CHNG 3.

TNH TON THIT K CHO MCH IU KHIN

3.1.Yu cu v nguyn tc iu khin
3.1.1.Mc ch v yu cu
-Mun Tiristor m cho dng chy qua th phi c in p dng t trn anot v
phi c xung p dng t nn cc iu khin. Sau khi Tiristir m yhif xung
iu khin khng cn tc dng, lc ny dng in chy qua Tiristor do thng s
mch ng lc quyt nh.
Chc nng ca mch iu khin:
-iu khin c v tr xung iu khin trong phm vi na chu k dng ca
in p t nn anot-catot ca Tiristor.
-To c cc xung c iu kin m c Tiristor, xung iu khin thng
c bin t 2V n 10V, rng xung tx=20100s i vi thit b chnh lu.
rng xung xc nh theo biu thc:
tx=
Trong :
Idt : Dng duy tr ca Tiristor.
: Tc tng trng ca dng ti.
Mi quan h gia in p chnh lu vi vic thay i gc m
Uc l=Uocos
Trong :

-Uc l : in p sau chnh lu.

-Uo : in p chnh lu ln nht khi gc m =0

Cc yu cu i vi xung iu khin :
-Pht xung iu khin chnh xc ng thi im do ngi thit k tnh ton.
-Cc xung iu khin phi ln v bin v rng c th m c cc
van
-Cc xung iu khin phi c tnh i xng cao, m bo c phm vi iu
chnh gc m.
1

-C kh nng chng nhiu, tc ng nhanh.

-m bo mch hot ng n nh v tin cy khi li in dao ng c v bin
v tn s.
Ngoi ra h thng iu khin phi c nhim v n nh dng in ti v bo v
h thng khi xy ra s c qu ti hay ngn mch.
3.1.2.Nguyn tc iu khin
Ngi ta thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin thay i gc m ca cc
Tiristor l: Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh v nguyn tc iu
khin thng ng arccos.
a.Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh.
Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p:
-in p ng b, k hiu l Ur c dng rng ca, ng b vi din p t yteen
anot-catot ca Tiristor.
-in p iu khin, k hiu l Uc , l in p mt chiu, c th iu chnh c
bin .

Hnh 3.1: Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh

Tng i s Ur + Uc c a n u vo ca mt khu so snh. Bng cch lm
bin i Uc ta c th iu chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra, tc l thi
im iu chnh gc m .
Khi:

Uc = 0 ta c = 0
2

Uc < 0 ta c > 0
Quan h gia v Uc c biu din qua cng thc sau:
=
Ngi ta thng ly Urmax = Ucmax .
b.Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng arccos.
Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta cng dng hai in p:
-in p iu khin Uc l in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c bin theo
c hai hng ( m v dng).
-in p ng b Ur vt trc in p anot-catot ca Tiristor mt g bng /2
(nu uAK=Asint th ur=Bsint).

Hnh 3.2: Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng ARCCOS

Trn hnh v ng nt t l in p anot-catot ca Tiristor. T in p ny
ngi ta to ra ur .
Tng i s ur+uc c a ti u vo ca khu so snh. Khi ur+uc=0 th ta
nhn c c mt xung u ra ca khu so snh.
uc+Bcos=0
Do =arccos
Ngi ta ly B = Ucmax
3

Khi uc = 0 th = /2
Khi uc = UCmax th =
Khi uc = -UCmax th = 0
Nh vy khi bin thin t -UCmax n +UCmax th bin thin t 0 n .
Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng arccos c s dng trong cc thit b bin
i i hi cht lng cao.
3.2.Cc linh kin in t s dng trong mch.
- Ton b mch in phi dng 2 cng AND nn ta chn mt con IC 7415. Mi
con IC7415 c 3 cng AND.

Hnh 3.3: S chn IC7415.

