XÎmmo \$m¡Oo{Zer Zm_OmX
admZm Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr OmD$Z _wbyI _mê$Z Vb\$ Ho$bm. _J {eÔrZo Amnbo OmVrMo hmner bîH$a KmoS>oñdma d he_ Zm_OmX ì`§H$moOr XÎmmoda
admZm Ho$bo. Ë`mer `wÕ Pmbo. VrZeo h~er ì`§H$moOrn§V _m[abo.KmoS>o nmS>md Ho$bo. ì`§H$moOrn§V H$ñV \$ma Ho$br. ~mam OI_m ì`§H$moOrn§Vmg
bmJë`m Agm Mm¡H$m ~gyZ Ambo. {eÔrZo gë`mMo ZmVo bmdbo. nU am{O`m§Zr gbm Ho$bmM Zmhr.'' hr O§{O-`mdarb {Vgar ñdmar hmoVr.
1678 À`m Owb¡ _Üò {edam`m§Zr O§{O-`mda ñdmar H$aÊ`mMm EH$ Aèñdr à`ËZ Ho$bm. gZ 1682 _Üò g§^mOramOm§Zr XmXmOr
aKwZmWmbm O§{Oam KoÊ`mgmR>r nmR>dbo nU Ë`mMdoir Am¡a§JOo~ X{jUoV CVaë`mZo Ë`mMm O§{Oam KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ AnwamM amhrbm. `m
g§ñWmZmMm eodQ>Mm A{YnVr åhUOo {gÜXr _wh§_XImZ `mÀ`mM H$ma{H$XuV AOo` Ago O§{Oam g§ñWmZ 3 E{àb 1948 amoOr ^maVr`
g§ñWmZmV {dbrZ Pmbo. JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : amOmnwar JmdmnmgyZ òUmar hmoS>r O§{Oam {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mnmer
Wm§~Vo. àdoeÛmamdarb nm§T>-`m XJS>mVrb nmaer boI ñnï> {XgVmo. XadmOmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyÀ`m q^Vtda {d{eï> àH$maMo XJS>mV H$moabobo
{eën AmT>iVo. ho JOmÝV bú_rMo {eën åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. XmoZ XadmOm§À`m _Üò nhmaoH$-`m§À`m XodS>çm AmhoV.O§{Oam {H$ëë`mÀ`m
_hmÛmamda ZJmaImZm Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m VQ>mda OmUm-`m nm`-`m§Zr da Joë`mda g_moaM VQ>mda Vmo\$m R>odë`m AmhoV, Ë`mn¡H$s gdm©V
_moR>çm Vmo\o$Mo Zmd "H$bmS>~m§JS>r ' Ago Amho.
nran§Mm`VZ : {H$ëë`mÀ`m _w»`ÛmamVyZ AmV Joë`mda S>mì`m~mOybm AmUIr EH$ Ûma Amho. COdrH$S>o Imobr gmaIo EH$ ~m§YH$m_ Amho.
`mbmM nran§Mm`VZ Ago åhUVmV. øm dmñVyV 5 nra AmhoV. `m n§Mm`VZmÀ`m nQ>m§JUmVM H$mhr dmñVy AmhoV. `mM {R>H$mUr OhmOmMo VrZ
Zm§Ja J§Oboë`m AdñWoV nS>bobo AmhoV.
KmoS>çmÀ`m nmJm : nra n§Mm`VZmÀ`m g_moaÀ`m {XeoZo VQ>mdê$Z nwT>o Joë`mda KmoS>çmÀ`m nmJm bmJVmV.
gwébImZmMm dmS>m : òWyZ ~mhoa nS>ë`mda g_moaM 3 _Obr nS>H$s ^¸$_ ~m§YUrMr B_maV {XgVo `mbmM gwébImZmMm dmS>m Ago
åhUVmV. AZoH$ dfm©V `m dmS>çmMr _moR>çm à_mUmda nS>PS> Pmbobr Amho.
Vbmd : `m dmS>çmÀ`m CÎmaog gw§Xa ~m§YH$m_ Ho$bobm emoS>fQ²H$moZr JmoS>çmnmÊ`mMm Vbmd Amho. hm Vbmd gw_mao 20 _r ì`mgmMm Amho. Mma
H$mon-`mV Mma hm¡X AmhoV.
gXa : ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m _mJo MwZoJƒr B_maV Amho. `mbmM gXa Ago åhUVmV.
~mbo{H$„m : VbmdmÀ`m ~mOyZo ~m§Yrd nm`-`m§Zr WmoS>o da Joë`mda ~mbo{H$„m bmJVmo. AmO VoWo EH$ P|S>m d§XZmgmR>r C^mabobm Amho.
npíM_ XadmOm : JS>mÀ`m npíM_obm qH${MV VQ>mImbr, VQ>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r N>moQ>m XadmOm Amho, `mbmM X`m© XadmOm Ago åhUVmV.
g§H$Q>H$mir ~mhoa nS>Ê`mg `mMm Cn`moJ hmoV hmoVm. XadmOmÀ`m daÀ`m ^mJmVM VQ>~§XrÀ`m Odi H¡$XImZm hmoVm. {H$ëë`mbm ñdV§Ì Ago
22 ~wéO AmhoV. AmOhr Vo gwpñWV AmhoV. gd© {H$„m nmhÊ`mg VrZ Vmg nwaVmV.
1.A{b~mJ_mJ}: O§{Oam ObXwJ© nmhm`Mm Agob Va nwUo _w§~B© _mJ}A{b~mJ JmR>m`Mo. nwT>o A{b~mJdéZ aodX§S>m_mJ}_wéS> JmR>Vm òVo. _wéS>
JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mn`ªV OmÊ`mgmR>r ~moQ>godm CnbãY Amho. {H$Zm-`m nmgyZ {H$„m JmR>Ê`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
2. nmbr- amohm - ZmJmoR>Uo - gmimd - Zm§XJmd _mJ}: A{b~mJ _mJ}Z OmVm nmbr- amohm - ZmJmoR>Uo - gmimd - Zm§XJmd _mJ}_wéS>bm OmVm
òVo.
3.{XKr_mJ}: H$moH$UmVyZ `md`mMo Pmë`mg _hmS> - JmoaoJmd - åhgio - ~mo{b©nM§VZ {XKr JmR>mdo. {XKrhÿZ {H$„m nmhÊ`mgmR>r ~moQ>godm
CnbãY Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : _wéS> JmdmV amhmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
OodUmMr gmo` : JmdmV OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda Zmhr
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _wéS> JmdmnmgyZ AYm© Vmg.
{H$„o à~iJS> (_wa§OZ)
S>m|Jaam§J: _mWoamZ
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : _Ü`_
_w§~B©-nwUo h_añË`mdéZ OmVm§Zm {XgUmam hm Zmdmà_mUo ~bdmZ AgUmam EH$ XwJ© MQ>H$Z Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. nyd}bm Cëhmg
ZXr, npíM_obm JS>r ZXr, X{jUobm nmVmiJ§Jm ZXr, _m{UH$JS> Am{U Z¡F$Ëòbm H$Zm©im {H$„m, VgoM OdiM Agbobm Bem©iJS>
Agm Mhÿ~mOy§Zr doT>bobm hm {H$„o _wa§OZ C\©$ à~iJS>.
B{Vhmg : CÎma H$moH$UmVrb hm {H$„m Ë`mÀ`m _wbwImV Agboë`m nZdob, H$ë`mU `m àmMrZ ~§Xam§da ZOa R>odÊ`mg Agmdm.
{H$ëë`mdarb Jwhm§À`m Aä`mgmdéZ Ë`m§Mm H$mbI§S> ~m¡Õ H$mbmer OmoS>Vm òVmo. Ë`m§À`mdarb _Zwî` {Z{_©V Jwhm§_wioM CÎmaH$mbmVrb
{ebmhma, `mXd `m amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Ë`mbm bîH$ar Mm¡H$s ~ZdyZ Zmd {Xbo _wa§OZ.~hm_ZrÀ`m H$mbmV hm {H$„m AmH$mamg Ambm Agmdm.
Z§Va Ah_XZJaÀ`m {ZOm_emhrÀ`m Vmã`mV Vmo Ambm. {ZOm_emhrÀ`m AñVmdoir ehmOramOm§Zr {ZOm_emhrÀ`m dmagmbm N>Ì Yê$Z
{ZOm_emhr dmMdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU _moJb ehmOhmZ Am{U {dOmnyaMm A{Xbehm `m§Zr Vh H$ê$Z Amnë`m g§`wº$ \$m¡Om
ehmOramOm§À`m _mJmda nmR>dë`m. Voìhm ehmOramOo ni H$mTy>Z H$m|T>mUm d _wa§~XodmÀ`m S>m|JamV {ZKyZ Jobo. Z§Va H$moH$UmV O§{O-
`mÀ`m {g{ÔH$S>o Jobo AgVm Ë`mZo Aml` ZmH$maë`mda Mm¡bbm nmoVw©JrOm§H$S>o Jobo nU Ë`m§Zrhr ZH$ma {Xë`mda ehmOramOo {OOmD$,
~mb{edmOr Am{U bîH$amgh _wa§OZmda Jobo. gZ 1636 _Üò ~mb{edmOtZr _wa§OZmMm C§~aR>m Amobm§S>bm. 1636 _Üò _mhþbrMm
Vh Pmbm. Ë`mV CÎma H$moH$U _moJbm§À`m Vmã`mV Jobo Am{U _wa§OZda _moJbr A§_b gwê$ Pmbm. nU àË`jmV VoWo {dOmnyaÀ`m
A{XbehmMrM gÎmm hmoVr. nwT>o hr g§Yr {edam`m§Zr gmYbr. Ooìhm {edam`m§Zr OmdirÀ`m M§Ðamd _moaobm hadyZ Omdir Vmã`mV KoVbr,
Ë`mMdoir åhUOo 1656 _Üò {edam`m§Mm eya gaXma Am~mOr _hmXod `mZo H$ë`mU {^d§S>r nmgyZ MoD$b Vo amàrn`ªVMm gmam _wbyI
ñdamÁ`mV KoVbm. Voìhm _wa§OZ {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m Vmã`mV Ambm. {H$ëë`mMo Zmd ~XbyZ {H$„o à~iJS> Ago R>odÊ`mV Ambo. nwT>o
1665 _Üò nwa§XaÀ`m VhmZwgma _moJbm§Zm {Xboë`m 23 {H$ëë`m§_Üò à~iJS> {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {Xbm. O`qgJmZo {H$ëë`mda
amOnyV Ho$eaqgh hmS>m hm {H$„oXma Zo_bm. nwT>o nwa§XaMm Vh _moS>bm. _amR>o {H$„o naV KoV AgVm§Zm _amR>çm§er Pmboë`m bT>mB©V
Ho$eaqgh YmamVrWu nS>bm VËnydu amOnyV {ó`m§Zr Omohma Ho$bm. Ho$eaqghmMr AmB© d XmoZ _wbo {H$ëë`mÀ`m PS>VrV gmnS>bo.
{edam`m§À`m AmXoemZwgma Ë`mZo gÝ_mZmZo XoD$iJmdr _moJb N>mdUrV nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo. Z§Va {H$ëë`mda ImoXH$m_mV ~arM g§nÎmr
AmT>ibr.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : à~iJS>mMm _mWm åhUOo EH$ _moR>o nR>ma Amho. gd© nR>mar ^mJ hm O§JbmZo ì`mnbobm
Amho. JS>mda EH$ JUoe_§{Xa Amho. VgoM XmoZ VrZ nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`m gwÕm AmhoV. _mÌ hr Q>mH$s emoYÊ`mgmR>r d JS>mda {\$aÊ`mgmR>r
dmQ>mS>çm KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àW_ B§J«Om§Zr à~iJS>mMm _mWoamZ gmaIo W§S> hdoMo {R>H$mU åhUyZ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMm {dMma Ho$bm
hmoVm. _mÌ nmÊ`mÀ`m Xw{^©jVo_wio Vmo {dMma _mJo nS>bm. JS>mda VrZ Mma B_maVtMo Adeof AmhoV. KZXmQ> H$madrÀ`m O§Jbm_wio
JS>mdarb dmQ>m ZrQ> {XgV ZmhrV. _mÌ JS>mdê$Z _mWoamZMo {d{dY nm±BªQ>g² \$ma gw§Xa {XgVmV.
eoSw>§J _mJ}- : _w§~B©hÿZ qH$dm nwÊ`mhÿZ òUm-`m§Zr nZdob JmR>mdo. nZdob nwUo h_añË`mda eoSw>§J JmdmH$S>o OmUmam \$mQ>m Amho. Eg².Q>r
MmbH$m§Zm gm§JyZ eoSw>§J \$mQ>çmda CVamdo. h_añË`mdê$Z OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. AÜ`m© VmgmÀ`m añË`mda eoSw>§J Jmd bmJVo. eoSw>§J
JmdmnmgyZ R>mHw$admS>rn`ªV MmbV `mdo. A§Va 5 {H$._r. R>mHw$admS>r ho JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho. òWo Appolo Nusi Medical
Research Centre Mr ^ì` Am{U AmH$f©H$ B_maV Amho. JmdmVyZ ~¡bJmS>rMr dmQ> WoQ> Amnë`mbm à~i_mMrda KoD$Z OmVo.
à~i_mMrda OmÊ`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo. à~i_mMr JmdmVyZ g_moaM EH$ Ki {XgVo. `m KirVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg EH$ Vmg
nwaVmo.R>mHy$admS>r / Appolo n`ªV OmÊ`mg nZdobhÿZhr ~gog AmhoV.
nmoBªO _mJ}:- nZdob Mm¡H$ _mJm©da eoSw>§JÀ`m nwT>o nmoBªO \$mQ>m Amho. {VWo CVê$Z nmoBªO JmdmV nmohMmdo. òWo g_moaM AgUm-`m S>m|Ja
gm|S>odê$Z à~i_mMr `m JmdmV Omdo. òWyZ XrS> Vo XmoZ VmgmV à~iJS> JmR>mdm.
_mWoamZ Vo à~iJS> :- _mWoamZ Odirb embm}Q> Obme`mOdirb lr {ngaZmW _§{XamOdiyZ S>mdrH$S>o dië`mda Xhm {_{ZQ>mV
AmnU EH$m KirV òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. bmoI§S>r {eS>çm§À`m ghmæ`mZo XmoZ VmgmV AmH$ga dmS>r `m JmdmV nmohmoMVm òVo. AmH$ga
dmS>rVyZ à~iJS>Mm S>m|Ja MT>V H$më`m ~wê$OmImbr Agboë`m nR>mamdê$Z KirVyZ da MT>V JS>_mWm JmR>mdm.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. eoSw>§J JmdmVrb emioÀ`m H$Q>çmda 25 - 30 _mUgm§Mr OmonÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$
eH$Vo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnUM H$amdr
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`m AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vo 4 Vmg nm`Ï`mnmgyZ
Baemi JS>
{Oëhm : R>mUo
BaemiJS> hm H$O©V {d^mJmV òUmam {H$„m Amho. H$O©V, _b§JJS>, à~iJS> ho gd©. H$moH$UmV òUmao {H$„o AmhoV. H$ë`mU nwUo
bmoh_mJm©dê$Z OmVm§Zm _b§JJS>, XodUrMm gwiH$m, _mWoamZ, no~, åhg_mi, à~iJS>, BaemiJS> hm n[aga gdmªMoM bj doYyZ KoVmo.
`m n[agamVrb OZOrdZ Vgo gd©gm_mÝ`M Amho. nmdgmMo à_mU _w~bH$ Agë`m_wio gd©Ì ^mVmMr eoVr \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVo.
_hm_mJm©nmgyZ JS> OdiM Agë`mZo nm`Ï`mÀ`m Jmdmn`ªV dmhZmZo OmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
B{Vhmg : Vgo åhQ>bo Va `m Baemibm JS> åhUUoM A`mo½` Amho H$maU Baemi hm EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. Ë`m_wio B{VhmgmVhr Ë`mMm
\$ma Agm Hw$R>o C„oI Zmhr. _o 1666 _Üò {edam`m§Zr H$ë`mU, {^d§S>r - amàr n`ªVMm gmam _wbyI KoVbm. Voìhm Ë`mV hm
JS>XoIrb _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV Ambm Agmdm. Baemi åhUOo à~iJS>Mm g»Im eoOmar. 23 OmZodmar 1972 amoOr `mM gwiŠ`mda
EH$ Xw…IX KQ>Zm KS>br Vr åhUOo, Hw$_ma àH$me Xwd}`mMm {H$ëë`mdê$Z nSy>Z Xw…IX A§V Pmbm. Ë`mÀ`m ñ_aUmW© Xadfu 26
OmZodmarbm _w§~B© - R>mÊ`mMo {J`m©amohH$ òWo O_VmV.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : BaemiJS> åhUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. Baemi _mMr nmgyZ JS>mda OmVm§Zm, dmQ>oVM
nmÊ`mMo EH$ Q>mH§$ bmJV. VoWyZ nwT>o gmono Ago àñVamamohU H$ê$Z AmnU JS>mÀ`m ZoT>çmV nmohmoMVmo. ZoT>çmnmgyZ WmoS>o da Joë`mda,
S>mdrH$S>o nmÊ`mMo EH$ Q>mH§$ bmJV d ~mOybmM EH$ H$nma Amho. ho nmUr {nÊ`mg `mo½` Amho. ZoT>çmVyZ g_moa MT>Umar dmQ> gwiŠ`mda
OmVo. gwiŠ`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r àñVmamamohUmMo V§Ì AdJV AgUo Amdí`H$M Amho. JS>_mÏ`mdê$Z g_moaM à~iJS>, _mWoamZ, M§Xoar,
_b§JJS>, H$Zm©im, _m{UH$JS> hm n[aga {XgVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : Zmhr
OodUmMr gmo` : BaemidmS>rV 5 Vo 6 OUm§Mr hmoD$ eH$Vo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : _mM© n`ªV JS>mdarb Q>mŠ`mV nmUr AgVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : BaemidmS>rVyZ EH$ Vmg.
gyMZm : A{VH$R>rU (JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mg àñVamamohUmMo V§Ì òUo Amdí`H$ Amho). 100 \y$Q>r amon d BVa {J`m©amohUmMo gm_mZ
gmo~V AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
H$Zm©im
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
nZdob {d^mJmV òUmam Am{U am`JS> {OëømV _moS>Umam hm {H$„m Ë`mÀ`m A§JR>çm gma»`m AmH$mam_wio gdmªMo bj Zoh_rM doYyZ
KoVmo. H$Zm©ù`m ImbMo A^`maÊ` ho g§a{jV àXoe åhUyZ amIbo Jobo Amho. EH$ Vo XmoZ {XdgmÀ`m ^Q>H§$VrV òWrb gd© {H$„o {\$ê$Z
hmoVmV.
B{Vhmg : {H$ëë`m§_Üò AgUm-`m Q>mŠ`m§dê$Z hm gmVdmhZH$mbrZ Agmdm Ago dmQ>Vo _mÌ `mMm C„oI `mXdH$mimV AmT>iVmo.
{edam`m§Zr B.g. 1657 _Üò {H$„m KoVbm. nwa§XaÀ`m Vhm_Üò _moJbm§Zm XoÊ`mV òUm-`m 23 {H$ëë`m _Üò H$Zm©im {H$ëë`mMm
g_mdoe hmoVm. `mZ§Va gZ 1670 Z§Va _hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`mZo N>mnm KmbyZ H$Zm©im {H$„m ga Ho$bm Am{U nmdgmim gwê$ hmoÊ`mnydu
gd© H$ë`mU àm§V H$m~rO Ho$bm. nwT>o g§^mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV {H$„m nwÝhm _moJbm§Zr KoVbm Ë`mZ§Va Vmo noeì`m§H$S>o Jobm. gZ
1818 _Üò OZab àm°WaZo hm {H$„m KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : hm {H$„m à{gÕ Amho Vmo òWrb njr A^`maÊ`m_wio. {H$$ëë`mMm _mWm \$maM bhmZ
Amho. JS> {\$aÊ`mg gmYmaU 30 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV. dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda òVm§Zm EH$ XadmOm bmJVmo. XadmOm ~-`mMem T>mgiboë`m
AdñWoV Amho. XadmOmVyZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM, ^dmZr _mVoMo _§{Xa Amho. g_moaM EH$ _moR>m dmS>m Amho. dmS>m g§nyU© T>mgiboë`m
AdñWoV Amho. dmS>çmÀ`m g_moaM e§H$amMr qnS> Amho. g_moaM A§Jmda òUmam gwiH$m Amho. gwiŠ`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s
Am{U YmÝ` H$moR>mao Amho. gwiH$m MT>Ê`mgmR>r àñVamamohUmMo V§Ì òUo Amdí`H$ Amho. gmo~V àñVamamohUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao
gm{hË` gwÕm hdo. `m ì`{V[aº$ {H$ëë`mda nmhÊ`mgmaIo H$mhrM Zmhr. H$Zm©im {H$„m Am{U njr A^`maÊ` ho gd© EH$m {XdgmV
nmhÿZ òÊ`mgmaIo Amho.
_w§~B© - Jmodm _mJm©Zo : _w§~B© - Jmodm _mJm©Zo nZdob gmoS>ë`mZ§Va {eaT>moU Jmd bmJVo. `m JmdmZ§Va bJogM nwT>o H$Zm©ù`mMm n[aga
bmJVmo. _hm_mJm©À`m S>mdrH$S>oM emgH$s` {dlm_Ym_ Am{U H$mhr hm°Q>oëg AmhoV. Eg.Q>r ~g òWo Wm§~Vo. g_moaM AgUm-`m hm°Q>ob
OdiyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg dmQ> Amho. dmQ> Mm§Jbr àeñV Amho. gmYmaU {H$ëë`mda nmohMÊ`mg AS>rM Vmg nwaVmV. dmQ>oVM
~mOybm njr g§J«hmb` Amho.
agm`Zr - AmnQ>m _mJm©Zo : agm`Zr - AmnQ>m _mJm©Zo AmHw$idmS>r Jmd JmR>mdo. `m JmdmVyZ òUmar dmQ> _w»` dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.
doi gmYmaU 3 Vmg.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : H$ëë`mda ahmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. _mÌ {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mÀ`m AgUm-`m emgH$s` {dlm_Ym_mV ahmÊ`mMr
gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mImbr hm°Q>oëg AmhoV.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 2 1/2 Vmg.
_m{UH$JS>
S>m|Jaam§J: H$O©V nZdob
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : _Ü`_
_w§~B© nwUo h_añË`mdéZ OmVm§Zm AZoH$ {H$„o Amnë`mbm {XgVmV.à~iJS>,Baemi,M§Xoar,_mWoamZ,H$Zm©im,bmohJS>, {dgmnya Am{U
`m§À`m g§JVrVM EH$ {H$„m Amho Ë`mMo Zmd§ _m{UH$JL>. H$Zm©im,gm§H$er,_m{UH$JS> ho `m am§JoVrb VrZ ^mD$._m{UH$JS>mÀ`m
AmOw~mOwMm gd© àXoe gYZ Agbm Var òWrb bmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ _mÌ gmYoM Amho.eoVr hm òWrb bmoH$m§Mm à_wI ì`dgm`.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo {H$ëë`mV àdoe Ho$ë`mda g_moaM VQ>~§Xr {XgVo hr VQ>~§Xr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr VwQ>bobr Amho.
VQ>~§Xr_YZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM XoD$i {XgVo Am{U nwT>o XmoZ H$moR>çm {XgVmV.H$moR>çm§Mr Xmao AOyZhr em~yV AmhoV. VQ>~§XrVyZ
n{hë`m gnmQ>rda CVaÊ`mgmR>r nm`-`m AmhoV.òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.Ë`mÀ`m g_moaM OmoË`mMo Adeof
{XgVmV.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o \w$Q>Um-`m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Joë`mda AmUIr 4 Q>mŠ`m {XgVmV `mV _|n`ªV nmUr AgVo.Q>mŠ`m§À`m g_moaM e§H$amMr
qnS> Amho.nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ Mm§Jbo ~mYbobo ~wéO AmT>iVmV.òWyZ nwÝhm JS> {OWyZ nmh`mbm gwadmV Ho$b Ë`m OmJonmer òD$Z
nmohMVmo.{H$ëë`mdê$Zà~iJS>,BaemiJS>,H$Zm©im Am{U gm§H$erM {H$„m hm n[aga {XgVmo.g§nyU© JS>\o$arg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
nZdob qH$dm Imonmobr _mJ}`m`Mo Pmë`mg AmnQ>o \$mQ>çm_mJ}agm`ZrH$S>o dimdo.agm`Zr_YyZ dm{edbr JmdmV `mdo.dm{edbr JmdmVyZ
dS>Jmd JmdmV `mdo.dS>Jmd {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho.nZdobhÿZ dS>Jmd n`ªV òÊ`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.dS>Jmd ho ~-`mn¡H$s _moR>o
Jmd Amho._m{UH$JS>mMr EH$ gm|S> JmdmVM CVabobr Amho.`m gmoS>oÀ`m gmømZo g_moaÀ`m S>m|JaYmaoda MT>V Omdo.dS>Jmd nmgyZ
S>m|JamÀ`m _mÏ`mda OmÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.`m S>moJamÀ`m
_mÏ`mMa H$mVadmS>r dgbobr Amho.`m dmS>rVyZ JS> g_moaM {XgVmo.JS>mÀ`m {XeoZo MmbV {ZKm`mda AÜ`m©VmgmVM AmnU EH$m
O§JbmV {eaVmo.òWyZ nwT>o OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV.
1. _m{UH$Mr qbJr _mJ} COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> àeñV Am{U _ibobr Amho.`m dmQ>oZo OmVm§Zm JS> S>mdrH$S>o R>odyZ AmnU nwT>o
OmVmo.dmQ> O§JbmVyZ nwT>o Jobobr Amho.gw_mao AÜ`m© VmgmZo AmnU JS>mÀ`m npíM_ Q>moH$mda nmohMVmo.òWoM JS>mbm {MQ>Hy$Z EH$ gyiH$m
Amho.`mbmM "_m{UH$Mr qbJr' åhUVmV.òWyZ EH$ dmQ> gai nwT>o
nR>mamda Jobobr Amho Va Xwgar dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o O§JbmV da MT>V Jobobr Amho.hr dmQ> {H$„m Am{U gwiH$m `m§À`m ~oMŠ`mVyZ da
OmVo.hrM dmQ> AmnU nH$S>m`Mr.`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ Ki bmJVo.`m KirVyZ da MTy>Z Om`Mo nU dmQ> Oam X_N>mH$
H$aUmar Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda nmohMÊ`mg EH$ Vmg bmJVmo.
2. qIS>rVwZ
COdrH$S>À`m dmQ>oMm ZmX gmoSy>Z Úm`Mm Am{U g_moa AgUm-`m PmS>rV {eam`Mo.`m dmQ>oZo AmnU g_moaMr S>m|Jagm|S>
MT>V OmVmo.nwT>o XmoZ C§MdQ>o nma Ho$bo H$s AmnU EH$m qIS>rV nmohMVmo.òWoM EH$ N>moQ>mgm gwiH$m Amho. gwiH$m Am{U S>m|Ja `m§À`m
qIS>rVyZ da MT>bo H$s AmnU nwÝhm EH$m KirV nmohMVmo.`m KirVyZ gmono àñVamamohU H$ê$Z da MT>bo H$s AmnU EH$m nR>mamda
òD$Z nmohMVmo Am{U `m nR>mamda H«§$ 1 Mr dmQ> Amnë`m dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.`m XmoÝhr dmQ>m EH$Ì òD$Z nwT>o EH$ dmQ> V`ma hmoVo
Am{U AmnU {H$ëë`mV àdoe H$aVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : dS>Jmd_mJ}3 Vmg.
M§Xoar
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : H$R>rU
_w§~B©-nwUo bmoh_mJm©dê$Z H$ë`mUhÿZ H$O©VH$S>o OmVmZm EH$ S>m|Jaam§J Amho. Ë`mVyZ Amnbm ^bmWmoabm _mWm C§Mmdbobm EH$
àM§S> gwiH$m {XgVmo, Ë`mMo Zmd M§Xoar. ~Xbmnya-dm§JUr ñWmZH$mXaå`mZ ~Xbmnya-H$O©V añË`mda JmoaoJmd ZmdmMo Jmd Amho.
òWyZM M§XoarMr dmQ> Amho. ZmqIS>,M§Xoar,åhg_mi Zdar ~mo`r `m S>m|Jaam§JoVrb EH$ d nZdobÀ`m à^m_§S>imMo _mZH$ar AgUmè`m
H$Zm©im, à~iJS>, BaemiJS>, _m{UH$JS>, no~, _mWoamZ Am{U Aem {H$VrVar JS>m§n¡H$s EH$ åhUOo M§Xoar hmo`. M§XoarÀ`m nm`Ï`mer
Agbobr KZXmQ> d¥jamOr, JdVmi KgaS>r dmQ> AZ² _wa_mS> {ZgaS>m H$mVi_mWm åhUOo gømÐrVrb EH$ ~oOmoS> AmìhmZ Amho.
Vm_gmB© JmdmÀ`m hÔrV AgUmam Agm hm XwJ© àñVamamohU H$boMr AmdS> AgUmè`m {J`m©amohH$m§Mo Img AmH$f©U Amho.
B{Vhmg : Iao Va am`JS> {OëømMo XwJ©^yfU emoÛmam hm {H$„m AgyZhr Vgo Zmd KoÊ`mOmoJo BW H$mhr KS>bo Zmhr. {H$ëë`mdarb
JwhoÀ`m AbrH$S>o EH$ nS>Š`m AdñWoVrb eof VQ>~§Xr {XgVo. {H$„onUmMr hrM H$m` Vr IyU. _o 1656 _Üò {edam`m§Zr H$ë`mU-
{^d§S>r-amàr n`ªVMm gmam _wbyI KoVbm, Voìhm Ë`mV hm JS>hr _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV Ambm Agmdm. Aën {dñVma,nmÊ`mMr H$_r
gmR>dUyH$, ~m§YH$m_mMm A^md, _`m©{XV bmoH$m§Mr _w¸$m_mMr gmo`, A{Ve` AdKS> dmQ> ho gmao nmhÿZ hm {H$„m ZgyZ, EH$ bîH$ar
Mm¡H$s Agmdr AgoM dmQ>Vo. H$mhr OUm§À`m _Vo 7 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1957 amoOr M§Xoar {H$ëë`mÀ`m gwiŠ`mda g§K{Q>V àñVamamohUmMm
àma§^ Pmbm
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JwhoV nydu EH$ {edqbJ d Z§Xr hmoVm. {edqnS>r ^§Jboë`m AdñWoV Amho. Va Z§XrMo
AnhaU Pmbo Amho. JwhoÀ`m AbrH$S>oM EH$ gw_Ywa nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. Am°ŠQ>mo~a eodQ> n`ªVM Ë`mV nmUr AgVo 8 Vo 10 OUm§À`m
_w¸$m_mgmR>r Jwhm CÎm_ Amho. JwhoÀ`m WmoS>o nwT>o gwiŠ`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer XoIrb EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho. H$mVi_mÏ`mMm {dñVma \$º$ bm§~r
nwaVmM Amho. é§Xr OdiOdi ZmhrM. XaS> H$mogië`m_wio gwiŠ`mMm _mWm JmR>Uo \$maM H$R>rU Pmbo Amho. gwiŠ`mdê$Z CJdVrbm
_mWoamZ no~, a²~iMr S>m|Jaam§J B. {XgVo. Va _mdiVrbm ^r_me§H$aMo nR>ma ,{gÜXJS>, JmoajJS>, noR>Mm {H$„m B. {XgVmV. JS>mÀ`m
nm`Ï`mMm n[aga nmdgmù`mV \$maM a_Ur` d {dbmo^Zr` AgVmo. Y~Yã`mMm AmñdmX ¿`m`bm AZoH$ n`©Q>H$ òWo òVmV.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : _w§~B©-H$O©V bmoh_mJm©darb "dm§JUr' `m aoëdo ñWmZH$mda CVamdo. VoWyZ bmoh_mJm©À`m H$S>oH$S>oZo
(~XbmnyaÀ`m {Xeog) OmUmè`m dmQ>oZo JmoaoJmd JmR>mdo. _w»` añË`mdê$Z S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> (H$ƒr gS>H$) qMMmobr `m nm`Ï`mÀ`m Jmdr
KoD$Z OmVo. ~Xbmnya ñWmZH$mV CVê$Z qMMmobrg gmYmaU nmD$U VmgmMr nm`nrQ> H$ê$Zhr nmohMVm òVo. (dm§JUr ñWmZH$mVyZ JmoaoJmd
n`ªV OmÊ`mg ^mS>çmMr dhmZohr {_iVmV.) qMMmobr Jmdmg COdrH$S>o R>oD$Z da OmUmè`m XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. EH$m bhmZí`m Q>oH$mS>mÀ`m
XmoZ ~mOy§Zr øm dmQ>m OmVmV. Q>oH$S>rÀ`m COdrH$Sy>Z OmUmar dmQ> XJS>Ym|S>çm§_YyZ OmUmar IS>H$mi Amho. Va Q>oH$S>rÀ`m S>mdrH$Sy>Z
OmUmar dmQ> KgaS>`m bmb _mVrdarb PmS>m§PwS>nm§VyZ OmUmar Amho. øm XmoÝhrhr dmQ>m _Ü`^mJr AgUmè`m EH$m bhmZem nR>mamda KoD$Z
OmVmV. VoWyZ XmoZ S>m|JamZm gm_mB©H$ AgUmar, B§JOr 'V' AjamÀ`m AmH$mamMr ImM {XgVo. Ë`m {XeoZo MmbV amhmdo. øm ImMoÀ`m
COdrH$S>Mm S>m|Ja åhg_miMm Va S>mdrH$S>Mm C§M gwiH$m AgUmam S>m|Ja M§Xoar hmo`. nR>mamdê$Z WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda nmÊ`mMo H$mhr Amohmoi
bmJVmV. Ë`mÀ`mMda Y~Yã`mMm _mJ© Amho. Y~Yã`mMo nmÌ Amobm§Sy>Z Y~Yã`mÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o AgUmè`m nm` dmQ>oZo JS> MT>Ê`mg gwadmV
H$amdr. gmYmaUV: VmgmâmÀ`m MT>UrZ§Va AmnU EH$m qMMmoù`m _mÏ`mda nmohmoMVmo. Ë`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg Xar Amho. VoWyZ S>mdrH$S>o
OmUmar dmQ> WoQ> Jwhonmer KoD$Z OmVo. ZdrZM {J`m©amohU H$aUmè`m§Zr gmo~V dmQ>mS>çm ZoUo CÎm_.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JwhoV 8 Vo 10 OUm§Mr.
OodUmMr gmo` : ñdV:M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : Am°ŠQ>mo~a eodQ> n`ªV (nmdgmda Adb§~yZ Amho.) Q>mŠ`mV nmUr AgVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : qMMmobr JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.
gyMZm : JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mg AdKS> Ago àñVamamohU H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Ad{MVJS
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 300 _r.
S>m|Jaam§J: amohm
{Oëhm : H$O©V
loUr : gmonr
X{jU H$moH$UmV Hw§$S>{bH$m ZXrÀ`m Vramda amohm JmdmÀ`m AmOw~mOybm ngaboë`m S>m|Jaam§Jm§_Üò JX© amZmZo doT>bobm Ad{MVJS> nmhUo hm
EH$ gwaå` AZw^d R>aVmo. _hmamï´>mVrb _moOŠ`m nU lr_§V JS>m§_Üò `m JS>mMr JUZm hmoVo. amoømnmgyZ 5 {H$._r. da Agboë`m qnJigB©
JmdmnmgyZ JS>mMr C§Mr 300 _r. âVo. KZXmQ> PmS>m§_wio JS>mda OmÊ`mMm _mJ© XwJ©_ Pmbm Amho. gd© ~mOy§Zr VQ>m§Zr Am{U ~wéOm§Zr
doT>bobm Agë`mZo hm {H$„m g§ajUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMm hmoVm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda \$mago nmhÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. JS>mÀ`m X{jU ~wéOmH$S>rb XadmOm T>mgiboë`m AdñWoV
Amho. Xwgè`m XadmOmV nmÊ`mZo VwSw>§~ âbobm Vbmd Amho. Hw§$S>mVrb nmUr EH$X_ {nÊ`m`mo½` Amho. OdiM I§S>mo~mMr H$mù`m nmfmUmVrb
_yVu Amho.nmdgmù`mZ§VaMo òWrb {ZgJ©gm¢X`© nmhÊ`mgmaIo AgVo. BWë`m amZmV amZSw>H$ao,_mH$S>,{~~ù`m,H$moëho B. àmUr AmT>iVmV.
JS>mdê$Z g_moaM V¡b~¡bmÀ`m XmoZ àñVaq^Vr ,gwYmJS>,gagJS>,YZJS>,H$moarJS>,am`JS>,gdmîUrMm KmQ> BË`mXr n[aga Ý`mhmiVm òVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r VrZ dmQ>m AmhoV.
1. qnJigB© _mJ : Ad{MVJS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B©H$am§Zr AWdm nwUoH$am§Zr àW_ amoømbm `mdo. òWyZ nm`r XrS> VmgmMr nm`r anoQ>
Ho$ë`mda JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Agboë`m qnJigB© JmdmV AmnU nmohmoMVmo. ho A§Va gmYmaUnUo 5 {H$._r. Amho. òWyZ JS>mda OmUmar dmQ
gai Am{U _ibobr Agë`mZo VmgmâmV JS>mda nmohmoMVm òVo.
2._oT>m _mJ : _w§~B©-amohm _mJm©da amoømÀ`m AJmoXa 7.5 {H$._r. Agboë`m _oT>m `m Jmdr CVamdo. JmdmVyZ {dR>mo~m _§{XamÀ`m _mJyZM
JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r dmQ> Amho. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU EH$m VmgmV JS>mda nmohmoMVmo. dmQ> XmQ> PmS>m§_YyZ OmV Agë`mZo dmQ> MwH$Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm
Amho. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU nS>Š`m ~wéOmdê$Z JS>mda nmohmoMVmo. ~wéOmdê$Z S>mì`m ~mOybm Hw§$S>{bH$m ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mVrb _oT>m d qnJigB© hr
Jmdo {XgVmV.
3. nS>_ _mJ : JS>mda OmÊ`mMm {Vgam _mJ© nS>_ JmdmVyZ òVmo. amohm _mJ}qnJigB© Jmdmbm òVm§Zm amohm ZmJmoR>Uo _mJm©da EH$ ~§X
nS>bobm H$mJX H$maImZm Amho. `m H$maImÝ`mÀ`m _mJyZ OmUmar dmQ> JS>mÀ`m X{jU àdoeÛamnmer KodyZ OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda OmÊ`mg
XmoZ Vmg nwaVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodU AmnU ñdV… KodyZ Omdo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~ma_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Vio Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : qnJigB© _mJ}1 Vmg Va nS>_ _mJ}2 Vmg.
{~admS>r
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 1200\y$Q>.
S>m|Jaam§J: amohm
{Oëhm : am`JS
loUr : gmonr
amoømÀ`m Ad{MVJS>m nmgyZ gwê$ Pmboë`m S>m|Jaam§JoV KmogmiJS>,ViJS>,_mZJS> Hw$Sw>©JS>,~radmS>r Ago AZoH$ N>moQ>oN>mQ>o {H$„o
AmhoV.B{VhmgmV \$magm Hw$R>o C„oI Zgbobm ~radmS>rMm {H$„m amoømnmgyZ 18 {H$._r A§Vamda Amho.ñdVMo dmhZ AgobVa 1 Vo 2
VmgmV {H$„m ghO nmhÿZ hmoVo.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmVm§Zm dmQ>oVM ^dmZr _mVoMo àeñV _§{XabmJVo._§{Xamn`ªV OmÊ`mg gw_mao 100
~m§Yboë`m nm`-`m AmhoV.gÜ`m XodimÀ`mOrUm}ÜXmamMo H$m_ Mmby Amho.XodimÀ`m àm§JUmV Vmo\$ R>odbobr Amho._§XramÀ`m_mJrb ~mOyg
{edam`m§Mm 6 \w$Q>r nwVim C^m Amho.òWyZ WmoS>o da MT>ë`mdaAmnU EH$m gwQ>mdbobm ~wê$Omnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo.~wéOmnmgyZ EH$
dmQ>COdrH$S>o diVo.hr dmQ> g§nyU© {H$ëë`mbm diyZ JS>mda nmohMVo.dmQ>oV EH$m{R>H$Ur IS>H$mV ImoXbobo nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho Ë`mbm
"KmoS>çmMo Q>mHo$'åhUVmV.{H$ëë`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç Ago H$s {H$ëë`mÀ`m Mhþ~mOyg VQ>~§Xr {dahrV ~wéOAmhoV.JS>mÀ`m `m _mJrb ~mOyg JS>mMo
gw~H$ Ago àdoeÛma Amho.AmOhr ho~-`mn¡H$s em~yV Amho.òWyZ WmoS>oda Joë`mda AmnU WoQ> {H$ëë`mVM àdoe
H$aVmo.JS>_mÏ`mda nS>Š`m dmS>çmMo AZoH$ Adeof AmhoV.{H$ëë`mda AZoH$nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.JS>_mWm \$maM {Z_wiVm Agë`mZo
Vmo {\$aÊ`mg AYm©VmgnwaVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mMm EH$M _mJ© Amho.Vmo {~admS>r JmdmVyZ OmVmo.
amohm _wéS> _mJm©da MUoam ZmdmMo Jmd Amho.amoømnmgyZ 18 {H$._r da Va _wéS>
nmgyZ 5 {H$._r da MUoam Jmd Amho.MUoam JmdmnmgyZ {~admS>r Jmd 5 {H$_r da
Amho.{~admS>r ho nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho.JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg nm`dmQ>
Amho.{~admS>r JmdmVyZ {H$„m JmR>Ê`mg AYm© Vmg bmJVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr _mÌ {~admS>r JmdmV AgUm-`m _§{XamV 20
bmoH$m§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodU AmnU ñdV… KodyZ Omdo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : {~admS>r JmdmVyZ AYm©Vmg .
ViJS
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 1000 \y$Q>.
S>m|Jaam§J: amohm
{Oëhm : am`JS
loUr : gmonr
amoømÀ`m AmOw~mOwbm AZoH$ S>m|Jaam§Jm ngaboë`m AmhoV.`m S>m|Jaam§Jm ngaboë`m AmhoV.`m S>m|Jaam§Jmda AZoH$ {H$„o R>mU _m§Sy>Z
~gbobo AmhoV.Ë`mn¢H$s ViJS> hm EH$ {H$„m.
