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Cellular Respiration
Energy Flow Light energy
ECOSYSTEM
ATP
Heat
energy
Cellular Respiration
In cellular respiration the mitochondria break
down (reduce) glucose releasing its stored energy
and producing CO2 and H2O as wastes
The energy is then stored in ATP molecules
Na + Cl Na+ + Cl–
#1
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
becomes oxidized
form of NAD+
H H
HO OH
6.3
Electron Transport Chains
From food via NADH
6.4
Uncontrolled Reaction Cellular Respiration
Making ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation – ATP is
made as the result of an electron transport
chain
6.5
Review
What particles store the energy in
glucose?
What molecule carries electrons?
What molecule gains and stores the
energy from the electrons?
The Cell
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
3 Phases of Cellular
Respiration
Glycolysis
– Breaks down glucose into two molecules
of pyruvate
The citric acid cycle
– Completes the breakdown of glucose
Oxidative phosphorylation
– Is driven by the electron transport chain
– Generates ATP
6.6
3 Phases of Cellular
Respiration
Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2
Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate cycle and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
6.6
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
ATP is required as
activation energy
to begin the
reactions of
glucolysis
ATP is then
produced in the
payoff phase along
with 2NADH
6.8
Glycolysis – In Detail
#1 – Two ATP are added
to glucose to produce
fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
#2 – Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate is split into
two molecules of
Glyceraldehyde 3-
Phosphate
Acetyl
Pyruvate +
NAD+ NADH CoA
H+
O–
S CoA
2
C O
C O
C O
CH3
1 3
CH3
CO2 Coenzyme A
Transport
protein
3C 2C
6.10
CO2 NADH
The Citric Acid Cycle
Products
from one
acetyl
CoA
– 3 NADH
– 1 ATP 2
– 1 FADH
2
– 2 CO
= ATP
6.11
Review
How many carbons are left from 1
glucose at the beginning of the citric
acid cycle?
Electron Transport
NADH and FADH 2
provide electrons
for the chain
The electrons
transfer is
Electron
exergonic because
slide they lose energy at
each step
Where does this
energy go?
6.12
6.12/6.13
Electron Transport
Glycolysis Oxidative
2 Citric phosphorylation:
2 Acetyl acid
Glucose Pyruvate electron transport
CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis
About
Maximum per glucose:
36 or 38 ATP
6.14
Making ATP without Oxygen
Cellular respiration
– Relies on oxygen to produce ATP using
the electron transport chain
Fermentation
– Allows cells to produce ATP in the
absence of oxygen
6.15
Fermentation or
Respiration?
Pyruvate is a key juncture in
catabolism Glucose
CYTOSOL
anaerobic Pyruvate
O2 present aerobic
No O2 present
Cellular respiration
Fermentation
Alcohol
MITOCHONDRION
Fermentatio
Ethanol Acetyl CoA
n
or
lactate
Citric
acid
Lactic Acid cycle
Fermentatio
n
2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP O–
C O
Glucose
C O Lactic acid
Glycolysis
CH3 fermentation
2 Pyruvate
– Pyruvate is reduced,
2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 CO2
using NADH, to form
H H lactate as a waste
H C OH C O product
CH3 CH3
2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP
2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde
Glucose Glycolysis O–
Alcohol fermentation C O
C O
– Pyruvate is converted 2 NAD+ 2 NADH
O CH3
to ethanol in two steps, 2 Pyruvate
C O
one of which releases
H C OH
CO2
CH3
2 Lactate
6.16
Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Glycolysis and the
citric acid cycle
Amino Sugars Glycerol Fatty
acids acids connect to many
other metabolic
Glycolysis
Glucose
pathways