-Ta dng mt con HCF4066 phc v cho vic chuyn mch np:
Vcc

Gnd

Hinh 3.4: S chn IC HCF4066

4

*Thng s ca HCF4066:
in p ngun nui : VDD = -0,518 (V) chn VDD = +12 (V)
in p u vo: VIN = -0,5VDD+0,5(V)
Nhit lm vic : T = -40 850 C
Cng sut tiu th: P = 200 (mW) = 0,2 (W)
-Ta s dng mt con IC 7404 c s chn nh sau:

Hnh 3.5: S chn IC7404

- Mch s dng 11 khuych i thut ton (OA1OA11) do vy chng ta cn 3
con IC TL084. mi con c s b tr chn nh hnh bn di:

Hnh 3.6: S chn ICTL084.

*Thng s ca TL084 :
in p ngun nui : Vcc = 18 (V) chn Vcc = 12 (V)
Hiu in th gia hai u vo: 30 (V)
5

Nhit lm vic : T = -25 850 C

Cng sut tiu th: P = 680 (mW) = 0,68 (W)
Tng tr u vo : Rin= 106 ( M )
Dng in u ra : Ira = 30 ( pA).
Tc bin thin in p cho php : du/dt = 13 (V/ s).
3.3.S khi v chc nng
3.3.1.Khu ng pha.

D2

R2

Ung

D3
Hnh 3.7: S khi ng pha.
Tn hiu ng b c th ly t bin p lc cng c th ly t mt bin p khc.
Do trong mch iu khin c nhiu khu s dng ngun in p thp nn chng
ta dng mt bin p c qun nhiu cun dy th cp, mi cun c mt chc
nng ring bit, trong s dng cun c in p 0V-12V-24V dng cho khu
ng b. Mch to xung ng b c ly t in p li U = 220V, f=50Hz,
trng pha vi in p t nn cun s cp ca bin p ng lc. Hai it D2 v
D3 lm nhim v chnh lu to ra tn hiu U1 lm ngng so snh vi tn hiu
mt chiu.
Ta chn 2 it D1 v D2 l it IN4004.
3.3.2 Khi to xung ng b.

+E
1

U0

R3
_ OA2 R5 2
+
R4

D11

Hnh3.8: Khi to xung ng b.

U
Uo
t
Urss

t
U2

in p U1 c so snh vi in p U0 to ra cc tn hiu tng ng vi thi

im in p ngun i qua im khng.
U0 cng nh th xung U2 cng hp v phm vi iu chnh cng ln
la chn max = 1750 th U0 = 2U 2 sin 5 0 (4.1)
T phng trnh 4.1 ta c U 0 = 2 .12. sin 5 0 = 2 .12.0,087 = 1,48V .
U

0
Ta c R = R + R
4
3
4

1,48
12
=
R4
R3 + R4

1,48( R3 + R4 ) = 12 R4
1,48 R3 = 10,52 R4

R3
= 7,1
R4

tn tht trn in tr nh chng ta chn R4 = 4,7K, R3 = 33K,R5= 2,2K

3.3.3.Khi to in p rng ca.

Hnh 3.9: Khi to xung rng ca.

Nguyn l c bn ca khu ny l dng mch tch phn v kha in t T1, T1 l
transitor ngc C828 (c thng s:30V 0,05A 0,25W). Khi U2=0,T1 kha, t C1
c np bi dng in:

-Ti thi im in p U2 chuyn t 10 t C1 phng ht in (UC1=0) v bt

u c np in. Khi U2 chuyn t 01 transitor T1 thng, C1 bt u phng
in cho ti khi in p U2 chuyn t 10. T C1 phng in trong sut rng
ca xung. Khi U2 chuyn trng thi t 01 t C1 c np in tr li.
-in p t c hnh thnh do s np ca t C1, mt khc bo m in p
t c trong mt na chu k in p li l tuyn tnh th hng s thi gian t np
c Tr = R6. C1 = 0,005 (s)
T

0,005

3
r
Chn t C1 = 0,1 ( F) th in tr R6 = C = 0,1.10 6 = 50.10
1

Vy:

R3 = 50 k . R7=10 k.

3.3.4.Khi phn hi dng in.