B{Vhmg :
amoømnmgyZ g_wÐ AJXr OdiM Amho.Hw§$S>{bH$m ZXr {OWo gmJambm {_iVo Vmo gd© ^mJ nydu gmJar dmhVwH$sgmR>r dmnabm OmV
Ago.`m gd© n[agamda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {H$„o ~m§Ybo Jobo Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ åhUOo ViJL>{edam`m§Zr `m gd© n[agamMo _hËd OmUbo
hmoVo åhUyZM ViJS> Am{U KmogmiJS> ho {H$„o Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbo.nwT>o amOm O`qgJmer Pmboë`m nwa§Ya {H$ëë`mÀ`m Vhm_Üò
_hmamOm§Zr 12 {H$„o ñdV:H$S>o R>odbo.Ë`m_Üò ViJS> hm EH$ hmoVm.`mdê$ZM `m {H$ëë`mMo _hËd AmnUmg g_OVo.nwT>o 1818 _Üò
OZab àmWaZo hm {H$„m qOH$bm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$„m Vgm bhmZM Ë`m_wio `mMm KoamnU _moOH$mM.{H$ëë`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo VQ>~§Xr AOyZhr em~yV
Amho.AZoH$ {R>H$mUMo ~wéO AmOhr Mm§Jë`m pñW{VV AmT>iVmV.{H$ëë`mV {eaVm§Zm nS>PS> Pmbobm XadmOm bmJVmo Vmo åhUOo hZw_mZ
XadmOm.`m hZw_mZ XadmOmÀ`m COì`m H$mon-`mV _méVrMr gw§Xa _yVu H$moabobr Amho. JS> hm X{jUmoÎma ngabobm Amho.XadmOmVyZ AmV
Joë`mda WmoS>çmM A§Vamda nmÊ`mMr ImoXbobr gmV Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.nwT>o X{jUoH$S>o MmbV Joë`mda ~wéO Amho.AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Kam§Mo
Am{U dmS>çm§Mo Adeof AmT>iVmV. JS>mMm dmna Q>ohiUr ì`{V[aº$ BVa \$magm hmoV Zgë`mZo \$maer {e~§Xr JS>mda Zgmdr.{H$ëë`mda
KmogmiJS>,_hmS>,amoømMr ImS>r Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.JS>mMm Koa AmQ>monera Agë`mZo AÜ`m© VmgmV {H$„m {\$éZ hmoVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mMr _w»` dmQ> hr VimJmdmVyZM da OmVo.VimJmdmn`©V
OmÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ dmQ>m AmhoV.JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$M dmQ> Amho.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda OmVm§Zm n{hë`m Q>ßß`mda EH$ N>moQ>rer
gnmQ>r bmJVo.Xwgam Q>ßnm åhUOo JS>mÀ`m _mMrMm ^mJ Am{U {Vgam ^mJ åhUOo {H$ëë`mÀ`m A§V©^mJmV AgUmao àeñV nR>maM
hmo`.nm`Ï`mnmgyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
1. B§Xmnya_mJ}
_w§~B©-Jmodm _hm_mJmd©éZ _hmS>À`m A{bH$S>o B§Xmnya JmdmÀ`m ZOrH$M
VimJmdmH$S>o
OmÊ`mgmR>r \$mQ>m \w$Q>Vmo.òWyZ VimJmdmV OmÊ`mg 45 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV.
2. amohm_mJ}
amoö`mhÿZ _wéS>H$S>o OmVm§Zm Vm§~S>r ZmdmMo Jmd bmJVo.òWyZ VimJmdm
H$Ho$ OmÊ`mg EH$ JmS>rañVm Amho.
3. _m§S>mXboUr _mJ}
amohm-_wéS> _mJm©da amoømnmgyZ 15 {H$_r A§Vamda ImOUr \$mQ>m
Amho.`m \$mQ>çmnmgyZ 5 {H$_r A§Vamda Hw$S>m Jmd Amho.`m Hw$S>çmnmgyZ 12
{H$_r A§Vamda VimJmd Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr _mÌ Vim JmdmV amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : VimJmdmV hm°Q>oëg Am{U ^moOZmbò AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Vim JmdmVyZ AYm©Vmg bmJVmo.
JS>XMm ~{har
S>m|Jaam§J: H$O©V
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : H$R>rU
bmoUmdù`mÀ`m CÎmaobm Xhm _¡bm§da Agboë`m amO_mMr {H$ëë`mda df©â XwJ©ào_r òV AgVmV. _mÌ `mM amO_mMrOdi {Z~rS>
AaÊ`mV Agboë`m ~wb§X Am{U ~obmJ Aem T>mH$À`m {H$ëë`mMr \$maer H$moUmbm AmoiI Zmhr. `m {H$ëë`mMr Amnë`m gma»`m
amZmdZmV qhS>Um-`m _§S>irZm AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr Vr åhUOo "Jmo. Zr. Xm§S>oH$a' `m§Zr. T>mH$Mm ~{har åhUOo "T>mH$Mm {H$„m' Am{U
"JS>XMm ~{har'. T>mH$À`m {H$ëë`mÀ`m ~mOyg AgUm-`m gwiŠ`mbm "H$iH$am`Mm gwiH$m' Agohr åhUVmV. {deofV: T>mH$À`m
{H$ëë`mda nmohMm`Mo Agë`mg "dXn' Jmd JmR>mdo. {H$ëë`mÀ`m _mÏ`mda nmÊ`mMr XmoZ, VrZ Q>mH$s Am{U EH$ _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamV 4
OUm§Zm PmonVm òVo. `m {H$ëë`mÀ`mM Z¡g{J©H$ VQ>~§XrÀ`m H$mVimV "JS>XMm ~{har' bnyZ ~gbm Amho. `mÀ`m npíM_obm nigXar
Vbmd, nyd}bm Cëhmg ZXrMo Imoao Amho .
~{harMr Jwhm :-`m ~{harÀ`m JwhoVM nmÊ`mMo EH$ _moR>o Q>mHo$ Amho. `m Q>mŠ`m§_ÜòM JmdH$-`m§Zr OodUmgmR>r H$mhr ^m§S>r R>odbr
AmhoV. OodU Pmë`mda hr ^m§S>r YwdyZ nwÝhm `m Q>mŠ`mVM R>odmdr. JwhoÀ`m daM XrS> hOma \y$Q>m§Mr H$mViq^V Amho. JwhoÀ`m g_moaM
amO_mMrMo lrdY©Z Am{U _Za§OZ ho XmoZ ~mbo{H$„o {XgVmV. òWyZM ZmJ\$UrMo Q>moH$ , à~iJS> , H$Zm©im, _mWoamZ Agm {dñVrU©
n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>XMm ~{harda AWm©V T>mH$À`m Jwhon`ªV OmUm-`m gd© dmQ>m "H$iH$am`Mm gwiH$m' Am{U ~{harMm
S>m|Ja `m_YyZM OmVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : òWrb amhÊ`mMo EH$_od {R>H$mU åhUOo ~{harMr Jwhm hoM hmo`.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU ñdV:M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JwhoVM {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo EH$ _moR>o Q>mHo$ Amho. dmQ>oV Hw$R>ohr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo` Zgë`mZo
CÝhmù`mV nmÊ`mMm ânya gmR>m AgUo Amdí`H$.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 4 Vmg gm§S>er _mJ}.
no~
S>m|Jaam§J: H$O©V
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : _Ü`_
nZdobÀ`m B©emÝòbm _w§~B© nwUo _mJm©darb ZoainmgyZ npíM_obm VrZ - Mma {H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamda hm {H$„m Amho. _mWoamZgma»`m
gw§Xa W§S> hdoÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m _mUgm§À`m JXunmgyZ _moH$irH$ hdr Agë`mg {ZgJ©ào_tZr no~Mm {H$„m {dgê$ Zò. EadrXoIrb
EH$m {XdgmÀ`m Q´>oH$gmR>r "no~' gmaIr OdiMr Am{U {ZgJ©aå` OmJm emoYyZ gmnS>Uma Zmhr. {H$„m MT>Ê`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi
,MT>Ê`mMr dmQ> ,darb JwhoMr aMZm ,Jwhog_moarb {ZgJ©aå` Ñí` Aem AZoH$ ~m~VrV hm JS> "JmoaIJS>mer' gmYå`© gmYVmo. _mÌ
Ë`m_mZmZo hm {H$„m MT>VmZm bmJUmao O§Jb KZXmQ> Amho. no~À`m {H$ëë`mMo {dH$Q>JS> Ago XoIrb Zmd Amho.
B{Vhmg : `m {H$ëë`mMo _yi Zmd no~ ho Zmd nm`Ï`mÀ`m Agboë`m no~r Xodrdê$Z nS>bo Agmdo. {H$ëë`mdarb JwhoMm {edmOr
_hmamOm§Zr YmÝ` H$moR>mam§gmR>r Cn`moJ Ho$bm hmoVm, Agm ñnï> Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© no~À`m {H$ëë`m~m~V AmT>iVmo.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : no~Mm {H$„m MT>VmZm dmQ>oV bmJUmam Y~Y~m ho EH$ _moR>o AmH$f©U. {H$ëë`mdarb
Jwhog_moê$Z nmdgmù`mV gw§Xa XoImdm {XgVmo. Jwho g_moê$Z Amnë`mbm Zdam-Zdar,^Q>mo~m Ago gwiHo$ {XgVmV. `m JS>mda H$moUË`mhr
F$VyV OmVm òVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : _Ü` aoëdoZo H$O©V_mJ}Zoai ñQ>oeZda CVaë`mda ñQ>oeZnmgyZ WmoS>o ~mhoa Amë`mda g_moaM _mWoamZ
Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ~mOyg no~À`m {H$ëë`mMo Xe©Z hmoVo. no~bm OmÊ`mgmR>r Zoai ñQ>oeZbm CVamdo Am{U COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.
S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> AmnUmg _mWoamZbm KoD$Z OmVo. S>m|JamÀ`m {XeoZo OmVmZm _¡XmZ,nmoëQ´>r\$m_©,AY©dQ> Kam§Mr ~m§YH$m_o `m H$mhr IwUm
gm§JVm òVrb. Ë`mZ§Va g_moa {XgUm-`m BbopŠQ´>H$À`m _moR>_moR>çm Q>m°daÀ`m {XeoZo _mJ©H«$_U H$amdo. {g_|Q>Mm EH$ _moR>m nm`m Agbobm
Q>m°da Amë`mda VoWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ _moR>m Y~Y~m bmJVmo. `m Y~Yã`mOdi Amnë`mbm 3 dmQ>m bmJVmV. 1) Y~Yã`mbm
bmJyZ Agbobr dmQ>. 2) _YyZ Jobobr _w»` dmQ>. 3) Q>m°dg©bm bmJyZ Agbobr dmQ>. `m VrZ dmQ>m§n¡H$s _Ybr _w»` dmQ> hrM
{H$ëë`mÀ`m Jwhon`ªV ZoUmar Iar dmQ> Amho.n{hë`m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Joë`mg O§Jb bmJVo. nU nwT>o `m dmQ>oZo OmUo AeŠ`M Amho. {Vgar dmQ>
åhUOo _mZobm digm KmbyZ Kmg KoÊ`mgmaIm àH$ma hmo`. VgoM `m dmQ>obm nZdobH$S>o OmUmao \$mQ>o \w$Q>V Agë`mZo dmQ> MwH$Ê`mMr
eŠ`Vm OmñV Amho. _YyZ OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo JUnVrMo {MÌ H$mT>bobm XJS> òVmo. `m XJS>mÀ`m COì`m ~mOyZo da MT>mdo.
hrM dmQ> nwT>o P-`mMr hmoV Agbr Var hr dmQ> Z gmoS>Vm `mM dmQ>oZo qIS>rÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb H$amdr. qIS>rV nmohmoMë`mda VoWyZ
S>mì`m hmVmbm diyZ nwT>o Omdo.VoWyZ nwT>o nm§T>am XJS> bmJVmo. nm§T>am XJS> MT>Ê`mg A{Ve` H$R>rU AgyZ Vmo nma Ho$ë`mZ§Va _mÌ nwT>o
WmoS>çmM A§Vamda Jwhm bmJVo. àW_M OmUm-`m§Zr dmQ>mS>`m KoUo {hVH$maH$ Amho. {H$„m MT>Ê`mg bmJUmam doi XmoZ Vo AS>rM Vmg
Amho. no~da OmÊ`mgmR>r {J`m©amohH$m§Zm AmUIr EH$ dmQ> Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _mWoamZÀ`m n°Zmoa_m nm°BªQ>da `mdo. òWyZ gw_mao 6 VmgmV
no~À`m JwhoV nmohMVm òVo. Jwhm§À`m nm`Ï`mer JéS> H$moabm Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda Jwho_Üò ñdm_r g_WmªMo {eî`JU ahmV Agë`mZo JwhoÀ`m ~mhoa qH$dm OdiM Agboë`m H$nmar_Üò
10 OUm§À`m ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. JwhoOdiM Agbobr nmÊ`mMr Q>mHo$ hrM {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo`.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : nmÊ`mgmR>r Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vmg Zoai nmgyZ
noR>
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr :
S>m|Jaam§J: ^r_me§H$a
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : _Ü`_
H$moWirJS> hm H$O©VnmgyZ B©emÝòbm gmYmaU 21 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. amO_mMr Am{U T>mH$ {H$ëë`m§À`m Am{U {gÜXJS>-
^r_me§H$aÀ`m AbrH$S>o XmQ> PmS>rVyZ Amnbm CÎmw§J H$mViH$S>m C^mê$Z hm {H$„m B{VhmgmMr gmj XoV C^m Amho. `m {H$ëë`mbm
nm`Ï`mÀ`m 'noR>' `m Jmdm_wio "noR>Mm {H$„m' Agohr g§~moYbo OmVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr `mMm C„oI H$moWim Agmhr AmT>iVmo. bhmZem
{XgUmè`m `m {H$ëë`mMm B{Vhmg _moR>m aº$a§{OV Amho. Ë`m{df`mMr _m{hVr _amR>r d B§J«Or H$mJXnÌmVyZ Zìho Va _wKbr
H$mJXnÌm§_YyZ {_iVo. hm {H$„m H$mhr ~bmT>ç XwJ© Zmhr nU ~obmJ gwiŠ`mdaMm EH$ g§ajH$ R>mU§ hmoVm. _amR>çm§Mo `m {H$ëë`mda
eòmJma hmoVo. g§^mOr_hmamOm§À`m H$mimV Ë`mbm {deof _hÎdhr àmá Pmbo.
B{Vhmg : Am¡a§JOo~mZo Zmoìh|~a 1684 _Üò AãXwb H$mXa d A{b{~amXaH$mZr `m§Zm g§^mOtÀ`m Vmã`mVrb {H$„o KoÊ`mgmR>r
nmR>dbo. 'H$moWimJS>' hm _hÎdmMm AgyZ Omo H$moUr Vmo Vmã`mV KoB©b, Ë`mMm Vm~m ViH$moH$Umda amhrb ho bjmV KoD$Z AãXwb H$mXa
`mZo hm {H$„m KoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. Vmo `m {H$ëë`mÀ`m Odinmg Jobm Am{U VoWo amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm Amnbo ZmoH$a åhUyZ R>odyZ
KoVbo. _amR>o `m {H$ëë`mVyZ eóm§Mr Zo-AmU H$aVmV, ho H$iVmM AãXwb H$mXa d Ë`mMo 300 ~§XyH$Ymar Zmoìh|~a 1684 _ÜòM
JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nmohmoMbo. _amR>çm§Zr Ë`m§Zm _mJo hQ>dbo nU Varhr H$mhr bmoH$ {H$ëë`mÀ`m _JaH$moQ> XadmÁ`mOdi nmohmoMbo Am{U
Ë`m§Zr "XadmOm CKS>m" Aer AmaS>mAmoaS> gwê$ Ho$br. {H$ëë`mdarb _amR>m g¡Ý`mbm dmQ>bo H$s AmnboM bmoH$ hË`mao ZoÊ`mgmR>r Ambo
AmhoV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr XadmOm CKS>bm. XadmOm CKS>VmM _moJb g¡{ZH$ AmV {eabo. _amR>o d _moJb `m§À`mV bT>mB© Pmbr. AãXwb
H$mXaÀ`m _XVrgmR>r _mUH$moOr nm§T>aohr Ambo. Pmboë`m bT>mB©V _moJbm§Zm è Ambo. Xwgè`mM {Xder _amR>çm§Zr {H$ëë`mbm doT>m
KmVbm. \$ma _moR>r bT>mB© Pmbr. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV AãXwb H$mXaÀ`m _XVrbm H$moUrM Z Amë`m_wio Ë`mMr n[apñWVr H$R>rU Pmbr.
~mUm§Mr d ~§XwH$s¨Mr bT>mB© Pmbr. {H$ëë`mdaMm Xmê$Jmoim AmJrÀ`m ^ú`ñWmZr nS>bm. JS>mda OmUmar gm_wJ«r _amR>çm§Zr bwQ>ë`m_wio
_wKb g¡Ý`mbm Xmê$Jmoim d YmÝ` {_ioZmgo Pmbo. doT>m Q>mH$ë`mZ§Va Xhm ~mam {Xdgm§Zr OwÞaMm {H$„oXma AãXwb A{OOImZ `mZo
Amnbm _wbJm AãXwbImZ `mbm g¡Ý`mgh AãXwb H$mXaÀ`m _XVrbm nmR>dbo. AãXwbImZ VoWo nmohMbm Voìhm Ë`mMr dmQ> AS>dÊ`mgmR>r
_amR>çm§Mm gaXma ZmamoOr qÌ~H$ `m§Zr VoWrb Imoao amoIyZ Yabo hmoVo. òWohr bT>mB© Pmbr. ZmamoOr qÌ~H$ d BVa gaXma YmamVrWu nS>bo
Am{U H$moWimJS> _wKbm§À`m Vmã`mV Jobm. Bh_VImZmZo ZmamoOr qÌ~H$mMo S>moHo$ añË`mda Q>m§Jbo. {H$„m qOHy$Z gmoÝ`mMr {H$„r
Am¡a§JOo~mH$S>o nmR>dÊ`mV Ambr. Am¡a§JOo~mZo H$moWimJS> ZmdmMm Agm H$moUVm JS> ApñVËdmV Amho H$m? `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z _JM
AãXwbImZmbm ~{jgo {Xbr. _wKbm§Zr JS>mbm "{_âVmhþb\$Vh" ({dO`mMr {H$„r) Ago Zmd {Xbo. \§$X{\$Vwar_wio _amR>çm§À`m hmVyZ hm
_moŠ`mMm {H$„m {ZgQ>bm. JS> naV {_idÊ`mgmR>r _amR>çm§Zr à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. {S>g|~a 1684 _Üò JS>mH$S>o OmUmè`m _wKb g¡Ý`mbm
_amR>çm§Zr AS>dbo. Z§Va _èhm_VImZmbmhr 7000 _amR>çm§À`m VwH$S>rZo AS>dbo. nU _amR>çm§Zm è bm^bo Zmhr. Ë`mZ§Va E{àb
1685 _Üò 700 OUm§À`m VwH$S>rZo nwÝhm h„m Ho$bm. 200 OU XmoarÀ`m {eS>rÀ`m _XVrZo {H$ëë`mV CVabo. ~aoM aº$ gm§S>bo nU
_amR>çm§Mr \$Îmo hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. _amR>çm§Zr hm _hÎdmMm {H$„m J_mdbm hmoVm. nwT>o 1817 À`m Zmoìh|~a_Üò Xwgè`m ~mOramd
noeì`mÀ`m dVrZo ~mnwamd Zm_H$ eya gaXmamZo hm {H$„m B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mVyZ gmoS>dbm. gw_mao 1862 n`ªV {H$ëë`mda _mUgm§Mm am~Vm
hmoVm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nm`Ï`mOdiÀ`m noR> JmdmVyZ Mhþ~mOy§Zr Vmgë`m gmaIm noR>Mm gwiH$m {XgVmo.
nm`dmQ>oZo da nmohmoMë`mda g_moaM H$mVimÀ`m nmoQ>mV ImoXboë`m Jwhm {XgVmV. àW_ Amho Vr XodrMr Jwhm, nmÊ`mM§ Q>mHo$ Am{U _J
S>mdrH$S>o Eogn¡g Aer ^¡amo~mMr Jwhm. `m JwhoMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo gnmQ>, g_Vb ^y_r Am{U N>Vmbm AmYma XoUmao H$moard ZjrXma Im§~.
JwhoV 4-5 {R>H$mUr Jmob IiJo AmhoV Am{U H$mhr OyZo Vmo\o$Mo Jmoio AmhoV.
JwhoOdiM EH$m D$Üd©_wIr ^w`mamV {H$ëë`mÀ`m gwiŠ`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r ì`dpñWV nm`è`m H$moaboë`m AmhoV. JS>_mÏ`mdarb _§X dmam,
VoWrb Obme` Am{U AmOw~mOyMr dZamB© gwImdh Amho. JS>_mÏ`mdéZ ^r_me§H$aH$S>rb H$bmd§{VUrMm _hmb, ZmJ\$Ur, dmKmMm
S>moim, {gÕJS>, H$ë`mUH$S>rb hmOr_b§J, M§Xoar, à~iJS>, Bem©iJS>, _m{UH$JS>, _mWoamZMo nR>ma hm {dñV¥V _wbyI ZOaoÀ`m Q>ßß`mV
òVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : H$O©VhÿZ Eg².Q>r. Zo H$eoio _mJ}Am§{~dbr `m JmdmV Omdo. ho A§Va gmYmaU 30 {H$._r. Amho. ZoaihÿZ
òVmZm H$eoio `m Jmdr `mdo Am{U Om_éIMr Eg².Q>r. nH$Sy>Z Am§{~dbr JmdmV `mdo. Am§{~dbr JmdmVyZ JS>mH$S>o OmÊ`mg éibobr dmQ>
Amho. JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer "noR>" ho Jmd Amho. `m JmdmhÿZ da JS>mda MT>Ê`mMm _mJ© X_N>mH$ H$aUmam Amho. nU dmQ>odarb H$ad§Xm§Mr
Am{U Mmâ`mMr PmS>o hr dmQ>Mmb gwImdh H$aVmV. hr dmQ> gai {H$ëë`mÀ`m àdoeìXmamer KoD$Z OmVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : ^¡amo~mÀ`m JwhoV 20-25 OU ì`dpñWV amhÿ eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnUM H$amdr. noR> JmdmV "H$moWimJS>' ZmdmMo hm°Q>ob Amho.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_mhr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Am§{~dbr JmdmnmgyZ : 2 Vmg , noR> JmdmnmgyZ : 1 Vmg
Mm§^maJS
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 1200 \y$Q
S>m|Jaam§J: am`JS>
{Oëhm : am`JS>
loUr : _Ü`_
am`JS>mÀ`m AmOy~mOybm AgUm-`m S>m|Jaam§Jmda AZoH$ {H$„o AmhoV. `m§V àm_w»`mZo qbJmUm,H$miXwJ©,gmoZJS> d Mm§^maJS>
`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.`m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$di KmQ>_Ï`mda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r d Q>ohoiUrgmR>r hmoV Agmdm. Mm§^maJS> hm _hmS>nmgyZ
hmHo$À`m A§Vamda Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo zJS>_mWm åhUOo EH$ N>moQ>ogo nR>maM Amho. nR>mamda WmoS>o\$ma Kam§Mo
Adeof AmhoV Va nR>mamÀ`m ImbÀ`m S>m|JamÀ`m nÅ>rda nmÊ`mMr EH$ XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV.`m Q>mŠ`m§À`m ~m§YUrdéZ hm JS> \$ma nwamVZ
Agmdm Agm A§XmO ~m§YVm òVmo. `mIoarO JS>mda nmhÊ`mOmoJo H$mhrM Zmhr.AÜ`m© VmgmV g§nyU© JS>\o$ar AmQ>nVo
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nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda {nÊ`mMo nmUr Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _hmS> JmdmVyZ EH$ Vmg
Hw$Sw>©JS> -{dlm_JS>
S>m|Jaam§J: am`JS>
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AgVo.
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AmhoV.
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da OmÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
2. _w§~B© _mJ}
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amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda AgUm-`m KirV amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : noR>dmS>r JmdmVyZ AYm©Vmg bmJVmo.
Im§Xoar - C§Xoar
S>m|Jaam§J: npíM_ H$moH$U
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loUr : gmonr
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1. doVmimMo _§{Xa
YŠŠ`mÀ`m ~mOybmM COdrH$S>o doVmimMo bmH$S>r _§{Xa Amho.AmV EH$ _moR>r nmT>-`m a§JmZo a§J{dbobr {eim Amho.hr {eim
åhUOoM doVmi hmo`.hr {eim Xadfu AmH$mamZo _moR>r hmoV OmVo Aer JmdH$-`m§Mr lÜXm Amho.hmoirÀ`m
{Xder òWo OÌm âVo.
2. ^m§S>çmMm AmdmO òUmam IS>H$
S>mdrH$S>o AgUm-`m YŠŠ`mdê$Z CVê$Z AmnU {XnJ¥hmH$S>o {ZKmbmo H$s AmnU ~mOwbmM PmS>m§Üò hm _Ü`_ AmH$mamM
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3. JmS>çmdarb AgUm-`m Vmo\$m
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OmVm§Zm ~wéOmda OmÊ`mgmR>r nm`-`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV.da nmohMë`mda Amnë`mbm {XgVo Vr JmS>`m§da R>odbobr Vmo\$.hr Vmo\$
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4. {XnJ¥h
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5. _O~yV VQ>~§Xr
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6. C§Xoar
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JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : 1. Wi _mJ}
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C§XoarhÿZ npíM_obm nmD$U {H$._r da Im§Xoar Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda gmo` Zmhr..
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : Im§Xarda {nÊ`mMo nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho C§Xoarda A{O~mV Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : A{b~mJ _mJ}2 Vmg.
H$mob©B©
S>m|Jaam§J: A{b~mJ
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loUr : _Ü`_
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åhUyZ OUy Jm¡a{dboM Amho. `mg {VÝhr ~mOy§Zr gmJamZo doT>m KmVbm Amho.
B{Vhmg :
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~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m Imbr npíM_oH$S>o VQ>~§Xr Odi XméH$moR>ma Amho. npíM_ Am{U CÎma VQ>~§Xrbm Vmo\$m ñWmZmnÞ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. BWo
70 Vmo\$m Am{U 8000 {e~§Xr Agë`mMo C„oI Amnë`mbm AmT>iVmV.AmVm Oam CÎmaobm dibmo H$s AmnU BWë`m _mMrda
nmohmoMVmo. `mg H«w$gmMr ~mVoar qH$dm gm§VmH«y$O åhUVmV. hr A§XmOo VrZ _r. bm§~ _mMr Amho. WmoS>Š`mV hm nmoVw©JrO YmQ>UrMm
{H$„m Amnë`mbm ghOM Ë`mÀ`m gm¢X`m©V a__mU hmoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vmo.
gd©àW_ Amnë`mbm aodX§S>çmbm nmohmoMmdo bmJVo. BWo amÁ` n[adhZ _§S>imMr godm CnbãY Amho. BWyZ H$mob©B© JmdmV AmnU
[ajmZo OmD$Z 20 {_{ZQ>m§V JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nmohmoMVmo. AWdm _wéS>-O§{Oè`mbm OmUmar ~g
Amnë`mbm JmdmÀ`m doerda gmoS>Vo. JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Amho EH$ gw§Xa g_wÐ{H$Zmam Amho. JS>mda AmnU XmoZ dmQ>m§Ûmao nmohmoMy
eH$Vmo. EH$ Amho g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mdê$Z. BWyZ nm`è`m MTy>Z AmnU 40 {_{ZQ>m§V H$mob©B©À`m JS>_mÏ`mda nmohmoMVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. JmdmV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {nÊ`mMo nmUr CnbãY Zmhr.
gmVmam {Oëhm
AqOŠ`Vmam
S>m|Jaam§J: gmVmam
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
AqOŠ`Vmam hm {H$„m 'gmVmaMm' {H$„m åhUyZ XoIrb AmoiIbm OmVmo. gmVmam eham_Üò Hw$R>ohr Cô am{hbo AgVm
ZOaog nS>Vmo. àVmnJS>mnmgyZ \w$Q>Umè`m ~m_Umobr am§Joda AqOŠ`Vmam C^mabobm Amho. òWrb {H$ëë`m§Mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$
d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo EH$m {H$ëë`mdê$Z Xwgè`m {H$ëë`mda S>m|Ja Ymaodê$Z OmÊ`mgmaIr n[apñWVr `m ^mJmV Zmhr. òWrb
{H$ëë`m§Mr gamgar C§Mr H$_rM Amho. AqOŠ`Vmè`mMr C§Mr gmYmaUV…: 300 _rQ>a AgyZ Vr X{jUmoÎma 600 _rQ>a
Amho.
B{Vhmg : gmVmaMm {H$„m (AqOŠ`Vmam) åhUOo _amR>çm§Mr Mm¡Wr amOYmZr. n{hbr amOJS> _J am`JS>, qOOr Am{U Mm¡Wr
AqOŠ`Vmam. gmVmè`mMm {H$„m hm {ebmhma d§er` ^moO(Xwgam) `mZo B.g. 1190 _Üò ~m§Ybm. nwT>o hm {H$„m ~hm_Zr
gÎmoH$S>o Am{U _J {dOmnyaÀ`m Am{XbehmH$S>o Jobm. B.g. 1580 _Üò n{hë`m Am{XbehmMr nËZr Mm§X{~~r òWo H¡$XoV hmoVr.
~OmOr qZ~miH$a gwÕm `m {R>H$mUr Vwé§JmV hmoVo. {edamÁ`mMm {dñVma hmoV AgVm§Zm 27 Owb¡ 1673 _Üò hm {H$„m {edmOr
_hmamOm§À`m hmVr Ambm. `m {H$ëë`mda {edam`m§Zm A§Jr Áda Amë`mZo XmoZ _{hZo {dlm§Vr ¿`mdr bmJbr. {edmOr
_hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va 1682 _Üò Am¡a§JOo~ _hmamï´>mV {eabm. B.g. 1699 amoOr Am¡a§JOo~mZo gmVmè`mÀ`m XwJm©bm doT>m
KmVbm. Ë`mdoir JS>mdaMm {H$„oXma à`mJOr à^y hmoVo. 13 E{àb 1700 À`m nhmQ>o _moJbm§Zr gwa§J bmdÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ ^w`mao
IUbr Am{U ~Îmr XoVmM jUâmVM _§JimB©Mm ~wê$O AmH$memV {âH$mdbm Jobm. VQ>mdarb H$mhr _amR>o XJmdbo. à`mJOr à^y
XoIrb `m ñ\$moQ>mV gmnS>bo. _mÌ H$mhrhr BOm Z hmoVm Vo dmMbo. VodT>çmVM Xwgam ñ\$moQ> Pmbm. _moR>m VQ> nwT>o KwgUmè`m
_moJbm§da T>mgibm d XrS> hOma _moJb g¡Ý` _mabo Jobo. {H$ëë`mdarb gd© XmUmJmoQ>m d Xmê$Jmoim g§nbm Am{U 21 E{àb
amoOr {H$„m gw^mZOrZo qOHy$Z KoVbm. {H$ëë`mda _moJbr {ZemU \$S>H$Ê`mg Vã~b gmS>oMma _{hZo bmJbo. {H$ëë`mMo
Zm_H$aU Pmbo AmP_Vmam.VmamamUrÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo nwÝhm {H$„m qOH$bm d Ë`mMo Zm_mV§a Ho$bo AqOŠ`Vmam ! nU VmamamUrbm
H$mhr hm {H$„m bm^bm Zmhr. nwÝhm {H$„m _moJbm§À`m ñdmYrZ Pmbm. _mÌ 1708 _Üò emhþZo {\$VdyZ {H$„m KoVbm Am{U
ñdV…:g amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm. B.g. 1719 _Üò _hmamOm§À`m _mVmolr ògy~mB© `m§Zm {H$ëë`mda AmUÊ`mV Ambo. nwT>o
noeì`mH$S>o hm {H$„m Jobm. Xwgè`m emhþÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va {H$„m 11 \o$~«wdmar 1818 _Üò BJ«Om§H$S>o Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : gmVmè`mVyZ Á`m _mJm©Zo AmnU JS>mda àdoe H$aVmo Ë`m_mJm©da XmoZ XadmOo
AmhoV. AmOhr `m XmoZ XadmOm§n¡H$s n{hbm XadmOm gwpñWVrV Amho. XadmOmMo XmoÝhr ~wê$O AmO ApñVËdmV AmhoV.
XadmOmVyZ AmV {eaë`mda COdrH$S>o hZw_mZmMo _§{Xa Amho. ho _§{Xa amhÊ`mg CÎm_ Amho. _mÌ JS>mda nmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr.
S>mdrH$S>o gai añË`mZo nwT>o Joë`mda dmQ>oV _hmXodmMo _§{Xa bmJVo. g_moa àgma^maVr H|$ÐmMo H$m`m©b` d _mJo XmoZ àgma
^maVr H|$ÐmMo Q>m°dg© AmhoV. nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> {XgVo d '_§JimXodr _§{XamH$S>o' Ago {VWo {b{hbobo
AmT>iVo.`m dmQ>oV Vmam~mB© `m§Mm {Zdmg Agbobm nU AmVm T>mgmibobm amOdmS>m VgoM H$moR>mahr Amho. dmQ>oÀ`m eodQ>r
_§JimXodrMo _{Xa bmJVo. _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM _§JimB©Mm ~wê$O Amho. _§{XamÀ`m AmdmamV AZoH$ {eën AmT>iVmV. `m dmQ>oZo WoQ>
VQ>~§XrÀ`m gmømZo nwT>o OmUo åhUOo JS>mbm àX{jUm KmbÊ`mgmaIoM Amho. JS>mÀ`m CÎmaobm XoIrb XmoZ XadmOo AmhoV.
VQ>~§Xrdê$Z àX{jUm _maVm§Zm ZOaog nS>VmV. `m XadmOmV òUmar dmQ> gmVmam-H$amS> h_añË`mdê$Z òVo. XadmOmnmer
nmÊ`mMo VrZ Vbmd AmhoV. CÝhmù`mV H$emVhr nmUr ZgVo. JS>mbm àX{jUm KmbyZ Amë`m_mJm©Zo Imbr CVamdo bmJVo.
{H$ëë`mdê$Z g_moaM `dVoœamMo nR>ma, M§XZd§XZ {H$„o, H$ë`mUJS>, Oa§S>m Am{U g‚mZJS> hm n[aga {XgVmo. g§nyU© JS>
~KÊ`mgmR>r gmYmaUV… XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : AqOŠ`Vmam {H$„m gmVmam ehamVM Agë`mZo ehamVyZ AZoH$ dmQ>m§Zr JS>mda OmVm òVo.
gmVmam Eg. Q>r. ñWmZH$mdê$Z AXmbV dmS>çm _mJ}OmUmar H$moUVrhr JmS>r nH$S>mdr Am{U AXmbV dmS>çmnmer CVamdo. gmVmam
Vo amOdmS>m Aer ~ggodm Xa 10 - 15 {_{ZQ>mbm CnbãY Amho. amOdmS>m ~g ñWmZH$mnmgyZ AXmbV dmS>çmn`ªV òÊ`mg
10 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV. AXmbV dmS>çmÀ`m ~mOyZo OmUmè`m WoQ> dmQ>oZo AmnU JS>mda OmUmè`m JmS>r añË`mbm bmJVmo d òWyZ
JmS>r añË`mZo 1 {H$._r. MmbV Joë`mda AmnU WoQ> XadmÁ`mnmer nmohMVmo.AqOŠ`Vmam {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r WoQ> JmS>r
añVm gwÕm Amho. `m añË`mZo AmnU {H$ëë`mÀ`m XadmOmnmer nmohmoMVmo. H$moUË`mhr _mJ}JS> JmR>Ê`mg gmYmaU 1 Vmg
bmJVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb hZw_mZmÀ`m _§{XamV 10 Vo 15 OU§ amhÿ eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr ì`dñWm AmnUM ñdV… H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : CÝhmù`mV Am{U {hdmù`mV JS>mda {nÊ`mMo nmUr Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmYmaUV…: 1 Vmg(gmVmè`mnmgyZ)
H$ë`mUJS>
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 3500 \y$Q>.
S>m|Jaam§J: gmVmam
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
H$ë`mUJS> hm gmVmam {d^mJmV _moS>Umam {H$„m Amho. gmVm-`mnmgyZ AÜ`m© {XdgmV hm {H$„m AmnU nmhÿZ òD$ eH$Vmo. `m n[agamVrb
{H$„o ho _w»` S>m|Jaam§JonmgyZ AbJ Pmboë`m S>m|Jamda {damO_mZ Pmbobo Amho. `m {H$ëë`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo MT>Ê`mg
gdm©V gmonm. g§nyU© àXoe D$gm_wio gYZ Pmboë`m eoVH$-`m§Mm àXoe. Ë`m_wio EgQ>rMr gmo` XoIrb CÎm_ àH$maMr Amho.
B{Vhmg : H$ë`mUJS>mMoM Xwgao Zmd åhUOo 'Zm§X{JarMm {H$„m'. gmVmam òWo gmnS>boë`m Vm_«boImZwgma {ebmhma amOm
Xwgam ^moO `mZo `m {H$ëë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. hm {H$„m B.g. 1178 Vo B.g.1209 `m H$mbmdYrV ~m§Ybm Jobm Agmdm.
{ebmhmamÀ`m gmnS>boë`m AZoH$ Vm_«nQ>mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s {ebmhma amOm§Zr O¡Z bmoH$m§Zm AZoH$ XmZY_}Ho$br, Am{U
H$ë`mUJS>mdarb JwhoV AgUm-`m nmœ©ZmWm§À`m _yVudê$Z hm JS> {ebmhmam§Zr ~m§Ybm Agmdm ho {gÕ hmoVo. B.g. 1673 _Üò
{edam`m§Zr gmVmam d AmOw~mOyMm àXoe qOHy$Z KoVbm. Ë`mVM H$ë`mUJS>mMm XoIrb g_mdoe hmoVm. nwT>o {edH$mbmZ§Va `mMm
gd© H$ma^ma à{V{ZYtH$S>o gmondbm Jobm. nwT>o noeì`m§_Üò d à{V{ZYt_Üò {dVwï> {Z_m©U Pmbo Am{U hm {H$„m noeì`m§H$S>o
Ambm. noeì`mZo B.g. 1818 _Üò OZab {àPbaZo hm {H$„m {~«{Q>em§À`m Vmã`mV KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$ëë`mda MT>VmZm XmoZ XadmOo bmJVmV. n{hbm XadmOm hm CÎmam{^_wI Amho.
`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM EH$ _§{Xa {XgVo. _§{XamÀ`m ~mOyZo VQ>~§XrÀ`m AZwamoYmZo EH$ dmQ> Imbr CVaVo. `m dmQ>oZo
Imbr CVaë`mda g_moaM EH$ ^w`ma bmJVo. ho H$ë`mUJS>mdarb gdm©V àojUr` ñWmZ Amho. ho ^w`ma OdiOdi 30 _rQ>a
AmV Amho. ^w`mamV OmUm-`m dmQ>oÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm 12 _{hZo nmUr AgVo.dmQ>oÀ`m AmOw~mOybm bmoI§S>r gi`m bmdboë`m
AmhoV. ^w`mamÀ`m eodQ>r Zdì`m eVH$mV KS>dbobr nmœ©ZmWm§Mr _yVu, nÙmdVr XodrMr _yVu Am{U lr XÎmmÌo`mMr _yVu Aem 3
_yË`m© AmhoV. ^w`mamV ~°Q>ar KoD$Z OmUo Amdí`H$M Amho. nmdgmù`mV ^w`mamV CVaUo YmoŠ`mMo Amho. ho ^w`ma nmhÿZ naV
n{hë`m XadmOmnmer `mdo. òWyZ da OmUmar nm`-`m§Mr dmQ> Amnë`mbm Xwg-`m nydm©{^_wI XadmOmnmer KoD$Z OmVo. `m
dmQ>oZo JS>mda àdoe H$ê$Z g_moaM hZw_mZ _§{XamVrb hZw_mZmMo Xe©Z KoVm òVo. S>mdrH$S>o Joë`mda EH$ ~m_UKa bmJVo. `m
KamV gÜ`m EH$ gmYy VníM`}gmR>r ~gVmo. ~m_UKamÀ`m g_moaM H$ë`mUñdm_tMr g_mYr Amho. g_mYrMo Xe©Z KoD$Z nwT>o
{ZKmdo. dmQ>oVM lr JUoemMo nS>rH$ _§{Xa d EH$ _moR>o Vio bmJVo. WmoS>ogo A§Va MmbyZ Joë`mda JS>mdarb dmS>çm§Mo Adeof
{XgVmV. `m dmQ>oZo 10 {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Joë`mda JS>mÀ`m nyd© Q>moH$mnmer AmnU nmohMVmo. `m Q>moH$mdê$Z g_moaM Oa§S>m,
AqOŠ`Vmam, `dVoœa, M§XZd§XZ, _mo-`m, d¡amQ>JS> hr {R>H$mUo {XgVmV. JS>_mWm {\$aÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m :{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg EH$M dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> nm`Ï`mÀ`m Zm§X{Jar (Yw_midmS>r) JmdmVyZ da
òVo. gmVmam EgQ>r ñWmZH$mdê$Z gmVmam amoS>bm OmUmar JmS>r nH$S>mdr. gmVmamamoS> Vo Zm§X{Jar ho 3 {H$._r.Mo A§Va Amho.
òWyZ {H$ÝhB©H$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr qH$dm EH$X_ gmVmam Vo {H$ÝhB© ~gZo Zm§X{Jarbm CVamdo. JmdmVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg 45
{_{ZQ>o bmJVmV. dmQ>oVM EH$ Jwhm bmJVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb hZw_mZ _§{XamV qH$dm ~m_UKamg_moarb AmdmamV 5 Vo 7 OUm§Mr ahmÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : gd© ì`dñWm AmnU ñdV…M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : nmœ©ZmWm§À`m ^w`mamVrb nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r ~mam_hr CnbãY AgVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :45 {_{ZQ>o(nm`Ï`mnmgyZ).
g‚mZJS
S>m|Jaam§J: gmVmam
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : _Ü`_
àVmnJS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mnmgyZ gh`mÐrMr EH$ Cnam§J e§^y_hmXod `m ZmdmZo nyd}H$S>o OmVo. `m am§JoMo VrZ \$mQ>o \w$Q>VmV. Ë`mn¡H$s
EH$m am§Joda g‚mZJS> C\©$ nairMm {H$„m dgbobm Amho. g_W© am_Xmgm§À`m nXñnem©Zo nmdZ Pmbobr BWbr _mVr àËòH$mZo
^mir bmdmdr. AZ§V H$dtZr `m nmdZ ^y_rMo A{Ve` CÎm_ dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. ""gh`mÐr{JarMm {d^mJ {dbgo,_m§Xma
lw§JmnarŸ& Zm_o g‚mZ Omo Z¥no dg{dbm,lr Cd©erMo {VarŸ& gmHo$Vm{YnVr H$nr ^JdVr,ho Xod Á`mMo {earŸ& òWo OmJ¥V
am_Xmg {dbgo,Omo `m OZm CÕarŸ&&'' gmVmam ehamÀ`m Z¡F$Ëòg Ad¿`m Xhm H$s._r. A§Vamda Ca_moS>r C\©$ Cd©er ZXrÀ`m
Imoè`mV hm XwJ© C^m Amho.
B{Vhmg : àmMrZ H$mir `m S>m|Jamda Amœmbm`Z F$ftMo dmñVì` hmoVo,Ë`m_wio `m {H$ëë`mbm 'Amœbm`ZJS>' åhUy bmJbo.
`m eãXmMm An^«§e åhUOo AñdbJS> ho XoIrb Zmd {_imbo. `m {H$ëë`mMr C^maUr {ebmhma amOm ^moO ømZo 11ì`m
eVH$mV Ho$br. `m JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nair ZmdmMo Jmd hmoVo. åhUyZM ømbm nairMm {H$„m Ago XoIrb g§~moYrbo Om`Mo.
MdWm ~h_Zr amOm _h§_Xehm (1358-1375) `mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV `m {H$ëë`mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo. nwT>o hm {H$„m ~h_Zr
amÁ`mMo dmagXma Am{Xbehm H$S>o Jobm. B.g.1632 n`ªV \$mObImZ øm {H$ëë`mMm {H$„oXma Agë`mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo.
