Microsoft Power Point - Why Grounding Is Used

WHY GROUNDING IS
USED?
Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM

Board Member
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2
Will the bird on the high-voltage

wire be shocked?
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Board of Electrical Engineering
3
Will the bird on the high-voltage

wire be shocked?
Electric current flow is proportional to
voltage difference according to Ohm’s
law, and both the bird’s feet are at the
same voltage.
I = (V1 – V2) / R
Since current flow is necessary for electric
shock, the bird is quite safe unless it
simultaneously touches another wire with
a different voltage.

4
Want a scary Job?

Maintenance on a high voltage
transmission lines is sometimes done with
voltage “live” by working from a platform
on a helicopter, sitting on the metal
platform!
The helicopter make sure it doesn’t touch
neighboring wires which are of different
voltage.

5
TERMINOLGY
In Britain people have “earth” and in
North America they have “ground”.
They are exactly the same thing, only
different terms are used in different
countries.
For example: Earth Leakage Circuit
Interrupter and Ground-Fault Circuit
Interrupter

6
TERMINOLGY
Ground – A conducting connection,
whether intentional or accidental,
between an electrical circuit or equipment
and the earth or to some conducting body
that serves in place of the earth.
Grounded – Connected to earth or to
some conducting body that serves in
place of the earth
Grounded Conductor – A system of circuit
conductor that is intentionally grounded.

7
TERMINOLGY
Grounding Conductor – A conductor used to
connect equipment or the grounded circuit of a
wiring system to grounding electrode or
electrodes.
Grounded Electrode - A device that establishes
an electrical connection to the earth.
Grounding Electrode Conductor – The conductor
used to connect grounding electrode(s) to the
equipment grounding conductor, to the
grounded conductor, or to both, at the service,
at each building or structure where supplied by a
feeder(s) or branch circuit(s), or at the source of
a separately derived system.

8
TERMINOLGY
Effectively Grounded – Intentionally
connected to earth through a ground
connection or connections of sufficiently
low impedance and having sufficient
current-carrying capacity to prevent the
buildup of voltages that may result in
undue hazards to connected equipment or
to persons.
Solidly Grounded – Connected to ground
without inserting any resistor or
impedance device.
9
TERMINOLGY
Equipment Grounding Conductor – The
conductor used to connect the non-carrying
metal parts of equipment, raceways, and the
other enclosures to the system grounded
conductor, the grounding electrode conductor, or
both, at the service equipment or at the source
of a separately derived system.
GFCI – A device intended for the protection of
personnel that functions to deenergize a circuit
or portion thereof within an established period of
time when a current to ground exceeds the
values established for a device.

10
Why Grounding is Used?

To limit voltage imposed by
1. Lightning
2. Line surges
3. Unintentional contact with higher
voltage lines
Stabilize the voltage to ground during normal
operations.
Facilitate overcurrent device operation in case of
ground fault on a solidly grounded system.

11
Grounding Operation in Electrical

Distribution network
The main reason why grounding is used in
electrical distribution network is safety.
When all the metallic parts of electrical
equipments are grounded then if the insulation
inside the equipment fails there are no
dangerous voltages present in the equipment
case.
Then the live wire touches the grounded case
then the circuit is effectively shorted and fuse
will immediately blow. When the fuse is blown
then the dangerous voltage are eliminated.

12
Why Ground Noncurrent-Carrying

Conductive Materials Enclosing
Electrical Equipment?
1. Limit voltage to ground.

2. Facilitate overcurrent device operation by
establishing an effective ground-fault
current path for the ground-fault current.
3. Drain leakage and static currents to
ground helps reduce electrical noise.

13
Why Ground Noncurrent-Carrying

Conductive Materials Enclosing
Electrical Equipment?
EQUIPMENT
GROUNDING

14
Grounding Operation in Electrical

Distribution network

15

16
Grounding in Wiring
In the US, Black is the hot wire, white is
the neutral or common wire and green is
the equipment grounding.