Hinh 3.10: Khi phn hi dng in.

in p phn hi c ly trn in tr Rs ca mch lc. Tn hiu qua khuch
i thut ton OA6 c lt trng thi, sau c cng vi tn hiu ch o
ly trn chit p VR1 U4 = Ufh1 + Ucd1 (Ucd1 ly trn trit p VR1). Ban u khi
cha ni ti vo mch, in p ca b chnh lu l Ud=U0, dng in Id=0. Khi
ni ti vo mch, dng in s tng ln, do ni tr ca acqui nh nn dng in
s tng ln rt ln lm gim tui th ca acqui. hn tr tc tng ca dng
in chng ta s dng khu phn hi dng in lun lun n nh gi tr t.
Khi bt u np dng in trong mch tng ln, lm cho in p ly trn in tr
RS tng ln, in p U4 tng, qua khuch i thut ton OA7 tn hiu c lt
trng thi, in p U5 tng, Udk tng. in p iu khin tng, lm tng gc m
. Do in p trn mch lc gim xung, in p gim lm cho dng in

gim xung bng gi tr t chnh l dng in np cho acqui. Ngc li khi

dng in trong mch lc gim xung, th s lm cho in p iu khin gim,
gc m tng ln, in p trn mch lc tng ln dn n dng in np tng
ti gi tr t.
3.3.5.Khi phn hi in p.

Hnh 3.11: Khi phn hi in p.

Tn hiu phn hi in p c ly trn in tr phn hi Rf . Khuch i thut
ton OA8 ng vai tr l khu lp tn hiu, vi h s khuch i l

Mch phn hi in p lm nhim v n nh in p khi dung lng acqui

t ti 80% nh mc. Bin tr VR2 l bin tr ly in p ch o, Ucd np ln
nht khi mi ngn acqui t ti 2,7V.
UdkU = U7 = UphU - Ucd
Ucd : in p ch o ly trn bin tr VR2.
UphU : in p ti u ra ca khuch i thut ton OA8 (U6).
Khi in p np tng ln ln hn gi tr in p t cho mi ngn acqui n l
2,7V lm cho Uf tng, UfhU tng, lm cho UdkU tng ln. in p iu khin tng
lm cho gc m tng, do vy in p acqui gim xung bng gi tr t.
3.3.6.Khi chuyn mch np.

Hnh 3.12: Khi chuyn mch np.

Khi dung lng ca acqui t ti 80% gi tr nh mc mch s t ng chuyn
t ch np dng in sang ch np bng in p. Bin tr VR3 l bin tr
t gi tr ch o, tng ng vi in p trn mi ngn acqui l 2,4V. Khi in
p cho mi ngn acqui di 2,4V, in p U6 nh hn in p ch o ly trn
bin tr VR3, in p ti u ra ca khuch i thut ton OA10 (U8) m. Tn
hiu ny kha ch np p v cho ch np dng hot ng. Khi in p trn
mi ngn acqui t ti gi tr 2,7V , th in p U6 ln hn in p ly trn bin
tr VR3, in p ti u ra ca khuch i thut ton OA10 chuyn trng thi
(01). Tn hiu ny lm m ch np bng in p ng thi qua phn t o
kha ch np bng dng in.
3.3.7.Khi to xung chm.

Hnh 3.13: Khi to xung chm.

B OA11 l mt a hi dao ng to ra cc xung vung c tn s cao lp i lp
li theo chu k, vi mc ch lm gim kch thc ca my bin p xung.
T in C2 v bin tr VR to thnh mch tch phn. Mch R28 v R29 l mch
phn hi. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch nh sau: gi s ti thi im 0 in p
in p ra ca khuch i thut ton t gi tr cc i Ur +E. thng qua mch
phn hi R28, R29 u vo + ca khuch i thut ton s c tn hiu phn

hi

duy tr khuch i thut ton nm ch bo

ha dng. Lc ny t C2 c np thng qua in tr R2. Khi t=tt , in p UC

t gi tr U0 , khuch i thut ton lt trng thi v Ur = -Urmax -E. in p
trn t C2 khng th thay i gi tr t ngt v lc ny t C2 li phng in qua
E