2E{àb B.g.1673 _Üò {edmOr amOm§Zr hm {H$„m Am{XbehmH$Sy>Z qOHy$Z YoVbm. {edam`m§À`m {dZ§Vr dê$Z g_W©
am_Xmg JS>mda H$m`_À`m dmñVì`mgmR>r Ambo. {H$ëë`mMo Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo g‚mZJL>. nwT>o amÁ`m{^foH$mZ§Va
{edmOramOo g‚mZJS>mda g_WmªÀ`m Xe©Zmg Ambo. nwT>o 3-11-1678 amoOr {edam`m§Zr g§^mOr _hmamOm§Zm g_WmªH$S>o
nmR>dbo. nU 3-12-1678 amoOr g§^mOr _hmamO g‚mZJS>mdê$Z niyZ OmD$Z {XboaImZmbm {_imbo. {edam`m§À`m
{ZYZmZ§Va 18 OmZodmar 1682 amoOr lr am__yVvMo JS>mda ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 22 OmZodmar 1682 _Üò g_WmªMo
{ZYZ Pmbo. g_WmªZr Amnë`m níMmV gd© A{YH$ma {XdmH$a Jmogmì`mbm {Xbo Agbo Var JS>mMr ì`dñWm ^mZOr dam_Or
Jmogmdr `m§À`mH$S>o gmondbr hmoVr. nwT>o `m§V ^m§S>UV§Q>m gwê$ Pmbm. hr Jmoï> g§^mOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mZmda OmVmM Ë`m§Zr 2-
6-1682 amoOr g‚mZJS>mMm _wÐmYmar {OOmoVr H$mQ>H$a h`mbm nÌ {bhbo H$s ""lr ñdm_r AdVma nyU© H$aÊ`mAJmoXaM
Amkm Ho$br hmoVr......Eogo AgVm CÕd Jmogmdr CJrM Ðì` bmo^mñVd ^mZOr d am_Or Jmogmdr `m§gr H$Q>H$Q> H$[aVmV,Vwåhr
CÕd Jmogmdr `m§gr nÌo d dóo ^mZOr d am_Or `m§OH$Sy>Z Xod{dbr åhUyZ Ho$bmo Ambo. Var Vwåhmg Eogo H$amd`mMo à`moOZ
H$mò d CÕd Jmogmdr `m§gr H$Q>H$Q> amd`m JaO H$mò `m Cnar Oo Oo dó^md d Ðì` CYd Jmogmdr `m§Mo AmYrZ H$a{dbo
Agobr Vr _mJVo ^mZOr d am_Or `mMo ñdmYrZ H$aUo.CYd Jmogmdr `m§gr H$Q>H$Q> H$ê$ Z XoUo. lr ñdm_tMo n{hbrM Amkm
H$aUo. doX_yVu {~dmH$a Jmogmdr `m§Mo {dÚ_mZo Amåhmg lwV hmoD$Z hmoUo Vmo hmoB©b.....`m Cnar Kmb_obrV nS>md`m à`moOZ
Zmhr. lr ñdm_tÀ`m g_wXm`m§er H$mS>rBVHo$ A§Va nS>mo Z XoUo... `m nÌm à_mUo amhmQ>r H$aUo.'' `m Z§Va nwT>o 21 E{àb
1700 _Üò \$VoC„mImZmZo g‚mZJS>mg doT>m KmVbm. 6 OyZ 1700bm g‚mZJS> _moJbm§À`m Vmã`mV Jobm d Ë`mMo
'Zm¡aggmVmam' åhUyZ Zm_H$aU Pmbo. 1709 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr nwÝhm {H$„m qOH$bm. 1818 _Üò {H$„m B§J«Om§À`m hmVr
nS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda {eaVm§Zm bmJUmè`m n{hë`m XadmOmbm 'N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOÛma'
Ago åhUVmV. ho Ûma Am¾o` {Xeog Amho. Xwgam XadmOm nydm©{^_wI AgyZ Ë`mbm 'g_W©Ûma' Agohr åhUVmV. AmOhr ho
XadmOo amÌr Xhm Z§Va ~§X hmoVmV. Xwgè`m XmamVyZ {eaVm§Zm g_moaM EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo. Ë`mMm _amR>r AW© Imbrb
à_mUo - 1) Eoœ`© VwÂ`m XmamVyZ Vm|S> XmIdV Amho. 2) qh_V Ë`mÀ`m H$m_m_wio gd© \w$bm§Zm à\w${„V H$aV Amho. 3) Vy
qdd§MZm Xya hmoÊ`mMo ñWmZ Amhog. na§Vw nwÝhm {dd§MZm _wº$ Amho. 4) VwÂ`m nmgyZ gd© {dd§MZm Xya hmoVmV. 5) naobr
{H$ëë`mdarb B_maVrÀ`m XadmÁ`mMm nm`m 3 OZm{XbmIa `m VmaIog V`ma Pmbm. Am{Xbehm aohmZ `mZo H$m_ Ho$bo. Á`m
nm`è`m§Zr AmnU JS>mda àdoe H$aVmo Ë`m nm`è`m g§nm`À`m AJmoXa EH$ PmS> bmJVo. `m PmS>mnmgyZ EH$ dmQ> COdrH$S>o OmVo.
`m dmQ>oZo 5 {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ am_Ki bmJVo. hr am_Ki g_WmªMr EH$m§VmV ~gÊ`mMr OmJm hmoVr. JS>mda àdoe
Ho$ë`mda S>mdr H$S>o dimdo. g_moaM KmoS>çm§Zm nmUr nmOÊ`mgmR>rMo KmoS>mio Vio {XgVo. KmoS>mio Vù`mÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOyg EH$
_{eXdOm B_maV Amho Va g_moaM Am§½bmB© XodrMo _§{Xa Amho. hr Xodr g_WmªZm Mm\$iÀ`m am__yVu ~amo~aM A§JmnyaÀ`m
S>mohmV gmnS>br. _§{Xam g_moaM ÜdOñV§^ Amho. Z§Va Amë`m_mJm©Zo nwÝhm Vi`mnmer `mdo d gai nwT>o MmbV Omdo.dmQ>oVM
CnhmaJ¥h,lr g_W© H$m`m©b` Am{U Y_©emim bmJVmV. Y_©emioÀ`m g_moaM gmoZmio Vio Amho. `mM Vù`mVrb nmUr
{nÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVmV.Vù`mÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg nwîndmQ>rH$m Amho. gmoZmio Vù`mÀ`m g_moê$Z OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr Am{U
AmnU _§{XamÀ`m AmdmamV òD$Z nmohMVmo. g_moaM noR>oVë`m _méVrM§ _§{Xa Amho Va ~mOybm lrYa Hw$Q>r ZmdmMm Aml_
Amho. COdrH$S>o lram_mMo _§{Xa,g_WmªMm _R> Am{U eoOKa Amho. `m {R>H$mUr g_WmªÀ`m dmnamVrb gd© dñVy R>odë`m AmhoV.
ho gd© nmhÿZ Pmbo H$s _§{XamÀ`m nwT>À`m ÛmamVyZ ~mhoa nS>m`Mo Am{U S>mdrH$S>o dimdo. àW_ "~«åh{ngm' _§{Xa bmJVo Am{U
nwT>o Joë`mda Ymã`mÀ`m _méVrMo _§{Xa Amho. g_moaM {H$ëë`mMm VQ> Amho.òWyZ g^modVmbMm n[aga \$maM gw§Xa {XgVmo.JS>
{\$aÊ`mg XmoZ Vmg nwaVmV.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV. Ë`m§n¡H$s EH$ JmS>r_mJ© Amho.
nair nmgyZ : gmVmam Vo nair A§Va 10 H$s._r.Mo Amho. nair ho nm`Ï`mMo Jmd. nair nmgyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r nm`è`m
AmhoV. gmYmaU 780 nm`è`m§Z§Va JS>mMm XadmOm bmJVmo. JS>mda OmÊ`mg nairnmgyZ EH$ Vmg nwaVmo
JOdmS>r nmgyZ : gmVmam nair añË`mda nairÀ`m AbrH$S>o 3 H$s._r.da JOdmS>r Jmd bmJVo. VoWyZ WoQ> JS>mÀ`m H$mVi
_mÏ`mn`ªV JmS>rZo OmVm òVo. òWyZ nwT>o 100 nm`è`m§Z§Va XadmOm bmJVmo.añË`mnmgyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg 15 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : 1) JS>mda amhÊ`mgmR>r lr g_W© godm _§S>i H$m`m©b` V\}$ Imoë`m CnbãY hmoVmV. 2) JS>mda
Y_©emim XoIrb AmhoV. 3) g‚mZJS> ( godm _§S>imÀ`m ) Imoë`mhr amhÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY hmoVmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda OodÊ`mMr g` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmUr Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nair JmdmVyZ nm`è`m§Zr 1 Vmg d JmS>r_mJm©Zo 15 {_{ZQ>o.
M§XZ - d§XZ
S>m|Jaam§J: gmVmam
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
H$Wm Am{U H$mX§~ar _Üò Owù`m ^mdm {df`r AmnU Zoh_rM EoH$V AgVmo _mÌ XwJ©{dœmVhr Aer Owir ^md§S>o
AmT>iVmV Ë`m§À`mn¡H$sM EH$ M§XZ-d§XZ. gmVmè`mÀ`m AbrH$S>o 24 {H$._r. A§Vamda hr XwJ©OmoS>r C^r Amho. D$gmÀ`m
{nH$m_wio gYZ Pmbobm hm gd© n[aga Ë`m_wio añVo, drO, Eg².Q>r. `m gd© àmW{_H$ gw{dYm Jmdm Jmdm n`ªV nmohmoMë`m
AmhoV. gnmQ> _mWm Agë`m_wio nwUo-gmVmam _mJm©dê$Z ho {H$„o ghOM AmoiIVm òVmV. `m§À`m nyd}g Oa§S>oœa H$ë`mUJS>,
^dmZrMm S>m|Ja, npíM_og d¡amQ²JS>, nm§S>dJS>. EH$sH$S>o _hm~ioœa àm§V Va XwgarH$S>o gmVmam eha `m§À`m gr_oda ho {H$„o
Cô AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : B.g. 1191-1192 gmbÀ`m Vm_«boImZwgma ho {H$„o {ebmhma amOm Xwgam ^moO `mZo ~m§Ybo. 1673 À`m
gw_mamg {edam`m§Zr gmVmam àm§V qOH$bm Am{U Ë`mMdoir g‚mZJS>, H$ë`mUJS>, AqOŠ`Vmam `m {H$ëë`m§gmo~V `m§Zm
XoIrb ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. nwT>o g§^mOr amOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuV gZ 1685 _Üò \o$~«wdmar _{hÝ`mV A_mZw„m
ImZmZo M§XZ-d§XZ òWo AgUmè`m _amR>çm§À`m VwH$S>rda h„m Ho$bm. `m MH$_H$sV _moKbm§À`m hmVmV 25 KmoS>r, 20 ~§XwH$m,
2 {ZemUo, 1 ZJmam gmnS>bm. nwT>o 1689 n`ªV hm gd© n[aga _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. Z§Va _mÌ Vmo _moJbm§À`m hmVmV
nS>bm. N>ÌnVr emhþ_hmamOm§Zr gZ 1707 _Üò nmdgmù`mV hm àXoe qOHy$Z KoVbm. nwT>o gZ 1752 _Üò Vmam~mB©da bj
R>odÊ`mg nwaogm \$m¡O\$mQ>m XoD$Z ~mimOr {dœZmWm§Zr `m {H$ëë`mda XmXmon§V `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. Z§Va hm {H$„m B§J«Om§À`m
hmVmV nS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : M§XZÀ`m àdoeÛmamOdirb añVm nydu ~amM H$R>rU hmoVm. _mÌ gÜ`m VoWo
Agboë`m _{eXr_wio hm añVm ~amM é§X Pmbm Amho. XmoZ AY©dQ> nS>bobo ~wê$O AmnUmg àdoeÛmamMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVmV.
òWyZ gmYmaU 15 nm`è`m nma Jobo AgVm S>mì`m ~mOyg EH$ nS>H$s dmñVy {XgVo. {VÀ`m daÀ`m A§Jmg EH$ dS>mMo PmS>
Amho. nmM dS>m§Mm {_iyZ ~Zbobm Agë`m_wio Ë`mg "nmMdS>" åhUVmV. ~mOybmM EH$ e§H$amMo _§{Xa Amho. `mVrb XmoÝhr
_hmXodmÀ`m qnS>r `m nmM qbJm§À`m AmhoV. J«m_ñWm§Zr _§{XamMm OrUm}Õma Ho$bm Amho. lmdUmV òWo `mÌm AgVo. (òWyZ Xhm
EH$ nm`è`m MTy>Z Joë`mda g_moaM _moR>çm _moR>çm {eim aMboë`m {XgVmV. )d§XZà_mUoM òWohr EH$ XJm© Amho. X½`m©À`m
~mOyg EImÚm dmS>çmÀ`m q^VrgmaIo ~m§YH$m_ AmT>iVo. EH$m AY©dQ> XadmOmgmaIo H$mhrVar {XgVo. gmYmaU gXaogmaIo
òWrb ~m§YH$m_mMo Adeof {XgVmV. `mÀ`m _mJrb ^mJmV gwÕm AZoH$ CX²ÜdñV Adeof AmnUmg {XgVmV. hrM JS>mdarb
_w»` dñVr Agmdr. JS>mÀ`m CÎma Q>moH$mda _O~yV ~m§YUrMm AJXr gwpñWVrV Agbobm EH$ ~wê$O AmT>iVmo. `mM dmQ>oda
EH$ g_mYr AmT>iVo. `mÀ`m darb ~mOyg Añnï> Ago {edqbJ Amho Am{U EH$m ~mOyg _méVrMr _yVu Amho. JS>mÀ`m
X{jUoH$S>o VrZ H$moR>çm Agbobr nU daMo N>ßna CS>mbobr dmñVy AmT>iVo. JmdH$è`m§À`m _Vo ho H$moR>ma åhUOo Xmê$Jmoim
gmR>dÊ`mMr OmJm hmoVr. JS>mÀ`m _Ü`^mJr àeñV Mm¡Wam Amho. `mda H$m` dmñVy hmoVr `mMm _mÌ A§XmO bmJV Zmhr.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : M§XZ Am{U d§XZ `m XmoÝhr {H$ëë`m§da OmUmè`m g`w§º$ dmQ>m AmhoV. nwUo-gmVmam _mJm©da
^wBªO Jmd Amho. VoWo CVê$Z 20 {H$._r. A§Vamda {H$H$br Jmd Amho. dmB©-gmVmam `m XmoÝhr {R>H$mUmhÿZ {H$H$brbm
òÊ`mgmR>r ~g Amho. {H$H$brÀ`m OdiM ~ob_mMr ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. `m ~ob_mMr JmdmMo XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV. EH$ Amho Vr ImbMr
~ob_mMr Va Xwgar daMr ~ob_mMr. òWyZM EH$ dmQ> M§XZ Am{U d§XZ `m§À`m qIS>rV nmohmoMVo. S>mdrH$S>o amhVmo Vmo M§XZ Va
COdrH$S>o d§XZ. `m M§XZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV :
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : X½`m©V ahm`Mo Agë`mg 30 Vo 40 OUm§Zm amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr
nmÊ`mMr gmo` :\$º$ nmdgmù`mV AÝ`Wm JS>mda nmUr Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AS>rM Vo 3 Vmg
dmgmoQ>m
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : dZXwJ©
S>m|Jaam§J: _hm~ioœa H$mo`Zm
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : _Ü`_
H$mù`m _mVrÀ`m `m _hmamï´>mVrb, H$mo`Zm ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mV, amZmV dgbobm XwJ© åhUOo "{H$„o dmgmoQ>m'. kmZoœarV dmgmoQ>çmMm
AW© 'Aml`ñWmZ' Agm {Xbm Amho. dmgmoQ>çmbmM 'ì`mK«JS>' Agohr Xwgao Zmd Amho. H$mo`Zm YaUmÀ`m nmUbmoQ> joÌmÀ`m
XwJ©_Vo_wioM hm ^mJ dÝÒrdZmZo g_¥Õ ~Zbm Amho.
B{Vhmg : dmgmoQ>m {H$ëë`mÀ`m àmMrZËdmMm emoY KoVm Amnë`mbm d{gð> F$ftÀ`m H$mimn`ªV _mJo Omdo bmJob. Ago _mZbo
OmVo H$s, d{gð> F$ftMm H$moUr EH$ {eî`, AJñVr F$fr `m§Zr qdÜ` nd©V Amobm§Sy>Z X{jUoH$S>Mm _mJ© emoYbm, gømÐrÀ`m
H$mo`Zm H$mR>À`m Ë`m {eIamda amhÊ`mg Ambm d Ë`mZo Amnë`m {Zdmgr S>m|Jambm Amnë`m Jwê§$Mo Zmd {Xbo. H$mbm§VamZo `m
XoerÀ`m j{Ì`m§Zr Ë`m S>m|Jambm VQ>m~wê$OmMo gmO MT>dyZ bîH$ar R>mUo Ho$bo. Ë`m S>m|JamMo na§namJV 'd{gð>' ho Zmd An^«§e
hmoD$Z "dmgmoQ>m' Pmbo. àË`j C„o{IV Zgbm Varhr, hm {H$„m {ebmhmaH$mbrZ Agmdm. {ebmhmam§À`m {H$ëë`m§À`m Zm_mdbrV
'dg§VJS>' `m ZmdmZo C„o{Ibobm {H$„m hm dmgmoQ>m Agmdm. _amR>r gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m N>moQ>çm ~Iardê$Z {edam`m§Zr Omdir
{dO`mZ§Va dmgmoQ>m KoVbm Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo, nU Vo Iao Zmhr. Omdir KoVmZm, OmdirVrb VgoM H$moH$UmVrb BVa {H$„o
{edam`m§Zr KoVbo nU dmgmoQ>m Xya Agë`mZo {H$„oXmamÀ`m hmVr amhrbm. A\$Pb dYmZ§Va H$mT>boë`m _mo{h_oVhr dmgmoQ>m {H$„m
òV ZìhVm. nwT>o {edam` nÝhmiJS>mda AS>H$bo AgVmZm, Amnë`m _wIË`marV _mdimVrb nm`Xi nmR>dyZ Ë`m§Zr dmgmoQ>m {H$„m
{X. 6 OyZ 1660 amoOr KoVbm. gZ 1661 _Üò nH$S>boë`m B§J«O H¡$Úm§n¡H$s \°$aZ d g°å`wAb `m§Zm dmgmoQ>çmda H¡$XoV
R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. nwT>o 1679 _Üò dmgmoQ>m {H$ëë`mda 26,000 énò gmnS>bo. nwT>À`m H$mimV 1706 _Üò
n§Và{V{ZYtÀ`m CnnËZr VmB© Vo{bUrZo hm {H$„m Amnë`m hmVmV KoVbm. nwT>rbdfu noeì`m§Mo goZmnVr ~mny JmoIbo `m§Zr VmB©
Vo{bUr ~amo~a bT>mB© Ho$br. VmB© Vo{bUrZo AmR>-Xhm _{hZo àIa Pw§O XoD$Z {H$„m bT>dbm. 1730 _Üò dmgmoQ>m {H$„m ~mny
JmoIë`m§À`m hmVr nS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : dmgmoQ>m {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ XadmOo bmJVmV. `mVrb n{hbm XadmOm
T>mgiboë`m AdñWoV Amho. Xwgè`m XadmOmZo JS>mda àdoe H$aVm òVmo. g_moaM _méVrM§ {~Z N>namM§ _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamnmgyZ
à_wI VrZ dmQ>m OmVmV. gai OmUmar dmQ> {H$ëë`mdarb ^¾mdeofm§H$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. COì`m ~mOyg OmUmar dmQ> 'H$miH$mB©À`m
R>mÊ`mH$S>o' OmVo. dmQ>oVM _hmXodmMo gw§Xa _§{Xa bmJVo. _§{XamV XmoZ Vo VrZ OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. òWyZ nwT>o
OmUmar dmQ> _mMrda KoD$Z OmVo. `m _mMrbm nmhÿZ bmohJS>À`m qdMyH$mQ>çmMr AmR>dU òVo. `mM _mMrbmM H$miH$mB©Mo R>mUo
åhUVmV. `m _mMrdê$Z {XgUmam AmOw~mOyMm KZXmQ> PmS>m§Zr ì`mnbobm àXoe, MH$Xod, agmi, gw_ma, _{hnVJS>, H$mo`ZoMm
Obme` hm g§nyU© XoImdm _moR>m a_Ur` Amho. _méVrÀ`m XodimÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm OmoS> Q>mŠ`m§nmer KoD$Z
OmVo.`m Q>mŠ`mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Amho. nwT>o hr dmQ> O§JbmV {eaVo Am{U ~m~wH$S>çmnmer òD$Z nmohmoMVo. `m H$S>çmMm
AmH$ma B§J«Or 'U' Ajam gmaIm Amho. `mbm nmhÿZ h[aíM§ÐJS>mÀ`m H$moH$UH$S>çmMr AmR>dU òVo. g_moaM C^m AgUmam Am{U
Amnbo bj doYyZ KoUmam C§M S>m|Ja åhUOoM "OwZm dmgmoQ>m' hmo`.
OwZm dmgmoQ>m Zì`m dmgmoQ>çmÀ`m ~m~wH$S>çmda Cô am{hë`mda g_moaM C^m AgUmam S>m|Ja åhUOo OwZm dmgmoQ>m. AmVm `m JS>mda
OmUmar dmQ> ApñVËdmV Zmhr. VgoM nmÊ`mMmhr VwQ>dS>m Amho. KZXmQ> PmS>o d dÝ`œmnXohr Agë`mZo ghgm òWo H$moUr OmV
Zmhr.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : dmgmoQ>m {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ à_wI _mJ© AmhoV. EH$ ZmJoœa_mJ}Am{U Xwgam WoQ>
dmgmoQ>çmH$S>o.
gmVmam_mJ}dmgmoQ>m :
1) Hw$gmnya _mJ}- gmVmè`mhÿZ ~m_Umobr `m Jmdr `mdo. gH$mir 9 dmOVm gmVmè`mhÿZ ~gMr gmo` Amho. òWyZ Hw$gmnyabm H$mo`Zm
YaUmMm Obme` bm±MZo nma H$ê$Z OmVm òVo. Hw$gmnyahÿZ XmQ> O§JbmV XmoZ dmQ>m OmVmV. COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> AmR>
_¡bm§darb ZmJoœamH$S>o ZoVo Va S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> dmgmoQ>çmda KoD$Z OmVo. 2) {IaH§$S>r _mJ}- gmVmè`mhÿZ ~gZo 'dmKmbr
XodmMr' `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ bm±MÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Obme` nma H$ê$Z {IaH§$S>r `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ YZJa dmS>r nmgyZ OmUmar
dmQ> '_oQ> B§Xdbr' `m JmdmV KoD$Z OmVo. gmVmè`mhÿZ BWdaMm àdmg AmR>-ZD$ Vmgm§Mm Amho. òWyZ nwT>o nmM-ghm VmgmV
dmgmoQ>çmda OmVm òVo.
3) _hm~ioœa _mJ}-_hm~ioœahÿZ "Vmnmoio' Jmdr òD$Z bm±MZo Hw$gmnya JmR>Vm òVo, Am{U VoWyZ dmgmoQ>m JmR>mdo.
{MniyUhÿZ dmgmoQ>m : 1) {MniyUhÿZ g. 8.30 dmOVmÀ`m ~gZo "MmoadUo' `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ 5 Vo 6 VmgmV dmgmoQ>çmbm
nmohmoMVm òVo. `m _mJm©V dmQ>oV Hw$R>oM nmUr Zgë`m_wio Amnë`mH$S>o nmÊ`mMm ânya gmR>m KoD$Z Omdo. `m dmQ>oZo da Joë`mda
EH$ nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamdê$Z S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> ZmJoœa H$S>o Va COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> dmgmoQ>çmbm OmVo. òWo ZmJoœamH$S>o
OmUmè`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda Imbr EH$ dmQ> O§JbmV {d{harH$S>o OmVo. òWyZ dmgmoQ>çmMo A§Va XmoZ VmgmV H$mnVm òVo.
2) {MniyUhÿZ "{Vdao' `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ aoS>o KmQ>mZo dmgmoQ>çmbm OmVm òVo.
ZmJoœa_mJ}dmgmoQ>m : ZmJoœabm ôQ> {Xë`m{edm` dmgmoQ>çmMr ôQ> nyU© hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr. dmgmoQ>çmda OmVmZm g_moaM EH$
gwiH$m Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. Ë`mbmM ZmJoœa åhUVmV. `m gwiŠ`mÀ`m nmoQ>mV EH$ Jwhm AgyZ, VoWo _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho.
hOmamo ZmJ[aH$ Xa {edamÌrbm `m n{dÌ ñWmZr Xe©Zmg òVmV. JwhoÀ`m N>Vmdê$Z ~mamhr _{hZo nmÊ`mÀ`m W|~m§Mm A{^foH$
{edqbJmda hmoV AgVmo. ~hþVoH$ Q´>oH$g© àW_ ZmJoœamMo Xe©Z KoD$Z _J dmgmoQ>çmbm OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r \$º$ bm§~Mm n„m
MmbÊ`mMr V`mar Agmdr bmJVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : 1) nydu C„o{Iboë`m Zì`m dmgmoQ>çmdarb _hmXodmÀ`m _§{XamV 2 Vo 3 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. 2)
Zì`m dmgmoQ>çmda OmoS> Q>mŠ`m§À`m eoOmarb nR>mamdahr amhVm òVo. 3) ZmJoœamMr Jwhm hr amhÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ OmJm Amho. òWo 20
Vo 25 OU Amam_mV amhÿ eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU ñdV…M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ZmJoœamÀ`m JwhoH$S>o OmVm§Zm, nm`è`m§À`m COdrH$Sy>Z O§JbmV OmUmar dmQ> nmÊ`mÀ`m {dhrarnmer KoD$Z
OmVo. Zì`m dmgmoQ>çmdahr _w~bH$ à_mUmV nmUr CnbãY Amho. CÝhmù`mVhr `m {d{harbm nmUr AgVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Hw$gmnya _mJ}- 4 Vmg, MmoadUo _mJ}- 7 Vmg
gyMZm : dmgmoQ>çmbm nmdgmù`mV OmVmZm Oidm§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmda Ìmg hmoVmo. Voìhm Amdí`H$ Vr H$miOr ¿`mdr.
>{MniyUhÿZ MmoadUo _mJ}dmgmoQ>çmbm OmVmZm dmQ>oV nmÊ`mMr Hw$R>ohr gmo` Zmhr. Voìhm nmÊ`mMm nwaogm gmR>m Odi ~miJUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
^¡adJS
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : dZXwJ©
S>m|Jaam§J: __hm~ioœa H$mo`Zm
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : _Ü`_
^¡adJS> hm H$mo`ZmZJaÀ`m {d^mJmV _moS>Umam {H$„m Amho. òWrb {H$ëë`m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo gd© {H$„o KmQ>_mÏ`mÀ`m gbJ
am§JonmgyZ Xwamdbobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Xwê$Z ho {H$„o {XgV Zmhr. KZXmQ> O§Jb ho òWrb _w»` AmH$f©U. ho AaÊ` A^`maÊ`
åhUyZ Ymo{fV H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZo òWrb gd© Jmdm§Mo ñWbm§Va H$ê$Z Vr AaÊ`m~mhoa ~gdÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio _mUgm§Mm
dmda Vgm H$_rM. nm`Ï`mMr Jmd§ JmR>Ê`mgmR>r Eg. Q>r. Mr Mm§Jbr gmo` Amho.
B{Vhmg : B{VhmgmV `m JS>mMm C„oI H$moR>ohr AmT>iV Zmhr. _mÌ `m JS>mMm dmna Ho$di Q>ohiUr gmR>r Agmdm Ago òWrb
~m§YH$m_mdê$Z {XgVo.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : ^¡adJS>mda nmhÊ`mgmaIo \$ma H$mhrM Zmhr. JS>mda EH$ _§{Xa Amho. _§{Xa \$maM
àeñV Amho. _§{Xa _O~yV Am{U H$m¡bm§Zr emH$mabobo Amho. _§{XamV ôar Xodr, lr Vwim Xodr, lr dmKOmB© Xodr `m§À`m 2-3 \w$Q>r
_yVu AmhoV. `m bmH$S>r _§{Xamda ~aogMo H$moard H$m_ AmT>iVo. _§{Xamg_moaÀ`m àmH$mamV Vwierd¥§XmdZ, e§H$amÀ`m qnS>rMm
M~wVam {XgVmo. VgoM g_moa XmoZ VrZ Im§~ XoIrb {XgVmV. g_moaM e§H$amMo _§{Xa gwÕm Amho. _§{Xamg_moaM Imbr CVaUmè`m
dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ VrZ ~wê$O bmJVmV. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ T>mgiboë`m AdñWoVrb XadmOm Amho. `m
XadmOmVyZ nwT>o Joë`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo. g_moa AgUmè`m Q>oH$mS>mbm digm _mê$Z JS>mÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyg `mdo. òWo nmÊ`mMr
XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV. `mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mg Cn`wº$ AgyZ Vo ~ma_mhr {Q>H$Vo. `mÀ`mnwT>o nmhÊ`mgmaIo H$mhrM Zmhr. bm§~da
ngabob§ H$mo`ZoM§ XmQ> O§Jb {XgVo. JS>_mWm Vgm Aé§XM Amho. Ë`m_wio 2 VmgmV JS> {\$ê$Z hmoVmo. _§{XamÀ`m {XeoZo Vm|S>
H$ê$Z Cô am{hë`mg COdrH$S>o XarV CVaUmè`m dmQ>oZo 5 {_{ZQ>o Imbr CVamdo. òWo gwÕm nmÊ`mM§ EH$ Q>mH§$ Amho. _mÌ ho nmUr
_mM©n`ªVM AgVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : ^¡adJS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r VrZ dmQ>m AmhoV. EH$ WoQ> H$moH$UmVyZ da MT>Vo Va Xwgar hoidmH$À`m
am_KirV nmgyZ JS>mda OmVo. {Vgar Jìhmao JmdmVyZ Amho.
1. XwJ©dmS>r _mJ}: `m _mJ}^¡adJS>mda òÊ`mgmR>r àW_ {MniyU JmR>mdo. {MniyU dê$Z XwJ©dmS>r ho nm`Ï`mMo Jmd JmR>mdo. {MniyU
Vo XwJ©dmS>r Aer 8:00 dmOVmMr ~g Amho. XwJ©dmS>r n`ªV òÊ`mg gmYmaUV: 1 Vmg bmJVmo. XwJ©dmS>r JmdmÀ`m da AgUmè`m
O§JbmVyZ dmQ> WoQ> JS>mda OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo JS> JmR>Ê`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> Ver gaiM Agbr Var X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.
Jìhmao JmdmVyZ òUmar dmQ>gwÕm `m dmQ>obmM òD$Z {_iVo. dmQ>oV Hw$R>ohr nmUr Zmhr.
2. hoidmH$Mr am_Ki _mJ}: hoidmH$À`m am_KirV OmÊ`mgmR>r {MniyU qH$dm H$amS> JmR>mdo. {MniyU - H$amS> añË`mda Hw$^m§bu
KmQ> nma Ho$ë`mda hoidmH$ ZmdmMm \$mQ>m bmJVmo. VoWo CVê$Z 2 Vmgm§V am_Ki JmR>mdr. am_KirVyZM da OmUmam añVm
nH$S>mdm. nmWanw§O OwZm dmKmoZm _mJm©dê$Z AmnU ^¡adJS>mda OmD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ hm n„m \$maM bm§~Mm Agë`mZo JS> JmR>Ê`mg
6 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ>oV Iyn KZXmQ> O§Jb bmJVo. dmQ> Ver _ibobr Zgë`mZo hadÊ`mMm g§^d IynM Amho. `m dmQ>oZo Om`Mo
Agë`mg dmQ>mS>`m KoD$Z OmUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
3. Jìhmao _mJ}: JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r Jìhmao JmdmVyZhr dmQ> Amho. XwJ©dmS>r JmdmÀ`m AJmoXa Jìhmao JmdmH$S>o OmUmam JmS>rañVm
bmJVmo. `m JmS>rañË`mZo Jìhmao JmdmV nmohMmdo. JmdmVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg VrZ Vmg nwaVmV. hr dmQ> _ÜòM XwJ©dmS>r JmdmVyZ
òUmè`m dmQ>og {_iVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb _§{XamV 20 OUm§Zm amhVm òVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo` Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vmg - XwJ©dmS>r _mJ}. 7 Vmg - am_Kir _mJ}.
gyMZm : nmdgmù`mV Oidm§Mm Ìmg \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVmo. `mnmgyZ ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r _rR> gmo~V KoD$Z OmUo.
nm§S>dJS
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : _Ü`_
dmB© Jmdmbm IoQy>ZM C^m Agbobm nm§S>dJS> Ë`mÀ`m {d{eï> Aem aMZo_wio Zoh_r bj doYyZ KoVmo. _mÏ`mda H$mVi q^{VMm
_wHw$Q> n[aYmZ Ho$bobm hm {H$„m dmB©hÿZ ghO nm`r OmVm òÊ`mgmaIm Amho. dmB© _m§T>aXod _mJm©da hm JS> Amho.
B{Vhmg : MmbwŠ`m§À`m amÁ`m§ZVa {ebmhmam§Zr nÝhmim - H$moëhmnya X»IZ `m ^mJmda amÁ` Mmb{dbo. 199³1-92 _Üò
gmnS>boë`m Vm_«boImZwgma {ebmhma amOm Xwgam ^moO `mZo hm {H$„m ~m§Ybm Ago nwamdo AmT>iVmV. hm {H$„m àW_
AmXrbemhrV hmoVm. 7 Am°ŠQ>m|~a 1673 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr Vmo qOH$bm. nwT>o 1701 Am¡a§JOo~mZo hm {H$„m KoVbm. Ë`mZ§Va emhþ
_hmamOm§Zr {H$„m nwÝhm ñdamÁ`mV AmUbm. B.g 1818 _Üò BJOm§Zr nm§S>dJS> Amnë`m Vmã`mV AmUbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _oUdbr JmdmVyZ AmnU n{hë`m _mMrda Jobmo AgVm VoWyZ OdiM ^¡amo~mMo _§{Xa bmJVo.
Ë`mÀ`m~mhoaM H$mhr àmMrZ _yVuMo Adeof AmhoV. VoWo H$mVimV H$moaboë`m H$mhr nm`-`m AmhoV. òWyZ gmYmaU 15 Vo 20
{_{ZQ>m§da JS>mMo àdoeÛma bmJVo. H$mVimV H$moaboë`m nm`-`m§À`m gmømZo WmoS>o da Joë`mda AmnU _mMr gma»`m ^mJmV àdoe
H$aVmo. JS>mÀ`m CÎma~mOwbm H$mhr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV g_moaM nmaí`mMm EH$ ~§Jbm Amho. ~§Jë`m g_moaM Hw§$nU KmVbobo EH$ Q>mHo$
Amho. òWyZ AmnU ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m {XeoZo MmbV Joë`mda dmQ>oV H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV, Va EH$m {R>H$mUr gbJ ghm nmÊ`mMr
Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV, Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ nmÊ`mM§ Q>mH§$ _moR>o AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m AmVrb ~mOyg Im§~ XoIrb AmhoV. JmdH$-`m§À`m _Vo
Q>mŠ`mVrb nmÊ`mMm a§J doJdoJim hmoVm. òWyZM EH$ nm`dmQ> ~mbo{H$ëë`mH$S>o OmVo. ~mbo{H$ëë`mbm H$mhrí`m nm`-`m d VQ>~§Xr
{e„H$ Amho. S>mdrH$S>o Joë`mda EH$m CKS>çm _§{XamV XJS>mV H$moabobr _méVrMr _yVu {XgVo. nwT>o H$mhr A§Vamda nm§S>OmB© XodrMo
_moS>H$irg Ambobo _§Xra Amho. òWyZ nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ Vio Amho, AmVm _mÌm gwH$boë`m AdñWoV Amho. ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m
X{jUog B_maVrMo H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV. `m B_maVrMm nm`m 30 \w$Q> é§X Agm Amho. Vgo nm{hbo Va ~mbo{H$„m \$maM N>moQ>m
Amho. JS>mÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>o WmoS>ogo nR>ma Amho. bmohJS>mÀ`m qdMwH$mQ>çm gmaIm WmoS>m ^mJ nwT>o Ambm Amho. JS>mÀ`m nyd}H$Sy>Z EH$
dmQ> YmdS>r JmdmV CVaVo. `mM Jmdm Odi nm§S>dboUr AmhoV.AmnU Ooìhm _oUdbr JmdmH$Sy>Z JS>mda òVmo, Voìhm Oo n{hbo
àdoeÛma Amho VoWyZ JS>mMm g§nyU© Koam hr ImOJr _mb_Îmm Amho. `m _mJMr KQ>Zm Aer H$s nm§S>dJS> H$moÊ`m EH$m gaXmamMr
_mb_Îmm hmoVr `mZ§Va _°nH$mo H§$nZrZo Vmo {dH$V KoVbm. gÜ`m lr.gdm}X` dmS>r`m ZmdmMo J¥hñW Ho$AaQ>oH$a åhUyZ amhVmV.
Ë`m§Zr JS>mda _moR>`m à_mUmV d¥jmamonU Ho$bo Amho. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`m§Zm Hw§$nU KmVbo Amho. `m J¥hñWmZo JS>mda EH$
\$bH$ XoIrb bmdbm Amho, Ë`mÛmao JS>mda _ÚàmeZ ,Yw_«nmZ _mXH$ nXmW© godZmg ~§Xr KmVbr Amho. gd© JS> {\$aÊ`mg XmoZ
Vmg nwaVmV.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : 1) : dmB© Vo _oUdbr gVV JmS>çm§Mr ò Om Mmby AgVo. _oUdbr Jmdm OdiyZ Ymo_ YaUmMm
Omo H$mbdm Jobm Amho Vmo nma Ho$ë`mda g_moaM nm§S>dJS> {Xgy bmJVmo. g_moa AgUm-`m nR>mamda Joë`mda XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV.
òWn`ªV òÊ`mgmR>r JmdmVyZ AYm©Vmg nwaVmo. XmoZ dmQ>m§n¡H$s EH$ dmQ> bm§~Mr Am{U digm KmbyZ OmUmar Amho. n{hë`m dmQ>oZo
nm`Ï`mdéZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo. `m nR>mamda H$moir bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Amho.
2) : Xwgar dmQ> Jw§S>odmS>r JmdmVyZ da OmVo. dmB© YmdS>r _mJ}Jw§S>odmS>r JmdmVyZ da nmohMmdo. Jw§S>odmS>r JmdmVyZ Mm§Jbr _ibobr
Am{U H$mhr {R>H$mUr A{bH$S>oM ~m§Yboë`m nm`-`m§Mr gmonr dmQ> Amho. `mdmQ>oZo JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : 1 lr.gdm©X` dmS>r`m `m§À`m Kam~mhoarb eoS> _Üò 10 OUm§Zm amhVm òVo. 2.nm§S>OmB© XodrÀ`m _§XramV
10 Vo 15 OUm§Zm amhVm òVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _oUdbr _mJ}1 Vmg, YmdS>r _mJ}2 Vmg.
H$_iJS>
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : _Ü`_
_hm~ioœaÀ`m S>m|Jaam§Jm§Zr AZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ JS> Ab§H$mamgmaIo YmaU Ho$bo AmhoV. Ymo_ YmaUmÀ`m Obme`mV _mJrb ~mOyZo
EH$ S>m|Jaam§J nwT>o Ambobr {XgVo. XmoÝhr A§JmZr nmÊ`mMm doT>m Agboë`m `m nd©VamOrV ho EH$ AZmoIo nmfmUnwîn da Ambo Amho.
X{jUoH$S>o H¥$îUmZXrMo Imoao Am{U CÎmaoH$S>o dmiH$s ZXrMo Imoao `m§À`m _Ymo_Y hm {X_mIXma {H$„m C^m Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : n§Yam drg {_{ZQ>m§À`m ^«_§Vr Z§Va JS>mÀ`m {ZH$Q> AmnU nmohMVmo. da OmVmM
JS>_mÏ`mÀ`m gnmQ>rda àdoe hmoVmo Am{U AmOw~mOyMm S>m|JaX-`m§Mm gw§Xa _wbyI Amnë`m Ñï>rnWmV òVmo. Eadr AmT>iUmao
{H$ëë`m§darb àdoeÛma, ~wê$O Ago H$mhrM òWo AmT>iV ZmhrV. JS>mbm OmoSy>Z òUmar EH$ S>m|Ja am§J bj doYyZ KoVo. {Vbm
ZdamZdar Mo S>m|Ja åhUVmV. nwT>o O_rZ Imob {MaV Jobobo 40-50 \y$Q> bm§~rMo EH$ é§X ^w`ma {XgVo. Ë`mbm AmV CVam`bm
_O~yV nm`-`mhr AmhoV. hrM Vr Joê$Mr qH$dm H$mdoMr {dhra, C§M Aem `m 50 - 55 nm`-`m CVaV OmVmZm AmnU S>m|JamÀ`m
nmoQ>mV OmV Agë`mgmaIo ^mgVo. hdoVrb W§S>mdmhr dmT>V OmVmo. Vimer nmohMë`mda Mhþ~mOybm Imob H$nmar AgyZ gd©Ì Joê$
qH$dm H$md `m§Mr Amobga bmb a§JmMr _mVr {XgVo.JS>mda X{jUoH$S>o H$mVimMr Z¡g{J©H$ q^V V`ma Pmbr Amho. {VÀ`mda
~wéOmMo WmoS>o\$ma ~m§YH$m_ Pmbo Amho. JS>mda H$moR>ohr nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Zmhr. X{jUoH$S>oM JdVmV bnbobo Mm¡W-`m§Mo Adeof
{XgVmV. Z¡F$Ëòbm H|$OiJS>, Ë`mÀ`m _mJo amàoœamMo nR>ma, H$moioœa nR>ma d npíM_oH$S>o nmMJUr, nyd}bm Ymo_ YaU Aer aå`
gmo`[aH$ H$_iJS>mbm {_imbr Amho. Ymo_Mo ho_mS>n§Vr {ed_§{Xa àojUr` Amho. _yi _§{Xa Ymo_ F$ftÀ`m dmñVì`mZo à{gÕ Pmbo.
Wmoa g§V H$dr dm_Z n§{S>V `m§Mrhr OdiM ^mo_Jmdmbm g_mYr Amho.
H$_iJS>mda OmÊ`mMo AZoH$ _mJ© AmhoV. Vo gd©M Q´>oqH$JMm _Z_wamX AmZ§X XoUmao AmhoV.
1) _hm~ioœahÿZ :- _hm~ioœaÀ`m Ho$Q²g nm°BªQ> dê$Z Imbr òUm-`m gm|S>odê$Z H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m Imo-`mV CVabo H$s gw_mao XmoZ
Vmgm§V g_moaÀ`m S>m|Ja CVmamdarb Zm§XdUo Jmdr nmohMVmo. dñVrÀ`m nmR>rdarb nhmS>mdê$Z VgoM da Jobo H$s XmoZ AS>rM
Vmgm§V H$_iJS>mda nmohMVm òVo.
2) dmB©hÿZ :- dmB©hÿZ Zm§XdUo Jmdr òÊ`mg gH$mir 9.30 dmOVm Eg.Q>r. ~g Amho.