17
Grounding in Wiring

18
Grounding in Wiring
European Coloring
Ground wire – green wire with yellow
stripe color
Neutral wire – blue color
Live wire – brown
black and black with white
stripe
(for 3-phase)

19
Color Coding of Conductors
Color coding of phases must be consistent

throughout the entire system

20
Equipment Grounding Conductor for

a branch circuit must be identified.
Equipment grounding conductor up to No. 6 may be bare

or covered to show a green color or green with one or
more yellow stripes.
21
Equipment Grounding Conductor for

a branch circuit must be identified.
But, for a grounding conductor larger than No. 6, an
insulated conductor of other than green color or green with
yellow stripes may be used provided one of the following
steps is taken:
1. Stripping the insulation from an insulated conductor of
another color (say black) for the entire length that is
exposed on the box or other enclosure so that the
conductor appear as a bare conductor.
2. Painting the exposed insulation green for its
entire length within the enclosure.
3. Wrapping the entire length of exposed insulation with
green-colored tape or green-colored adhesive labels.

22
Transformer secondary neutral must be

both grounded and bonded to the case

23
Steps in grounding the

transformer secondary neutral

24
Secondary neutral grounding and bonding may

be accomplished at either of two places.

25
In a ground rod installation, there must

be at least 8 ft of rod in contact with soil.
26
Installation of Grounding Rods
Proper Installation of Grounding Rods

27
Resistance to earth of a “made” electrode

must be measured

28
Electrical Safety
Service Entrance Panel

29
Equipment ground terminal must

be ‘bonded” to the grounded
conductor at the service
equipment
Bonding is the insertion of a bonding screw into the panel

Neutral block to connect the block to the panel enclosure, or
It is use of a bonding jumper from the neutral block to an
Equipment grounding block that is connected to the enclosure.

30
Equipment ground terminal must be

‘bonded” to the grounded conductor
at the service equipment

31
“Common” grounding –electrode must be

used for the service grounded conductor
(neutral) and the equipment ground
terminals.

32
Grounded neutral must be brought

into both sets of service equipment

33
Grounded neutral must be brought

into service entrance equipment
even if it is not used for any
circuits to loads.

34
Main service bonding jumper must

be within the service equipment

35
Pole-type service must be grounded at the load

end of a service drop or lateral to a building

36


37


38


39
Electrical Safety
Safety means no accidents

40
Electrical Safety
Accidents don’t just happen
THEY ARE CAUSED !!!
Causes of Accident
• Unsafe Conditions
• Unsafe Acts
41
Electrical Shock
TOUCH
POTENTIAL
STEP
POTENTIAL

42
Electric Shock Severity
1. Path of Current through Body
2. Length of Time Current Flows
3. Amount of Current through Body

43
Electrical Safety

44
Electrical Safety
THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE
PURPOSE
The primary objective of the code is to establish basic materials
quality and electrical works standards for the safe use of electricity for
light, heat, power, communications, signaling and for other purposes.
CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES

Wiring design rules
Installation rules
Manufacturing rules

45
Electrical Safety
PEC-1 (2.10.1.8) Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter for
Personnel
a) Dwelling Units
1. Bathrooms
2. Garages
3. Outdoors
4. Crawl spaces at or
below grade level
5. Unfinished basements
6. Kitchens for countertop
appliances
7. Wet bar sinks

46
Electrical Safety
GCFI CAN ELIMINATE THIS!

47
Electrical Safety
GROUND CIRCUIT FAULT INTERUPTER

48
Electrical Safety
Ground Faults on Appliances

49

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WHY GROUNDING IS

Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION

Will the bird on the high-voltage

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Will the bird on the high-voltage

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Want a scary Job?

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Why Grounding is Used?

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Grounding Operation in Electrical

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Why Ground Noncurrent-Carrying

1. Limit voltage to ground.

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Why Ground Noncurrent-Carrying

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Grounding Operation in Electrical

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Color Coding of Conductors

Color coding of phases must be consistent

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Equipment Grounding Conductor for

Equipment grounding conductor up to No. 6 may be bare

Equipment Grounding Conductor for

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Transformer secondary neutral must be

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Steps in grounding the

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Secondary neutral grounding and bonding may

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

In a ground rod installation, there must

Installation of Grounding Rods

Proper Installation of Grounding Rods

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Resistance to earth of a “made” electrode

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Service Entrance Panel

Equipment ground terminal must

Bonding is the insertion of a bonding screw into the panel

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Equipment ground terminal must be

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

“Common” grounding –electrode must be

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Grounded neutral must be brought

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Grounded neutral must be brought

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Main service bonding jumper must

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION WHY GROUNDING IS USED!!!

Pole-type service must be grounded at the load