R1. thi im t = t2, khi U C = U 0 = R + R R28 , khuych i thut ton lt

28
29
trng thi Ur = Urmax +E v sau qu trnh li c lp li.
Thi gian np ca t C2 l:
Tnap = 1,1C2R2 .
Thi gian phng ca t l:
Tphong = 1,1C2R1 .
Nu chn thi gian phng bng thi gian np th R1=R2 = VR/2
Mch to chm xung c tn s f= 1/2fx = 3 ( kHz) hay chu k ca xung chm
T= 1/f = Tnap+Tphong = 333 ( s)
Chn R1= R2 = VR/2 th T= 1,1 VR.C2 = 333 ( s)
vy : VR. C2 = 302,73 ( s)
Chn t C2 = 0,1 F c in p U = 16 (V) ; VR= 3027,3 ( ).
thun tin cho vic iu chnh khi lp mch th ta chn VR l bin tr 3
K .
3.3.8. Khi khuych i xung v bin p xung.

Hnh3.14: Khi khuych i xung v bin p xung.

Tnh BAX
Theo phn tnh ton mch lc ta chn van Tiristor loi 25RIA102M. Van c
cc thng s:
Ug = 3 V
Ig = 0,9A
Gi tr ny l gi tr dng v p th cp my bin p.
Chn vt liu st t 330, li st t c dng hnh ch lm trn mt phn t ca
c tnh t ho B = 0,7 Tesla, H = 50 A/m, c khe h.
+ Chn t s ca my bin p: m = 3.
+ in p cun th cp BAX
U2 = Uk = 3V
+ in p t ln cun s cp BAX :
U1 = m.U2 = 3.3 = 9V
+ Dng in th cp BAX:
I2 = Ik = 0,9 A
+ Dng in s cp BAX:
I1 =

I 2 0.9
=
= 0.3
m
3

+ t thm ca li st t:

tb

0,7

= H = 6
= 14.103 F
10 .50
0

+ V mch c khe h nn phi tnh t thm trung bnh. S b chn: chiu di

trung bnh ca ng sc l = 0,1mm, khe h lkh = 10-5m.
tb =

l
l kh +

0,1
10 5 +

0,1
14.10 3

= 5,8.10 3

Th tch li st t:

V=

tb . 0 .t x .S.U 1 .I 1
B 2

Trong :
-

tb

: t thm trung bnh ca li st

- 0 : t thm ca khng kh
- tx : chiu di xung truyn qua BAX c gi tr t 10 600 s, y chn tx =
100 s
- Sx : st bin xung ly Sx = 0,15
- U1 : in p s cp
- I1 : dng in s cp
Thay s vo ta c :
5,8.103.10 6.100.10 6.0,15.9.0,3
V=
= 0.479.106 m 3
2
0, 7

- Chn mch t c th tnh V = 1,4 cm3 vi th tch ta c cc kch thc

mch t:
a = 4,5 mm
b = 6 mm
d = 12 mm
D = 21 mm
Q = 0,27 cm2 = 27 mm2
Chiu di trung bnh mch t : l = 5,2 cm
S vng qun dy s cp BAX:
- Theo lut cm ng in t :

w1 =

W1 =

U 1 .t x
(vi k = 0,76 l h s cht y).
B.Q.k

9.100.106
= 63
0, 7.27.106.0, 76

- S vng dy th cp :
W2 63
=
= 21
3
3

W2 =

- Tit din dy qun th cp

S1 =

I1
J1

- Chn mt dng in J1 = 6 A/mm2

S1 =

0,3
= 0, 05mm 2
6

ng knh dy qun s cp :
d1 =

4S1
4.0, 05
=
= 0, 25 mm

Chn dy dn c tit din trn ( Bng II.3 - TCS - Nguyn Bnh). Tit din S1
=0,04909(mm 2 ), ng knh d1 = 0,25(mm), trng lng 0,439gam/m, tr sut
0,366 ohm/m.
Tit din dy qun th cp:
S2 =

I 2 0, 9
=
= 0,18mm 2
J2
5

Chn mt dng in J2 = 5 A/mm2

- ng knh dy qun th cp:
d2 =

4 S2

4.0,18
= 0, 4787 mm

Chn dy dn c tit din trn ( Bng II.3 - TCS Nguyn Bnh). Tit din S2
= 0,1886 (mm 2 ), ng knh d2 =0,49(mm), trng lng 1,68gam/m, tr sut
0,0914 ohm/m.
- Kim tra h s lp y:

kld =

S1w1 + S 2 w 2 d12 w1 + d 22 w 2 0, 252.63 + 0, 492.21

=
=
= 0, 06
d2
d2
122

kl =0,06 < 1:nh vy ca s din tch cn thit.