3) CÎmaoH$Sy>Z dmiH$s ZXrÀ`m Imo-`mVrb Agao, amZmobm dmgmoio Jmdrhr dmB©hÿZ Eg.Q>r. Zo òVm òVo.dmgmoù`mhÿZ òVmZm Ymo_
JmdmnmgyZ gwê$ Pmbobm Ymo_ YaUmMm Obme` WoQ> Jmdmn`ªV gmW XoVmo. dmgmoio JmdmVyZ nmUdR>çmÀ`m {XeoZo MT>Urg gwédmV
Ho$br AgVm AmnU gmYmaU EH$ Vo XrS> VmgmVM _mMrOdi òVmo. dmgmoio Jmd ho S>m|JamÀ`m Hw$erV dgbobo {ZgJ© gm¢X`m©Zo
ZQ>bobo Ago gw§Xa IoS>o Amho. dñVrÀ`m nmR>rda CÎmw§J H$S>m d S>m|Ja_mWm Amho, Xwg-`m A§Jmbm ImobXar Amho. nwT>o Joë`mda `y
Q>Z© KoD$Z nmD$U Vmgm Z§Va AmnU {H$ëë`mÀ`m _w»` nhmS>mda òVmo. S>m|Ja_mÏ`mdarb KZXmQ> d¥jm§À`m N>mòV JmoaIZmW _§{Xa
{XgVo. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o 5 - 10 {_{ZQ>o MmbV Joë`mda añË`mÀ`m S>mì`m~mOybm EH$ nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo. nmD$b dmQ>oZo VgoM
da Jobo H$s 15 - 20 {_{ZQ>m§Mm KZXmQ> O§JbmMm N>moQ>m Q>ßnm bmJVmo. Z§Va _mÌ AmnU _moH$ù`m _¡XmZmda òVmo. òWo YZJam§Mr
dñVr Amho. `mM nR>mamdê$Z AmnUmg H$_iJS> nyU©nUo Ñï>rnWmV òVmo. dñVrnmgyZ COdrH$S>o JS>mda OmÊ`mMr dmQ> Amho
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. _mMrdarb JmoaIZmW _§{XamV nmM - ghm OU amhÿ eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Zmhr, JmoaIZmW _§{XamÀ`m WmoS>o nwT>o N>moQ>o Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Zm§XdUo _mJ}AS>rM Vmg
H|$OiJS
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : _Ü`_
Vã~b gìdmMma hOma \y$Q> C§Mrda Agbobm hm am§JS>m {H$„m dmB© Am{U amàoœa Xaå`mZÀ`m _hmXod S>m|Jaam§Jm§À`m EH$m CÎmw§J
ZmH$mS>mda C^mabobm Amho. amo{hS>çmMr S>m|Jaam§J CVaVm§Zm Z¡F$Ë` {Xeobm bm§~da EH$m ^ë`m _moR>çm nhmS>mÀ`m S>moŠ`mda Jm§Yr
Q>monrÀ`m AmH$mamMm H|$OiJS> AYyZ _YyZ Xe©Z XoV AgVmo. Ho$i§Om d _mohZJS> hr H|$OiJS>mMrM CnZmdo AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : ~mamì`m eVH$mV ^moOamOmZo H|$OiJS>mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. gZ 1648 _Üò hm {H$„m A{XbehmÀ`m Am{YnË`mImbr
Ambm. gZ 1674 _Üò {edam`m§Mm _w¸$m_ {MniyU ehamV nS>bm. dmB© Am{U AmOw~mOyÀ`m n[agamVrb gd© {H$„o {edam`m§À`m
Vmã`mV Ambo hmoVo _mÌ H|$OiJS> AOyZ Ë`m§À`m Vmã`mV Ambm ZìhVm. åhUyZ {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H|$OiJS> KoÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m
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1. \$bQ>U_mJ}
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1 - \$bQ>U - _moiKmQ> - nwgoJmd JmR>mdo.`m_mJ}nwgoJmd Jmd \$bQ>U nmgyZ 41
{H$._r da Amho.
2 - \$bQ>U - X{hdS>r _mJ}nwgoJmd JmR>mdo `m_mJ}nwgoJmd Jmd \$bQ>U nmgyZ
45 {H$._r da Amho.
nwgoJmdmnmgyZ gmVm-`mH$S>o OmUm-`m añË`mda 5 {H$._r A§Vamda dY©ZJS> Jmd \$mQ>m Amho. dY©ZJS>Jmd ho {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo
Jmd Amho.\$bQ>U Vo nwgoJmd Aer Eg Q>r godm CnbãY Amho.
2. gmVmam_mJ}
gmVmam - n§T>anya _mJm©da nwgoJmdÀ`m A{bH$S>o 5 {H$._r da dY©ZJS> JmdmMm \$mQ>m Amho.gmVmam nwgoJmd Aer Eg Q>r
godm CnbãY Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb dY©Zr_mVoMo _§{XamV A§XmOo 8 Vo 10 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr {nÊ`mMr gmo` Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AYm© > Vmg
g§VmofJS>
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
gømÐrMr _w»` S>m|Jaam§J àVmnJS>mnmgyZ VrZ ^mJm§_Üò {d^mJbr Jobobr Amho.e§^y_hmXod am§J ,~m_Umobr am§J Am{U åhgmo~m am§J `mn¡H$s
åhgmo~m S>m|Jaa§Joda g§VmofJS>,dméJS>,_{h_mZJS> Am{U dY©ZJS> ho {H$„o AmhoV.hm gd©
n[aga Vgm H$_r nmdgmMmM _mÌ D$gmÀ`m eoVr_wio gd© n[aga gYZ Pmbobm Amho.gd© {R>H$mUr drO ,XyaÜdZr Aem AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYm
gwÜXm CnbãY AmhoV.\$bQ>U À`m _mU VmbwŠ`mV AgUm-`m `m {H$ëë`m§Zm nmhÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ {Xdg nwaVmV.g§VmofJS>mbm VmWdS>çmMm
{H$„m Ago hr åhUVmV.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AmO {H$ëë`mMm XadmOm _mÌ Ho$di Zm__mÌM {e„H$ am{hbobm Amho.XadmÁ`m_Yrb
nhmaoH$-`m§Mm XodS>çm AmOhr gwpñW{VV AmhoV.XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM hZy_mZmMo Q>mHo$ Amho.Ë`mÀ`mM _mJo dmS>çm§Mo d
Kam§Mo Adeof AmhoV.YmÝ` H$moR>mam§À`m q^{V Cä`m AmhoV nU N>ßna CS>mbobo Amho.`mÀ`mM _mJÀ`m ~mOybm EH$ _moR>m IÈ>m
Amho.bm§~dê$Z nm{hë`mg EImXr {dhraM dmQ>Vo _mÌ Odi Joë`mda g_OVo H$s Imbr nmÊ`mM§ Q>mH§$ Amho Am{U Q>mŠ`mV CVaÊ`mgmR>r
M¸$ H$mViq^{Vbm ^moH$ nmSy>Z nm`-`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV.{H$ëë`mMr n{hë`m Q>ßß`mda AgUmar g§ajH$ VQ>~§Xr , ~wéO AmOhr Mm§Jë`m
n[apñWV Cô AmhoV.AmO{_{Vg AZoH$ {H$ëë`m§Mr VQ>~§Xr T>mgiboë`m AmT>iVmV nU g§VmofJS>`mbm AndmX Amho.{H$ëë`mMm g§nyU©
n[aga ^Q>H$Ê`mg XmoZ Vmg nwaVmV.{H$„m gm N>moQ>mgmM Amho nU VQ>~§Xr ,~wéO Ago nmhÊ`mgmIo ~aoM H$mhr Amho.JS>mdê$Z \$ma
XyaÀ`m àXoemda ZOa R>odVm òV Ago.npíM_og _moiKmQ>,X{jUnyd© ngabobr S>m|Jaam§J `mM S>m|Jaam§Joda grVm~mB©Mm S>m|Ja d dmê$JS>
Amho.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : øm {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r \$bQ>U Am{U gmVmam XmoÝhr ehamVyZ OmVm òVo.VmWdS>o {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo
Jmd Amho.VmWdS>obm AZoH$ _mJmªZr nmohMVm òVo.\$bQ>U Vo VmWdS>o Aer Eg Q>r godm Xa AÜ`m© Vmgmbm CnbãY Amho.\$bQ>U Vo VmWdS>o ho
gmYmaU 19 {H$._r Mo A§Va Amho.gmVm-`mhÿZ nwgoJmd _moiKmQ>_mJ}\$bQ>Ubm OmUm-`m ~gZo VmWdS>o bm CVaVm òVo.nwgoJmd Vo VmWdS>o ho
gmYmaU 23 {H$._r Mo A§Va Amho.VmWdS>o JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r ì`dpñWV dmQ> Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg AYm© Vmg
bmJVmo.VmWdS>o JmdmV "~mb{gÜXMo OrUm}ÜXma' Ho$bobo _§{Xa Amho._§{XamÀ`m nmàrdê$Z gZ 1762 _Üò {H$ëë`mMm OrUm}ÜXma Ho$ë`mMo
g_OVo.JS> hm VrZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.n{hë`m Q>ßß`mda ga§jH$ VQ>~§Xr Va Xwg-`m Q>ßß`mda _mMrMm ^mJ Am{U gdm©V daMm ~mbo{H$„mMm
^mJ Amho. {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>oda EH$ _R> Amho.`m _R>mÀ`mM ~mOybm EH$ Jwhm Amho.`m JwhoV W§S> nmÊ`mMm gmR>m Amho.EH$ dmpë_H$s
F$qfMr _yVu Amho._R>mÀ`mM daÀ`m ~mOybm EH$ XadmOm Amho _mÌ òWn`ªV nmohMÊ`mgmR>r digm KmbyZ `mdo bmJVo._R>mÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOybm
OmUmar dmQ> VQ>~§Xrbm {MQ>Hy$ZM nwT>o OmVo.nwT>o dmQ>oVM EH$ N>moQ>ogo XoD$i bmJVo.òWyZ da WmoS>r COdrH$S>o gaH$V OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm
WoQ> {H$ëë`mÀ`m XadmÁ`mVM KoD$Z OmVo.JS> hm VrZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.n{hë`m Q>ßß`mda ga§jH$ VQ>~§Xr Va Xwg-`m Q>ßß`mda _mMrMm
^mJ Am{U gdm©V daMm ~mbo{H$„mMm ^mJ Amho. {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>oda EH$ _R> Amho.`m _R>mÀ`mM ~mOybm EH$ Jwhm Amho.`m JwhoV W§S>
nmÊ`mMm gmR>m Amho.EH$ dmpë_H$s F$qfMr _yVu Amho._R>mÀ`mM daÀ`m ~mOybm EH$ XadmOm Amho _mÌ òWn`ªV nmohMÊ`mgmR>r digm KmbyZ
`mdo bmJVo._R>mÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOybm OmUmar dmQ> VQ>~§Xrbm {MQ>Hy$ZM nwT>o OmVo.nwT>o dmQ>oVM EH$ N>moQ>ogo XoD$i bmJVo.òWyZ da WmoS>r COdrH$S>o
gaH$V OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm WoQ> {H$ëë`mÀ`m XadmÁ`mVM KoD$Z OmVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr .
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda {nÊ`mMo nmUr Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : VmWdS>o JmdmVyZ AYm© Vmg.
dméJS>
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
_mUmJ§Jm ZXr {OWo CJ_ nmdVo Ë`m grVm~mB©À`m S>m|JamV S>mì`m Hw$erda EH$ {H$„m Amho Ë`mMo Zmd Amho dméJS>.{H$„m _mU VmbwŠ`mV
X{hdS>rÀ`m B©emÝòg 20 _¡bm§da Amho.
B{Vhmg :
{H$„m {edam`m§Zr ~m§Ybm Ago gm§JVmV.`m {H$ëë`mMm {H$„oXma na^yOmVrMm hmoVm.200 nhmaoH$ar d ~arM {e~§Xr {H$ëë`mda
hmoVr.1818 _Üò gmVmaÀ`m amOmÀ`m \$S>Urg {dÇ>bn§V `mZo 200 bmoH$ nmR>dyZ Xwg-`m ~mOramdmH$Sy>Z KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$„m hm XmoZ ^mJmV _moS>Vmo.EH$ JS>mMr _mMr Va Xwgam ~mbo{H$„m.
1. dméJS> _mMr
{H$ëë`mÀ`m _mMrda Joë`mda g_OVo H$s JS>mMm Koam Ho$dT>m _moR>m Amho.{H$ëë`mMr _mMr hr g§nyU© VQ>~§Xrdoï>rV Amho.AmOhr
Vr ~-`mM _moR>çm à_mUmda em~yV Amho. ~mbo{H$ëë`mda OmUmam _mJ© hm `m _mMrVyZM nwT>o OmVmo.`m _mMrV {eaÊ`mgmR>r nydu 5 XadmOo
hmoVo._mÌ gÚ pñW{Vbm XmoZM {e„H$ Amho {Jadr OmYddmS>r `m _mJ}_mMrV àdoe H$aUmar dmQ> EH$m XadmOmVyZ da òVo.Va _m|Ji -
KmoS>odmS>r _mMrV àdoe H$aUmar dmQ> Xwg-`m XadmOmVyZ da òVo. _mMrda Kam§Mo ,dmS>çm§Mo AZoH$ Adeof AmhoV.XmoZ Vo VrZ nmÊ`mMr
Q>mH$s,Vir gwÜXm AmhoV._mMrda ^¡amo~mMo OrUm}ÜXmarV _§{Xa gwÜXm Amho._§{Xa àeñV Agë`mZo òWo amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.g§nyU©
_mMr {\$aÊ`mg XmoZ Vmg bmJVmV.
2. ~mbo{H$„m
{Jadr OmYddmS>rVyZ _mMrda òUmam añVm XadmOmVyZ nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm OmVmo.COdrH$S>o Am{U S>mdrH$S>o
OmUam añVm _mMrdarb KmoS>odmS>rH$S>o OmVmo Va gai da OmUmar dmQ> 15 {_{ZQ>mV ~mbo{H$ë`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamnmer òD$Z
YS>H$Vo.XadmOmMr VQ>~§Xr AmOhr em~yV Amho.~mbo{H$ë`mda nmohMë`mda g_moaM EH$ gXaoMr B_maV Amho.AmO Vr nyU©nUo Zì`mZo
~m§YyZ H$mT>bobr Amho.g_moaM nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ d EH$ {dhra Amho.{dhra ~-`mM à_mUmV ~wObobr Amho. {H$ëë`mdê$Z g_moaMm n[aga
nmhrbm H$s Amnë`mbm OmUdVo H$s {H$„m {H$Vr _moŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr dgbobm Amho.g_moaM {XgUmam grVm~mB©Mm S>m|Ja , _hmXod S>m|Jaam§J
hm n[aga {XgVmo.g§VmofJS>dê$Z grVm~mB©À`m S>m|JamVyZ EH$ dmQ> dméJS>mda òVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : dméJS>mda Om`Mo Agë`mg \$bQ>U JmR>mdo.\$bQ>U nmgyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg AZoH$ _mJ© AmhoV.
dméJS> _w»`V: XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.EH$ JS>mMr _mMr `mda KmoS>odmS>r ZmdmMr dñVr Amho. Va Xwgam dméJS>mMm ~mbo{H$„m.
~mbo{H$ëë`mV OmÊ`mgmR>r _mMrVyM Omdo bmJVo._mMrV OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV EH$ JmS>rañVm Amho Omo WoQ> _mMrV OmVmo Va Xwgam _mJ©
åhUOo nm`dmQ> Or WoQ> {H$ëë`mda KoD$Z OmVo.
1. \$bQ>U Vo {Jadr
\$bQ>U Vo {Jadr Aer Eg Q>r godm CnbãY Amho.{JadrVyZ 5 {H$_r A§Vamda AgUmam OmYddmS>m JmR>mdm.OmYddmS>m ho
{H$ëë`mÀ`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho.òWyZ dméJS> _mMrda OmÊ`mg 2 Vmg bmJVmV._mMrVyZ ~mbo{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg 20 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV.
2. \$bQ>U XhrdS>r
\$bQ>U XhrdS>r añË`mda \$bQ>U gmoS>ë`mZ§a 20 {H$_r A§Vamda _m|Ji ZmdMm \$mQ>m bmJVmo.`m \$mQ>çmnmgyZ EH$ H$ƒm
JmS>rañVm WoQ> _mMrdarb KmoS>odmS>r dñVrV KoD$Z OmVmo._m|Ji Vo KmoS>odmS>r A§Va 15 {H$._r Mo Amho. \$bQ>U XhrdS>r añË`mda \$bQ>U
gmoS>ë`mZ§a 26 {H$_r A§Vamda ~rOdmS>r ZmdMo Jmd bmJVo.`m JmdmVyZ EH$ H$ƒm JmS>rañVm WoQ> _mMrdarb KmoS>odmS>rV OmVmo.nwT>o hm añVm da
gm§J{Vboë`m añË`mbm òD$Z {_iVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : dméJS>mÀ`m _mMrda AgUm-`m ^¡adJS>mÀ`m _§{XamV 100 bm|H$m§Mr gmo` hmoVo..
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : _mMrda ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : OmYddmS>rVyZ XmoZ Vmg bmJVmo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ H$mbmdYr : gd© F$VwV OmVm òVo.
_{h_mZJS>
{Oëhm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
{H$„m _mU VmbwŠ`mV X{hdmS>r ZmdmÀ`m IoS>çmÀ`m npíM_obm 5.50 _¡bm§da {e{Ð~wÐwH$ IoS>çmV òVmo.gmVmam {OëømVrb
_mU VmbwH$m hm H$_r nmdgmMm Ë`m_wio nmdgmMo Xw{^©j `mÀ`m nmMdrbm nwObob§.
B{Vhmg :
gmVmamÀ`m nyd}H$S>rb àm§VmMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mH$arVm {edam`m§Zr Oo {H$„o KoVbo Ë`mn¡H$sM EH$ _{h_mZJS>. nydu
{H$ëë`mÀ`m ajUmH$arVm _hma am_moer {_iyZ 75 Bg_ R>odbobo hmoVo.{H$ëë`mMm hdmbXma Am{U g~Zrg `m§Mr BZm_o AÚmnhr
d§eO nmQ>rb d Hw$iH$Uu `m§À`mH$S>o Mmby Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mÀ`m àdeÛmamÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rVM hÎmrMo gw§Xa {eën H$moabobo Amho.
àdeÛmamVyZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM hZw_mZmMo {~ZN>ßnamMo XoD$i {XgVo.Ë`mÀ`m g_moaM ~wéOmda OmÊ`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m nm`-
`m {XgVmV.òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda g_moaM nmÊ`mMo gw§Xa Vbmd Amho.Vbmd ~-`mn¡H$s Imob Amho.`m Vbmdmbm ~mam_hr nmUr
AgVo.Ë`mÀ`mM ~mOybm dmS>çm§Mo ^Zmdeof {XgVmV.òWyZ g§nyU© JS>mMr VQ>~§Xr ZOaog nS>Vo.JS>mÀ`m B©emÝòg JS>mMr EH$ gm|S>
bm§~da Jobobr {XgVo.`m gm|S>obm nH$Sy>Z EH$ S>m|Jaam§J nwT>o Jobobr Amho.`m gm|S>oda WmoS>o\$ma dmS>çmMo Adeof
{XgVmV.{H$ëë`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamÀ`m AmOw~mOwbm AgUmar VQ>~§Xr Mm§Jë`m pñW{VV em~yV Amho.JS> {\$aÊ`mg gmYmaU AYm©Vmg
nwaVmo {H$ëë`mdê$Z dY©ZJS>,B©emÝòH$S>o AgUmam _moi KmQ> Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : 1. _{h_mZJS> Jmd _mJ}
{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mMm _mJ© hm gmVmam - n§T>anya _mJm©da nwgoJmdÀ`m nwT>o 12 {H$._r A§Vamda AgUm-`m _{h_mZJS>
\$mQ>çmdê$Z nwT>o OmVmo.X{hdS>r H$Sy>Z gmVm-`mH$S>o òUm-`m añË`mdéZ gwÜXm _{h_mZJS> \$mQ>çmda CVaVm òVo. _{h_mZJS>
\$mQ>çmdê$Z _{h_mZJS> JmdmV OmÊ`mg drg {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV.\$bQ>U - X{hdS>r _mJ}gmVmam JmS>r qH$dm gmVmam nwgoJmd_mJ}n§T>anya
OmUmar JmS>r XoIrb _{h_mZJS> \$mQ>çmnmer Wm§~Vo._{h_mZJS> JmdmVyZM {H$ëë`mda EH$ nm`dmQ> OmVo.`m dmQ>oZo JS> JmR>Ê`mg 25
{_{ZQ>o nwaVmV.JS>mda MT>Vm§Zm Ë`mÀ`m AôÚnUm àËòH$ jUmojUr OmUdV AgVmo.JmdmÀ`m {Oëhmn[afXoÀ`m H$m`mb©`m g_moê$ZM
EH$ dmQ> JS>mda OmVo.dmQ> WoQ> àdeÛmamVM KoD$Z OmVo.àdeÛmamMo ~wéO AmOhr Mm§Jë`m AdñWoV AmhoV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda Zmhr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _{h_mZJS> JmdmVyZ AYm©Vmg.
ZJa {Oëhm
h[aíM§ÐJS
S>m|Jaam§J: _mieoO
{Oëhm : Zja
loUr : _Ü`_
h[aíM§ÐJS> åhUOo ZJa {OëømMo _hm~ioœaM ! R>mUo, nwUo Am{U ZJa `m§À`m gr_oda _mieoO KmQ>mÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o C^m AgUmam
AOó nd©V åhUOo h[aíM§ÐJS>. EImÚm ñWimMm AWdm JS>mMm {H$Vr {d{dY àH$mao Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo `mMm gwaoI Z_wZm
åhUOo h[aíM§ÐJS>. `m JS>mMm B{Vhmg Hw$VyhbOZH$ Va ^yJmob hm {dñ_`H$maH$ Amho. BVa gd© {H$ëë`m§Zm _moJb AWdm _amR>o
`m§À`m B{VhmgmMr nmœ©^y_r Amho Va h[aíM§ÐJS>mbm Va XmoZ Mma hOma dfm©nyduMr nm¡am{UH$ nmœ©^y_r bm^br Amho. gmS>oVrZ
hOma dfmªhÿZhr àmMrZ Agboë`m Mhþ~mOy§Zr VwQ>boë`m am¡Ð^rfU H$S>oH$nmatZr Z¡g{J©H$ g§ajU bm^boë`m `m h[aíM§ÐJS>mMm
C„oI àmMrZ A¾rnwamUmV d _Ëñ`nwamUmV AmT>iVmo. 1747-48 _Üò hm {H$„m _amR>çm§Zr _moJbm§H$Sy>Z KoVbm Am{U {H$„oXma
åhUyZ H¥$îUmOr qeXo `m§Mr {Z`wº$s Ho$br .
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : Q>mobmaqIS>rÀ`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda Amë`mda AmnU amohrXmg {eIamnmer nmohMVmo. òWyZ
Vmg XrS> VmgmV AmnU Vmam_Vr {eIamnmer nmohMVmo. nm`Ï`merM h[aíM§ÐoœamMo _§{Xa Amho.
h[aíM§ÐoœamMo _§{Xa : VimnmgyZ `m _§{XamMr C§Mr gmYmaUV… gmoim _rQ>a Amho. _§{XamÀ`m àm§JUmV àmH$mamMr q^V Amho. `m
àmH$mamÀ`m q^Vrg_moaM EH$ XJS>r nyb Amho. `m nwbmÀ`m ImbyZ EH$ AmoT>m Vmam_Vr {eIamdê$Z dmhV òVmo `mbmM '_§JiJ§JoMm
CJ_' Agohr åhUVmV. nwT>o hr ZXr nm`Ï`mÀ`m nmMZB© JmdmVyZ dmhV OmVo. _§{XamÀ`m AmdmamV AZoH$ Jwhm AmhoV. H$mhr Jwhm
ahmÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` AmhoV Va H$mhr Jwhm§_Üò nmUr Amho. `m Jwhm§_Yrb nmUr W§S>Jma d A_¥VVwë` Amho. _§{XamÀ`m _mJo AgUm-
`m Jwho_Üò EH$ Mm¡Wam Amho. `m Mm¡W-`mV O{_ZrV Imbr EH$ Imobr Amho. `mda àM§S> {eim R>odbr Amho. `m ImobrV 'Mm§JXod
F$ftZr' Mm¡Xmeo df© Vn Ho$b§ Amho Ago ñWm{ZH$ JmdH$ar gm§JVmV. "eHo$ Mm¡{Vgo ~mam Ÿ& n[aYmdr g§dËgam Ÿ& _mJ©{ea VrO
(VoaO) a{ddma Ÿ& Zm_ g§»` Ÿ&& h[aíM§ÐZm_ nd©Vw Ÿ& VoW _hmXod ^ºw$ Ÿ& gwa{gÜX JUr {dé`mVw Ÿ& go{dOo Omo Ÿ&& h[aíM§Ð
XodVm Ÿ&& _§JiJ§Jm g[aVm Ÿ& gd©VrW© nwa{dVm gáñWmZ Ÿ& ~«åhñWi ~«åh Z g§S>rVw Ÿ& M§Mi d¥jw AZ§Vw Ÿ& qbJr OJÞmWw Ÿ&
_hmXoAmo Ÿ&& OmoVrWm©{g VrW© Ÿ& Ho$Xmam§{g Vw{H$Zm{V Ÿ& Am{U joÌr {Z_m©{V~§Yw hmŸ&& " ho Mm§JXodm{df`rMo boI _§{XamÀ`m àmH$mamV
, Im§~m§da , q^Vtda AmT>iVmV. lr Mm§JXodm§Zr òWo VníM`m© H$ê$Z 'VËdgma' ZmdmMm J«§W {b{hbm. òWrb EH$m {ebmboImda,
MH«$nmUr dQ>oœaZ§XVw Ÿ& Vñ` gwVw drH$Q> XoD$ Ÿ&& Aem Amoir dmMVm òVmV. _§{XamÀ`m àdoeÛmamg_moaM EH$ N>moQ>o _§{Xa Amho.
`mVhr _hmXodmMr qnS> Amho. `m N>moQ>çm _§{Xamg_moaM EH$ ^¾ AdñWoVrb _yVu AmhoV. Ë`mVrb nmfmUmda amOm h[aíM§Ð S>m|~m-
`m§À`m Kar H$mdS>rZo nmUr âV Agbobm àg§J {M{ÌV Ho$bm Amho.
Ho$XmaoœamMr Jwhm : _§JiJ§JoÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m {XeoZo Joë`mda S>mì`m hmVmg EH$ Jwhm bmJVo. `mbmM Ho$XmaoœamMr Jwhm Agohr
åhUVmV. `m JwhoV 1 _rQ>a C§M Am{U 2 _rQ>a bm§~ Ago {edqbJ Amho. `mV H$_aâ nmUr Amho. hr Jwhm Ia§Va Mma Im§~m§da
Vmobbr hmoVr nU gÚ…pñWVrbm EH$M Im§~ em~yV Amho. `mM JwhoV EH$ Imobrhr Amho.ImobrÀ`m S>mì`m hmVmÀ`m q^Vrda
{ednyOZmMm àg§J H$moabobm Amho. `m {edqbJmbm àX{jUm Kmbmd`mMr Agë`mg ~\©$Vwë` nmÊ`mVyZ Omdo bmJVo.
Vmam_Vr {eIa : Vmam_Vr {eIa JS>mdarb gdm©V C§M {eIa Amho. gmYmaUV… C§Mr 4850 \y$Q>. {eIamÀ`m nmoQ>mV EHy$U gmV
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AZoH$ Jwhm AmhoV. `mVhr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. JwhoÀ`mg_moa Cô am{hë`mda S>mdrH$S>o OmD$Z nwT>o da OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm
AÜ`m© VmgmÀ`m MT>mB©Z§Va Vmam_Vr {eIamda KoD$Z OmVo. `m {eIamdê$Z g_moaM {XgUmao O§Jb, KmQ>mdaMm Am{U
H$moH$UmVrb àXoe Ý`mhmiVm òVmV. {eIamda OmVmZm dmQ>oV AZoH$ Jmo_wI AmT>iVmV. _mÏ`mda XmoZ Vo VrZ {edqbJ
AmT>iVmV.
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AÜ`m© {H$bmo_rQ>a n[aKmMm , dmQ>rgmaIm AY©Jmob AmH$mamMm H$mimH${^Þ am¡Ð^rfU H$moH$UH$S>m hm EH$_odm{ÛVr` Agmdm.
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Amho.
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JS>mEdT>r BVaÌ Hw$R>ohr AmT>iUma Zmhr. H$ad§X, H$madrÀ`m Omir , Ym`Q>r , Cjr, _Xdob, Hw$S>m, nm§Jir, hoH$i, nmZ\w$Q>r,
Jmadob BË`mXr dZñnVr òWo AmT>iVmV. `m ^mJmVrb àmUrd¡^d _mÌ {eH$m-`m§_wio ~aoM H$_r Pmbo Amho. Varhr H$moëho , Vag,
amZSw>H$ao, {~~ù`m, ggo, ôH$a, amZ_m§Oao BË`mXr àmUr AmT>iVmV. JS>mMo gdm}ƒ {eIa Vmam_Vrdê$Z ZmUoKmQ>, OrdYZ,
aVZJS>, H$mÌm~mB©Mr qIS> , AmOmo~mMm S>m|Ja, H$igy~mB©, Ab§J, _XZ, Hw$b§J, ^¡adJS>, hS>ga Am{U Mmd§S> hm n[aga {XgVmo.
Aem V-hoZo Aà{V_ {ZgJ©gm¢X`m©Zo ZQ>bobm h[aíM§ÐJS> 'Q´>oH$g©Mr n§T>ar' R>aVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : h[aíM§ÐJS> nyU© nmhd`mMm Agë`mg XmoZ Vo VrZ {Xdgm§Mr gdS> hdr. JS>mMm Koam \$ma _moR>m
Agë`mZo JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>mhr \$ma AmhoV.
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_mJ}AWdm H$ë`mUhÿZ _wa~mS>-_mieoO KmQ> _mJ}Iw~r \$mQ>çmg CVamdo. Iw~r \$mQ>çmdê$Z YaUmdê$Z MmbV Joë`mda 5 {H$._r.
A§Vamda {Iaoœa Jmd bmJVo.h[aíM§ÐJS>mda OmVmZm {Iaoœa JmdmVyZ AX_mgo EH$ {H$._r. A§Vamda {IaoœamMo àmMrZ {ed_§{Xa
Amho. ho _§{Xa AH$amì`m eVH$mVrb `mXdH$mbrZ _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamÀ`m ~mhoarb g^m_§S>n N>Vmbm {eën nÅ>rH$m ~gdbobo Amho.
AmVrb Jm^mam Agboë`m XmamÀ`m _mÏ`mda eof`m`r {dîUy d n[admamMo Aà{V_ H$moard {eën Amho. _yfH$dmhZ JUoe-JUoemZr
,d¥f^dmhH$ erd-nmd©Vr , h§gdmhZ ~«÷ -gañdVr, _`yadmhZ ñH§$X-fï>r, ZadmhZ Hw$~oa-Hw$~oar, _H$admhZ _H$a-a{V, Aem
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OmVmV. A. EH$ dmQ> hr Q>mobma qIS>rVyZ JS>mda gw_mao 3 VmgmV _§{Xamn`ªV nmohMVo. ~. Xwgar dmQ> hr amOXadmOmMr dmQ>
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XadmÁ`mnmer nmohMVmo. `m _mJm©Zo OmVmZm JmdmVrb {d{harVyZ nmUr ^ê$Z KoVbo nm{hOo H$maU dmQ>oV Hw$R>oM nmUr Zmhr.
ZJa {OëømVyZ : h[aíM§ÐJS>mda OmÊ`mMr EH$ dmQ> hr ZJa {OëømVyZ Amho. `mgmR>r _w§~B©-Zm{eH$ h_añË`mdarb KmoQ>r `m Jmdr
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~ggodm CnbãY Amho. ho A§Va gw_mao 29 {H$._r. âVo. nmMZB© ho JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd AgyZ òWyZ JS> JmR>Ê`mg gw_mao 3
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Q>mobmaqIS> Aer ImOJr dmhZgodm CnbãY Pmbr Amho. amOya, A§~rQ>, nmMZB©, _yim ZXrÀ`m Imo-`mVyZ , KZM¸$a `m ~mboœa
am§JoVrb Q>oH$mS>mg digm KmbyZ hr dmQ> Q>mobmaqIS>rV nmohMVo. hr dmQ> gai EH$ VmgmV Q>mobmaqIS>rV KoD$Z OmVo. g_moaM EH$
ì`mK«{eën AmT>iVo. òWyZ da OmUmam añVm hm X_N>mH$ H$aUmam Amho. òWyZ 2 Vmgm§V _§{XamV nmohMVm òVo.
gmdU}- ~obnmS>m - gmYbo Agm KmQ>_mJ© : JS> ga H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ gmdU}- ~obnmS>m - gmYbo Agm KmQ>_mJ© Amho. na§Vw hm
_mJ© \$maM AdKS> Agë`mZo àñVamamohUmMo V§Ì AdJV Agboë`m§ZrM hm _mJ© Adb§~mdm. `m _mJ}òÊ`mgmR>r H$ë`mU -
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òWyZ H$S>çmVyZ H$mT>boë`m gmYbo KmQ>mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$moH$UH$S>çmÀ`m nR>mamda OmVm òVo. `m dmQ>oZo _§{Xa JmR>Ê`mg gw_mao XrS>
{Xdg bmJVmo. `m dmQ>obmM 'ZirMr dmQ>' Agohr åhUVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda h[aíM§Ðoœa _§{XamÀ`m _mJÀ`m JwhoV Am{U JUoeJwhm d AmOw~mOyÀ`m JwhoV amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` JS>mda OodUmMr gmo` CnbãY Amho.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : nmUr {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : {Iaoœa _mJ}4 Vmg Va nmMZB© _mJ}3 Vmg bmJVmV
Zm{eH {Oëhm
gmëhoa
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 1567_r
S>m|Jaam§J: gob~mar-S>mob~mar
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loUr : gmonr
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_mojJ§Jm Am{U AjJ§Jm `m ZÚm§_wi§ g_¥ÜX Pmbobm àXoe.òWrb ^y_r Ver gw{nH$M Ë`m_wio òWrb bmoH$m§Mo ahmUr_mZ Vgo WmoS>o
C§Mmdbobo.Varhr S>m|Jar ^mJmV H$moH$U ,{^„ gma»`m H$mhr AmXrdmgr O_mVr ahmVmV. gmëhoa JS>mMm Koam gmYmaUnUo 11
{H$._r.AgyZ ì`mnbobo joÌ 600 hoŠQ>a Amho.
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{edH$mbrZ B{VhmgmVrb ñWmZ XoIrb _hËdmMo Amho, Vo òWo Pmboë`m à{gÕ bT>mB©_wio. {edam`m§Zr 1671 _Üò ~mJbmU
_mo{h_ H$mT>br Am{U gmëhoa qOHy$Z KoVbm.Ë`m _mo{h_oMr dmVm© {X„rÀ`m nmVehmbm {_imbr .Vo EHy$Z nmVehm H$ï>r Pmbm ,{Z
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Voìhm nmVehmZo "{edmOr Omoda {Od§V Vmoda {X„r AmnU gmoS>rV Zmhr' Agm {dMma Ho$bm Am{U BIbmgImZ d ~hmobmobImZ
`m§g ~mobmdyZ drg hOma ñdmam§{Zer gmboarg admZm Ho$bo._J BIbmgImZmZo òD$Z gmëhoabm doT>m KmVbm. ho dV©_mZ Ooìhm
amOm§Zm H$ibo Voìhm _moJbmB©V nmR>dbobo Amnbo gaZm¡~V àVmnamdm§Zm OmgyXmH$adr H$i{dbo "Vwåhr bîH$a KoD$Z gmboarg
OmD$Z ~obmobImZmg Ymê$Z Mmb{dUo AmU H$moH$UmVyZ _moamon§V noeì`m§Zmhr he_m{Zer admZm Ho$bo. ' ho BH$Sy>Z òVrb Vwåhrhr
daKmQ>r H$moH$UmVyZ òUo Ago XwV\$m© MmbyZ òD$Z J{Z_mg JXug {_idUo ' Aer nÌo nmR>{dbr.Ë`mà_mUo EH$sH$Sy>Z àVmnamd Va
XwgarH$Sy>Z noedo, C^`Vm gmboarg Ambo,Am{U _moR>o `wÜX Pmbo. g^mgX ~IarV `mMm C„o» Imbrb à_mUo AmT>iVmo ""Mma
àha {Xdg `wÜX Omhbo _moJb, nR>mU, aOnyV, Vmo\$m§Mo, hÎmr, C§Q> Amam~m KmbyZ `wÜX Omhbo. `wÜX hmoVmM n¥ÏdrMm Ywamim
Agm CS>mbm H$s , VrZ H$moe Am¡ag Mm¡ag ,Amnbo d naHo$ bmoH$ _mUyg {XgV ZìhVo . hÎmr aUmg Ambo XwV\$m© Xhm hOma _mUyg
_wXm© Omhbo nya d{hbo.aº$mMo {MIb Omhbo.Ë`m_Üò éVmo bm~bo ,Agm H$X©_ Omhbm. _amR>çm§Zr BIbmgImZ Am{U
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Aer A\$mQ> _mb_Îmm {edam`m§À`m hmVr Ambr. `m `wÜXmV _mdù`m§Zr namH«$_mMr eW© Ho$br. _moamon§V noedo Am{U àVmnamd
gaZm¡~V `m§Zr AmUr~mUr Ho$br. gy`©amd H$mH$S>o `m§Zm namH«$_ JmOdVm§Zm Amnbm Xoh R>odmdm bmJbm. Vo Vmo\o$Mm Jmoim bmJyZ
nS>bo. "gy`©amd H$mhr gm_mÝ` `moÜXm Zìho . ^maVr O¡gm H$U© `moÜXm Ë`mMm à{V_oMm,Agm eya nS>bm.' {dO`mMr ~mV_r
{edam`m§H$S>o Jobr amOo Iyn Iye Pmbo.I~a KoD$Z Amboë`m OmgyXm§Zm gmoÝ`mMr H$S>r Am{U àVmnamd gaZm¡~V ,_moamon§V noedo,
AmZ§Xamd ,ì`§H$moOr n§V `m§Zm Anma ~jrg Am{U Ðì` XoÊ`mV Ambo.hm nam^md {X„rÀ`m ~mXehmÀ`m {Oìhmar bmJbm H$s
g^mgX åhUVmo - nmVehm Ago H$ï>r Ombo ."IwXmZo _wgb_mZm§Mr nmVemhr Xya H$ê$Z {edmOrgM {XYbr Ago dmQ>Vo. AmVm
{edmOr AJmoXa AmnUmg _¥Ë`w òB©b Va ~ao. AmVm {edmOrMr qMVm Ordr gmogdV Zmhr.' Ago ~mo{bbo. _moJbm§À`m g¡Ý`mer
g_moamg_moa bT>mB© H$ê$Z Vmon`ªV _hmamOm§Zm {dO` àmá Pmbm hmoVm ,Ë`mV gmëhoaMm {dO` àW_ _mZmda hmoVm.Agm _moR>m
{dO` `mnydu H$Ymhr {_imbm ZìhVm.`m `wÜXmV _hmamOm§À`m bmoH$m§Zr XmIdboë`m `wÜXH$m¡eë`mMr d em¡`m©Mr {H$Vu MhþH$S>o
ngabr Am{U Ë`m§Mm Xamam A{YH$M dmT>bm .gmëhoa qOH$ë`mda Ë`mg_moarb _wëhoa {H$„m _amR>çm§Zr qOH$bm Am{U g§nyU©
~mJbmU àm§Vmda Ë`m§Zr Amnbm eh ~gdbm.Ë`m_wio gwaV ehamg H$m`_Mr XheV ~gbr.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : dmK§~o _mJ}JS>mda Amë`mg COdrH$S>o Am{U gmëhoadmS>rhÿZ JS>mda Amë`mg
S>mdrH$S>o dië`mg nmM Vo Xhm {_{ZQ>mÀ`m A§Vamda H$mhr ^¾ nmdboë`m _§{XamMo Adeof AmT>iVmV. nwT>o WmoS>`mM A§Vamda
nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AgyZ g_moa J§JmgmJa Vbmd Ñï>rg nS>Vmo. VbmdmÀ`m ~mOwbmM aoUwH$m _mVoMo Am{U JUoemMo N>ßna Zgbobo
_§{Xa Amho. `m _§{XamÀ`m OdiyZ XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV. COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> gai EH$m nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`mnmer KoD$Z OmVo.
Q>mŠ`m§g_moaM EH$ `kdoXr Amho. OdiM EH$ _yVuXoIrb Amho. _§{XamnmgyZ da MT>V OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm VrZ Jwhm§nmer
KoD$Z OmVo. Jwhm§À`m g_moa _mê$VrMo _§{Xa Amho. `m Jwhm§_Üò ahmVm òD$ eH$Vo. Jwhm§eoOmaMr da OmUmar dmQ> JS>mÀ`m AË`wƒ
{eIamda KoD$Z OmVo. `m {eIamda lr naewam_mMo _§{Xa Amho. `m C§M JS>_mÏ`mda H$mhrem T>mgiboë`m AdñWoV Agboë`m
`m _§{XamV naewam_m§Mr _yVu d nmXwH$m AmhoV, Am{U OmoS>rbm ^mZ hanyZ Q>mH$Umam {ZgJ©. òWyZ AmOy~mOyÀ`m àXoemMo {dh§J_
Ñí` ZOaog nS>Vo. òWyZ g§nyU© ~mJbmU {d^mJ {XgVmo. hm JS> S>m§J - JwOamV Am{U ~mJbmU `m§Zm OmoS>Um-`m ì`mnmar dmQ>oda
Agë`mZo g§ajU ÑîQ>çm _hËdmMm hmoVm. g_moa X{jU ~mOybm AO§R>m - gmV_mim S>m|JamVbo YmoS>n, BImar`m ho gwiHo$
{XgVmV. nyd}H$S>o _m§Jr-Vw§Jr, Vm§~moi`m, ÝhmdrJS>, hZw_mZ Q>oH$S>r, _wëhoaJS>, haJS>, _moamJS> Am{U gmbmoQ>m ZOaog nS>VmV.
g_moaM haU~marMo YaU bj doYyZ KoVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r à_wI XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV.
dmKm§~o _mJ}: gmëhabm OmÊ`mgmR>r Zm{eH$-gQ>mUm_mJ}Vmham~mX JmR>mdo.JwOamV_YyZ `m`Mo Pmë`mg S>m§J {Oëh`mVyZ
Vmham~mXbm OmÊ`mg añVm Amho.Vmham~mXhÿZ _wëhoa_mJ}dmK§~ Aer Eg.Q>r.AWdm Orn godm XoIrb CnbãY Amho.dmK§~o
JmR>ë`mda JmdmVyZM gmëhoa-gmbmoQ>m `m§À`m qIS>rVyZ gmëhoabm OmUmar dmQ> Amho.dmQ>oV Hw$R>ohr nmUr ZgyZ qIS>rn`ªV
MmbUmar dmQ>Mmb X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r gmYmaU AS>rM Vmg bmJVmV.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda OmVm§Zm
Mma XadmOo bmJVmV.{Vgè`m Vo Mm¡Ï`m XadmOmÀ`m Xaå`mZ H$S>çmV ImoXboë`m 18Vo 20Jwhm AmhoV.Mm¡Ï`m XadmOmÀ`m
H$_mZrda EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo. òWyZ AmV Amë`mda g_moaM EH$ nR>ma {XgVo.
gmëhoadmS>r _mJ}: gmëhoadmS>r ho Jmd dmK§~o JmdmÀ`m nwT>o Amho.gmëhoadmS>rbm XmoZ _mJmªZr OmVm òVo.EH$ gQ>mUm-Vmham~mX-
_wëha-gmëhoadmS>r Agm Amho.gmëhoadmS>rhÿZ JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.`m dmQ>oZo ghm XadmOo nma H$ê$Z gw_mao
VrZ Vmgm§Zr AmnU JS>mda nmhMVmo.dmQ> _idbobr Agë`mZo MyH$Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm Zmhr.`m dmQ>o Hw$R>ohr nmUr Zmhr.
_miXa _mJ}: JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r Agbobr hr dmQ> \$maer dmnamV Zmhr.hr dmQ> _miXa JmdVyZM OmVo.gQ>mÊ`mhÿZ Eg.Q>r.Zo
_miXabm OmVm òVo.hr dmQ> gmëhoa d gmbmoQ>m `m§À`m Xaå`mZÀ`m qIS>r_YyZ OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`bm gmYmaU VrZ Vmg
nwaVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Agboë`m VrZ Jwhm§_Üò ahmÊ`mMr ì`dpñWV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : J§JmgmJa Vbmd d Ë`mÀ`m ~mOyg AgUmar XmoZ nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s `mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mg `mo½` Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : dmKm§~o _mJ}AS>rM Vmg , gmëhoadmS>r _mJ}VrZ Vmg, _miXa _mJ}VrZ Vmg
_wëhoa
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
gømÐr nd©VmÀ`m CÎma-X{jU am§JoMr gwédmV Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb ~mJbmUmVyZ hmoVo. CÎmaoH$Sy>Z gwê$ hmoUm-`m `m gøm{ÐÀ`m
am§Jobm gob~mar qH$dm S>mob~mar am§J Ago åhUVmV. gob~mar am§Joda _m§Jr-Vw§Jr gwiHo$, ÝhmdrJS>, Vm§~moù`m Ago JS> AmhoV Va
Xwg-`m S>mob~mar am§Joda _wëhoa, _moamJS>, gmëhoa, haJS>, gmbmoQ>m ho JS>{H$„o AmhoV. npíM_oH$S>rb JwOamV _Yrb KZXmQ>
O§Jb Agbobm S>m§JMm àXoe Am{U _hmamï´>mVrb ~mJbmU {d^mJ `m§À`m gr_oda ho {H$„o dgbobo AmhoV. ~mJwbJoS> åhUOoM
~mJbmU. gwnrH$, g§nÞ Am{U gYZ Agm àXoe. JwOamV Am{U _hmamï´>mÀ`m gr_odarb hm àXoe Agë`mZo òWrb OZOrdZmda
JwOamVr Am{U _hmamï´>r` Aem g§{_l AmMma{dMmam§Mm à^md nS>bobm Amho. nmÊ`mMo à_mU OmñV Agë`mZo ~mJm`Vr eoVr
_moR>çm à_mUmda MmbVo Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr hr \$ma Mm§Jbr Amho. _wëhoaMm {H$„m hm Zm{eH$ {OëømV gQ>mUm
VmbwŠ`mV Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer _wëhoa ZmdmMo Jmd Amho.
B{Vhmg : _wëhoaMm {H$„m hm àmMrZ {H$„m Amho. nydu {H$ëë`mVM Jmd dgbobo hmoVo. _mÌ H$mbm§VamZo Jmd Imbr CVabo Am{U
nm`Ï`mnmgyZ gw_mao 2 {H$._r. A§Vamda dgbo. ho _wëhoa Jmd _hm^maVH$mbrZ Amho. `mMo Zmd hmoVo aËZnya. `m ^mJmV _`yaÜdO
ZmdmMm amOm hmoD$Z Jobm Am{U Jmdmbm _`yanya Zmd nS>bo. Va {H$ëë`mbm _`yaJS> ho Zmd nS>bo. Am¡a§JOo~mZo {H$„m qOH$bm
Voìhm `mMo Zmd Am¡a§JJS> Ago R>odÊ`mV Ambo. nwamUmV _wëhoaMm C„oI òVmo. _mÌ ImÌrbm`H$ _m{hVr Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mÀ`m
n{hë`m XeH$mV {_iVo. _wëhoaMm {H$„m ~mJwb amOm§Zr ~m§Ybm. B.g. 1308 Vo 1619 n`ªV ~mJwbm§Zr òWo amÁ` Ho$bo. `m
KamÊ`mÀ`m Zmdmdê$ZM n[agambm ~mJwbJoS> d Ë`mMm An^«§e ~mJbmU ho Zmd nS>bo. ~mJwb amOo ho _wiMo H$ZmoOMo. `m ~mJwb
KamÊ`mÀ`m H$mimVM OJà{gÕ _wëhoar _yR> ~ZdÊ`mV Ambr. `m KamÊ`mV EHy$U 11 amOo Pmbo. `m amOm§Zm ~{hOu hr nXdr
hmoVr. {dO`ZJa_Üò qhXy gÎmm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mnydu {H$VrVar AJmoXa ~mJbmU _Üò qhXygÎmm àñWm{nV hmoVr. AH$~amZo Ooìhm
ImZXoemMo amÁ` qOH$bo Voìhm àVmnehm ~{hOu ~mJbmUMm amOm hmoVm. Ë`mZo _moJbm§Mo gmd©^m¡_Ëd nËH$abo. nwT>o emhOhmZer `m
amOmZo _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y {Z_m©U Ho$bo. Owb¡ 1636 bm Am¡a§JOo~mMr X{jUoMm amÁ`nmb åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmbr. B.g. 1638 _Üò
_moJbm§Zr ~mJbmUda h„m Ho$bm Am{U _wëhoa {H$„m qOH$bm d Ë`mMo Zmd Am¡a§JJS> Ago R>odbo. 15 \o$~«wdmar 1638 amoOr
d¡^dembr qhXw§Mo amÁ` g§nwï>mV òD$Z VoWo _moJbm§Mr gÎmm àñWm{nV Pmbr. _wëhoa hr ~mJbmUMr na§namJV amOYmZr.
{H$ëë`mda _h§_X Vm{ha `mMr Zo_UyH$ àW_ {H$„oXma åhUyZ Pmbr. `m Vm{haZo _wëhoaOdi Vmhra ZmdmMo Jmd dgdbo d Ë`mMo
H$mbm§VamZo Vm{ham~mX Ago Zm_H$aU Pmbo. B.g. 1662 _Üò _wëhoa {H$ëë`m_Yrb g¡{ZH$m§Zr Anw-`m nJmamgmR>r ~§S> Ho$bo.
Xwg-`m gwaV bwQ>rZ§Va {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ~mJbmU _mohr_ CKS>br. `m_Üò Ë`m§Zr gmëhoa, _wëhoa d BVa {H$„o ñdamÁ`mV
gm_rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. _amR>çm§Zr 1671 _Üò àW_ _wëhoada h„m Ho$bm nU {H$„oXmamZo Vmo WmondyZ Yabm. _J _amR>çm§Zr Ë`mMm
ZmX gmoS>bm. _mÌ gmëhoaÀ`m bT>mB©Z§Va \o$~«wdmar 1672 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr _wëhoaJS> H$m~rO Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va nwÝhm {H$„m
_moJbm§À`m hmVmV nS>bm.nwT>o B.g. 1752 À`m ^mbH$sÀ`m VhmZwgma _wëhoagH$Q> ImZXoe_Yrb gd© àXoe _amR>çm§À`m hmVr
Ambm. `mZ§Va qÌ~H$ JmoqdX _wëhoaMm {H$„oXma Pmbm. nwT>o 1765 _Üò {H$ëë`mda JwáYZ {_imë`mÀ`m Zm|Xr noedo XâVamV
AmhoV. Aem arVrZo 15 Owb¡ 1818 amoOr hm {H$„m {~«{Q>em§À`m VmdS>rV gmnS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _wëhoaJS>mMo àm_w»`mZo 2 ^mJ nS>VmV. EH$ åhUOo _wëhoa _mMr Am{U _wëhoa
~mbo{H$„m. JUoe_§{Xam nmgyZ 2 dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV. EH$ dmQ> da MT>V OmVo d Xwg-`m dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo. `m dmQ>oZo S>mdrH$S>o
Joë`mda 10 {_{ZQ>m§VM gmo_oœa _§{Xa bmJVo Va COdrH$H$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Am{U JUoe_§{Xam nmgyZ {ZKUmar COdrH$S>Mr dmQ>
EH$Ì òD$Z {_iVmV. `mM dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamnmgyZ XmoZ dmQ>m bmJVmV. da OmUmar dmQ> _moVr
Vbmdmnmer OmVo. `m Q>mŠ`mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mg `mo½` Amho. nR>mamnmgyZ g_moa OmUmar dmQ> amOdmS>çm§À`m ^¾ Adeofm§nmer
KoD$Z OmVo. òWoM EH$ Jwá XadmOmXoIrb Amho. amOdmS>çm§À`m WmoS>o Imbr Amë`mda am_bú_U _§{Xa bmJVo. amOdmS>çm§À`m
dmQ>oZo WmoS>o A§Va MmbyZ Joë`mda _wëhoa d haJS> `m§_Yrb qIS> bmJVo. gmo_oœa _§{XamH$S>o OmV AgVmZm dmQ>oVM S>mdrH$S>o 3
_Obr M§XZ~md bmJVo. gÜ`m òWo àM§S> PmS>r PwSy>no AmhoV. gmo_oœa _§{Xa amhÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ OmJm Amho. _moVr Q>mŠ`m§À`m
COdrH$S>o da MT>V OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AYm© Vmg Mmbë`mda AmnU ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m _hmÛmamnmer òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. AmV Joë`mda
S>mdrH$S>o Jwhm AmhoV, Va g_moaM nmÊ`mM§ Q>mH§$ Amho. _wëhoaJS>mMm ~mbo{H$„m åhUOo _moR>o nR>ma. ~mbo{H$ëë`mda nmohmoMë`mda
g_moaM nmÊ`mMr 9-10 Q>mH$s AmhoV. amOdmS>çmMo ^¾mdeof, ^S>§JZmWm§Mo _§{Xa `m gd© Jmoï>r AmhoV. ^S>§JZmWm§À`m _§{XamÀ`m
da AgUm-`m Q>oH$S>rdê$Z Imbr CVabmo H$s _moamJS>mH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> {XgVo. g_moaM AgUmar _m§Jr-Vw§JrMr {eIao, ÝhmdrJS>,
Vm§~moù`m, hZw_mZJS> bj doYyZ KoVmV.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : _wëhoa {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m ApñVËdmV AmhoV. `m XmoÝhr dmQ>m _wëhoa JmdmVyZM
OmVmV. _wëhoa Jmd Vo {H$ëë`mMm nm`Wm `mV 2 {H$._r. Mo A§Va Amho. JmdmVyZ 25 {_{ZQ>o MmbV nwT>o Amë`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$
Ka bmJVo, Am{U g_moaM dS>mMo EH$ PmS> {XgVo. PmS>mnmgyZ gai nwT>o Omdo. Xhm {_{ZQ>m§VM YZJadmS>r bmJVo. YZJadmS>r
dê$Z OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. gmYmaU 45 {_{ZQ>m§Zr 2 dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV. EH$ dmQ> gai Va Xwgar COdrH$S>o diVo.
gai dmQ> : gai OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo 20 {_{ZQ>m§V _wëhoa _mMrdarb JUoe _§{Xamnmer nmohMVmo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda àdoe H$aVmZm 3
XadmOo bmJVmV. Vo gd© T>mgiboë`m AdñWoV AmhoV. dmQ> gmYr d gmonr Amho. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda nmohmoMÊ`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.
COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> : COdrH$S>À`m dmQ>oZo Joë`mda XmoZ Vmgm§Zr AmnU _wëhoa_mMr darb JUoe _§{XamV nmohMVmo. `m dmQ>oZohr
JS>mda àdoe H$aVmZm 3 XadmOo bmJVmV. hr dmQ> Oam XyaMr Amho. hr dmQ> haJS> d _wëhoa {H$„m `m§À`m qIS>rVyZ da MT>Vo. `m
qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>o _wëhoa Va COdrH$S>o haJS> bmJVmo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda nmohMÊ`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : _wëhoa_mMrdarb gmo_oœa Am{U JUoe _§{XamV Am{U ~mbo{H$ëë`mda AgUm-`m JwhoV amhVm òVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb _moVr Q>mŠ`mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mg `mo½` Amho. _mÌ ho nmUr \o$~«wdmarn`ªVM CnbãY AgVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmYmaU 2 Vmg JmdmnmgyZ. gmYmaU 3 Vmg qIS>rVë`m dmQ>oZo
_moamJS>
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñï>`m nm{hbo Va _moamJS> hm _wëhoa {H$ëë`mMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. _moamJS> åhUOo _wëhoa {H$ëë`mMm Xwgam ~mbo{H$„mM
hmo`.
B{Vhmg : B{VhmgmV `m JS>mMm ñdV§Ì Agm C„oI H$aUao EH$hr H$mJXnÌ CnbãY Zmhr.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>_mÏ`mda OmVmZm Xwgè`m XadmOmÀ`mOdi EH$ Jwhm Amho. JS>_mWm åhUOo EH$
nR>maM hmo`._mÏ`mda XmoZ Vo VrZ nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.EH$ gw§Xa ~m§Yrd Vbmd Amho. XmoZ VrZ dmS>çm§Mo Adeof Amnbo
ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ AmhoV. ~mH$s JS>mda H$mhr Zmhr. JS>mdê$Z _wëhoaMo nR>ma d _mMr,haJS>,_m§Jr-Vw§Jr,ÝhmdrJS>,Vm§~moù`m,hZw_mZ
Q>oH$S>r `m§Mo {dh§J_ Ñí` {XgVo
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : _moamJS>mda OmUmar EH$M dmQ> Amho. Vr _wëhoaJS>mÀ`m ~mbo{H$ëë`mdê$Z OmVo._wëhoa_mMrda
AgUmè`m gmo_oœa _§{XamnmgyZ da OmUmar dmQ>gwÕm _moamJS>mda OmVo.nwT>o `m XmoÝhr dmQ>m EH$_oH$m§Zm {_iVmV. _wëhoaJS>mÀ`m
~mbo{H$ëë`mda ^S>§JZmWmÀ`m _§{XamH$S>o Vm|S> H$ê$Z Cô am{hë`mda COdrH$S>o da OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o da
Joë`mda g_moaM Imbr _moamJS>mH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> {XgVo. òWyZ _moamJS>mda OmÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo. JS>mda OmVm§Zm VrZ
XadmOo bmJVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : _moamJS>mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr _mÌ _wëhoa {H$ëë`mda AmnU amhÿ eH$Vmo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU§ ñdV: H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV,_mÌ JS>mda CÝømù`mV nmUr Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :45 {_{ZQ>o _wëhoa nmgyZ.
haJS
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : _Ü`_
B{Vhmg : B{VhmgmV \$magm `m JS>mMm C„oI Zmhr H$maU òWo H$moUVr _moR>r bT>mB© Pmbr Zmhr. _wëhoa JmdmV Joë`mda haJS>Mo
Xe©Z hmoVo. g_moa {XgUmam _wëhoa,S>mdrH$S>o _moamJS> Am{U COdrH$S>Mm haJS>. `m JS>mMr C§Mr _wëhoanojm WmoS>r OmñV Amho
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>_mWm Vgm {dñVrU© Amho. JS>_mWm åhUOo EH$ nR>maM hmo`. `m nR>mamda H$mhr
VQ>~§XrMo Adeof AmhoV. nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. EH$ nS>Ho$ _§{Xa Amho. dmS>çm§Mo H$mhr Adeof AmT>iVmV. nmÊ`mÀ`m
Q>mŠ`m§_Yrb nmUr {nÊ`mgmaIo Zgë`mZo nmUr Odi AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. JS>\o$ar _maVmZm nwT>o gnmQ>rda EH$ Jwhm AmT>iVo `mV
H$nma ^dmZrM§ _§{Xa Amho. ~mH$s JS>mda nmhÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr Zgë`mZo Amë`m _mJm©Zo qIS> JmRy>Z EH$ Va _wëhoaJS>mda Omdo ZmhrVa
_wëhoa JmdmV Omdo. JS>\o$arg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r gÜ`m EH$M dmQ> ApñVËdmV Amho. JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> _wëhoa JmdmVyZ OmVo.
_wëhoa JmdmVyZ nwT>o Amë`mda EH$ S>m§~ar añVm bmJVmo. `m añË`mZo drg {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ \$mQ>o \w$Q>VmV. EH$ S>mdrH$S>o OmVmo
Va Xwgam dS>mÀ`m PmS>mnmgyZ nwT>o OmVmo. hr dmQ> N>moQ>çmem Q>oH$S>rda AgUmè`m YZJa-dmS>rnmer nmohmoMVo. òWyZ COdrH$S>o dimdo
Am{U WoQ> _wëhoa d haJS> `m_Yrb qIS> JmR>mdr. òWn`ªV nmohMÊ`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo. qIS>rV S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Amnë`mbm
_wëhoaJS>mH$S>o Va COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> haJS>mH$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. dmQ> \$maer _ibobr Zgë`m_wio Añnï> Pmbobr Amho. `m
qIS>rnmgyZ JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _Ü`_
ÝhmdrJS
S>m|Jaam§J: ~mJbmU
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : _Ü`_
gømÐr nd©VmÀ`m CÎma-X{jU am§JoMr gwédmV Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb ~mJbmUmVyZ hmoVo. CÎmaoH$Sy>Z gwê$ hmoUm-`m `m gøm{ÐÀ`m
am§Jobm gob~mar qH$dm S>mob~mar am§J Ago åhUVmV. gob~mar am§Joda _m§Jr-Vw§Jr gwiHo$, ÝhmdrJS>, Ago JS> AmhoV Va Xwg-`m S>mob~mar
am§Joda _wëhoa, _moamJS>, gmëhoa, haJS>, gmbmoQ>m ho JS>{H$„o AmhoV. npíM_oH$S>rb JwOamV _Yrb KZXmQ> O§Jb Agbobm S>m§JMm àXoe
Am{U _hmamï´>mVrb ~mJbmU {d^mJ `m§À`m gr_oda ho {H$„o dgbobo
AmhoV.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo `m {H$ëë`mbm aVZJS> Ago XoIrb åhUVmV.JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>oda {nÊ`mÀ`m
nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s Am{U XodrMo EH$ _§{Xa bmJVo.JS>mda OmVm§Zm Amnë`mbm nm`-`m Va bmJVmV nU XadmÁ`mMm _mÌ _mJ_yghr Zmhr.
{H$ëë`mMm _mWm Vgm {Z_wiVmM Amho.JS>mda nmÊ`mMr VrZ Vo Mma Q>mH$s AmhoV.Kam§Mo H$mhr Adeof gmnS>VmV.JS>mMm gdm}ƒ _mWm
åhUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. Vmo MTy>Z OmÊ`mgmR>r àñVamamohU Amdí`H$ Amho.JS>_mWm {\$aÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.JS>mdéZ _m§JrVw§Jr,
_wëhoa,_moamJS>,gmëhoa Am{U haJS> hm n[aga {XgVmo.
1. dS>mIob _mJ}
ÝhmdrJS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r Vmhmam~mX _mJ}_m§JrVw§Jr Jmd JmR>mdo._m§JrVw§Jr JmdmVyZ 1 VmgmÀ`m MmbrZo dS>mIob JmdmV
`mdo.dS>mIobn`ªV S>m§~ar añVm Zmhr.Ë`m_wio nm`rM ÌoYm{VanrQ> H$amdr bmJVo. dS>mIob_YyZ nmVmidmS>rH$S>o Hy$M H$amdo.nmVmidmS>r ho
nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho. dS>mIob Vo nmVmidmS>r ho A§Va AÜ`m© VmgmMo Amho.nmVmidmS>rVyZ EH$ gai dmQ> {H$ëë`mÀ`m nR>mamda Jobobr
Amho.`m nR>mamdéZ XmoZ dmQ>m :\w$Q>VmV.EH$ dmQ> g_moa ZmH$mS>mdéZ da MT>Vo.hr dmQ> WmoS>r H$R>rU Amho. dmQ>oZo da MT>VmZm gmono
àñVamamohU H$amdo bmJVo. dmQ>oZo da MT>ë`mda AmnU nm`-`mnmer nmohmoMVmo.Xwgar dmQ> nR>mamdéZ S>mdrH$S>o digm KmbyZ nm`-
`mnmer OmVo. `m
dmQ>obm nmÊ`mMr XmoZ-VrZ Q>mH$s bmJVmV.JS>mda OmUm-`m nm`-`m _mÌ OnyZM MT>mì`m bmJVmV. nm`-`mda _mVr gmMë`mZo
KgaÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm \$ma Amho.nmVmidmS>rnmgyZ JS>mda XrS> VmgmV nmohmoMVm òVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi nmVmidmS>r JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.
OmÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ H$mbmdYr : AmŠQ>m|~a Vo E{àb n`ªV.
_m§Jr - Vw§Jr
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
~mJbmU gwnrH$,gYZ Am{U g§nÞ Agm _wbyI. gømÐrÀ`m CÎma X{jUoMr gwédmV hmoVo Vr `m ~mJwbJoS> (~mJbmU) {d^mJmVyZM hmoVo.
òWo AgUmè`m Xwhoar nyd©-npíM_ am§Jobm gob~mar-S>mob~mar Ago g§~moYÊ`mV òVo. Vmham~mXbm nmohmoMbo H$s _m§Jr-Vw§JrMo XmoZ gwiHo$
Amnbo bú` doYyZ KoVmV. _m§Jr-Vw§Jr hr O¡Z bmoH$m§Mr VrW©joÌo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : _m§Jr-Vw§Jrbm Om`Mo Agë`mg Zm{eH$ dê$Z gQ>mUm_mJ}Vmham~mX JmR>mdo. JwOamV _YyZ `m`Mo
Pmë`mg Zrb_moam aoëdoñWmZH$mdê$Z AhþAm _mJ}Vmham~mX JmR>mdo. Vmham~mX dê$Z {^bdmS>r n`ªV òÊ`mgmR>r Eg.Q>r. qH$dm ~ggodm
CnbãY Amho. {^bdmS>r ho _m§JrVw§JrÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd.{^bdmS>r_ÜòM O¡Zm§Mr Am{XZmW,nmœ©ZmW `m§Mr _§{Xao AmhoV. `mbm gwÕm
_m§Jr-Vw§JrM åhUVmV. _m§Jr-Vw§Jr gwiŠ`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r JmdmVyZM añVm Amho. drg {_{ZQ>o añË`mdê$Z MmbV Joë`mda nwT>o nm`è`m
bmJVmV. gw_mao 2000 nm`è`m§Mm MT> MTy>Z Joë`mda AmnU EH$m H$_mZrnmer nmohmoMVmo. òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o Jobmo Va _m§Jr Am{U
COdrH$S>o Jobmo H$s Vw§Jr.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JmdmV Y_©emim Amho. òWo 10 Vo 15OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {^bdmS>r JmdmV OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JmdmVyZM nmUr KoUo Amdí`H$ H$maU JS>mda nmUr Zmhr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vmg nm`Ï`mnmgyZ
AMbm
S>m|Jaam§J: - gmV_mi
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : _Ü`_
AMbm {H$„m hm AO§R>m gmV_mi {d^mJmV òVmo.Ë`m_wio Zm{eH$_mJ}AWdm _Z_mS>_mJ}hr `m
{H$ëë`mda OmVm òVo.JwOamVhÿZ gmnyVmam _mJ}XoIrb OmVm òVo.
JS>_mWm AË`§V Aé§X Amho Ë`m_wio JS>mda \$mago nmhÊ`mgmaIohr H$mhr Adeof ZmhrV.JS>mda nmÊ`mMr EH$ XmoZ
nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.`m{edm` ^¾mdñWoV AgUmao N>moQ>ogo _§{Xa Amho.
JS>_mWm {\$aÊ`mg gmYmaU 20 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV.
1. Zm{eH$_mJ}
Zm{eH$_mJ}dUr JmR>mdo.dUrhÿZ Eg.Q>r Zo qnnar-AMbmH$S>o Om`M§.ho A§Va gmYmaU 12 {H$._r Mo Amho.AMbm JmdmV
CVê$Z qnnarnmS>m JmdmH$S>o gai MmbV {ZKmdo.ho A§Va AYm© VmgmMo Amho.qnnarnmS>m ho AMbm {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd§
Amho.JmdmVyZ g_moaÀ`m S>m|Jagm|S>odarb qIS>rV EH$ N>moQ>ogo XoD$i {XgVo Ë`mÀ`m {XeoZo da MT>V Omdo.XodimnmgyZ S>mì`m~mOybm
{XgUmam {H$„m AMbm Va COdrH$S>o YmdV OmUmar gm|S> WoQ> AqhdVbm OmD$Z {_iVo.S>mì`m ~mOyZo {H$ëë`mÀ`m ZmH$mS>mdê$Z
A§Jmda òUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr.nwT>o hr dmQ> H$S>m S>mdrH$S>o R>odyZ Ë`mbm {MQ>Hy$Z da OmVo.nwT>o H$mVimV ImoXboë`m nm`-`m
bmJVmV.qIS>rVyZ _mWm JmR>Ê`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.
2. ~obdmS>r
Xwgar dmQ> ~obdmS>r JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda òVo.~obdmS>r ho A{hd§V {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer AgUmao Jmd Amho.hr dmQ>
qnnarAMbm Jmdm_YyZ òUm-`m dmQ>obm Xodimnmer òD$Z {_iVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` :
{H$ëë`mda Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` :
AmnU ñdV: H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` :
\o$~«wdmarn`ªV
qnnar AMbm_mJ}AS>rM Vmg.
A{hd§V
{Oëhm : Zm{eH$
loUr : _Ü`_
A{hd§V {H$„m AO§R>m gmV_mi {d^mJmV òVmo.Ë`m_wio Zm{eH$_mJ}AWdm _Z_mS>_mJ}`m {H$ëë`mda OmVm òVo.JwOamVhÿZ
gmnyVmam _mJ}XoIrb OmVm òVo.
A{hd§V JS>mMm _mWm \$ma _moR>m Amho.g§nyU© _mWm {\$aÊ`mg 1 {Xdg bmJVmo.{H$ëë`mÀ`m gm|S>m nyd©, npíM_ ,dm`ì`
Am{U B©emÝ` H$S>o _moR>çm à_mUmV ngaboë`m AmhoV.{H$ëë`mÀ`m BemÝ` ~mOyg EH$ Jwhm Amho.nU Vr amhÊ`mg A`mo½`
Amho.X{jU ~mOybm AgUm-`m H$S>çm_Üò EH$ Jwhm Amho.Vr amhÊ`mg `mo½` Amho.JwhonmgyZ 10 {_{ZQ>mdaM {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo
Q>mHo$ Amho.XaoJmdÀ`m ~mOyZo {H$ëë`mda nmohMë`mda Amnë`mbm XmoZ nS>Š`m XadmOm§Mo Adeof {XgVmV.AmOw~mOwbm AZoH$
_moR>`m nS>Š`m dmS>çm§Mo Adeof nS>bobo AmhoV.`mdê$Z {H$„m EH$ _moR>o bîH$ar` R>mUo Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo.AZoH$ {R>H$mUr
_hmXodmÀ`m qnS>rnU AmT>iVmV.`m~mOyÀ`m dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda òVm§Zm AZoH$ Jwhm H$moaboë`m AmT>iVmV.gÚpñW{Vbm `m§Mm Cn`moJ
_mÌ JmoR>çmgmR>r hmoVmo.{H$ëë`mda {\$aVm§Zm XmoZ Vo VrZ nmÊ`mMr Vir AmT>imV.EH$m _moR>çmVù`mnmer XodrMr EH$ _moR>r _yVu
Amho.hr _yVu gálw§Jr XodrÀ`m _yVuer gmå` Agë`mgmaIr {XgVo.
1. Zm{eH$_mJ}
Zm{eH$_mJ}dUr JmR>mdo.dUrhÿZ Zm§Xwar añË`mdéZM {H$ëë`mMo Xe©Z hmoVo.dUr Zm§Xwar añË`mÀ`m A{bH$S>o 1 {H$._r
A§Vamda EH$ R>iH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o AgUm-`m S>m|Jagm|S>o n`ªV OmVo.S>m§~ar añË`mnmgyZ òWn`ªV òÊ`mg 1 Vmg
nwaVmo.S>m|Jagm|S>oda MTy>Z Joë`mda AmnU EH$m qIS>rV nmohMVmo. qIS>rVyZ n{bH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> XaoJmdmV OmVo Va g_moa O§JbmV
{eaUmar dmQ> WoQ> JS>mÀ`m nm`-`m§nmerKoD$Z OmVo.qIS>rnmgyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
2. qnnarAMbm _mJ}
Xwgar dmQ> Oam bm§~Mr Amho.dUrhÿZ qnnarAMbm _mJ}qnnarnmS>çmV nmohMmdo.qnnarnmS>çmVyZ g_moaÀ`m
S>m|Jagm|S>odarb _§{Xamn`ªV Omdo.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> AMbm {H$ëë`mH$S>o Va COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> ~obdmS>rV
CVaVo.òWyZ ~obdmS>r JmR>Ê`mg AYm© Vmg bmJVmo.~obdmS>rVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg R>iH$ dmQ> Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda nmohMÊ`mg
2 Vmg bmJVmV.
XaoJmd_mJ}AS>rM Vmg,~obdmS>r_mJ}2 Vmg.
B§ÐmB©
{Oëhm : Zm{eH$
loUr : gmonr
Zm{eH$ {OëømV gømÐrMr EH$ am§J gwaJUm nmgyZ Mmby hmoVo Am{U Mm§XdS>n`ªV òD$Z g§nVo.nwT>o VrM _Z_mS>À`m
Odi AgUm-`m A§H$mB©À`m n`ªV OmVo.`mM am§Jobm AO§R>m - gmV_mi am§J åhUVmV.Mm§XdS> VmbwŠ`mV 4 {H$„o
òVmV.amOYmoa,H$moiYoa,B§ÐmB© Am{U Mm§XdS>.
JS>mÀ`m nm`-`m MTy>Z Joë`mda àdoeÛmamÀ`m A{bH$S>oM S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m H$mVimda EH$ \$magrVrb {ebmboI H$moabobm
Amho.àdoeÛmamMo Adeof Ho$di AmO{_{Vg {e„H$ AmhoV.JS>_mWm àeñV Amho.
JS>_mÏ`mda Joë`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo.WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda VrZ dmQ>m bmJVmV.àW_ COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr WmoS>çmM A§Vamda
H$mVimV ImoXboë`m Jwhm§Mr am§J Mr am§J {XgVo.`m gd© nmhÿZ naV _mJo {\$amdo.
Z§Va da OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr WmoS>o A§Va MTy>Z Joë`mda _hmXodmMo _§{Xa bmJVo òWyZ nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> g_moaÀ`m S>m|Jamda KoD$Z
OmVo._hmXodmMo Xe©Z KoD$Z naV _mJo {\$amdo Am{U AmVm S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda H$mVimV ImoXboë`m 18
Vo 20 Jwhm bmJVmV.`mn¢H$s H$mhr Jwhm amhÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` AmhoV.eodQ>À`m JwhoV {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.B§ÐmB© {H$ëë`mdê$Z
Mm§XdS>,amOYoa,H$moiYoa ,YmoS>n B©Imam hm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.
1. dS>~mao _mJ}
Mm§XdS>hÿZ amOYoadmS>r H$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr.Mm§XdS> nmgyZ 6 qH$_r A§Vamda AgUm-`m dS>~mao JmdmV
CVamdo.dS>~mao JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$ R>iH$ nm`dmQ> Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda OmVm§Zm EH$ Pmn bmJVmo.hr dmQ>
{H$ëë`mÀ`m H$mViH$S>çmnmer amOYoadmS>rVyZ òUm-`m dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda nmohMÊ`mg 3 Vmg nwaVmV.
2. amOYoadmS>r _mJ}
Mm§XdS>hÿZ amOYoadmS>r H$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr Am{U amOYoadmS>rV CVamdo. dS>~mao JmdmÀ`m nwT>o amOYoadmS>r
Amho.amOYoadmS>rVy gwÜXm {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg nm`dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> {H$ëë`mÀ`m H$mViH$S>çmnmer dS>~mao JmdmVyZ òUm-`m
dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.`m dmQ>oZo {H$„m JmR>Ê`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.`m H$mViH$S>çmnmer H$mVimV ImoXboë`m 2 Jwhm AmhoV.`mn¡H$s
EH$m JwhoV {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.H$S>çmVyZM JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$ nm`-`mMr dmQ> ImoXbobr Amho.gw_mao 150 nm`-`m
MTy>Z Joë`mda Amnë`mbm JS>_mWm JmR>Vm
òVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r Jwhm AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : dS>~mao JmdmVyZ 3 Vmg.
amOYoa
{Oëhm : Zm{eH$
loUr : H$R>rU
Zm{eH$ {OëømV gømÐrMr EH$ am§J gwaJUm nmgyZ Mmby hmoVo Am{U Mm§XdS>n`ªV òD$Z g§nVo.nwT>o VrM _Z_mS>À`m
Odi AgUm-`m A§H$mB©À`m n`ªV OmVo.`mM am§Jobm AO§R>m - gmV_mi am§J åhUVmV.Mm§XdS> VmbwŠ`mV 4 {H$„o
òVmV.amOYmoa,H$moiYoa,B§ÐmB© Am{U Mm§XdS>.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : amOYoa {H$ëë`mda àdoe H$aVm§Zm n{hë`m àdoeÛmamÀ`m S>mdrH$S>À`m H$_mZrda EH$
\$magrVrb {ebmboI Amho.òWyZ JS>_mÏ`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r H$mVimV ImoXboë`m nm`-`m bmJVmV.JS>_mÏ`mda nmohMë`mda
g_moaM XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV EH$ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar Va Xwgar COdrH$S>o OmUmar .AmnU COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>m`Mr , WmoS>o nwT>o
Joë`mda EH$ dmS>m bmJVmo.AmOhr dmS>m Mm§Jë`m pñW{VV C^m Amho.`m dmS>çm{edm` òWo ~KÊgmgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr.naV {\$ê$Z
AmVm S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>m`Mr .`m dmQ>odê$Z WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ H$mVimV ImoXbobr Jwhm bmJVo.`m JwhoV CVaÊ`mgmR>r
EH$ {eS>r bmdbobr Amho.òWo gÜ`m EH$m ~m~m§Mo dmñVì` AgVo.JwhoÀ`m daÀ`m ^mJmda EH$ Kw_Q>mH$ma H$_mZ Agbobr {dhra
Amho.òWyZ naV WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda AmUIr EH$ Jwhm bmJVo.`m Jwho g_moê$Z nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> Vbmdmnmer KoD$Z OmVo.VbmdmÀ`m
H$mR>mda EH$m JwhoV _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho.VbmdmÀ`m H$S>oH$S>oZo OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AmnU
S>m|Ja_mÏ`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ>oV AZoH$ ^w`mar Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.JS>mÀ`m gdm}ƒ _mÏ`mda EH$ VbmdAmho.JS>_mÏ`mdéZ _m§JrVw§Jr,
ÝhmdrJS> ,H$moiYoa ,B§ÐmB©,YmoS>n Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.JS>_mWm {\$aÊ`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.CVaÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {eS>r bmdbobr
Amho.òWo gÜ`m EH$m ~m~m§Mo dmñVì` AgVo.JwhoÀ`m daÀ`m ^mJmda EH$ Kw_Q>mH$ma H$_mZ Agbobr {dhra Amho.òWyZ naV WmoS>o
nwT>o Joë`mda AmUIr EH$ Jwhm bmJVo.`m Jwho g_moê$Z nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> Vbmdmnmer KoD$Z OmVo.VbmdmÀ`m H$mR>mda EH$m JwhoV
_hmXodmMo _§{Xa
Amho.VbmdmÀ`m H$S>oH$S>oZo OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AmnU S>m|Ja_mÏ`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ>oV AZoH$ ^w`mar Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.JS>mÀ`m gdm}ƒ
_mÏ`mda EH$ Vbmd Amho.JS>_mÏ`mdéZ _m§Jr Vw§Jr ,ÝhmdrJS> ,H$moiYoa ,B§ÐmB©,YmoS>n Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.JS>_mWm
{\$aÊ`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.
1. amOYoadmS>r _mJ}
amOYoada OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$M _mJ© Amho.Zm{eH$ qH$dm _Z_mS> _mJ}Mm§XdS> JmR>mdo.Zm{eH$ nmgyZ Mm§XdS> 64 {H$._r da Amho Va
_Z_mS> nmgyZ Mm§XdS> 24 {H$._r da Amho.Mm§XdS> _YyZ Eg Q>r Zo amOYoadmS>r JmR>mdr.amOYoadmS>r ho nm``Ï`mMo Jmd
Amho.amOYoadmS>rVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg R>iH$ dmQ> Amho.JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmVm§Zm AmnU EH$m H$mViH$S>çmnmer nmohMVmo.òWyZ da
OmÊ`mÀ`m nm`-`m VwQ>boë`m AmhoV.nU gÜ`m {VWo EH$ {eS>r bmdbr Agë`m_wio AmnU JS>mÀ`m àdoeÛmamV nmohMy eH$Vmo.AÝ`Wm
àdoeÛmam n`ªV nmohMÊ`mgmR>r àñVamamohU H$amdo bmJVo.amOYoadmS>rVyZ BWn`ªV nmohMÊ`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r Jwhm Amho. `mV 10 bmoH$m§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.
gálw§Jr
S>m|Jaam§J: - AO§R>m gmV_mi
{Oëhm : Zm{eH$
loUr : _Ü`_
Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb gmV_mi S>m|Jaam§Jo_Üò òUmam "gálw§Jr JS>' hm dUrMm S>m|Ja `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm
OmVmo.gálw§Jr ho OJX§~oMo XodñWmZ Amho._hmamï´>mVrb gmS>oVrZ eº$snrR>m§n¡H$s Agbobr hr Xodr gmV
Am{X_mVm§_Yrb Wmoabr _mVm Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$ëë`mda OJX§~m _mVoMo AWm©VM dUrÀ`m XodrMo _§{Xa Amho._§{Xamn`ªV
OmÊ`mgmR>r nm`-`m AmhoV.
{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r Zm§Xwar JmdmVyZ JmS>rañVm Jobobm Amho.dUr Zm§Xwar Xa AÜ`m©Vmgmbm ~gog Mmby
AgVmV.Zm{eH$dê$Z WoQ> Zm§Xwar JmRy>Z OrnZo {H$ëë`mda OmVm òVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r Y_©emim AmhoV.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda hm°Q>oëg Am{U ^moOZmbò AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Zm§Xwar JmdmVyZ AYm©Vmg.
hmVJS
S>m|Jaam§J: AO§R>m gmV_mi
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : _Ü`_
gwaJUm Zm{eH$ _Yrb EH$ VmbwH$m.gømÐrÀ`m nyd© ^mJmVrbEH$m am§JoMr gwadmV `mM VmbwŠ`mnmgyZ hmoVo.`mbmM gmV_mi am§J Ago
åhUVmV.`m gmV_mi am§JoVrb {H$„o åhUOo OUw H$m` EH$ VQ>~§XrM.`mM am§JoÀ`m CnemIoda EH$ N>moQ>mgm {H$„m Amho Ë`mMo Zmd hmVJL> `m
^mJmVrb OZOrdZ _mÌ gm_mÝ`M.WmoS>çm \$ma AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYm BWn`ªV XoIrb nmohMë`m AmhoV.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda àdoe H$aÊ`mnydu Mma XadmOo bmJVmV.n{hë`m XadmÁ`mÀ`m AJmoXaM COdrH$S>o
H$mVimV daÀ`m ^mJmV H$moabobo nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo.òWoM H$mVimV H$moabobr hZw_mZmMr _yVu Amho.JS>mÀ`m n{hë`m XadmÁ`mMo \$º$
Im§~ {e„H$ AmhoV.`m XadmÁ`mOdiM XmoZ {ebmboI H$moabobo AmhoV.`m XadmÁ`mVyZ WmoS>o da MT>ë`mda AmnU Xwg-`m g§nyU©
H$mVimVyZ ImoXboë`m ~moJÚm gma»`m XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaVmo.`m XadmÁ`mbm nmhÿZ harha {H$ëë`mMr AmR>dU òVo.`m XadmÁ`mÀ`m
~mOybm EH$ JwhmgwÜXm H$moabobr Amho `mV nmÊ`mMr VrZ Q>mH$s AmhoV.`m XadmÁ`mVyZ WmoS>o da Joë`mda JS>mMm {Vgam Am{U Mm¡Wm
XadmOm bmJVmo.JS>_mWm Iyn {dñVrU© Amho.g§nyU© JS>_mWm {\$aÊ`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo.XadmÁ`mVyZ da Amë`mda nm`-`m§Mr EH$ dmQ>
S>mdrH$S>o Imbr CVaVo.òWo _moR>çm à_mUmda VQ>~§Xr Amho.Vr AmOhr ~-`mn¡H$s em~yV Amho.g_moaM EH$ nra gwÜXm Amho.COì`m~mOyÀ`m
VQ>mV EH$ H$_mZ H$moabobr Amho ,nmÊ`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ gwÜXm
Amho.ho gd© nmhÿZ Amë`m dmQ>oZo naVmdo.AmVm XamdmÁ`mÀ`m COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> Yamdr.òWyZ WmoS>o da Joë`mda nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo WmoS>o
AOyZ da Joë`mda nS>Š`m B_maVtMo Adeof bmJVmV.òWo EH$ ~wéO dOm B_maVhr Amho. WmoS>o Imbr Caë`mda nmÊ`mMm EH$ Vbmd
gwÜXm Amho.`m_Yrb nmUr {nÊ`mg A`mo½` Amho.VbmdmÀ`m g_moaM {H$ëë`mMo _moR>o nR>ma XoIrb Amho.{H$ëë`mÀ`m `m ^mJmMr VQ>~§Xr
AOyZhr em~yV Amho.VbmdmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg EH$ ÜdOñV§^ Amho.ÜdOñV§^mÀ`m nwT>o EH$ dmQ> JS>mÀ`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm OmVo.dmQ>oV
nmÊ`mMr AZoH$ Q>mH$s bmJmV. JS>mÀ`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm EH$ ~wéO Amho.g§nyU© JS>\o$arg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.Agm hm hmVJS> Zm{eH$ nmgyZ
100 {H$._r da Amho .Zm{eH$dê$Z EH$m {XdgmV ghO nmhÿZ hmoVmo.{H$ëë`mMo _moR>o nR>ma XoIrb Amho.{H$ëë`mÀ`m `m ^mJmMr VQ>~§Xr
AOyZhr em~yV Amho.VbmdmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg EH$ ÜdOñV§^ Amho.ÜdOñV§^mÀ`m nwT>o EH$ dmQ> JS>mÀ`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm OmVo.dmQ>oV
nmÊ`mMr AZoH$ Q>mH$s bmJmV. JS>mÀ`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm EH$ ~wéO Amho.g§nyU© JS>\o$arg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.Agm hm hmVJS> Zm{eH$ nmgyZ
100 {H$._r da Amho .Zm{eH$dê$Z EH$m {XdgmV ghO nmhÿZ hmoVmo.
1. hmVJS>dmS>r _mJ}
hmVJS>mbm OmÊ`mgmR>r Zm{eH$ JmR>mdo.Zm{eH$ gmnwVmam _mJm©da ~moaJmd ZmdmMm \$mQ>m Amho.òWyZ EH$ añVm gwaJÊ`mbm OmVmo
Va Xwgam gmnwVm-`mbm OmVmo.gmnwVm-`mbm OmUm-`m añË`mda ~moaJmdnmgyZ 4 {H$._r A§Vamda hmVJS>dmS>r ZmdmMo Jmd Amho hoM
JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho.JmdmVZ EH$ S>m§~ar gS>H$ H$idUbm OmVo `m gS>Ho$dê$Z nwT>o Om`Mo ,hmVJS>dmS>r S>mì`m hmVmbm
R>odm`Mr.nwT>o S>mdrH$S>o EH$ ~wObobr {dhra bmJVo.`m {dhrar Z§Va 5 {_{ZQ>m§Zr S>m§~ar gS>H$ gmoS>m`Mr Am{U S>mdrH$S>Mr S>m|JaYmaoda
MT>V OmUmar dmQ> Yam`Mr.`m dmQ>oZ 15 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU EH$m Am§ã`mÀ`m N>mS>mImbr nmohMVmo.H$mJXmda Oer AmnU {VaH$s aoK _maVmo
Ver `m PmS>mnmgyZ S>m|JamÀ`m _mÏ`mn`ªV {VaKr aoK _mamdr hr {VaH$s aoK åhUOo JS>mda OmUmar dmQ>.nm`Ï`mnmgyZ JS>_mWm
JmR>Ê`mg nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : hmVJS>dmS>r _mJ}nmD$U Vmg.
A§OZoar
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 4200 \y$Q>.
S>m|Jaam§J: Í`§~Ho$œa
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
A§OZoar {H$„m B{VhmgmV n[a{MV Amho Vmo hZw_mZ OÝ_ñWmZm_wio. dm`wnwÌ hZw_mZmMm OÝ_ `mM S>m|Jamda Pmbm åhUyZM `m
{H$ëë`mbm A§OZoar åhUOoM A§OZr nwÌmMo Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Zm{eH$ Í`§~Ho$œa am§JoVrb A§OZoar hm XoIrb EH$ _hÎdmMm {H$„m
Amho. Zm{eH$ Í`§~Ho$œa añË`mda Zm{eH$ nmgyZ 20 {H$. _r. A§Vamda A§OZoar ZmdmMm \$mQ>m Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : A§OZoar JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda òVmZm dmQ>oVM nm`è`m§À`m {R>H$mUr JwhoV boUr AmT>iVmV. hr
boUr O¡ZY_u` Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. nR>mamda nmohmoMë`mda 10 {_{ZQ>m§VM A§OZr _mVoMo _§{Xa bmJVo. _§{Xa ~è`mn¡H$s àeñV Amho.