Tnh ton khu K cui cng
T1, T2: chn transistor cng sut loi 2SC911 lm vic ch xung c cc
thng s:
+ Transistor loi npn, vt liu bn dn l Si
+ in p gia collector v baz l khi h mch Emito : UCB0 = 40 V
+ in p gia Emito v Baz khi h mch Colecto : UEB0 = 4 V
+ Dng in ln nht Colecto c th chu ng c : ICmax = 500 mA
+ Cng sut tiu tn Colecto : PC = 1,7 W
+ Nhit ln nht mt tip gip T1 =1750 C.
+ H s khuych i = 50.
+ Dng in lm vic ca colecto IC=I1=50 mA.
+Dng in lm vic ca Bazo IB =

I C3 50
=
= 1(mA )

50

Ta thy rng loi thyristor chn c :

+ in p iu khin Uk=3V
+ dng iu khin Ik= 0.9A.
Ta c: I c = I1 = 0,3 A
I

0.3

3
C
Vy th: I B = = 50 = 6.10 ( A) = 6( mA)

Ta chn: R 32 = R 34 =
R31 = R33 =

+ E U1 12 9
=
= 10
I1
0.3

Uv
5
=
= 694.44
k .I B 1, 2.6.10 3

Trong : k: L h s d tr, chn k=1,2

Uv : L in p ra ca 7415 chn l 5V
Vy thun tin cho vic mua linh kin ta chon R31 v R33 l 700
Tt c cc it trong mch iu khin dng loi 1N4009 c cc tham s:
- Dng in nh mc : Im = 10 (mA)

- in p ngc ln nht : Ung = 25 (V)

- in p cho Diot m thng : Um =1(V)
3.4. Mch iu khin
-Xem hnh nh km3.4.1.Dng in p
U
Uo
Urss

U2

t
U3

U
k
t

U1
2

t
U1
1

t
U1
0

t
U9

t
U1
4

t
U1
3

Hnh 3.15: Dng in p ra ca mc iu khin.

3.4.2.Nguyn l hot ng ca s
Tn hiu xoay chiu c chnh lu bi 2 dit D11, D12, s c so snh
vi in p U0 to ra tn hiu ng b U2 trng vi thi im in p
li i qua im 0. Tn hiu ng b ny s m kho in t bng
thng Q1 gim in p trn t v 0, t C1 c np in theo cng
thc UC = E.t/R7 v u ra ca khuych i thut ton OA2 s c tn

hiu rng ca. Sau tn hiu ny c so snh vi tn hiu iu khin

nh b so snh bng khuych i thut ton OA3.
B OA11 l mt a hi dao ng xung c tn s cao U9 vi mc ch
gim kch thc ca my bin p xung. Tn hiu cao tn trn ln vi tn
hiu iu khin U12 cng cc tn hiu phn phi U10, U11 thnh tn hiu
U14, U13. Nhng tn hiu ny c khuych i thng qua my bin p
xung a trc tip cc iu khin ca Tiristo.
3.5.Khi ngun nui mch iu khin
Bin p ngun nui v bin p ng pha dng chung cun s cp. Do
ta s dng mt my bin p vi mt cun s cp v nhiu cun th
cp, mi cun thc hin mt chc nng ring. Cun 0V-12V-24V s
dng lm cum ng pha vi tn hiu ngun, cun 0V-18V-36V s
dng lm ngun nui mch iu khin.

7812

D1

D1

D1

D1

+12V

C1

C3

C2

C4

7912

-12V

Hnh 3.16: Khi ngun nui mch iu khin.

- Cc linh kin s dng trong mch:
+ Chnh lu cu 5A.
+ T lc ngun trc v sau n p C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 =220F/50V.
+ Vi mch n p 78L12, 79L12 l loi vi mch n p c cng sut nh.
Dng in ti khng vt qu 100mA. Chng c bao gi di 2
dng: v st l hiu bng ch H, v bng cht do k hiu bng ch Z.