_w¸$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Amho. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ dmQ>m bmJVmV. EH$ S>mdrH$S>o diVo Va Xwgar g_moaÀ`m ~mbo{H$ëë`mda
MT>Vo. S>mdrH$S>À`m dmQ>oZo dië`mda 10 {_{ZQ>m§VM AmnU grVm Jwhonmer òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. Jwhm XmoZ Imoë`m§Mr Amho. `mV 10 Vo 12
OUm§Zm amhVm òVo. JwhoÀ`m q^Vtda AZoH$ {eëno H$moabobr Amho.g_moa AgUmè`m dmQ>oZo ~mbo{H$ëë`mda Joë`mda 20 {_{ZQ>m§V AmnU
Xwgè`m A§OZr_mVoÀ`m _§{XamV nmohmoMVmo. ho _§{Xa gwÕm àeñV Amho. {H$ëë`mMm Koam \$ma _moR>m Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m nR>mamda ~mH$s H$mhr
nmhÊ`mgmaIo Zmhr.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>rMr _w»` dmQ> A§OZoar JmdmVyZ da OmVoZm{eH$ Í`§~Ho$œa añË`mda Zm{eH$
nmgyZ 20 {H$. _r. A§Vamdarb A§OZoar \$mQ>çm`mda CVamdo. `m \$mQ>çmnmgyZ 10 {_{ZQ>o A§Vamdarb A§OZoar JmdmV nmohmoMmdo. JmdmVyZ
Zdam- ZdarMo XmoZ gwiHo$ ZOaog âVmV. JmdmVyZM EH$ àeñV dmQ> {H$ëë`mda OmVo. nwT>o nm`è`m bmJVmV. nm`è`m§À`m gmømZo
A§OZoarÀ`m nR>mamda nmohmoMVm òVo. A§OZoar JmdmnmgyZ òWn`ªV òÊ`mgmR>r XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : 1. nR>mamdarb A§OZr_mVoÀ`m _§{XamV 10 Vo 12 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
2. grVm Jw§\o$V gwÕm 10 Vo 12 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : _§{XamOdiM ~mam_mhr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm Vbmd Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : A§OZoar JmdmVyZ 2 Vmg.
H$ÊhoaJS
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 3582 \y$Q>.
S>m|Jaam§J: AO§R>m gmV_mi
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : _Ü`_
AO§R>m gmV_mi am§J åhUOo Zm{eH$ Am{U JwOamWÀ`m gr_odarb VQ>~§XrM hmo`.`mM am§JoV AmS>dmQ>oda EH$ {H$„m Amho Ë`mMo Zmd§
H$ÊhoaJS>.B{Vhmg à{gÜX Agm hm H$ÊhoaJS> AmO{_{Vg ~amM Xwb©{jV Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda nmohMë`mda IS>H$mV ImoXbobm ~wéO {XgVmo.òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda EH$ ZoT>§
{XgVo.ZoT>çmÀ`m g_moê$Z OmUmar dmQ> WoQ> JS>_mÏ`mda KoD$Z OmVo.JS>_mWm ~amM àeñV Amho.g§nyU© JS>_mWm {\$aÊ`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo.
JS>_mÏ`mda nmÊ`mMr 6 Vo 7 Q>mH$s AmhoV _hmXodmMr qnS> Amho.YmoS>n {H$ëë`mÀ`m g_moa Vm|S> òB©b Aer Jwhm EH$m H$S>çmV ImoXbobr
Amho.JS>mda dmS>çm§Mo H$mhr Adeof AmT>iVmV.JS>mMo Xwgao Q>moH$ ho YmoS>nÀ`m _mMr gmaIoM Amho.JS>mdê$Z npíM_obm gálw§Jr,_mHª$S>çm
,adù`m Odù`m , YmoS>n H§$MZm ,h§S>çm Aer g§nyU© gmV_mi am§J {XgVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : H$ÊhoaJS>mda OmÊ`mMo XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV.ho XmoZhr _mJ© H$ÊhoaJS> Am{U g_moaMm S>m|Ja `m§À`m qIS>rV
EH$Ì òD$Z {VWyZM da OmVmV.
1. Zm{eH$ - Zm§Xwar _mJ}
Zm{eH$dê$Z Zm§Xwar Jmd JmR>mdo.Zm§XwarVyZ H$idUbm OmUm-`m añË`mdaM Zm§Xwar Jmd Amho.Zm§Xwar nmgyZ 6 {H$._r A§Vamda
AmR>§~m Jmd Amho.`m JmdmVyZ 2 {H$._r A§Vamda AgUm-`m "gmXS>{dhra' `m JmdmV `mdo. gmXS>{dhra JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg
R>iH$ dmQ> Amho.`m JmdmVyZ qIS> JmR>Ê`mg AYm© Vmg bmJVmo.
2. Zm{eH$ H$idU _mJ}
Zm{eH$ H$idU _mJ}AmoVya JmR>mdo.AmoVya _YyZ AÜ`m© VmgmÀ`m A§Vamda AgUmao H$ÊhoadmS>r JmdmV `mdo.H$ÊhoadmS>r JmdmVyZ
da gm§J{Vbobr qIS> JmR>Ê`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo.`m XmoÝhr dmQ>m da gm§{JVboë`m qIS>rV òD$Z {_iVmV. JS>mdê$Z òUmar EH$ gm|S> gwÜXm
`mM qIS>rV CVaVo.Vr gm|S> nH$Sy>Z EH$ VmgmÀ`m IS>çm MT>Ur Z§Va AmnU JS>_mÏ`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ> {ZgaS>r Amho Ë`m_wio Oam
OnyZM MT>mdo bmJVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r Jwhm Amho `mV 5 bmoH$m§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU H$amdr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmXS>{dhra JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.H$ÊhoadmS>rVyZ 2 Vmg
OmÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ H$mbmdYr : gd© F$Vw§_Üò
Ab§J
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 4500 \y$Q>>.
S>m|Jaam§J: H$igy~mB©
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : AË`§V AdKS>
Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb BJVnwar {d^mJmVrb gdm©V H$R>rU Aem {H$ëë`m§Mr hr ^Q>H§$Vr. KmoQ>rdê$Z ^§S>maX-`mbm OmVm§Zm H$igy~mB©
{e¼amÀ`m am§JoV Ab§J,_XZ Am{U Hw$b§J Ago VrZ {H$„o bj doYyZ KoVmV. KZXmQ> O§Jb Am{U {dai dñVr `m_wio hm n[agamVrb
^Q>H§$Vr Ver ÌmgXm`H$M Amho. JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m AdKS> dmQ>m ,ânya nmD$g `m_wio ho XwJ©{ÌHw$Q> Vgo Cno{jVM Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$ëë`mMm _mWm åhUOo EH$ àeñV nR>maM Amho. {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ Jwhm AmhoV. nmÊ`mMr
11 Q>mH$s AmhoV. {H$ëë`mda B_maVrMo H$mhr Adeof AmhoV. EH$ N>moQ>ogo _§{Xa Amho. {H$ëë`mdê$Z AmOw~mOyMm Iyn _moR>m n[aga
{XgVmo. nyd}bm H$igy~mB©, Am¢T>Mm {H$„m,nÅ>m ,{~VZJS>,CÎmaobm h[aha ,Í`§~H$JS>,A§OZoar Va X{jUobm h[aíM§ÐJS>,AmOmo~mMm JS>,
IwÅ>m gwiH$m ,aVZJS>,H$mÌm~mB© Mm S>m|Ja hm n[aga {XgVmo. {H$ëë`mMm _mWm {\$aÊ`mg 4 Vmg nwaVmV.
Am§~odmS>r _mJ : Ab§J {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r BJVnwar qH$dm H$gmam JmR>mdo. BJVnwar/H$gmam - KmoQ>r -qnniZoa_moa `m _mJ}Am§~odmS>r
JmR>mdr. KmoQ>r Vo Am§~odmS>r Aer Eg Q>r godm XoIrb CnbãY Amho. KmoQ>r Vo Am§~odmS>r ho gmYmaU 32 {H$._r Mo A§Va Amho. KmoQ>rdéZ
nhmQ>o Am§~odmS>r bm 6.00 dmOVmMr ~g Amho.
Am§~odmS>rVyZ g_moaM Ab§J,_XZ Am{U Hw$b§J ho VrZ {H$„o {XgVmV. JmdmVyZM Ab§J Am{U _XZ À`m qIS>r n`ªV OmÊ`mgmR>r dmQ>
Amho. dmQ> \$maM X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. qIS> JmR>Ê`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV. qIS>rV nmohMë`mda S>mdrH$S>Mm Ab§J {H$„m Va COdrH$S>Mm
_XZ {H$„m. òWyZ Ab§Jda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. A.) EH$ dmQ> qIS>rVyZ g_moaÀ`m {XeoZo Imbr CVaVo. 1 VmgmV AmnU
ImbÀ`m nR>mamda nmohMVmo. òWyZ Ab§J Mm H$S>m S>mdr H$S>o R>odV 1 VmgmV AmnU {H$ëë`mdê$Z òUm-`m Vrg-`m Kir nmer nmohMVmo.
`m KiVrM EH$ bmH$S>r ~oMH$m R>odbm Amho. `m ~oMŠ`mVyZ da Joë`mda WmoS>o gmono àñVamamohU H$amdo bmJVo. nwT>o WmoS>rer gnmQ>r
bmJVo.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o H$S>çmbJV OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. 10 Vo 15 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU {H$ëë`mdarb JwhoV nmohMVmo. Am§~odmS>rVyZ òWn`ªV
nmohMÊ`mg 8 Vo 9 Vmg CbQy>Z Jobobo AgVmV. ~.) qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>À`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda gmono àñVamamohU Ho$ë`mda H$mhr
nm`-`m bmJVmV. `m nm`-`m MTy>Z Joë`mda EH$ 80 Vo 90 \y$Q>mMm gaigmoQ> VwQ>bobm H$S>m bmJVmo. `m H$S>çmda àñVamamohUmMo
gm{hË` dmnê$Z {H$ëë`mda àdoe H$aVm òVmo. àñVamamohUmMo V§Ì AdJV Agë`m {edm` `m dmQ>oZo OmÊ`mMo YmS>g H$ê$ Zò. `mdmQ>oZo
{H$„m JmR>Ê`mg 6 Vmg bmJVmV.
KmQ>Ka _mJ}: {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>rMr Xwgar dmQ> KmQ>Ka dê$Z Amho.KmoQ>r - ^§S>maXam _mJ}KmQ>Ka JmR>mdo. KmQ>KahÿZ AS>rM VmgmV
{H$ëë`mÀ`m Vrg-`m KirV R>odboë`m bmH$S>r ~oMŠ`mnmer nmohMVmo.
CXS>dUo JmdmVyZ : {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ dmQ> Amho. Vr ^§S>maXam _mJ}CXS>dUo JmdmVyZ nR>mamda òVo. nwT>o H«§$ 2 À`m
dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r 2 Jwhm AmhoV.`mV 30 Vo 40 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU ñdV:M H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Am§~odmS>rVyZ 7 Vo 8 Vmg bmJVmV.
gyMZm : {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m AdKS> Agë`m_wio àñVamamoUmMo V§Ì AdJV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
_XZJS>
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
gømÐr _Yrb H$R>rU Aem JS>{H$ëë`m§_Üò EH$ JS> åhUOo _XZJS>. {H$„m Vgm ~amM àmMrZ Amho Am{U VodT>mM XwJ©_ gwÕm. `m
n[agamVrb ^Q>H§$Vr H$am`mMr Agob Va gdm©V `mo½` Agm H$mbmdYr åhUOo {S>g|~a Am{U OmZodmar.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>_mWm Vgm bhmZM Amho.JS>mda nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV _mÌ `mV \$º$ \o$~«wdmar _{hÝ`mn`ªVM
nmUr AgVo.JS>mda 20 Vo 30 OUm§Zm amhVm òB©b EdT>r Jwhm gwÕm Amho.JS>mdê$Z g^modVmbMm n[aga \$maM N>mZ {XgVmo.
Ab§J,Hw$b§J ,N>moQ>m Hw$b§J aVZJS>,AmOmo~m JS>,H$mÌm~mB© ,S>m§½`m gwiH$m ,h[aha,{Ì~§H$JS> ho {H$ {XgVmV. JS>\o$arg AYm©Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV. XmoÝhr _mJ© Ab§J Am{U _XZÀ`m qIS>rVyZM OmVmV.
Am§~odmS>r _mJ}: _XZJS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r BJVnwar qH$dm H$gmam JmR>mdo. BJVnwar/H$gmam - KmoQ>r - qnniZoa_moa `m _mJ}Am§~odmS>r
JmR>mdr.KmoQ>r Vo Am§~odmS>r Aer Eg Q>r godm XoIrb CnbãY Amho. KmoQ>r Vo Am§~odmS>r ho gmYmaU 32 {H$._r Mo A§Va Amho. KmoQ>rdéZ
nhmQ>o Am§~odmS>r bm 6.00 dmOVmMr ~g Amho. Am§~odmS>rVyZ g_moaM Ab§J,_XZ Am{U Hw$b§J ho VrZ {H$„o {XgVmV. JmdmVyZM Ab§J
Am{U _XZ À`m {IS>r n`ªV OmÊ`mgmR>r dmQ> Amho. dmQ> \$ma X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. qIS> JmR>Ê`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV. qIS>rV
nmohMë`mda S>mdrH$S>Mm Ab§J {H$„m Va COdrH$S>Mm _XZ {H$„m. òWyZ _XZ da OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. COdrH$S>o dië`mda
WmoS>çmM doimV nm`-`m bmJVmV. nm`-`m MTy>Z Joë`mda EH$ gaigmoQ> 50\y$Q> C§MrMm H$S>m bmJVmo
KmoQ>r - ^§S>maXam _mJ}KmQ>Ka : {H$ëë`mda òÊ`mgmR>r Xwgar dmQ> KmQ>Ka dê$Z Amho. KmoQ>r - ^§S>maXam _mJ}KmQ>Ka JmR>mdo.KmQ>KahÿZ
Mma VmgmV AmnU Ab§J Am{U _XZ `m§À`m qIS>rnmer nmohMVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda EH$ Jwhm Amho `mV gmYmaU 30 OU amhÿ eH$VmV.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda \$º$ \o$~«wdmar n`ªV {nÊ`mgmR>r nmUr CnbãY AgVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Am§~odmS>rVyZ 7 Vo 8 Vmg bmJVmV.
gyMZm : {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mMr dmQ> A{VH$R>rU Agë`m_wio àñVamamoUmMo V§Ì AdJV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Am¢T>
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
gømÐrMr CÎma X{jU am§J BJVnyar n[agamVyZ WiKmQ>mÀ`m nyd}H$S>o OmVo `mM am§Jobm H$igy~mB© am§J åhUVmV. `m am§JoMo XmoZ ^mJ
nS>VmV. EH$ åhUOo Ab§J,_XZ,Hw$b§J Am{U H$igy~mB© Va nyd}H$S>rb Am¢T>, nÅ>m, {~VZJS>, AmS>, åhgmo~mMm S>m|Ja. d¥jVmoS>r _wio hm
gd© n[aga COmS> Pmbobm Amho. _mÌ Eg.Q>r. Mr gmo` Am{U ânya nmD$g `m_wio J«m_rU OrdZ ~aoM gwIr Pmbobo Amho. {H$ëë`mdaMm
^mJ åhUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. Am¢T>m {H$„m Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb {gÞa VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Z¡F$Ëòg Am{U XodimbrÀ`m X{jUog 10 _¡bm§da
Amho.
B{Vhmg : B.g.1688 n`ªV hm {H$„m _amR>çmÀ`m amÁ`mV hmoVm. `mZ§Va Vmo _moJbm§Zr qOHy$Z KoVbm. òWo _moJbm§Mm gaXma í`m_qgJ
`m§Mr {H$„oXma åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmbr
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : Am¢T>Mm {H$„m åhUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. `m_wio {H$ëë`mMm _mWm Vgm bhmZM. `mMm
Cn`moJ Q>ohiUrgmR>r hmoV Ago. JS>mda nmÊ`mÀ`m Mma-nmM Q>mŠ`m Amho. EH$m JwhoV nmUr Amho
IS²H$mV ImoXbobm XadmOm Amho. g_moaM nÅ>m {H$„m, {~VZJS>, Ab§J,_XZ Am{U Hw$b§J, H$igy~mB© Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo. JS>
nmhÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : Am¢T>m {H$ëë`mbm OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV.
{ZZmdr _mJ}: _w§~B© _mJ}BJVnwar JmR>mdr. BJVnwar ~g ñWmZH$m dê$Z gH$mir 7.00 dmOVm ^Jya H$S>o OmUmar Eg.Q>r nH$Sy>Z gmYmaUV…
XrS> VmgmÀ`m A§Vamdarb H$S>dm H$m°bZr ZmŠ`mda CVamdo. `m H$m°bZr nmgyZM Amnbr nm`nrQ> Mmby hmoVo. H$m°bZrVyZ nwT>o Joë`mda
H$S>dm YaU bmJVo. YaUmÀ`m q^Vrdê$Z nwT>o Joë`mda gmYmaU ZmŠ`m nmgyZ 45 {_{ZQ>m§V AmnU {ZZmdr JmdmV nmohMVmo. {ZZmdr
JmdmVyZ Am¢T>m {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV. n{hbr dmQ> JmdmVyZ g_moaM {XgUm-`m Cä`m H$S>çmÀ`m Kir _YyZ OmVo. hr
dmQ> _mÌ _ñV X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. Xwgar dmQ> {ZZmdr JmdmVrb Xwg-`m hZw_mZ _§{XamOdiyZ OmVo. hr dmQ> H$_r X_N>mH$ H$aUmar nU
n{hë`m dmQ>onojm OmñV doi bmdUmar Amho. `mdmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mMo n{hbo nR>ma JmR>Ê`mg nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo. `m nR>mamdaM Am¢T>m{H$„m
R>odë`m gmaIm {XgVmo. òWyZ {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`-`m n`ªV OmÊ`mg AYm© Vmg bmJVmo. g_moaM H$mVimV H$moaboë`m nm`-`m bmJVmV.
nm`-`m MTy>Z Joë`mda H$S>m COd rH$S>o R>odyZ nwT>o Omdo. da WmoS>o àñVamamohU Ho$ë`mda JS>_mWm JmR>Vm òVmo.
nÅ>m {H$„m _mJ}: AZoH$ OU Am¢T>-nÅ>m-{~VZJS> Agm Q´>oH$ gwÕm H$aVmV. òWyZ nÅ>m {H$ëë`mbm OmÊ`mgmR>r darb _mJm©Zo {H$ëë`mÀ`m
nm`-`m AgUm-`m nR>mamda naVmdo. nR>mamdê$Z g_moaM EH$ ^JdmP|S>m \$S>H$Vm§Zm {XgVmo. òWyZ nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> Wo Q> nÅ>m {H$ëë`mda
OmVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr, Am¢T>mdmS>rV amhVm òVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmUr CnbãY Amho
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 2 Vmg {ZZmdr _mJ}Am{U 2 Vmg nÅ>m {H$„m _mJ}.
gyMZm : nmdgmù`mV A{VH${R>U
nÅ>mJS
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
gømÐrÀ`m CÎma X{jU am§JoMr gwédmV BJVnwar n[agamVyZ WiKmQ>mÀ`m nyd}H$S>o OmVo `mM am§Jobm H$igy~mB© am§J åhUVmV. `mM
am§JoÀ`m npíM_oH$S>o Ab§J, _XZ, H$igy~mB© Va nyd}H$S>o Am¢T>, nÅ>m, {~VZJS>, AmS> ho {H$„o AmhoV. Ab§J, _XZ, Hw$b§J òWo AgUmao
KZXmQ> O§Jb, XwJ©_dmQ>m `m_wio òWrb {H$ëë`m§Mr ^Q>H§$Vr \$maM AdKS> Amho Va Am¢T>, nÅ>m, `m n[agamVrb ^«_§Vr \$maM gmonr Amho.
nÅ m{H$ëë`mMoM Xwgao Zmd {dlm_JS> Ago XoIrb Amho.
B{Vhmg : nÅ>mJS> {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr B.g.1671 _Üò {OHy§$Z KoVbm. nÅ>m {H$ëë`mMm _mWm åhUOo EH$ _moR>o nR>maM Amho. òWyZ
Ab§J, _XZ, Hw$b§J, H$igy~mB©, qÌ~H$JS> hm gd© n[aga ZOaoV âVmo. `m gd© n[agamda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r `m {H$ëë`m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoV
Ago. {edam`m§Zr hm {H$„m qOH$bm Am{U `mMo Zm_H$aU '{dlm_JS>' Ago Ho$bo. OmbmZmnyaMr byQ> Ho$ë`mZ§Va {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$mhr
H$mi `m {H$ëë`mda Kmbdbm. nwT>o B.g.1686 n`ªV hm gd© n[aga _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. 1682 gmbr Am¡a§JOo~mZo _hmamï´>mV
nXmn©U Ho$bo Am{U _amR>r _wbyI Vmã`mV KoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. 1688 gmbr _mV~aImZmZo ~mJbmUmVrb AZoH$ JS> KoÊ`mg gwadmV
Ho$br hmoVr. nÅ>mJS>m g§~§Yr _mV~aImZ Am¡a§JOo~mH$S>o AO© nmR>dVmo Ë`mV Vmo åhUVmo godH$mZo H$mhr {Xdgm§nmgyZ 1000 H$moir, {^„,
d _mdio `m§Mo nWH$ g¡Ý`mV KoVbo Amho. _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV Agbobo nÅ>m d BVa {H$ëë`mbJVÀ`m O_rZXmam§Zm aH$_m nwadÊ`mV
Amë`m AmhoV. 11 OmZodmar 1688 bm ImZmZo H$mhr nWHo$ {H$„m KoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da YmS>br. _ÜàmÌrÀ`m gw_mamg {H$ëë`mÀ`m VQ>mbm
Xmoa bmdyZ {H$„m qOHy$Z KoVbm. ^JyaMm R>mUoXma JmoqdXqgJ `mMr {H$ëë`mda Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _moJbm§Zr 1688 Vo 89 `m
H$mbmdYrV _amR>çm§Mo Am¢T>m, qÌ~H$JS>, H$dZr, qÌJbdmS>r, _XZJS>, _moaX§V {H$„o {\$VwarZo KoVbo _mÌ nÅ>mJS> Ë`m§Zm qOHy$Z ¿`mdm
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nÅ>m {H$ëë`mMm _mWm åhUOo EH$ àeñV nR>maM Amho. Am¢T>m {H$ëë`mH$Sy>Z òUm-`m dmQ>oZo {H$„mda
nmohmoMë`mda (dmQ>2) g_moaM nmÊ`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ bmJVo. nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`mnmgyZ XmoZ dmQ>m {ZKVmV. EH$ S>mdrH$S>o Va Xwgar COdrH$S>o.
COdrH$S>À`m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Joë`mda WmoS>çmM A§Vamda nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. COdrH$S>À`m _mÏ`mda AmVm H$mhrM {e„H$ Zmhr åhUyZ AmVm
S>mdrH$S>À`m _mÏ`mda dimdo. nmD$U Vmg nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. g_moaM EH$ _moR>r B_maV Amho. B_maVrÀ`m q^Vr
Am{U N>ßna AOyZhr {e„H$ Amho. g_moaM {H$ëë`mMr AmS>dr VQ>~§Xr Amho. VQ>~§XrÀ`m daÀ`m ^mJmda XmoZ _moR>çm Jwhm AmhoV. g_moaM
gmV nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. Jwhm ahmÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ AmhoV. VQ>~§XrÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOybm Joë`mda Aï>^wOm XodrMo _§{Xa bmJVo. `m
_§{XamMm AbrH$S>oM OrUm}Ûma Ho$bm Amho. _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM CÎma_wIr XadmOm {XgVmo. Ë`mMr H$_mZ AmOhr em~yV Amho. XadmOmÀ`m
COì`m ~mOybm ~wê$O Amho. _§{Xa Am{U ~wéOmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg CVab§ H$s XmoZ Jwhm bmJVmV. EH$m Jwho_Üò gmYyMo dmñVì` Amho
Va Xwg-`m JwhoV AbrH$S>oM JmdmMm XdmImZm Amho. òWyZ Imbr OmUmar dmQ> nÅ>mdmS>rV OmVo. g§nyU© JS>_mWm {\$aÊ`mg 4 Vmg
nwaVmV.
BJVnwar - KmoQ>r _mJ}Q>mHo$X : BJVnwar - KmoQ>r _mJ}Q>mHo$X Jmd JmR>mdo. Q>mHo$X n`ªV nmohMÊ`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo. Q>mHo$X dê$Z H$moH$UdmS>r
`m dmS>r n`ªV Orngodm CnbãY Amho. Q>mHo$X Vo H$moH$UdmS>r ho A§Va nmD$U VmgmMo Amho. H$moH$UdmS>rbm òÊ`mgmR>r Xwgar dmQ> EH$Xam
JmdmVyZ gwÕm OmVo. Q>mHo$XÀ`m nwT>oM ho EH$Xam Jmd Amho. H$moH$UdmS>r Vo nÅ>mdmS>r A§Va AÜ`m© VmgmMo Amho. nÅ>mdmS>r ho {H$ëë`mÀ`m
nm`Ï`mMo Jmd. nÅ>mdmS>r ho Jmd _wimVM S>m|JamÀ`m nR>mamda ~gbobo Amho. JmdmVyZM {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg dmQ> Amho. JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mMm
_mWm JmR>Ê`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
BJVnwar-^Jya ~gZo H$S>dm H$m°bZr : Xwgar dmQ> Am¢T> {H$ëë`mH$Sy>Z òVo. BJVnwar-^Jya ~gZo H$S>dm H$m°bZr JmR>mdr. H$S>dm H$m°bZr
nmgyZ {ZZmdr JmdmV `mdo. {ZZmdr JmdmV Am¢T> {H$ëë`mMr S>m|Jgm|S> Imbr CVabobr Amho. `mdê$Z da MTy>Z Joë`mda AmnU EH$m
nR>mamda nmohmoMVmo. nR>mamdê$Z COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda AmnU Am¢T>çmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nmohmoMVmo. `m
{H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer dmQ> Xw^mJVo. COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> Am¢T> {H$ëë`mda OmVo Va, gaidmQ> nÅ>m {H$ëë`mH$S>o OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o
Joë`mda EH$ qIS> bmJVo. `m qIS>rVyZ nwT>o Joë`mda g_moaM nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamda XodrMo EH$ _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamÀ`m _mJyZ OmUmar dmQ>
nwT>o Xw^mJVo.S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nÅ>mdmS>rV OmVo Va gai S>m|Jagm|S>oda MT>Umar dmQ> drg {_{ZQ>mV EH$m H$mViH$S>çm n`ªV nmohMVo.
H$mViH$S>çmÀ`m S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> H$S>çmbm {MH$Qy>ZM nwT>o OmVo. gw_mao 20 {_{ZQ>m§V AmnU XmoZ S>m|JamÀ`m _Üò OmVo. g_moaM nQ²Q>çmMr
VQ>~§Xr Amho. dmQ>oVM EH$ nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : 1) {H$ëë`mda XmoZ _moR>çm Jwhm AmhoV. Jwho_Üò 50 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. 2) nÅ>mdmS>rV gwÕm amhÊ`mMr
gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU ñdV… H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nÅ>mdmS>rVyZ AYm© Vmg bmJVmo.
qÌJbdmS>r
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
BJVnwar n[agamVyZ gømÐrMr EH$ am§J npíM_oH$S>o ngabr Amho. `mM am§JoV qÌJbdmS>r ~id§VJS> Am{U H$mdZB© ho {H$„o AmhoV. `m
_mJm©V bmJUmar Jmd§, S>m|Ja_mÏ`mn`ªV Ambobo añVo, _mUgm§Mr dX©i `m_wio òWrb ^Q>H§$Vr hr H$_r H$ï>mMr Amho
B{Vhmg : {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer AgUm-`m O¡Z boÊ`m§dê$Z `m {H$ëë`mMr {Z{_©Vr gmYmaU 10ì`m eVH$mV Pmbr Agmdr. hm
{H$„m _amR>çm§Zr H$Yr KoVbm ho kmV Zmhr. _mÌ 1688 À`meodQ>r _wKbm§Zr {\$VwarZo hm {H$„m _amR>çm§H$Sy>Z qOHy$Z KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : qÌJbdmS>r JmdmVyZ JS>mda OmVmZm nm`Ï`mer nm§S>dboUr ZmdmMr Jwhm Amho. `m boUr 3
^mJmV AmhoV. Amogar, AmV {dhma Am{U {dhmamV H$moabobo H$moZmS>o. àdoeÛmamda gw§Xa H$moard H$m_ AmT>iVo. {dhmamÀ`m AmV Agboë`m
H$moZmS>çmV Jm¡V_~wÕmMr Ü`mZñW _yVu Amho. Ë`m _yVuÀ`m Imbr EH$ {ebmboI Amho. {dhmamÀ`m 4 Im§~m§n¡H$s 3 Im§~m§Mr nS>PS> Pmbr
Amho. òWyZ da {H$ëë`mda OmV AgVmZm dmQ>oVM nm`-`m§À`m AJmoXa Jwhm bmJVo. nm`-`m§Zr JS>mda nmohMë`mda g_moaM nS>Š`m
dmS>çmMo Adeof bmJVmV. dmS>çm§Mo Adeof nmhÿZ naV nm`-`m§H$S>o dim`Mo. nm`-`m§nmgyZ COdrH$S>o dië`mda AZoH$ gwH$bobr
nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. 5-10 {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Joë`mda S>mdrH$S>o AgUm-`m S>m|JamÀ`m nm`Ï`mer EH$ _moR>r Jwhm Amho. `m JwhoV 20-
25 OUm§Zm amhVm òVo. òWyZ nwT>o MmbV Joë`mda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo ^w`mar Q>mHo$ bmJVo.Q>mŠ`mÀ`m Im§~m§da gw§Xa ZjrH$m_ AmT>iVo.`m
Q>mŠ`m§nmgyZ nwT>o Joë`mda e§H$amMo _§{Xa bmJVo. `m _§{Xamg_moaÀ`m H$S>çmdê$Z X{jUog VioJS>, BJVnwar nyd}bm H$igw~mB©, CÎmaobm
Í`§~H$am§J, h[aha, ~gJS> Agm n[aga {XgVmo. Amë`m _mJm©Zo naV nm`-`m§nmer `mdo. nm`-`m§À`m g_moaM dmS>çmMo Adeof Amho. Vo
_mJo Q>mHy$Z gai nwT>o dmQ>oZo Imbr CVamdo Am{U COdrH$S>o dimdo. hr dmQ> JS>mÀ`m Jwá XadmOmnmer KoD$Z OmVo. nm`-`m§Zr Imbr
CVaë`mda AmnU AI§S> H$mVimV H$moaboë`m XadmOmnmer nmohMVmo. XadmOmÀ`m COdrH$S>o 6-7 \y$Q> C§M hZw_mZmMr _yVu H$moabr
Amho. g_moaM H$mVimV H$moaboë`m nm`-`m {H$ëë`mÀ`m _Yë`m nR>mamda KoD$ {\$aÊ`mg gmYmaU 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r 3 _mJ© AmhoV.
qMMmobr _mJ}: `m _mJm©Zo JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r H$gmam JmR>mdo. H$gm-`mdê$Z Oìhma, _moImS>m qH$dm ImoS>mim `mn¡H$s OmUmar Hw$R>brhr ~g
nH$S>mdr Am{U "{dhrJmd' \$mQ>çmda CVamdo.`m \$mQ>çmÀ`m g_moaM EH$ XoD$i Amho. `m XodimÀ`m _mJo åhUOoM añË`mÀ`m COdrH$S>o
OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. nmD$U VmgmZ§Va qMMmobr ZmdmMo Jmd bmJVo. `m JmdmÀ`m_mJyZ O§JbmVyZ OmUm-`m añË`mZo {H$ëë`mÀ`m
_Ü`^mJr AgUm-`m nR>mamda nmohMmdo.òWyZ H«$. 2 _Üò gm§{JVë`mà_mUo 2 dmQ>m O§Jbmda OmVmV. H$moUË`mhr dmQ>oZo XJS>mda nmohMmdo
hr dmQ> \$maM bm§~Mr Agë`mZo `mZo JS> JmR>Ê`mg 4 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> MwH$Ê`mMm XoIrb g§^d Amho.
qÌJbdmS>r _mJ}: JmS>rZo qH$dm aoëdoZo BJVnwar JmR>mdo. BJVnwarÀ`m nyd}H$S>o åhUOoM Eg.Q>r ñQ>±S>À`m ~mOybm ~mhoa nS>m`Mo. EgQ>r
ñWmZH$mÀ`m AbrH$S>o Am§~oS>H$a Mm¡H$ bmJVmo. `m Mm¡H$mVyZ EH$ dmQ> da OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o n§Yam {_{ZQ>o MmbV Joë`mda COdrH$S>o
dimdo. AÜ`m© VmgmV AmnU dmKmobr ZmdmÀ`m qIS>rV nmohMVmo. qIS>rVyZ Imbr CVaë`mda AmnU qÌJbdmS>r ZmŠ`mda nmohMVmo. òWyZ
S>mdrH$S>o (qÌJbdmS>r JmdmH$S>o ) dimdo.AÜ`m© VmgmV AmnU qÌJbdmS>r JmdmV nmohMVmo. qÌJbdmS>r Jmdmn`ªV BJVnwar-KmoQ>r-
qÌJbdmS>r Aer Orngodm XoIrb CnbãY Amho.JmdmÀ`m _mJo qÌJbdmS>r YaU Amho. YaUmÀ`m q^Vrda MTy>Z S>mdrH$S>o dimdo.q^V
g§në`mZ§Va COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo AÜ`m© VmgmV AmnU {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nmohMVmo. nm`Ï`merM nm§S>dboUr
ZmdmMr Jwhm Amho. `m JwhoÀ`mdê$Z JS>m da OmÊ`mg
{dní`Zm {dÚmnrR>m_mJ}: BJVnwar ñWmZH$mdê$Z CÎma {Xeobm åhUOoM "{dní`Zm {dÚmnrR>m'H$S>o CVamdo. {dÚm{nR>mMo àdoeÛma
Amë`mda VoWyZ g_moa AgUmar S>m|JamMr gm|S> MT>mdr. Vr dmQ> Amnë`mbm àM§S> H$S>çmImbr AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. Vmo àM§S>H$S>m COdrH$S>o
R>odV XmoZ VmgmV {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nmohMVmo. òWyZ da MT>Ê`mg Amnë`mbm AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.hm _mJ© nwT>o XmoZ _mJmª_Üò
{d^mJbobm Amho. nyd}H$Sy>Z da MT>Umam _mJ© hm da gm§{JVboë`m H«$. 1 À`m dmQ>obm OmD$Z {_iVmo, Va npíM_oH$S>o OmUmar dmQ>
{H$ëë`mbm COdrH$S>o R>odV EH$m Kirnmer nmohMVo. `m KirVyZ da MT>ë`mda nwT>o H$mVimV H$moaboë`m nm`-`m bmJVmV. `m nm`-`m§Zr
da MT>ë`mda {H$ëë`mMm XadmOm bmJVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda 15 OUm§Zm amhVm òB©b EdT>r _moR>r Jwhm Amho.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_mhr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg qÌJbdmS>r JmdmnmgyZ, 3 Vmg qMMmobr JmdmnmgyZ, 2 Vmg {dní`Zm _mJ}
gyMZm :qMMmobr JmdmVyZ OmUmar dmQ> - _Ü`_,{ZgaS>r.
H$mdZB©
S>m|Jaam§J: BJVnwar-npíM_
{Oëhm : Zm{eH
loUr : _Ü`_
BJVnwar n[agamV AgUmar gømÐrMr am§J XmoZ {Xem§Zm {d^mJbr OmVo EH$ nyd}H$S>o Va Xwgar npíM_oH$S>o nyd}H$S>o AgUm-`m
gømÐrÀ`m am§Jobm H$igy~mB© am§J åhUVmV.`mV H$igy~mB© ,Ab§J,Hw$b§J ,Ad§T> - nÅ>m ho {H$„o
òVmV Va npíM_oH$S>o AgUm-`m am§JoV qÌJbdmS>r,H$mdZB© ,harha,~«åh{Jar,A§OZoar ho {H$„o òVmV.`m n[agamV ^«_§Vr H$am`Mr
Agë`mg BJVnwar qH$dm KmoQ>rbm `mdo.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$ëë`mMm XadmOm AmOhr ~-`mn¡H$s em~yV Amho.XadmÁ`mVyZ AmV {eaë`mda COì`m
hmVmbmM Jwhm Amho.JwhoV 4 Vo 5 OUm§Zm amhVm òB©b EdT>r dmQ> Amho.òWyZM _mÏ`mda OmÊ`mg OmJm Amho.JS>_mÏ`mda nmohMë`mda
X{jU^mJmV EH$ Vbmd Amho AmOw~mOwbm nS>Š`m dmS>çm§Mo AZoH$ Adeof AmhoV.JS>mÀ`m npíM_ ^mJmV EH$ ~wéO Amho.~wéOmÀ`m
OdiM nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.JS>_mWm Vgm bhmZM Ë`m_wio {\$aÊ`mg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.{H$ëë`mdê$Z H$igy~mB© am§J,Í`§~H$
am§J,qÌJbdmS>r Agm gd© n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : 1. H$mdZB© _mJ}
H$mdZB© bm Om`Mo Agë`mg BJVnwarbm qH$dm KmoQ>rbm `mdo.òWyZ H$mdZB© JmdmH$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr.H$mdZB© Jmd ho
{H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho.BJVnwarhÿZ Aßna d¡VaUm bm OmUmar ~g nH$Sy>Z dmH$s \$mQ>çmda CVamdo. d¡VaUm H$S>o OmUmam añVm
gmoSy>Z COdH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.`m \$mQ>`mnmgyZ 1 VmgmÀ`m Mmbr Z§Va AmnU H$mdZB© JmdmV nmohMVmo.JmdmV H${nbmYmamVrW©Mm
ZmdmMm Aml_ Amho.JmdmV {eaë`mda COì`m hmVmbmM {H$„m {XgVmo.{H$ëë`mMr EH$ gm|S> JmdmV CVabobr Amho.`m gm|S>odê$Z MT>V
Om`Mo AÜ`m© VmgmÀ`m MmbrZ§Va dmQ> COdrH$S>o diVo Am{U {M_Urnmer òD$Z Wm§~Vo.nwT>Mm MT>mB© {M_UrVyZM Amho.òWo gmono
àñVamamohU H$ê$Z AmnU {H$ëë`mÀ`m XadmOmnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo.JmdmnmgyZ BWn`ªV nmohMÊ`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r Jwhm Amho `mV 4 Vo 5 bmoH$m§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.`mV E{àb n`ªV nmUr AgVo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : H$mdZB© JmdmVyZ AYm© Vmg.
aËZm{Jar {Oëhm
aËZXwJ© ( ^JdVrMm {H$„m )
S>m|Jaam§J: H$moH$U
{Oëhm : aËZm{Jar
loUr : AË`§V gmonr
aËZm§{Jar ehamnmgyZ Ad¿`m 2 - 3 {H$._r. da AgUmam aËZXwJ© hm n`©Q>H$m§gmR>r _w»` AmH$f©UmMm {df` R>abm Amho Vmo Ë`mdarb
AË`§V gw§Xa ^JdVr _§{Xam_wio, òWyZ {XgUmè`m g_wÐmÀ`m {dh§J_ Ñí`m_wio Am{U g_wÐmn`ªV OmUmè`m {H$ëë`mVrb ^w`mar _mJm©_wio.
aËZXwJ© aËZm§{Jar ehamÀ`m AË`§V Odi AgyZ Aa~r g_wÐmÀ`m H$mR>mdarb S>m|Jamda ~m§YÊ`mV Ambm Amho. {H$ëë`mMm AmH$ma
KmoS>çmÀ`m ZmbmgmaIm AgyZ joÌ\$i 120 EH$a Amho. aËZXwJ© VrZhr ~mOy§Zr g_wÐmZo doT>bobm AgyZ `mÀ`m Am¾o` {Xeobm O_rZ
Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`merM {_aH$admS>m ho ~§Xa Amho.
B{Vhmg : aËZXwJm©Mr ~m§YUr \$ma nydu ~h_Zr H$mimV Pmbr. 1670 gmbr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr hm {H$„m A{XbehmH$Sw>Z qOHy$Z
KoVbm. Ym|Sy> ^mñH$a à{V{ZYr `m§Zr 1790 gmbr {H$ëë`mMr S>mJSw>Or H$ê$Z `mbm A{YH$ _O~wVr AmUbr.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$ëë`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamVyZ AmV {eaë`mda g_moaM gw~H$ ~m§YUrMo lr ^JdVrMo
{edH$mbrZ _§{Xa Amho. ^JdVr XodrMo Xe©Z KoD$Z nwT>o Joë`mda EH$m {R>H$mUr Mmahr ~mOy§Zr q^VtZr g§a{jV Ho$bobr EH$ OmJm
Amnë`mbm {XgVo. hmM Vmo VrZ Vm|S>mMm ^w`mar _mJ©. AmO hm ^w`mar _mJ© dmnamV Zgbm Var XrnJ¥hmH$Sy>Z {H$ëë`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamH$S>o
òVm§Zm bmJUmè`m VQ>~§Xrdê$Z `m ^w`mamMm eodQ> Imbr g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mda Á`m{R>H$mUr hmoVmo VoWo Agbobr EH$ àM§S> Jwhm ñnï> {XgVo.
`m q^VtZr g§a{jV Ho$boë`m VrZ Vm|S>mÀ`m ^w`mar _mJm©nmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o MmbV Jobo AgVm g_wÐmMo _Zmoa_ Xe©Z KS>dUmam EH$ ~wê$O
bmJVmo. `m ~wéOmMo Zmd aoS>o ~wê$O AgyZ `mda EH$ ñV§^hr C^mabm Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm XrnJ¥h AgyZ `m XrnJ¥hmdéZ
g§nyU© aËZm§{Jar ehamMo VgoM g_wÐmMo AË`§V gw§Xa Ñí` {XgVo. {H$ëë`mV EH$ bhmZ Vio d EH$ Imob {dhra Amho. aËZm§{Jar ehamVyZ
{H$ëë`mH$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r [ajm gmoB©Mr AgyZ aËZm§{Jar ehamMm ZOmam XrnJ¥hmdéZ ~KÊ`mgmR>r g§Ü`mH$mir 5.00 À`m gw_mamg
Joë`mg Ver nadmZJr {_iy eH$Vo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r dan`ªV S>m§~ar añVm AgyZ {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`merM e§H$amMo lr ^mJoœa
_§{Xa Amho. `m _§{XamÀ`m Im§~m§da newnú`m§Mr gw§Xa gw§Xa {MÌo Ho$abobr AgyZ _§{XamÀ`m g^modVr Zmair, nmo\$ir d \w$bPmS>m§Zr
~habobr ~mJ Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : Zmhr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : _§{XamOdi {nÊ`mMo nmUr {_iy eH$Vo.
_{hnVJS>
{Oëhm : aËZm{Jar
loUr : _Ü`_
IoS> VmbwŠ`mÀ`m nyd}g 12 _¡bm§da agmiJS>-gw_maJS> Am{U _{hnVJS> hr S>m|Jaam§J C^r Amho. `m _Üò CÎmaoH$S>Mm _{hnVJS> hm
gdm©V C§M Am{U {dñVmamZo gwÕm àM§S> Amho. {H$ëë`mMo joÌ\$i 120 EH$a Amho.ho VrZ {H$„o EH$_oH$m§À`m OdiOdi Agë`m_wio
AZoH$ Q´>oH$g© _{hnVJS>-gw_maJS>-agmiJS> Agm Q´>oH$ XoIrb H$aVmV.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _{hnVJS> hm Zmdmà_mUoM _{hnV Amho. {H$„m Vgm AmH$mamZo \$ma _moR>m Amho.
Mhþ~mOy§Mo H$S>o VwQ>bobo Agë`m_wio àËòH$ {R>H$mUr VQ>~§XrMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. H$mhr {R>H$mUr {OWo H$S>m MT>Ê`mg gmonm Amho {VWo
VQ>~§Xr C^mabr Amho. gÜ`m _mÌ hr VQ>~§Xr nSy>Z Jobobr Amho. {H$ëë`mbm EHy$U ghm XadmOo AmhoV. B©emÝòH$S>o bmbXodS>r
XadmOm, nyd}g nwgmQ>r XadmOm, X{jUoH$S>o IoS> XadmOm, npíM_og {edJ§Jm XadmOm, CÎmaoH$S>o H$moVdmb XadmOm, Am¾oòg èd§V
XadmOm. gÚ…pñWVrbm ho XadmOo Zm__mÌ Cabobo AmhoV. ho gd© XadmOo hmoVo `mÀ`m IwUm \$º$ Caboë`m AmhoV. {edJ§Jm XadmOm
Odi EH$ {edmMr qnS> Amho. nwgmQ>r XadmOm Odi EH$ {eS>r Amho. H$moVdmb XadmOm Odi _méVrMo EH$ N>moQ>ogo _§{Xa Amho.
nmaoœamMo EH$ _moR>o _§{Xa {H$ëë`mda Amho. `m _§{XamV amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. _§{XamÀ`m g_moaM {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr {dhra Amho. `m
ì`{V[aº$ {H$ëë`mMo nR>ma åhUOo EH$ O§JbM Amho. AZoH$ àH$maMo Adeof `m PmS>rV bnbobo AmhoV. `m gdmªMm Aä`mg hmoUo \$ma
Amdí`H$ Amho. `m {H$ëë`mda EH$ AmJimdoJim àH$ma {XgVmo. Vmo åhUOo Z dmnaboë`m MwÝ`mMo Adeof òWo nS>bobo {XgVmV. JS>
{\$aÊ`mg XmoZ Vo VrZ Vmg nwaVmV.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : IoS> dê$Z nhmQ>oM X{hdbr Jmdmbm OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr. IoS> Vo X{hdbr 1 VmgmMo A§Va Amho.
X{hdbr JmdmVyZ {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r _ibobr dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> bm§~Mr Agë`mZo JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mg 4 Vmg bmJVmV. `m dmQ>oZo
OmVm§Zm Amnë`mbm XmoZ qIS>r nma H$amì`m bmJVmV.
2) : IoS>dê$Z dmS>rO¡Vmnyabm OmUmar JmS>r nH$S>mdr. dmS>rO¡Vmnyamg CVaë`mda _iboë`m dmQ>oZo dmS>r ~obXma JmdmV `mdo.
dmS>rO¡Vmnya Vo dmS>r~obXma ho A§V XmoZ Vo AS>rM Vmgm§Mo Amho. dmS>r~obXmahÿZ JS>_mWm JmR>Ê`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo. dmQ> Mm§Jbr
_ibobr Agë`mZo MwH$Ê`mMm g§^d Zmhr.
3) : agmiJS>dê$Z gw_maJS> _mJ}gwÕm _{hnVJS> JmR>Vm òVmo. ho A§Va gmYmaUV…: 7 Vmgm§Mo Amho. O§Jb XmQ> Agë`mZo dmQ>
MwH$Ê`mMm \$ma g§^d Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : nmaoœa _§{XamV 20 Vo 30 OUm§Mr amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU ñdV…: H$amdr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1) X{hdbr JmdmVyZ - 4 Vmg
gw_maJS>
{Oëhm : aËZm{Jar
loUr : H$R>rU
gw_maJS> hm Zmdmà_mUoM gw_ma Amho. "CJdVrÀ`m H$S>çmda EH$m PmS>mbm Yê$Z da `|Jmd bmJV§" Agm JmoZrXm§Zr `m
{H$ëë`m~ÔbÀ`m dU©ZmV åhQ>bobo Amho. agmiJS> Am{U _{hnVJS> `m§À`m ~amo~a _Üò hm {H$„m òVmo. AmOw~mOybm AgUmao O§Jb
Am{U {H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r AgUmar AdKS> dmQ> `m_wio {H$„m \$maM Xwb©{jV Pmbobm Amho
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$ëë`mda da nmohMë`mda g_moaM nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV. Q>mŠ`m§À`m nmoQ>mVM EH$ Jwhm
Amho. `mV {edmMr qnS> Am{U XodrMr _yVu Amho. nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`m§À`m COì`m A§Jmg WmoS>o da Joë`mda EH$Im§~r nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo.
EH$ dmQ> g_moaÀ`m Q>oH$mS>mda OmVo Va EH$ Q>oH$mS>mbm digm KmbyZ nwÝhm Q>mŠ`m§nmer òVo. g_moaÀ`m Q>oH$S>rbm digm _maVmZm EH$m
{R>H$mUr XJS>_mVrZo ~wObobr Jwhm {XgVo. `m JwhoV XmoZ Imoë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `mV ~è`mM _moR>çm à_mUmda _mVr O_m Pmbobr Amho.
JS>_mWm \$maM bhmZ Agë`m_wio JS>\o$arg AYm© Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : gw_maJS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$M dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> EH$m qIS>r_YyZM da OmVo. `m XmoÝhr dmQ>m EH$m
qIS>rVM òD$Z {_iVmV. _{hnV JS>mdê$Z dmS>r~obXma `m JmdmV Z CVaVm CbQ>çm {XeoZo Imbr CVamdo. dmQ>oV YZJamMr XmoZ VrZ
Ka bmJVmV. òWyZ WmoS>o Imbr CVaë`mda EH$ AmoT>m bmJVmo Vmo nma H$ê$Z g_moaMm S>m|Ja MT>mdm. nwT>o AÜ`m© VmgmVM AmnU EH$m
qIS>rnmer nmohMVmo. qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>o da MT>Umar dmQ> WoQ> gw_maJS>mda KoD$Z OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Joë`mda WmoS>çmM doimV AmnU
EH$m H$S>çmnmer nmohMVmo. H$S>çmbm bmJyZM dmQ> nwT>o OmVo. nwT>Mr dmQ> AdKS> Amho. Odi amon Agë`mg \$maM CÎm_. qIS>rnmgyZ
{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mg nmD$U Vmg nwaVmo. agmiJS>mdê$Z gw_maJS>mH$S>o `m`Mo Pmë`mg dmQ>oV EH$ am`m YZJamMm Pmn bmJVmo. _mÌ
agmiJS> Vo gw_maJS> ho A§Va gmS>oMma Vmgm Mo Amho.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU ñdV…: H$amdr.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _{hnVJS>m_mJ}AS>rM Vmg
agmiJS>
S>m|Jaam§J: IoS>
{Oëhm : aËZm{Jar
loUr : gmonr
gømÐrMr am§J CÎmaX{jU ngabobr Amho. _w»` am§JonmgyZ gwQ>mdboë`m AZoH$ am§Jm nmM n§Mdrg _¡b
bm§~da ngaboë`m AmhoV. nmobmXnya gmoSy>Z IoS>dê$Z {MniyUH$S>o OmVmZm agmiJS>, gw_maJS>, _{hnVJS> ho
VrZ XwJ© Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmV. ho gd© {H$„o OmdirÀ`m Imoè`mVM òVmV. àVmnJS>, _Yw_H$a§XJS>, agmiJS>,
gw_maJS> Am{U _{hnVJS> hm Q´>oH$hr Iyn à{gÕ Amho.
agmiJS>mMm Koam bhmZM Agë`mZo g§nyU© JS>\o$arg EH$ Vo XrS> Vmg nwaVmo. agmidmS>rVyZ
{H$ëë`mda {eaVmZmM dmQ>oV XmoZ XadmOo bmJVmV. n{hbo àdoeÛmamVyZ AmV Joë`mda g_moaM VQ>mVrb _méVrMo
Xe©Z hmoVo. digm _mê$Z AmnU {H$ëë`mÀ`m Xwgè`m XadmOmV nmohMVmo. `m XadmOmVyZ {H$ëë`mV àdoe
Ho$ë`mda g_moaM VQ>mda EH$ ^br _moR>r Vmo\$ {XgVo. Vmo\$m ho `m {H$ëë`m§Mo _moR>o d¡{eîQ>çM Amho. {H$ëë`mda
bhmZ_moR>çm {_iyZ gw_mao 16 Vmo\$m AmhoV.g§nyU© {H$ëë`mMm _mWm åhUOo EH$ nR>maM hmo`. g_moaM PmobmB©
XodrMo _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamMm OrUm}Õma Ho$bobm Amho. H$moZmS>çmV AZoH$ gmnS>boë`m _yË`m© R>odë`m AmhoV.
_§{XamÀ`m g_moa Xrn_mi Am{U Vwier d¥§XmdZ Amho. g_moaM EH$ Vmo\$ gwÕm R>odbobr Amho. _§{XamÀ`m ~mOybm
nmÊ`mMm _moR>m Vbmd Amho. ho nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Amho. _§{XamÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOybm {edmMo N>moQ>ogo _§{Xa Amho.
nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`mÀ`m daÀ`m ^mJmbm WmoS>mgm C§MdQ>m Amho , `mbmM
~mbo{H$„m åhUVmV. `mV dmS>çm§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmda Adeof AmhoV. ~wê$Omd Vmo\$m AmT>iVmV. òWyZ g_moaM EH$
XJS>r ~m§YH$m_ Agbobr Imobr AmT>iVo. ho YmÝ` H$moR>ma Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo. ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m OdiM AmUIr
EH$ nmÊ`mMm Vbmd Amho. `m XmoÝhr VbmdmV ~mam_hr nmUr AgVo. {H$ëë`mÀ`m Z¡F$Ë` ^mJmV EH$ Z§Xr Amho.
_mÌ òWo {edmMr qnS> AmT>iV Zmhr. {H$ëë`mda nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s _moR>çm à_mUmda AmhoV. åhUOo hm {H$„m nydu
_moR>çm à_mUmda Zm§XVm Agmdm.
1. IoS> dê$Z dS>Jmd {~a_Ur H$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>m`Mr Am{U dmQ>oV AgUmè`m hþ§~ar \$mQ>çmda
CVam`Mo. hþ§~ar \$mQ>çmnmgyZ WoQ> ~rS> JmdmV OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>m`Mr. gmYmaUV: ~rS> JmdmV nmohMÊ`mg EH$
Vmg bmJVmo. dmS>r~rS> JmdmVyZ JS>mda OmÊ`mg _ibobr dmQ> Amho. `m _mJm©Zo {H$ëë`mda nmohMÊ`mg XrS> Vmg
bmJVmo.
2. IoS> dê$Z {Z_Zr JmdmV OmÊ`mgmR>r ~gog gwQ>VmV. {Z_Zr JmdmV CVê$Z EH$m VmgmV agmidmS>r
_mJ}{H$„m JmR>Vm òVmo. dmQ> AË`§V gmonr Amho.
3. IoS> dê$Z _m¡Oo O¡Vmnya JmdmV OmUmar Eg. Q>r. nH$S>mdr. _m¡Oo O¡VmnyahÿZ - agmidmS>r _mJ}XmoZ
VmgmV agmiJS> JmR>mdm. dmQ> AË`§V gmonr Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` :
PmobmB© XodrMo _§{Xa (30 Vo 40 _mUgo amhÿ eH$VmV.)
OodUmMr gmo` :
AmnU ñdV… H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` :
~mam_hr CnbãY Amho.
agmidmS>rVyZ (15 {_{ZQ>o)
R>mUo {Oëhm
_mhþbr
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : \y$Q>.
S>m|Jaam§J: ehmnya
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : gmonr
R>mUo {OëømV ehmnya-AmgZJmdmOdi EH$ XwJ©{ÌHw$Q> Amho. _mhþbr-^§S>maJS> Am{U nigJS> {_iyZ ho ~iH$Q>
R>mUo V`ma Pmbo Amho. _wÔm_ OmD$Z nhmdo Ago ho {R>H$mU H$moUmhr {ZgJ©ào_r _mUgmbm Amnë`m {ZgJ©gm¢X`m©Zo
doS> bmdVo. AZoH$ gwiHo$ Agbobm bm§~bMH$ Agm hm S>m|Ja _mhþbr ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. _mhþbrMo XmoZ
Imo{Jam_wio VrZ ^mJ nS>bo AmhoV. CÎmaoMm nigJS>, _Ybm _mhþbrJS> Am{U X{jUoMm ^§S>maJS>.
B{Vhmg : BVa AZoH$ {H$ëë`m§à_mUo `mhr {H$ëë`mMr _yi C^maUr H$moUr Ho$br, ho kmV Zmhr. nU 1485 À`m gw_mamg ho {R>H$mU
ZJaÀ`m {ZOm_ emhrÀ`m g§ñWmnH$ Agboë`m _{bH$ Ah_X `mÀ`mH$S>o Ambo. nwT>o ehmOramOo {ZOm_emhrMo g§MmbH$ ~Zë`mda
{X„rÀ`m _moJb \$m¡Om d Am{Xbemhr goZm g§`wº$nUo {ZOm_emhr ~wS>dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$ê$ bmJë`m. 1635-36 À`m gw_mamg
ehmOtZr H$R>rU n[apñWVrV ~iH$Q> Aml`ñWmZ åhUyZ OwÞa - {edZoarhÿZ {OOm~mB© d ~mi {edmOrgh _mhþbrbm _w¸$m_ hbdbm.
ImZO_mZ åhUOo _hm~VImZmÀ`m _wbmZo _mhþbrbm doT>m {Xbm. ehmOramOm§Zr nmoVw©JrOm§H$S>o _XV _m{JVbr. nU Ë`m§Zr ZH$ma {Xbm
AgVm ehmOtZr eaUmJVr nËH$abr. nwT>o 1658 _Üò 8 OmZodmar amoOr {edam`m§Zr hm {H$„m _moJbm§H$Sy>Z naV {_idbm. nU 1661
_Üò Vmo _moJbm§Zm naV Úmdm bmJbm. bJogM Vmo naV qOHy$Z KoVbm Jobm. 1665 À`m nwa§XaÀ`m VhmV ho XwJ©{ÌHw$Q> naV J_dmdo
bmJbo. Ë`mZ§Va _moJbm§Mm _ZmohaXmg Jm¡S> hm YmoaUr H$V©~Xma gaXma _mhþbrda H$ma^ma nmhÿ bmJbm. Ë`mZo JS>mda ~aoM ~m§YH$m_ H$ê$Z
KoVbo. \o$~«wdmar 1670 _Üò IwÔ {edmOramOm§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr _mhþbrda Ho$bobm h„m Aèñdr R>abm. XrS> hOma _amR>r _mdù`m§n¡H$s
Vã~b hOma _mdio _moJbm§Zr H$mnyZ H$mT>bo. _amR>çm§Mm XUXUrV nam^d Pmbm. `m èmZ§Vahr _ZmohaXmg Jm¡S>Zo {H$„oXmar gmoS>br.
Ë`mÀ`m OmJr Abm{dXu ~oJ hm Zdm {H$„oXma éOy Pmbm. Z§Va 16 OyZ 1670 amoOr XmoZ _{hÝ`m§À`m doT>çm Z§Va XmoZeo _moJb g¡{ZH$m§Mo
aº$ gm§S>bo. _moamon§V qnJù`m§Zr _mhþbr, nigJS> d ^§S>maJS> ho {ÌHy$Q> ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoVbo.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AmgZJmd_mJ}_mhþbr JmdmVyZ {eS>rÀ`m dmQ>oZo {H$ëë`mda Amë`mda g_moaM nmÊ`mMr XmoZ
Q>mH$s AmhoV. nmM {_{ZQ>m§da AmUIr EH$ nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. COdrH$S>o Joë`mda Imbr nhmaoH$è`m§À`m XodS>çm AmhoV. g_moaM
T>mgiboë`m AdñWoVbm _hmXadmOm Amho. BWyZ ^mVgm amer, Ab§J, _XZ, Hw$b§J d H$igy~mB© nd©Vam§J {XgVo. Va nyd}bm
h[aíM§ÐJS>, AmOmo~m, X{jUnyd}bm _mWoamZ am§J, X{jUnpíM_obm VmZgm Imoao, Vw§Jmaoœa am§J Agbobm àM§S> _wbyI {XgVmo.{eS>rÀ`m
dmQ>oZo XmoZ {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Joë`mda S>mdrH$S>o O§JbmV EH$ dmQ> OmVo. dmQ>oVM N>ßnadOm AgUmao _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho. nwT>o dmS>çmMo H$mhr
Adeof AmT>iVmV. g_moaM nmÊ`mMm \$ma _moR>m Vbmd Amho. nwT>o Joë`mda Om§îmMo amZ bmJVo. hr dmQ> qIS>rV OmD$Z nmohmoMVo. hr
qIS> åhUOo _mhþbr Am{U ^§S>maJS> Xaå`mZMr qIS> Amho. qIS>rÀ`m WmoS>o da Joë`mda COì`m ~mOyg 500 Vo 600 \y$Q> Imbr
CVaë`mda H$S>çmbJVM H$ë`mU XadmOm Amho. `m XadmÁ`mVyZ JS>mda `m`Mo Pmë`mg àñVamamohUmMr JaO nS>Vo. qIS>rVyZ dmQ>oZo da
MT>V Joë`mda PmS>r_Üò ~ma_hr nmÊ`mM§ ^w`mar Q>mHo$ Amho. òWyZ nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> JS>mÀ`m X{jU Q>moH$mnmer åhUOoM ^§S>maJS>mda
KoD$Z OmVo. ^§S>maJS>mdéZ g_moaM Cô AgUmao ^Q>mo~m, Zdam d ZdarMo gwiHo$ {XgVmV. g_moaM COdrH$S>o AgUmè`m S>m|Jaam§Joda
dOraMm gwiH$m {XgVmo. g^modVmbÀ`m n[agamMo Ñí` A{Ve` a_Ur` AgVo.
1)AmgZJmd_mJ : _w§~B©-Zm{eH$ bmoh_mJm©darb AmgZJmd JmR>mdo. BWyZ 5 {H$._r. A§Vamdarb JS>mÀ`m
nm`Ï`mer AgUmè`m _mhþbr `m Jmdr nm`r AWdm [ajmZo OmVm òVo. JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer _hmXodmMo gw§Xa _§{Xa
Amho. amÌr VoWo amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. BWyZ COdrH$S>o EH$ AmoT>m nma H$ê$Z 3 {H$._r. Mm IS>m MT> MTy>Z Omdo.
dmQ>oV EH$ bmoI§S>r {eS>r Amho. Vr nma H$ê$Z da Joë`mda g_moaM nmÊ`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s {XgVmV.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda
OmÊ`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.
2)dmqeX_mJ}: bmoH$bZo qH$dm Eg².Q>r. Zo dmqeXbm CVamdo. CÎmaobm XhmJmd Am{U nwT>o Mmß`mMm nmS>m JmR>mdm.
M§XoarMm S>m|Ja COdrH$S>o R>odyZ _mhþbrÀ`m X{jU Q>moH$mnmgyZ {ZKmboë`m d npíM_obm ngaboë`m gm|S>oda MT>mdo.
gm|S>odê$Z Zdam-Zdar gwiHo$ COdrH$S>o R>odV AdKS> loUrMm H$mViQ>ßnm MTy>Z H$ë`mU XadmOmZo ^§S>maJS>mda
àdoe H$amdm. H$ë`mU XadmOmda EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo. hr dmQ> Iyn AdKS> Agë`mZo àñVamamohUmMo gm{hË`
Odi AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : ^§S>maJS>mda ahmÊ`mMr H$moUVrhr gmo` Zmhr. {H$„o _mhþbrda ahmÊ`mgmR>r nhmaoH$è`m§À`m XodS>çm AmhoV, nU
eŠ`Vmo hm Q´>oH$ EH$ {XdgmMmM H$amdm.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda OodUmMr gmo` AmnUM H$amdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$„o _mhþbrda nhmaoH$è`m§À`mXodS>çm§g_moa nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. òWrb nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ Amho.
^§S>maJS>mda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo` Zmhr. Ë`m_wio VoWo AgVmZm nmÊ`mMm gmR>m Odi R>odmdm.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AmgZJmd _mJ}XmoZ Vmg.H$ë`mU XadmOm _mJ}6 Vo 8 Vmg.
gyMZm : dmQ> - AmgZJmd _mJ}gmonr.H$ë`mU XadmOm _mJ}AdKS> .
_b§JJS>
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : _Ü`_
_b§JJS> H$ë`mUnmgyZ X{jUog 16 {H$._r. A§Vamda EH$m C§M S>m|Jamda ~m§Ybobm Amho. ~XbmnyaÀ`m Z¡F$Ëòg d _w§~B© Am{U
gmï>rÀ`m nyd}g hm {H$„m Amho. H$a§Om d CaU Z¡F$Ëòg Am{U ~moaKmQ>,^r_me§H$a d _mieoO KmQ> nyd}g Agm hm ^mJ bT>mB©À`m
Ñï>rZo A{Ve` _hÎdmMm Amho.
B{Vhmg : A°q~½S>Z øm B§J«Or A{YH$mè`mZo 1780 _Üò _§bJJS>mbm doT>m KmVbm. nmdgmù`mV _amR>o `wÕ Q>miVmV. ho bjmV
KoD$Z ~ogmdY _amR>çm§da â nmdgmVM h„m H$aÊ`mMo Ë`mZo R>adbo. bT>mB© gwê$ hmoVmM Z¡F$Ë` d CÎmaoH$S>À`m dmQ>m ~§X H$ê$Z
Q>mH$ë`m. Ë`mZo àW_ nra_mMr KoÊ`mMo R>adbo. VoWo nm§Sw>a§J Ho$VH$a `mg 300 _mUgm§{Zer Zo_bobo hmVo. AMmZH$ h„m Pmë`m_wio
_amR>çm§Zr à{VH$ma Ho$bm Zmhr. 125 OU gmoZo _mMrH$S>o Ymdbo. Va ~mH$s JS>mda OmJm ZìhVr åhUyZ H$ë`mUÀ`m _m_boXmamH$S>o
Ymdbo. A°q~½S>ZZo JS>mda nmohMÊ`mgmR>r JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mnmgyZ nra _mMrn`ªV dmQ> emoYyZ H$mT>br. ZmZm \$S>U{dgmZo doT>m
CR>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm nU Vmo èñdr Pmbm Zmhr. A°q~½S>ZZo nra _mMrÀ`m nR>mamda VrZ Vmo\$m MT>dë`m d gmoZo _mMrda Jmoir~ma
Mmby Ho$bm. nU àdoeÛma _moR>çm Iw~rZo ~m§Ybo Agë`m_wio VoWda Jmoio nmohMoZmV. _amR>çm§Zm O§JbmVë`m AZoH$ MmoadmQ>m _mhrV
Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm ~mhoaÀ`m OJmer g§nH©$ VwQ>Ê`mMm g§^d ZìhVm. {H$„oXmamZo AmZ§Xamd Ywin d H$mern§V `m§À`mH$S>o _XV
_m{JVbr nU Ë`m§Zr àË`j Z òVm 700 {enmB© nmR>dbo Oo VoWda nmohMy eH$bo ZmhrV. H°$ßQ>Z A°q~½S>ZZo {eS>çm bmdyZ 250
_mUgo gmoZo _mMrda MT>dbr. nU _amR>çmZr JS>mdê$Z XJS>Ym|S>çm§Mm dfm©d H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm naV nmR>dbo. A°{~½S>ZZo nra _mMrdê$Z
Vmo\$m H$mTy>Z KoVë`m. J§JmYaamdmZZo g§Yr gmYyZ XmUmnmUr d Xmê$Jmoim ^ê$Z YoVbm. ZmZm \$S>Urgm§Zr ~mimOr {dœZmW nmR>H$ d
amYmo{dœZmW JmoS>~mobo `m§Zm g¡Ý` XoD$Z doT>m CR>dÊ`mg nmR>dbo. Ë`m§À`m \$m¡Om {eadi `m _b§JÀ`m CÎmaobm Agboë`m Jmdr
nmohMë`m. _amR>çm§Mr \$m¡O VrZ hOmamda hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr eÌybm hþgH$mdyZ bmdÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo. nU Vo Aèñdr Pmbo. 16
gßQ>|~abm JmaÚm§Mr EH$ nbQ>U nra _mMrda Mmb H$ê$Z Jobr. Ë`m§Zr Vmo\$m§da h„o Ho$ë`m_wio {~«{Q>em§Zr KmB©KmB©Zo Vmo\$m H$mTy>Z
KoVë`m. _oOa doñQ>\$m°bZo A°q~½S>ZÀ`m _XVrgmR>r OmXm Hw$_H$ YmS>br. `m goZoZo agX KoD$Z òUmè`m _amR>çm§À`m VwH$S>rbm
CÜdñV Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio _b§JJS>mda AÞYmÝ`mMm VwQ>dS>m ^mgy bmJbm. H$mhr YmÝ` nmdgmZo Zmgbo, I{OZm g§nV Ambm. _amR>çmZr
B§J«Om§Mohr XiUdiU VmoSy>Z Q>mH$bo hmoVo. V|ìhm H$Z©b hmQ>©boZo ~obmnya,nZdob,VimoOo _mJ© gwa{jV Ho$bm. {eadiÀ`m _amR>çm§À`m
Vimda h„m H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm hþgH$mdyZ bmdbo. AmVm {~«{Q>em§Zr H°$ßQ>Z H$man|Q>aÀ`m hþH$_VrV _b§JJS>mda Xwgam h„m MT>dbm.
Vmo\$m§Mm Jmoir~ma gwê$ Ho$bm. VQ>mbm ^JXmS> nS>bo H$s AmV Kwgm`bm 350 g¡{ZH$ V`ma R>odbo hmoVo nU Ho$VH$am§Zr {H$„m em¡`m©Zo
bT>dobm.B§J«Om§Mo ~aoM g¡{ZH$ H$m_r Ambo. V|ìhm B§J«Om§Zr h„o Wm§~dbo. nU doT>m _mÌ CR>dbm Zmhr.nra _mMrdê$Z Vmo\$m H$mTy>Z
KoVë`m. _amR>çm§Mr ZmHo$~§Xr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr Cnmg_ma Ho$br. Ë`m§Zm eaU `m`bm bmdmdo Ago B§J«Om§Zr R>adbo. Am°ŠQ>mo~a Z§Va
{H$ëë`mda Cnmg_ma hmoD$ bmJbr. ~mhoê$Z J§JmYa H$mb}H$a H$mhr _XV nmR>dy eH$bo ZmhrV. eodQ>r ZmZm \$S>U{dgmZo H$mhr
gaXmam§Zm hmVmer KoD$Z _moR>r \$m¡O O_m Ho$br Am{U _b§JJS> d dgB© da YmS>br. ñdV: ZmZm d harn§V \$S>Ho$ Xhm hOma \$m¡Oogh
Im§S>mù`mbm Ambo d Ë`m§Zr amO_mMr KmQ> CVê$Z H$ë`mUH$S>o Om`Mo R>adbo. Ë`m_wio hmQ>©bobm à{Veh {Xbm OmUma hmoVm.
Vm~S>Vmo~ hmQ>©boZo _b§JJS>mdê$Z g¡Ý` H$mTy>Z KoVbo d bJogM _amR>çm§Zr _b§JJS>mH$S>o OmXm Hw$_H$ d agX YmS>br AemàH$mao
_amR>çm§Zr AIoan`ªV _b§JJS> eWuZo bT>dbm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _mMrdê$Z gai nwT>o OmV nbrH$S>Mo Q>moH$ JmR>m`M. VoWyZ EH$m Mmoa dmQ>oZo Imbr
CVabo H$s JS>mÀ`m {Zåå`m C§Mrda EH$ Aml_ bmJVmo. {VWyZ JS>mÀ`m X{jU d CÎma Q>moH$mÀ`m {XeoZo digm KoV OmUm-`m dmQ>m
{ZKVmV. n{hbr dmQ> Imbr dmd§Oo JmdmV OmVo. VoWyZ nZdobbm Om`bm Eg Q>r {_iVo. CÎma {XeoÀ`m dmQ>oZo Jobo H$s XmoZ dmQ>m
\w$Q>VmV. gai OmUmar dmQ> JS>mbm digm KmbyZ nmbIrgma»`m AmH$mamÀ`m IS>H$mImbyZ {H$ëë`mda OmVo. COdrH$S>o Imbr
CVaUmar dmQ> _b§JJS> d JUoe H$m{V©H$ gwiŠ`m§Mm S>m|Ja `m§À`m_Yrb qIS>rV nmohMVo. _mMrdê$Z ~mbo{H$ë`mH$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r
H$S>çmbm COdrH$S>o R>odV digm KmbyZ Jobo H$s ImoXrd nm`-`m {XgVmV. nm`-`mnwT>o EH$ Jwhm d nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. òWyZ nwT>o
OmUo H$R>rU Amho. nÞmg gmR> nm`-`m§ Z§VaÀ`m nm`-`m VwQ>boë`m AmhoV. Vmo ^mJ MT>Ê`mgmR>r Xhm ~mam \y$Q>m§Mm EH$ nmBn AmS>dm
Q>mH$bobm Amho Am{U hmVm§À`m AmYmamgmR>r Xmoa bmdbm Amho. hm AdKS> Q>ßnm nma H$ê$Z Xhm {_{ZQ>m§V JS> _mÏ`mda nmohMVm òVo.
{eamo^mJ Vgm bhmZ Amho. N>ßna CS>mbobo nU q^Vr em~yV Agbobm EH$ dmS>m {XgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _mJo ImoXbobr gmV Q>mH$s AmhoV.
~mbo{H$ë`mÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Am¡Xw§~amM PmS> Amho. Am{U H$mhr {R>H$mUr VQ>~§Xrhr Amho. ~mbo{H$ë`mÀ`m g_moaM XodUrMm gwiH$m Amho.
òWo òUmao ^m{dH$ `m g_moaÀ`m XodUrda EH$ XJS> \o$Hy$Z _maÊ`mMm gmonñH$ma H$aVmV. XJS> Oa XodUrda nmohmoMbm Va _ZmVbr
Jmoï> gmÜ` hmoVo Ago åhUVmV. nyd}H$Sy>Z Z¡F$ËòH$S>o JmoaIJS>,amO_mMr,_mWoamZ,no~,Bem©i,à~i dJ¡ao hm n[aga {XgVmV.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : H$ë`mUhÿZ gH$mir AÜ`m© VmgmV ~gZo JS>mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer nmohMVm òVo. JS>mÀ`m {Zåå`m C§Mrda
VoWrb gwà{gÜX hmOr_b§J XJm© Amho. {VWn`ªV nm`-`m AmhoV.dmQ>oV XwH$mZo AmhoV. EH$ XodrM§ _moR>o _§{Xa Am{U e§H$amM bhmZ
XoD$i Amho. daÀ`m `m X½`m©n`ªV ^{dH$m§Mr ânya dX©i AgVo.X½`m©À`m AbrH$S>o XwH$mZm§À`m am§JoVyZ EH$ ~moi COdrH$S>o OmVmo.
VoWo Kao AmhoV Am{U {dhrahr Amho. dmQ> g_moaÀ`m S>m|Jambm bmJyZ COdrH$Sy>Z da MT>m`bm bmJVo. nY§am drg {_{ZQ>m§V n{hbm MT>
nma H$ê$Z daÀ`m Cä`m H$S>`mnmer nmohMVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda AZoH$ {Q>H$mUr nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. `mVrb nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVm òD$ eH$Vo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm`Ï`mnmgyZ 2 Vmg.
Vmhþbr>
S>m|Jaam§J: _mWoamZ>
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : _Ü`_
H$ë`mU, H$O©V d nZdob `m {d^mJmV hm {H$„m Amho. Vmhþbrbm {H$„m qH$dm JS> åhUUo Vgo A`mo½`M. hm Ë`mÀ`m VrZ
gwiŠ`m§_wio à{gÕ Amho. C§M ~obmJ H$S>o, OmÊ`mÀ`m AZJS> dmQ>m `m_wio Vmhþbr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho Am{U H$Xm{MV `m_wioM
Xwb©{jVhr Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo VmhþbrÀ`m nR>mamda g§V JmS>Jo~m~m _hmamOm§Mm _R> Amho. `m dmQ>oV AmUIr XmoZ Aml_
bmJVmV. nR>mamÀ`m gdm©V daÀ`m ^mJmbm 'XmXr_m Vmhþbr' åhUVmV. òWo 5 nra AmhoV. g_moaM EH$ N>moQ>ogo Ka XoIrb Amho. `mM dmQ>oZo
WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ VmgmV AmnU VmhþbrÀ`m gwiŠ`mnmer nmohmoMVmo. EH$m
gwiŠ`mMo Zmd 'XmD$X' Va Xwgè`mMo Zmd '~m_U' Amho.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : Vmhþbrda OmÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV.
1. A§~aZmW dê$Z
Xwgar dmQ> A§~aZmW dê$Z OmVo. A§~aZmWdéZ ~mhoa nSy>Z ~XbmnwaMm añVm Amobm§S>mdm. WmoS>çmM doimV H$mHw$br ZmdmMm
Vbmd bmJVmo. `m H$mHw$br VbmdmnmgyZ WmoS>çmM A§Vamda EH$ S>m|JamMr gm|S> da VmhþbrÀ`m VrZ gwiŠ`m§nmer nmohmoMVo. `m dmQ>oZo
Vmhþbr nR>ma JmR>Ê`mg 4 Vmg bmJVmV.
2. Hw$erdbr dê$Z
H$ë`mU _b§JJS> amoS>da Hw$erdbr JmdmÀ`m ñQ>m°nda CVaUo. JmdmÀ`m ~mhoê$ZM WoQ> ~¡bJmS>r OmB©b EdT>r _moR>r dmQ>
Vmhþbrbm Jobr Amho. hr dmQ> XmoZ S>m|JamÀ`m ~oMŠ`m_YyZ da MT>Vo. Hw$erdbr JmdmnmgyZ da nR>mamda OmÊ`mg AS>rM Vmg bmJVmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : Zmhr
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AS>rM Vmg Hw$erdbr _mJ}, Mma Vmg H$mHw$br boH$ _mJ}
dgB©
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 0 \y$Q>.
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : gmJa {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$„oS>m|Jaam§J: CÎma H$moH$U
{Oëhm : R>mUo
qgYwgmJa {H$Zmè`mMo àmXo{eH$ {d^mJUr Zwgma XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. CÎma H$moH$U d H$moH$U. CÎma H$moH$UmVrb
à_wI ~oQ> _w§~B©, `mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r AZoH$ {H$„o ~m§Ybo. Ë`mn¡H$s à_wI åhUOo dgB©Mm {H$„m. dgB© ~§Xa hmVmV Agbo
åhUOo _w§~B© ~oQ>, R>mUo, gmï>r hm gd© n[aga g_wÐ{H$Zmam Vmã`mV R>odVm òV Ago. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑîQ>çm dgB©Mm {H$„m \$ma
_hËdmMm R>aVmo. nmoVw©{JOm§Mr gÎmm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {M_m§Or Amßnm `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr _amR>r g¡Ý`mZo 1737 Vo 1739 _Üò
Ho$boë`m namH«$_mMr AmR>dU hm n[aga {\$aVm§Zm AmOhr òVo. ho gmJar {H$„o nmdgmù`m {edm` BVa gd© F$VwV {\$aVm òVmV.
B{Vhmg :
g.Z. 1414 _Üò ^S>mar-^|Jmio ZmdmÀ`m gaXmamZo hm C^mabm. 1530 _Üò JwOamVmÀ`m gwbVmZmZo Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z
KoVbm. nwT>o 1534 _Üò nmoVw©{JOm§Zr `mMo _hÎd OmUyZ nwZ©~m§YUrgmR>r KoVbm. dgB©Mm {H$„m Ooìhm nmoVw©{JOm§Zr ~m§Ym`bm
gwédmV Ho$br, Voìhm `m H$m_mbm Xhm df© bmJbr. {H$„m XeH$moZr Amho d àËòH$ H$monè`mda EH$ ~wéO Amho. Ë`mMr bm§~r é§Xr
EH$ EH$ {H$._r. Amho. VQ>~§Xr \$ma _O~yV AgyZ Vrg nñVrg \y$Q> C§M d nmM \y$Q> é§X Amho. `m ~wéOm§Mr ~mhar ~wO©, H$ë`mU
~wO©, \$Îmo ~wO©, H¡$bmg ~wO© Am{U X`m© ~wO© Aer Zmdo AmhoV. VQ>~§XrÀ`m _Ymo_Y ~mhar JT>r Amho. {H$ëë`mbm EH$ g_wÐmH$Sy>Z
d EH$ ^y^mJmH$Sy>Z àdoeÛma Amho. {edm` Mmoa XadmOohr AmhoV. {H$ëë`mda nmUr _w~bH$ à_mUmV Amho. hm {H$„m ObXwJ© d
^wXwJ© `m XmoÝhr àH$mamV _moS>Vmo. EH$m ~mOyg AWm§J gmJa d ~mH$s {VÝhr ~mOw XbXbrZo ì`má AmhoV. gmona d JmoIamdm òWo
nyb AmhoV, Ago `m {H$ëë`mMo dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho.
_w§~B© Odirb gmï>r åhUOo ghmgï>r ZmdmMm àXoe hmoVm. Ë`mda bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r dgB©Mm {H$„m _hÎdmMm hmoVm. B.g.
1737 gmbr _amR>çm§Zr dgB©Mm {H$„m KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. _mÌ Vo ì`W© Jobo. Ë`mZ§Va ~mOramdmZo dgB©Mr _mo{h_ {M_mOr
AmßnmÀ`m hmVmV gmondbr Am{U B.g. 1738 _Üò {M_mOr AmßnmZo _mo{h_ AmIbr. {M_mOr AmßnmZo {H$ëë`mda XbXbrÀ`m
~mOwZo h„m H$am`Mo R>adbo. _amR>çm§Zr bTy>Z VQ>mÀ`m CÎma ^mJmbm qIS>ma nmS>bo d gmao g¡Ý` 'ha ha _hmXodmÀ`m' JO©Zm
H$aV AmV Kwgbo. XwX}dmZo gwé§J C{eam CS>mbo. Ë`m_wio ânya _Zwî` hmZr Pmbr. Vw§~i hmVKmB©Mr bT>mB© Pmbr. 2 _o 1739
amoOr gwé Pmbobr bT>mB© XmoZ {Xdg Mmbbr. bT>mB©V nmoVw©{JOm§Mr 800 _mUgo _mabr Jobr. XméJmoim g§nbm Am{U nmoVw©{JO
eaU Ambo. _amR>çm§Zr {H$„m ga Ho$bm. {H$ëë`mVrb ~m`H$m_wbm§Zm gwIén OmD$ {Xbo.
nwT>o 1780 _Üò {~«{Q>em§Zr {H$ëë`mMm Vm~m {_idÊ`mgmR>r ~oV AmIÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`mdoir {dgmOr H¥$îU
bobo {H$ëë`mMm {H$„oXma hmoVm. gwaVoMm H$Z©b JmoS>mS>©bm dgB©À`m _mo{h_oMm goZmà_wI åhUyZ {Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g_wÐ_mJ©
Am{U ^w_mJ© `m XmoÝhr ~mOw§Zr {H$ëë`mda h„m H$am`Mo {gÜX Pmbo. H$Z©b hmQ>©bo H$ë`mUdéZ h„m H$aUma hmoVm Va JmoS>mS>©
g_wÐ_mJm©Zo h„m H$aUma hmoVm. dgB©bm doT>m XoÊ`mMo H$m_ JmoS>mS>© H$aUma hmoVm. nwÊ`mhÿZ eÌwbm Hw$_H$ nmohMy Zò `mMr H$miOr
gwÜXm KoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. ZmZm \$S>{Ugm§Zr AmZ§Xamd amñVo `mg dgB©À`m 8 {H$._r. JmoIamdm `m Jmdr YmS>bo. 23 Am°ŠQ>mo~a
amoOr {M_mOr nmZgo, ^dmZr {edam_ `m§Mr \$m¡O Vmo\$ImZm KoD$Z VioJmd _mJ}dgB©bm {ZKmbo. dgB©À`m {H$ëë`mda AmVm
AÞYmÝ`mMr Q>§MmB© ^mgy bmJbr. I{OZm nU [aVm Pmbm hmoVm. bmoH$ Jmdo gmoSy>Z Jobo hmoVo. JmoS>mS>©Zo Vmo\$m§Mm _mam g‚m Ho$bm
hmoVm. 28 VmaIobm Vmo\$m§Mr Jmoir~mar gwé Pmbr. _amR>çm§Zr gwÜXm ~wéOmdéZ Jmoir~mar gwé Ho$br. B§J«Om§Zr JmoIamdm d
gmonma nyb CS>dbo. 7 {S>g|~abm {H$ëë`mV XméJmoim nS>bm Am{U ^`§H$a ñ\$moQ> Pmbm. Ë`m_wio gJio OU Km~éZ Jobo. 9-
10 {S>g|~abm Vmo\$ImÝ`mMm _mam Mmby R>odbm. 10 {S>g|~abm 200 _amR>çm§À`m EH$m VwH$S>rZo JmoIamdm ImS>r nma H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bm. _mÌ Vmo \$gbm. 12 {S>g|~abm {H$„m BJ«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Jobm.
JmdmnmgyZ {H$ëë`mÀ`m VQ>mn`ªV nmohMÊ`mg 15 {_ZrQ>o bmJVmV. COdrH$S>o àdoeÛma Amho. Ë`mVyZ AmV
{eaë`mda g_moaM VQ>mda MT>Ê`mgmR>r nm`è`m AmhoV. Ë`mdéZ gd© {H$ëë`mMr aMZm bjmV òVo. VQ>mMr C§Mr 30 Vo 35
\y$Q> Amho. {H$ëë`mbm Xhm ~wéO AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr Zmdo Zmoñgm {gÝhmoam Xmoao_o{X`m, a¡g _mJmo, g|Q> Jm|gmobo Mm¡Wm _mÐX Xr`.
Mm¡Ï`m ~wéOmÀ`m AbrH$S>o VQ>mV Mmoa dmQ>m AmhoV. nmMdm g|Q> Om°Z, `m ~wéOmZ§Va X`m© XadmOm Amho. òWyZ ~§Xamda OmUmam
añVm Amho. ghmdm E{b\$m§V, gmVdm g|Q> noÐw, AmR>dm g|Q> nm°ëg, Zddm g|Q> go~pñV`Z Am{U Xhmdm g|Q> go~pñV`Z
H$md{bamo
~wéO.òWyZ Z§Va AmnU ~mbo{H$ëë`mH$S>o OmVmo. ~mbo{H$ëë`mH$S>o OmVm§Zm dmQ>oV VrZ MM© bmJVmV. ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m Odi
Joë`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo. g_moaM Ý`m`mb`mMr B_maV {XgVo Am{U n{bH$S>o EH$ hm°pñnQ>b Amho. {VWyZ XmoZ H$_mZr Agbobm
Q>mD$Z hm°b Amho. Ë`mÀ`m nwT>o H$mamJ¥h Am{U dO«oœar _§{Xa Amho. nwT>o {M_mOr Amßnm§Mr {dO` {_idë`m~ÔbMo àVrH$
C^mabobo Amho. ho gd© nmhÿZ _mJo {\$am`Mo Am{U ~mbo{H$ëë`mV àdoe H$am`Mm ~mbo{H$ëë`mV Xmé H$moR>ma, g¡{ZH$m§Mr
dg{VñWmZo Am{U dmS>çm§Mo Adeof AmhoV. EH$m XJS>mda H$moabobm {ebmboI gwÜXm Amho. ~mbo{H$ëë`mÀ`m ~mhoarb nQ>m§JUmda
EH$ {d{ha Amho.àdoeÛmamÀ`m AbrH$S>o añË`mÀ`m H$S>obm _hmXodmMo d dO«oœarMo _§{Xa Amho.XmoZ VmgmV gd© JS> nmhÿZ hmoVmo.
{H$ëë`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r OwZo dgB© JmR>mdo. Zdr dgB© Vo OwZm dgB© Aer Eg². Q>r. godm Amho qH$dm Zdr dgB© Vo
{H$ëë`mn`ªV OmUmè`m ~gog hr CnbãY AmhoV. dgB© ñQ>oeZhÿZ {H$ëë`mV Q>_Q>_ [ajm AWdm gmÜ`m [ajoZohr OmVm
òVo.ñQ>oeZnmgwZ {H$„m 6 {H$.{_.da Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` :
{H$ëë`mV Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` :
dgB© JmdmV AZoH$ Mm§Jbr hm°Q>oëg AmhoV.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` :
H$mhr {dhrar {H$ëë`mV AmhoV.
15 {_{ZQ>o JmdmnmgyZ.