78L

79L

CC V

V CC R

Hnh 3.17:S b tr chn.

Tnh ton my bin p ngun:
0
V
U
2
1

1
2
V
U
2
2

2
4
V
0
V

U
n
g

U
2
3

1
8
V
U
2
4

3
6
V

- Khi ngun 12 cp cho khuych i thut ton, I1 = 500mA.

Cng sut ca ngun nui l:
P1 =U1.I1 = 36.0,5 = 18W
- Khi ngun ng pha 0V 12V 24V, I2 = 500mA.
Cng sut ca ngun ng pha l:
P2 =U2.I2 = 24.0,5 = 12W
- Cng sut ca my bin p l:
P = P1 + P2 =18 +12 = 30W
- Dng in s cp my bin p l:
I1 =

P
30
=
= 0,136 A
U 1 220

- Tit din li thp mch t:

S=

k
P

1,2

30

= 0,22cm 2

Ta chn li thp c tit din S = 0,92cm2, lm bng thp k thut in

dy 0,2mm, gm cc l thp hnh ch v ch I ghp li vi nhau:
Theo cng thc kinh nghim chng ta tnh s vng/vn: n0 =

k
(vi
S

50

k = 4060 l h s ca my bin p, ly k = 50) n0 = 0,92 = 54

vng/vn.
- S vng dy cun s cp l:
W1 = n0.U1 = 54.220 = 11880 vng.
- S vng dy cun th cp l:
Cun 12V: W21 = W22 = n0.U = 54.12 = 648 vng.
Cun 18V: W23 = W24 = n0.U = 54.18 = 972 vng.
- Dng in trong cc cun th cp:
I 21 = I 22 =

W1
W
11880
.I 1 = 1 .I 1 =
.0,136 = 2,5 A
W21
W22
648

I 23 = I 24 =

W1
W
11880
.I 1 = 1 .I 1 =
.0,136 = 1,66 A
W23
W24
972

- Tit din dy qun:

+ Cun s cp: S1 =

I 1 1,36
=
= 0,272mm 2 (chn J = 5A/mm2)
J
5

+ Cun 12V: S 21 = S 22 =
+ Cun 18V: S 23 = S 24 =

I 21 I 22 2,5
=
=
= 0,5mm 2 (chn J = 5A/mm2)
J
J
5
I 23 I 24 1,66
=
=
= 0,33m 2 (chn J = 5A/mm2)
J
J
5

- ng knh dy th cp l:
+ Cun s cp: d1 =

4.S1
=

+ Cun 12V: d 21 = d 22 =

4.0,272
= 0,59mm

4.S 21
=

4.S 22
=

4.0,5
= 0,8mm .

+ Cun 18V: d 23 = d 24 =

4.S 23
=

4.S 24
=

4.0,33
= 0,65mm .

- Tra s tay|Thng s dy dn tit din trn (sch in t cng sut

NXB Khoa hc k thut 1996, Nguyn Bnh), ta chn c dy:
+ Dy s cp: d1 = 0,59mm, S1 = 0,2734mm2, R=0,21 /m.
+ Dy s cp: d21 = d22 = 0,8mm, S1 = 0,5027mm2, R= 0,0342 /m.
+ Dy s cp: d23 = d24 = 0,67mm, S1 = 0,3526mm2, R=0,0488 /m.
Tm tt thng s trn mch iu khin:
T:

C3 , C4 = 0,1F
C1 , C2 = 0,22F

in tr:

Cc in tr mch iu khin sao cho ph hp vi dng vo ca

cc IC, nhng do cc thng s ny rt kh tra nn ta thng chn R =1050k

Ring :

R1 , R2 = 50
R7 = 50k
R4 = 4,7k, R5 = 33k

Chn cc bin tr VR1 VR4 = 2k, VR5 = 3k , Rs =Rf=Rf1=3k

Transitor loi: 2SC911
it:

D11 ,D12 chn loi 1N4004

Cc it cn li chn loi 1N4009