AZm©im
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr : 0 \y$Q>.
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : gmJa {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$„o
S>m|Jaam§J: CÎma H$moH$U
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : OmñV gmonr
AZm©im ZmdmÀ`m bhmZem ~oQ>mÀ`m dm`ì` {Xeog hm ObXwJ© {H$„m ~m§Ybm Amho.CÎma H$moH$UmVrb d¡VaUm ZXr `m
{H$ëë`mOdi g_wÐmbm {_iV Agë`m_wio ImS>rÀ`m g d©M àXoemda `m nmUH$moQ>mdê$Z ZOa R>odVm òV Ago.
B{Vhmg : Mmahr ~mOy§Zr nmÊ`mZo doT>bobm AZm©im hm ObXwJ© 1516 _Üò JwOamVMm gwbVmZ _h_yX ~oJS>m
`mZo ~m§Ybm. nmoVwªJrOm§Zr 1530 gmbr hm {H$„m qOH$bm d Z§Va `mda AZoH$ ZdrZ ~m§YH$m_o Ho$br. gw_mao 200
dfmªÀ`m nmoVwªJrO gÎmoZ§Va hm {H$„m 1737 _Üò _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV Ambm. nmoVwªJrOm§à_mUoM n{hë`m
~mOramdmZohr `m {H$ëë`mMr nwZ~mªYUr Ho$br. eodQ>r 1817 _Üò BVa {H$ëë`m§à_mUoM hm {H$„m XoIrb B§J«Om§À`m
Vmã`mV Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AZm©im {H$„m Mm¡H$moZr AgyZ Xhm _rQ>a C§MrMr AI§S> d _O~yV
VQ>~§Xr `mMo g§ajU H$aVo. VQ>~§Xr_Üò Agbobo ~wéO AmOhr VmR>nUo Cô AmhoV. {H$ëë`mbm EHy$U VrZ XadmOo
Agbo Var _w»` àdoeÛma CÎmaoH$S>o Amho. `m àdoeÛmamÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm XmoZ ~wb§X ~wéO Cô AmhoV. `m
XadmOmÀ`m H$_mZrda AË`§V gw§Xa ZjrH$m_ AgyZ XmoÝhr ~mOybm hÎmr d dmKmMr à{V_m H$moabobr Amho.
XadmOmdaM EH$ {ebmboI H$moabobm Amho. `m {ebmboIm_Yrb ~mOramd A_mË` _w»` gw_Vr Amkm{nbo e§H$a!
nmíMmË`m{g dYy{Z qgYw CXar ~m§Ym Ëdao O§{Oam!! `m AmoitdéZ `m {H$ëë`mMr nwZ~mªYUr ~mOramd noeì`mZo Ho$br
ho bjmV òVo.{H$ëë`mÀ`m AmV Í`§~Ho$œamMo d ^dmZr _mVoMo _§{Xa Amho. Í`§~Ho$œa _hmXodmÀ`m _§{Xamg_moaM gw~H$
~m§YUrMo EH$ Aï>H$moZr Vi Amho. `m {edm` {H$ëë`mV JmoS>çmnmÊ`mÀ`m {d{harhr AmhoV. {H$ëë`mÀ`m g^modma
bmoH$m§Mr dñVr AgyZ Ë`m§Mr eoVrhr Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m _w»` XadmOmH$S>o OmVm§Zm ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOybm H$m{bH$m_mVoMo
_§{Xa Amho. g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mdéZ {H$ëë`mH$S>o nm{hbo AgVm S>mì`m ~mOybm AgUmam {H$ëë`mnmgyZ g§nyU© gwQ>m Agm
EH$ Jmob ~wéO Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. `mÀ`m AmV OmÊ`mg EH$ bhmZgm XadmOm Amho. g§nyU© {H$„m ~KÊ`mg
AYm© Vo nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo. {H$ëë`mÀ`m _O~yV VQ>~§XrdéZ {H$ëë`mMo g_modma Xe©Z KoV Jmob \o$ar _maVm òVo.
_w»` àdoeÛmamÀ`m da AgUmè`m C§MdQ>çmda ~gbo AgVm nyU© {H$ëë`mMm AmdmH$m ZOaog nS>Vmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : npíM_ aoëdodaÀ`m {dama nmgyZ AZm©im A§XmOo 10 {H$._r. da AgyZ VoWo
Om`bm Eg². Q>r. ~g d [ajm `m§Mr gw{dYm Amho. AZm©im JmdmVyZ g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mn`ªV Joë`mda ~moQ>rZoM {H$ëë`mda
OmVm òVo. hr ~moQ> gH$mir 6.00 Vo Xwnmar 12.30 d g§Ü`mH$mir 4.00 Vo 7.00 `m doioVM Amnë`mbm
{H$ëë`mda KoD$Z OmVo. g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mdéZ g_moaM {XgUmè`m AZm©im {H$ëë`mda ~moQ>r Om`bm 5-10 {_ZrQ>o
bmJVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda amhÊ`mMr gmo` Zgbr Var g§nyU© JS> AYm©-nmD$U VmgmV ~KyZ ~moQ>rZo {H$Zmè`mda
naVVm òV Agë`mZo amhÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda OodUmMr gmo` Zmhr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda JmoS>çmnmÊ`mÀ`m {d{har AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg {dama nmgyZ.
{eaJmdMm {H$„m
{H$ëë`mMm àH$ma : gmJa {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$„o
S>m|Jaam§J: H$moH$U
{Oëhm : R>mUo
{EaJmdMm {H$„m nmbKa VmbwŠ`mV _mhr_À`m CÎmaobm 5 {H$._r. A§Vamda Amho. {eaJmdMm {H$ëë`mnmR>Mm g_wÐ{H$Zmam AË`§V
gw§Xa AgyZ {H$„m Vgm Xwb©{jV Agë`mZo g_wÐ{H$Zmamhr {Z_©Zwî` AgVmo.
B{Vhmg : 1739 gmbr _amR>çm§Zr hm {H$„m S>hmUy, Ho$ido, Vmamnya `m {H$ëë`m§~amo~a qOHy$Z KoVbm. _amR>çm§À`m AmYr `m
{H$ëë`mMm Vm~m nmoVw©{JOm§H$S>o hmoVm. Z§Va 1818 _Üò BVa {H$ëë`m§à_mUoM hm {H$„mhr B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {eaJmdMm {H$„m gmYmaU 200 \y$Q> bm§~ d 150 \y$Q> é§X BVŠ`mM AmH$mamMm
Amho. _mÌ {H$ëë`mMr VQ>~§Xr 35 \y$Q> C§M d 10 \y$Q> é§X Amho. {H$ëë`mbm Mma H$monè`m§V Mma ~wê$O AgyZ àdoeÛmamOdihr EH$
~wê$O Amho. àdoeÛmamÀ`m da EH$ AË`§V gw~H$ ~m§YUrMm M~wVam Amho. hm M~wVam Amnë`bm am`JS>mdarb _hmamOm§À`m g_mYrMr
AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoVmo. òWrb VQ>~§Xrda, ~wéOm§da OmÊ`mgmR>r {H$ëë`mÀ`m AmV AgUmè`m VQ>~§XrÀ`m ~mhoê$Z nm`è`m Agë`m
Var ~wéOm§da Om`bm VQ>~§XrÀ`m A§V^m©JmVyZhr nm`è`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV. AWm©V AmVyZ OmUmè`m nm`è`m gÜ`m dmnamV Zgë`m
Var ~wéOmbm Agboë`m {IS>Š`m§_YyZ Amnë`mbm `m nm`è`m {XgVmV. {H$ëë`mÀ`m npíM_oH$S>rb VQ>~§XrV AmUIr EH$ XadmOm
Amho. _mÌ AmVm Vmo nyU©nUo ~§X Ho$bobm Amho. {H$ëë`mÀ`m VQ>~§Xrdê$Z npíM_oH$S>o AgUmè`m g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mMo gw§Xa Ñí` {XgVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : npíM_ aoëdodarb eodQ>Mo ñQ>oeZ åhUOo {dama. {damaÀ`m nwT>o OmÊ`mgmR>r _ob AWdm eQ>b
nH$S>mdr d nmbKabm CVamdo. nmbKabm nmohmoMë`mda VoWyZ gmVnmQ>r _mJm©da YmdUmè`m ~g AYm©-AYm© VmgmZo AmhoV. `m ~g
nH$Sy>Z Amnë`mbm '_erX ñQ>m°nda' CVamdo bmJVo. ho A§Va ~gZo 15 {_{ZQ>mMo Amho. `m{edm` nmbKahÿZ `m ñQ>m°nda `m`bm
[ajmgwÕm AmhoV._erX ñQ>m°ndê$Z 10 {_{ZQ>o Mmbë`mda AmnU {H$ëë`mnmer òVmo. {H$ëë`mbm bmJyZM EH$ emim Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : g§nyU© {H$„m AYm©-nmD$U VmgmVM ~KyZ hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio amhÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. _mÌ Ver JaO ^mgë`mg
{H$ëë`mbm bmJyZM Agboë`m emio_Üò amhÊ`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH Vo.
OodUmMr gmo` : nmbKabm AZoH$ Mm§Jbr hm°Q>oëg AmhoV.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr H$mhrM gmo` Zmhr.
JmoaIJS>
S>m|Jaam§J: H$O©V
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : _Ü`_
JmoaIJS> hm _w§~B©H$am§gmR>r Am{U nwUoH$am§gmR>r EH$m {XdgmV H$aVm òÊ`mOmoJm {H$„m Amho. JmoaIJS> Am{U _pÀN>¨ÐJS>mbm Vgm
Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmagm Zgbm Var Ë`m§À`m gwiŠ`m§_wio àñVamamohH$m§gmR>r Vo Zoh_rM EH$ AmH$f©U R>abo Amho. JmoaIJS> Am{U
_pÀN>¨ÐJS> `mÀ`m AmOw~mOyMm n[aga à{gÕ Amho Vmo åhUOo òWrb KZXmQ> A^`maÊ`m_wio. JmoaIJS>mMm {dñVmahr Vgm
_`m©{XVM Amho. ehmOr amOm§À`m H$mimV `m JS>mbm _hÎd hmoVo. _mÌ òWo H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m bT>mB©Mm C„oI Zmhr. {edH$mbmV
JS>mMm Cn`moJ Ho$di AmgnmgÀ`m àXoeda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.nydu ZmUoKmQ> _mJ}OwÞabm OmVm§Zm `m JS>mMm {ZdmgñWmZ
åhUyZ dmna H$aV AgV. _`m©{XV {dñVma AgyZhr _w~bH$ nmUr, {Zdm-`mMr `mo½` OmJm _mÌ `m JS>mda CnbãY Amho.
JmoajZmWm§À`m gmYZoMo ho {R>H$mU åhUyZM `mMo Zmd "JmoaIJS>'.
:
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo XadmÁ`mVyZ da MTy>Z Joë`mda da XmoZ VrZ nmÊ`mMr Q>mHo$ bmJVmV. g_moaMr dmQ> nwÝhm
WmoS>`mí`m MT>Urda KoD$Z OmVo. nwT>o nm`-`m§À`m _XVrZo WmoS>o Imbr CVaë`mda AmnU JmoaIJS>mÀ`m gwiŠ`mV ImoXboë`m
A{V{demb Jwhog_moa òD$Z nmohMVmo. g_moaM àm§JUmImbr ^`mU XarV PwH$bobo XmoZ Mmâ`mMo S>oaoXma d¥j Am{U g_moaM AgUmam
"_pÀN>¨ÐJS>' {ZgJm©À`m ^ì` AXmH$m[aMo Agr_ Xe©Z KS>dVmo. JwhoÀ`m AmOw~mOybm nmÊ`mMr VrZ Q>mH$s AmhoV. JmoaIJS>mÀ`m
nR>mamda EHy$U Mm¡Xm nmÊ`mMr Q>mHo$ AmhoV nU Ë`mn¡H$s Jwho Odirb nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`mVrb nmUr {nÊ`m`mo½` Amho. JmoaIJS>mMm Q´>oH$
hm Ë`mÀ`m _mÏ`mda Joë`m{edm` nyU© hmoVM Zmhr. Jwhog_moa Vm|S> H$ê$Z Cô am{hë`mda COì`m ~mOyZo OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo nwT>o `mdo.
WmoS>o A§Va MmbyZ Joë`mda gwiŠ`mda MT>Ê`mgmR>r S>mì`m ~mOybm H$mVimV 50 nm`-`m ImoXboë`m AmhoV. 50 nm`-`m§À`m `m
_mJm©dê$Z Oam OnyZM Mmbmdo bmJVo. JS>mMm _mWm \$maM bhmZ Amho.da EH$ _hmXodmMo _§{Xa Amho Am{U g_moaM EH$ Z§Xr Amho.
_mÏ`mdê$Z g_moa _pÀN>¨ÐJS>, {gÜXJS>, ZmUoKmQ>mOdirb OrdYZ, AmhþnoKmQ> Agm gd© a_Ur` n[aga Ý`mhmiVm òVmo.
1 : JmoaIJS>mda òÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B©H$am§Zr H$ë`mU_mJ}_wa~mS>bm Va nwUoH$am§Zr H$O©V _mJ}_wa~mS>bm `mdo. _wa~mS>hÿZ "åhgm'
\$mQ>`m _mJ}"YgB©' JmdmV `mdo. òWyZ "Xhoar' n`ªV ImOJr Orn AWdm Eg.Q>r. Mr godm CnbãY Amho. Xhoar JmdmVyZ g_moaM XmoZ
gwiHo$ Ñ{ï>jonmV òVmV. bhmZ gwiH$m _pÀN>¨ÐJS>mMm Va _moR>m gwiH$m JmoaIJS>mMm Amho. JmdmVrb {dÇ>bmÀ`m _§{XamV _w¸$m_ H$aVm
òVmo. _§{XamÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOyZo O§JbmV OmUmar nm`dmQ> EH$ Vo XrS> VmgmV JmoaIJS>mÀ`m H$mVimV ImoXboë`m XadmÁ`mnmer
KoD$Z OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo JS> JmR>Ê`mg XmoZ Vmg nwaVmV.
2 : _wa~mS> - {_ëho _mJm©Zo Xhoar Jmdr `mdo. `m JmdmVyZ A{Ve` gmoß`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda OmVm òVo.
3 : JmoaIJS>mda òÊ`mgmR>r {gÜXJS>mdê$Zhr EH$ dmQ> Amho. AZoH$ Q´>oH$g© {gÜXJS> Vo JmoaIJS> Agm Q´>oH$ H$aVm§Zm `m dmQ>oMm
Cn`moJ H$aVmV. `m dmQ>oda EH$ KZXmQ> O§Jb bmJVo. {gÜXJS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r _wa~mS> - Zm[adbr _mJm©Zo `mdo. Zm[adbr ho
nm`Ï`mMo Jmd Amho. {gÜXJS>mda EH$ amÌ _w¸$m_ H$ê$Z nhmQ>oM {gÜXJS> CVamdm. dmQ>oV Agboë`m AmoT>çm~amo~a EH$ dmQ> O§JbmV
{eaVo. `m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o COdrH$S>o Joë`mda AmnU Y~Yã`mÀ`m dmQ>obm OmD$Z {_iVmo. `m dmQ>oZo da Amë`mda AmnU EH$m
N>moQ>`mí`m nR>mamda òD$Z nmohMVmo. nR>mamda _hmXodmM§ N>moQ>o _§{Xa Amho Am{U XmoZ g_mÜ`m XoIrb AmhoV. òWyZ nwT>o Joë`mda
bmJUmar dmQ> hr Cä`m H$mVimVrb Agë`mZo àËòH$ nmD$b OnyZ Q>mH$mdo bmJVo. AmnU H$mVimV ImoXboë`m XadmÁ`mnmer òD$Z
nmohMVmo. `m _mJm©Zo JS> JmR>Ê`mg VrZ Vmg nwaVmV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Agboë`m EH$m JwhoV 20-25 OUm§Zm Amam_mV amhVm òVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~ma_mhr nmÊ`mMr Q>mHo$ AmhoV.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : XmoZ Vmg Xhoar _mJ}.
AeoarJS>
S>m|Jaam§J: nmbKa
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : _Ü`_
nmbKa {d^mJmV Oo AZoH$ bhmZ_moR>o {H$„o AmhoV, Ë`m§À`mV "XmXm' dmQ>mdm Agm hm AeoarJS>. AmH$ma àM§S> Agë`mZo hm
JS> ~wb§X dmQ Vmo.
B{Vhmg : AeoarJS> {ebmhmad§er` ^moOamOmZo ~m§Ybm Agm C„oI Amho.Ë`m_wio `m JS>mMo Am`w_m©Z gmYmaUV: 800 df}Amho
Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo. nwT>o nmoVw©JrOm§Zr hm JS> Vmã`mV KoD$Z Ë`mMr nwZ~mªYUr Ho$br. noeì`m§Zr 1737 À`m H$moH$U_mo{h_oV hm JS>
qOHy$Z KoVbm d 1818 Z§Va Vmo B§J«Om§À`m hmVr Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nR>mamda d COdrH$S>o nS>Š`m dmS>çm§Mo Adeof AmT>iVmV. VgoM Ma Agbobo
AZoH$ Mm¡Wao òWo AmT>iVmV. ~hþXm nmdgmù`mV nmdgmMo nmUr qH$dm gm§S>nmUr dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr `moOZm Ho$bobr Agmdr.
JS>mdaMr Jwhm _Ü`_ AmH$mamMr d ê§$X Vm|S>mMr Amho. na§Vw Vr IS>H$mV Aem Iw~rZo ImoXbobr Amho H$s ÛmUUmè`m dmè`mbm d
W§S>rbm A{O~mV àdoe {_iy Zò. JwhoMm n¥ð>^mJ A{Ve` IS>~S>rV Amho. _mÌ BWo AmV d ~mhoa nhmaoH$è`m§Zm PmonÊ`mgmR>r "~W©'
Ho$bobo AmhoV. JmdH$è`m§H$Sy>Z òWo H$YrVar nyOm hmoV Agmdr Ago dmQ>Umar d Eadr ghgm Z AmT>iUmar XmoZ Omñd§XrMr PmS>o
JwhoÀ`m Vm|S>mer AmhoV. JwhoÀ`m daÀ`m A§Jmbm EH$ Mm¡H$moZr ~m§Yrd Vio Amho. `m Vù`mV EH$ AY©dQ> ~wS>mbobr Vmo\$hr {XgVo.
`m{edm` AmUIr XmoZ nU AY©dQ> ~m§Ybobr Vir AmhoV. daÀ`m nR>mamdê$Z Am¾o` {XeoH$S>o nm{hë`mg H$mohmoOJS> ñnï> {XgVmo.
Xw{~©UrZo Ë`mdarb {ZgJ©{Z{_©V _mZdr nwVimhr ghO {ZaIVm òVmo. `mM {XeoZo nwT>o Joë`mg H$S> çmbm Jobobr _moR>r ôJ d nwT>o EH$
~m§Yrd ~wê$O {XgVmo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$M dmQ> Amho. nmbKahÿZ H$mgm `m ehamH$S>o OmUmè`m Eg. Q>r. ~gZo qH$dm
`m _hm_mJm©dê$Z YmdUmè`m ImOJr dmhZmZo {ZKyZ "_ñVmZ ZmH$m' `m {R>H$mUmnmgyZ gw_mao 10 - 11 {H$_r da AgUmè`m
"ImoS>H$moZm' JmdmÀ`m ñQ>m°nbm CVam`Mo. àË`j Jmd _hm_mJm©nmgyZ WmoS>o AmV Amho. JmdmV OmÊ`mgmR>r añË`mÀ`m S>mdrH$S>o
~¡bJmS>rMr dmQ> Amho. _hm_mJm©dê$ZM nmbKaH$S>o nmR> H$ê$Z Cô am{hë`mg COdrH$S>o AS>gyi d S>mdrH$S>o àM§S> Agm AeoarJS>
{XgVmo. ~¡bJmS>rMr dmQ> EH$m {g_|Q>À`m nwbmdê$Z JmdmV {eaVo. BWo doerdaM dmKXodmMo N>moQ>ogo na§Vw Qw>_Xma _§{Xa Amho. AmV
Joë`mda {dñVrU© ngabobo Am_«d¥j, eoVo d Ë`mVyZ S>moH$mdUmar Kao àdmgmMm erU KmbdVmV. {d{harÀ`m W§S> nmÊ`mZo Amnë`m
~mQ>ë`m ^ê$Z JmdH$è`m§Zr XmIdboë`m dmQ>oZo qIS>rH$S>o {ZKm`M§. dmQ> O§JbmVyZ OmV Agë`mZo CÝhmù`mVhr Ìmg hmoV Zmhr.
gmYmaUV: qIS>rV nmohmoMÊ`mg EH$ Vo XrS> Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> BWn`ªV gmonr nU MT>UrMr Amho. qIS>rV WmoS>çm daÀ`m ~mOybm
dmKXodmMo N>moQ>o CKS>o XoD$i Amho. qIS>rVyZ COdrH$S>o diyZ JS>_mÏ`mH$S>o {ZKm`M§. BWo EH$m _moR>çm IS>H$mbm digm KmVbm H$s
AmnU XadmOmÀ`m Imbr òVmo. BWo XJS>mda H$moabobr EH$ N>moQ>r JUoe_yVu Amho. XadmOm gwé§JmZo \$moS>bobm Amho. BWo _mÌ da
MT>VmZm H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àñVa doS>odmH$S>o Agë`mZo AZw^dr ì`º$tÀ`m ghmæ`mZo MT>mB© H$aUo `mo½`. eŠ`Vmo nmR>rdaMo
gm_mZ CVadyZM MT>mdo. BWyZ àñVamamohUmMr hm¡g ^mJdyZ da MT>bo H$s COdrH$S>o da OmÊ`mgmR>r H$mVimV nm`è`m ImoXboë`m
AmhoV. dmQ>oV Iam~ nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo. `m Q>mŠ`mdê$ZM XwV\$m© Im§Úmn`ªV C§M PwSy>nm§VyZ JS>mÀ`m _Ü`mn`ªV OmUmar dmQ> Amho.
`m dmQ>oZo OmVmZm S>mì`m hmVmbm WmoS>o Imbr IS>H$mV nmM nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s ImoXbobr AmhoV. `mn¡H$s EH$m Q>mŠ`mMo nmUr {nÊ`m`mo½`
Amho. nwÝhm gai dmQ>oZo nwT>o Mmbë`mda 5 {_{ZQ>m§À`m A§VamZo S>mdrH$S>o AOyZ EH$ dmQ> \w$Q>Vo. {VZo Imbr Joë`mda nmÊ`mMr VrZ
AmUIr Q>mH$s AmhoV. `m Q>mŠ`m§Vrb A{Ve` gw§Xa Amho. OdiM IS>H$mV EH$ Jwhm XoIrb Amho.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : 10 Vo 12 _mUgo JwhoV d ~mhoaÀ`m ~m§Yrd H$Q²Q>çm§da amhÿ eH$VmV. na§Vw C§Xam§nmgyZ gm_mZmMr H$miOr
¿`mdr.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {nÊ`mMo nmUr CnbãY Amho.
gyMZm : nmdgmù`mV àñVamamohU YmoŠ`mMo R>ê$ eH$Vo.
H$mohmoOJS
S>m|Jaam§J: nmbKa
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : _Ü`_
_w§~B©À`m CÎmaog JwOamVH$S>o OmVm§Zm R>mUo {OëømMm nmbKa hm {d^mJ bmJVmo. `m n[agamV AZoH$ bhmZ _moR>o JS>{H$„o
AOyZhr Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ AmhoV. `mn¡H$s dmS>m nmbKa añË`mdaMm "H$mohmoO ' hm à_wI {H$„m. dmS>çmnmgyZ Ad¿`m 10 -
11 {H$_r da dgbobm
B{Vhmg : `m {H$ëë`mMm \$magm B{Vhmg CnbãY Zmhr. JS>mdaÀ`m ImoXrd Q>mŠ`m§dê$Z hm JS> ~è`mn¡H$s OwZm, ^moOH$mbrZ
Agmdm Ago dmQ>Vo. nU `mg nwamdm Zmhr. 16 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrbm nmoVw©JrOm§Zr JwOamVÀ`m amOmH$Sy>Z hm àXoe qOHy$Z KoVbm
d `m JS>mda VQ> - ~wê$O MT>dbo. nwT>o noeì`m§Zr 18 ì`m eVH$mV (1737) H$mT>boë`m _mo{h_oV hm àXoe qOH$bm. eodQ>r Vmo
B§J«Om§H$S>o Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :_mMrdaMo {dñVrU© nR>ma dmQ>oZo òVmZm A{O~mV Z OmoIVm Amë`mZo AmíM`©M{H$V
ìhm`bm hmoVo. _mMrda g_moaM e§H$amMo {OUm}ÕmarV _§{Xa Amho. Ë`mÀ`m g_moaM XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV, nU Vr Iam~ Pmbobr AmhoV.
_§{XamH$S>o Vm|S> H$ê$Z Cô am{hë`mg S>mì`m hmVmbm WmoS>o Imbr CVê$Z Joë`mda EH$_oH$m§Zm bmJyZ ImoXbobr gmV Q>mH$s AmhoV.
`mn¡H$s EH$m Q>mŠ`mMo nmUr A{Ve` gw§Xa Amho. XmoZ Q>mH$s Iam~ Pmbr AgyZ ~mH$s ~wObobr AmhoV._§{XamÀ`m COdrH$S>o H$mhr
CX²ÜdñV Adeof AmT>iVmV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr OwO~r VQ>~§Xr {e„H$ Amho. _§{Xa S>mì`m hmVmbm R>odyZ nwT>o Jobo H$s COdrH$S>o da
OmUmar dmQ> {XgVo. BWyZ da MT>VmZm COì`m ~mOybm nmÊ`mMr 3 àeñV Q>mH$s bmJVmV. `mn¡H$s 1 ~wObobo AgyZ ~mH$s nmUr
eodmi`wº$ Agbo Var {nÊ`m`mo½` Amho. BWoM H$monè`mV _méVrMr EH$ CKS>r _yVu Amho. BWyZ VrM dmQ> KoD$Z nwT>o {ZKmb§ H$s
AmnU nS>Š`m ~wéOmOdi òVmo. S>mdrH$S>o N>moQ>o _méVr _§{Xa Amho. nm`è`m§Zr da JS>_mÏ`mda Om`M§. BVH$s Mmb gw_mao 15
{_{ZQ>m§V AmQ>monVo. _mÏ`mda dmè`mZo V`ma Pmbobo gwiHo$ AmhoV. `mVrb {ZgJ©{Z{_©V _mUgmÀ`m AmH$mamMm {XgUmam nwVim hr
{ZgJm©Mr Ho$di AdU©Zr` H$bmH¥$Vr. hr H$mohmoOdaMr gdm©V àojUr` Jmoï>. {d{dY {Xem§VyZ {d{dY AmH$ma d ^mg XmIdUmar hr
H¥$Vr nmhÿZ AmnU AM§{~V hmoVmo. BWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o S>moù`m§Zm gwImdUmao H¥$îUmMo N>moQ>o XoD$i Amho. dê$Z ImbMm (dmS>m - _Zmoa)
añVm N>mZ {XgVmo. `m gJi`mV EH$ Jmoï> _mÌ _Zmbm I§VmdyZ OmVo, {_iob Ë`m {R>H$mUr _§{Xam§da, àñVam§da, BVHo$M H$m` nU
nwVù`mdahr bmoH$m§Zr Amnbr Zmdo ~XZm_ H$ê$Z R>odbobr AmhoV.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {Zdmam Agm Zmhr. e§H$amÀ`m _§{XamV Ho$di 2 _mUgo amhÿ eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : ImÊ`mMr gmo` AmnUM H$amdr, {nÊ`mMo nmUr JS>mda Amho.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr nmÊ`mMr gmo` Amho.
H$miXwJ©
S>m|Jaam§J: nmbKa
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : _Ü`_
R>mUo {OëømVrb nmbKa {d^mJmV AZoH$ S>m|Jar {H$„o AmhoV. ehar ^mJmnmgyZ \$mago bm§~ Zgë`m_wio _w§~B©H$am§Zm EH$m
{XdgmV Amam_mV nmhVm òVmV.ho gd© {H$„o R>mUo Am{U OìhmaÀ`m gr_oda AmhoV.O§Jb Iyn Agë`mZo òWo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$m§Mr
g§»`m _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho. gd© n[aga AmOhr _mJmgboë`m AdñWoV Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : Iao nm{hbo Va H$miXwJ©bm JS> åhUUo `mo½` Zmhr.JS> Agë`mMr H$moUVrhr IyU `mda
Zmhr. ho EH$ Q>ohoiUrMo ñWmZ Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo.JS>_mWm åhUOo Mm¡H$moZr AmH$mamMm H$mViH$S>mM hmo`.`m H$mVim_wio hm JS> bm§~yZhr
ZOaoV òVmo.JS>mMo joÌ\$i gmYmaU AYm© EH$a Agmdo.JS>_mÏ`mÀ`m ImbÀ`m nR>mamda nmÊ`mMo _moR>o Q>mHo$ Amho.EH$ Hw§$S>XoIrb
AmT>iVo.({H$„m XmoZ ñVam§V {d^mJbm Amho.) (EH$ JS>_mWm Am{U ImbMo nR>ma )nR>mamdéZ JS>_mÏ`mda OmÊ`mg 2 Vo 3 nm`-`m
AmhoV.nR>mamda nmÊ`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho.{H$ëë`mdéZ g§nyU© KmQ>_mÏ`mda ZOa R>odVm òVo.
JS>mda OmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>m : 1. dmKmo~m qIS> _mJ}
_w§~B©hÿZ {dama_mJ}nmbKa JmR>mdo.AWdm H$ë`mUhÿZ Eg.Q>r.Zo nmbKabm Omdo.nmbKahÿZ _Zmoao bm OmUmar ~g
nH$S>mdr.'dmKmo~m'ZmdmÀ`m XodimÀ`m Wm§ã`mda CVamdo. òWyZM JS>mda OmÊ`mMr dmQ> \w$Q>Vo.`m XodimÀ`m COdrH$S>o OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo
AmnU JS>mda nmohmoMy eH$Vmo. 'hmVn§n' hr IyU bjmV R>odUo.hmVn§nÀ`m g_moéZ da OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr.hr dmQ> nwT>o VrZ ^mJm§V
{d^mJbr OmVo. S>mì`m d COì`m ~mOyMr dmQ> gmoSy>Z Úmdr. gai da OmUm-`m
dmQ>oZo H$miXwJ© JmR>Vm òVmo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {Zdmam Agm Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` : ImÊ`mMr gmo` AmnUM H$amdr, {nÊ`mMo nmUr JS>mda Amho.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr nmÊ`mMr gmo` Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : dmKmo~m qIS>rVyZ XmoZ Vmg bmJVmV.
AmOmo~mJS>
{H$ëë`mMr C§Mr :
S>m|Jaam§J:
{Oëhm : R>mUo
loUr : _Ü`_
~mbmKmQ>mÀ`m am§JoV aVZJS> Am{U h[aíM§ÐJS> `m§À`m _Ymo_Y AJXr H$S>obm Agbobm "AOmnd©V' C\©$ "AmOmo~mMm S>m|Ja' EImÚm
nwamU nwéfmà_mUo ^mgVmo. KZXmQ> PmS>mPwSw>nm§Zr ZQ>bobm hm AmOmo~mMm JS> {J`m©amohH$m§gmR>r EH$ AmJio doJio bú`M R>abm Amho.
`m JS>mMr 3000 \y$Q>m§Mr C^r q^V hr àñVamamohH$m§gmR>r EH$ _moR>o AmìhmZM Amho.
B{Vhmg : JS>mMo Zmd AmOmo~m H$go nS>bo `mda EH$ nwamUH$Wm à{gÕ Amho. `mM JS>mda ~gyZ dmpë_H$s F$ftZr "am_mÙ' hm
Y_©J«§W {b{hbm. `mM JS>mda grVm_mB©Zo bd Am{U Hw$e `m§Zm OÝ_ {Xbm. bd Am{U Hw$e dmpë_H$s F$ftZm "AmOmo~m' åhUV AgV.
åhUyZM `m JS>mMo Zmd AmOmo~mMm JS> Ago nS>bo Aer H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo. òWo JS>mda dmpë_H$s F$ftMm Aml_ d Ë`m§Mr
g_mYrgwÕm Amho.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : n{hbr dmQ> nH$Sy>Z dmpë_H$s F$ftÀ`m Aml_mnmer gmYmaUV: AÜ`m© VmgmV
nmohMmdo. dmpë_H$s F$ftÀ`m Aml_mOdiyZ JS>mÀ`m _mÏ`mda OmÊ`mgmR>r dmQ> Zgë`mZo Amnë`mbm _w¸$m_ Aml_mVM H$amdm
bmJVmo. òWo JS>mda ahmÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Hw$Q>r Amho.OdiM nmÊ`mMm Pam Amho. Oa _w¸$m_mMm H$m`©H«$_ Agob Va OodUmMr gmo`
Amnë`mbm Kê$ZM H$ê$Z AmUmdr bmJVo. Aml_mOdiyZ nwT>o Y~Yã`mÀ`m dmQ>oZo MT>V Joë`mg gw_mao EH$ Vo XrS> VmgmZ§Va da EH$
Jwhm bmJVo. òWo bdHw$emÀ`m nmXwH$m IS>H$mV H$moaboë`m AmhoV. òWo S>mdrH$S>o EH$ nmÊ`mMo Q>mHo$ gwÕm Amho. `m Jwhon`ªV
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmoI§S>r {eS>çm XoIrb bmdë`m AmhoV. `mM _mJm©Zo Aml_mV naVmdo. Aem àH$mao _w§~B©hÿZ òUm-`m§gmR>r AmOmo~mMm
JS> EH$ {ZgJ©aå` Aer XwJ©`mÌmM R>aVo. JS>mÀ`m _mÏ`mda XmoZ Vo VrZ nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s gmoS>ë`mg nhmÊ`mOmoJo {deof Ago H$mhrM
Zmhr. AZoH$ XwJ©dra aVZJS> - AmOmo~mMm JS> - h[aíM§ÐJS> Agm 4 Vo 5 {Xdgm§Mm Q´>oH$ H$aVmV.
_w§~B©hÿZ AmgZJmd aoëdo ñWmZH$mda : JS>mda OmÊ`mMm gai Am{U gmonm _mJ© åhUOo _w§~B©hÿZ AmgZJmd aoëdo ñWmZH$mda `mdo.
òWyZ ehmnya `m Jmdr [ajoZo AWdm Eg.Q>r. Zo `mdo.òWyZ nhmQ>oM Eg.Q>r Zo AWdm OrnZo S>moiIm§~-gmHw$bu _mJ}"S>oUo' `m Jmdr
`mdo. "S>oUo' JmdmVyZ OmVmZm _Üò EH$ nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamda VrZ dmQ>m EH$Ì òVmV. `mVrb EH$ ~¡bJmS>rMr dmQ> gai dmpë_H$s
F$ftÀ`m Aml_mnmer KoD$Z OmVo. Xwgar dmQ> H$mÌm~mB©À`m S>m|JamV OmVo Am{U nwT>o "Hw$_eoV' `m Jmdmg OmD$Z {_iVo. {Vgar dmQ>
_mÌ O§JbmV OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo Z OmUoM lo`ñH$a.
H$ë`mU - _wa~mS> - _mieoO - S>moiIm§~ `m _mJm©Zo : H$ë`mU - _wa~mS> - _mieoO - S>moiIm§~ `m _mJm©Zo gwÕm S>oUo Jmdr
nmohMVm òVo.
H$gmam - KmoQ>r - amOya - Hw$_eoV _mJ : JS>mdaMm _mWm nhmÊ`mgmR>r H$gmam - KmoQ>r - amOya - Hw$_eoV _mJ}OmVm òVo.
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : JS>mdaVr ahmÊ`mgmR>r Aml_ Amho. `mV 20 OUm§Zm ahmVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : òWo OodUmMr gmo` Zgë`mZo OodUmMo gm{hË` AmnU ñdV:M KoD$Z `mdo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : òWo ~mam_mhr nmÊ`mMm Pam gVV dmhV AgVmo.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : EH$ Vmg
gyMZm : JS>mda gmnm§Mo \$ma dmñVì` Agë`mZo `mo½` Vr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
H$moëhmnya {Oëhm
nÝhmiJS>.
S>m|Jaam§J: H$moëhmnya
{Oëhm : H$moëhmnya
loUr : gmonr
_hmamï´>mÀ`m B{VhmgmV {edam`m§Zm AZÝ`m gmYmaU _hËd Amho.Ë`m§À`m H$ma{H$XuVrb Iao gmo~Vr åhUOo AqOŠ` Am{U
~obmJ {H$„o.{edam`m§À`m OrdmVrb ZmQ>çnyU© KQ>Zm§Mm gmjrXma åhUOo {H$„o nÝhmiJS>.
B{Vhmg : hm {H$„m àW_ {ebmhma ^moO amOm Z¥qgh `mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV ~m§YÊ`mV Ambm.hm {H$„m nydu ZmJ O_mVrVrb
bmoH$m§H$S>o hmoVm.`mMo n{hbo Zmd "nÞ¾mb`' .A\$ObdYmZ§a 18 {XdgmVM {edam`m§Zr hm {H$„m 28-11-1659 bm
KoVbm.{H$„m {dOmnwaam§À`m Vmã`mV nS>bm nU amOm§Zr Vmo nwÝhm KoVbm.2 _mM© 1660 _Üò {H$ë`mg {gÜXr Om¡haMm doT>m nS>bm.
1673 _Üò H$m|S>mOr \$OªX `m ~amo~a g¡Ý` nmR>dyZ ôX{Z{VMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z {H$„m Vmã`mV KoVbm.nwT>o 17³10 _Üò nÝhmim
H$moëhmnyaMr amOYmZr Pmbr Z§Va 1844 Üò {H$„m B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhmÊ`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : 1. amOdmS>m
hm Vmam~mB©Mm dmS>m hmo`.dmS>m àojUr` AgyZ `mVrb XodKa ~KÊ`mgmaIo Amho.AmO `mV ZJanm{bH$m H$m`m©b`
,nÝhmim hm`ñHy$b d {_bQ>ar ~mB©O hmoñQ>ob Amho.
2. g‚mmH$moR>r
amOdmS>çmdê$Z nwT>o Joë`mda hr H$moR>rdOm B_maV {XgVo.`mM B_maVrg g§^mOr amOm§Zm {edam`m§Zr `m àm§VmMm H$ma^ma
nmhmÊ`mg R>odbo hmoVo.{edam`m§Mr Jwá Ib~Vo òWoM MmbV.
3. amOqXS>r
hr XwJ©_ dmQ> JS>mImbr CVaVo.`mM dmQ>oMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z {edam` {gÜXr Om¡haMm doT>çmVyZ {ZgQ>bo.hrM {demiJS>mda
OmUmar EH$_od dmQ> Amho.`mM XadmOmVyZ 45 _¡bm§Mo A§Va H$mnyZ _hmamO {demiJS>mda nmohMbo.
4. A§~maImZm
A§~maImZm hm nyduMm ~mbo{H$„m.`mÀ`m g^modVr I§XH$ Amho òWoM J§Jm ,`_wZm Am{U gañdVr Aer VrZ YmÝ`H$moR>mao
AmhoV.`mV dar,ZmJbr AmU ^mV Ago gw_mao 25 hOma I§S>r YmÝ` _mdV Ago.`m{edm` gaH$mar H$Mo-`m ,XméJmoim A{U Q>mH§$gi
d¡Jao hmoVr.
5. Mma XadmOm
hm nyd}H$S>rb AË`§V _moŠ`mMm d _hËdmMm XadmOm hmo`.B.g 1844 _Üò hm B§J«m§Zr nmSy>Z Q>mH$bm.WmoS>o ^¾mdeof AmO
{e„H$ AmhoV.òWoM "{edm H$merX' `m§Mm nwVim Amho.
6. gmo_mio Vbmd
JS>mÀ`m noR>obJV ho EH$ _moR>o Vio Amho.Vù`mÀ`m H$mR>mda gmo_oœa _§{Xa Amho.øm _§{Xambm _hmamOm§Zr d Ë`mÀ`m
ghó _mdù`m§Zr bú` Mmâ`m§Mr \w$bo dm{hbr hmoVr.
7. am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` `m§Mr g_mYr
gmo_oœa VbmdmnmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Joë`mda XmoZ g_mÜ`m {XgVmV.Ë`mVrb COdrH$S>Mr am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` d ~mOyMr
Ë`m§À`m nËZrMr.
8. aoS>o _hmb
`mÀ`mM ~mOybm EH$ AmS>dr B_maV {XgVo Ë`mg aoS>o _hmb åhUVmV.dñVwV: hr nmJm Amho _mÌ Ë`mV Z§Va OZmdao
~m§YV åhUyZ Ë`mbm aoS>o _hmb åhUV.
9. g§^mOr _§{Xa
Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o hr EH$ N>moQ>r JT>r d XadmOm Amho ho g§^mOr _§{Xa Amho.
10. Y_©H$moR>r
g§^mOr _§{XamnwT>o Joë`mda hr EH$ PmoH$Xma B_maV {XgVo Vr Y_©H$moR>r .gaH$mamVyZ YmÝ` AmUyZ òWo `Wm`mo½` XmZY_©
H$aV.
11. A§Xa~md
VrZ XadmÁ`mÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm _mimda EH$ VrZ H$_mZrMr ,H$mù`m XJS>m§Mr dmñVy {XgVo.hr dmñVy VrZ _Obr
Amho.gdm©V Vimbm Imob nmÊ`mMr {dhra Amho ,Va _Ybm _Obm am nog Amho Ë`mVyZ VQ>m~mhoa OmÊ`mgmR>r {IS>H$sdOm Mmoa
XadmOm {XgVmo.
12. _hmbú_r _§{Xa
amOdmS>çmVyZ ~mhoa nS>ë`mda Zohê$ CÚmZmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg _hmbú_r _§{Xa Amho.ho JS>mdarb gdm©V àmMrZ _§{Xa
Amho.ømÀ`m ~m§YUrdê$Z Vo gmYmaU 1000 dfm©nyduMo Agmdo .amOm J§S>m[aË` ^moO `mMo ho Hw$bX¡dV hmo`.
13. VrZ XadmOm
hm npíM_oH$S>rb gdm©V _hËdmMm XadmOm .XadmÁ`m darb ZjrH$m_ àojUr` Amho.B.g 1676 _Üò H$m|S>mOr \$OªXZo
òWyZM Ad¿`m 60 _mdù`m{Zer {H$„m qOH$bm.
14. ~mOrà^w§Mm nwVim
Eg Q>r Wm§ã`mdê$Z WmoS>o Imbr Amë`mda EH$m Eogn¡g Mm¡H$mV draaËZ ~mOrà^w§ Xoenm§S>o øm§Mm AmdoenyU© nwVim Amho.
1. Mma XadmOm _mJ}
H$moëhmnya ehamVyZ "Eg Q>r' ~gZo qH$dm ImOJr dmhZmZo WoQ> {H$ë`mda OmVm òVo.hr dmQ> Mma XadmOm _mJ}JS>mV àdoe
H$aVo.
2. VrZ XadmOm _mJ}
JS>mda OmÊ`mgmR>rMm Xwgam _mJ© VrZ XadmOmVyZ OmVmo.hm XadmOm VrZ _Obr AgyZ `mMo ~m§YH$m_ {ego AmoVyZ
Ho$bobo Amho
amhÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda amhÊ`mgmR>r {ZdgñWmZo ,hm°Q>oëg AmhoV.
OodUmMr gmo` : {ZdmgñWmZm§_Üò hmoVo.
nmÊ`mMr gmo` : {H$ëë`mda ~mam_hr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo` Amho.
OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : H$moëhmnya _mJ}JmS>r añË`mZo 1 Vmg.
OmÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ H$mbmdYr : gd© F$VwV.

Nwuo (Oëhm: Amojs

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nwUo {Oëhm

nwÊ`mÀ`m Z¡F $Ë`obm gmYmaU 25 {H$._r A§Vamda

lr_§V ~mimOr ~mOramd n§ {S>V àYmZ

Agm {ebmboI AmT>iVmo.

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