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On the Cosmological Variation of the Fine Structure Constant
Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.Copyright
©
2011 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserve
d
Recently, evidence indicating cosmological variations of the fine structure constant,
α
, has beenreported. This result led to the conclusion that possibly the physical constants and the laws of physicsvary throughout the universe. However, it will be shown here that variations in the value of the elementary electric charge,
e
, can occur under specific conditions, consequently producingvariations in the value of
α
.
Key words:
Fine Structure Constant, Elementary Electric Charge, Cosmology, Physics of Black-Holes.PACS: 06.20. Jr, 98.80.-k, 98.80.Jk, 04.70.-s.
The well-known Fine StructureConstant determines the strength of theelectromagnetic field and is expressed by thefollowing equation (in SI units) [1]:
( )
158(52)137.03599914
02
==
ce
h
πε α
However, recently, Webb, J.K
et al
., [2]using data of the Very Large Telescope(VLT) and of the ESO Science archive,noticed small variation in the value of
α
inseveral distant galaxies. This led to theconclusion that
α
is not a constant [2-4].
It will be shown here, that variations inthe value of the elementary electric charge,
e
,can occur under specific conditions,consequently producing variations in thevalue of
α
. This effect may be explainedstarting from the expression recentlyobtained for the
electric charge
( )
( )
24
0
imGq
img
πε
=
where are the
imaginary
gravitational
mass of the elementary particle;is the permittivity of thefree space and isthe universal constant of gravitation.
( )
img
m
mF
/ 10854.8
120
−
×=
ε
1211
..1067.6
−−
×=
kgm N G
For example, in the case of the
electron
( )( )( )( )( )
( )
31121
00220
imeie
imeiimeiimeimge
mmcmU m
χ
==⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ +−=
where
( ) ( )
imm
realeiimei
0320
−=
,
( )
kgm
realei
310
1011.9
−
×=
and
( )
ikT U
eeime
η
=
. In this expression
1.0
≅
e
η
is the
absorption factor
for theelectron and is its internaltemperature (
temperature of the Universewhen the electron was created
);is the
Boltzmann constant
.
K T
e
31
102.6
×≅
K J k
/º1038.1
23
−
×=
Thus, according to Eq. (3), the value of
e
χ
is given by. Then,according to Eq. (2), the
electric charge of the electron
is
21
108.1
×−=
e
χ
( )( )
( )
( )
()
( )
( )
C mGimGimGimGq
realeie
realeie
imeie
imgee
19032020320000
106.14
444
−
×−==
=−=====
χ πε χ πε χ πε πε
As we know, the absolute value of thischarge is called the
elementary electriccharge
, .
e
Since the internal temperature of theparticle can vary, we then conclude that
χ
isnot a constant, and consequently the value of also cannot be a constant in the Universe.Its value will depend on the local conditionsthat can vary the internal temperature of theparticle. The
gravitational compression
, forexample, can reduce the volume
V
of theparticles, diminishing their internaltemperature
e
T
to a temperature
T
′
according to the well-known equation:
( )
T V V T
′=′
( )
im
U
2
χ
. Equation (2) shows that
e
is proportionalto
χ
, i.e.,
( )( )
( )
( )
()
( )
)
real
==
(
realiiimiimg
mGimGimGimGe
032020320000
4444
χ πε χ πε χ πε πε
==−===
Therefore, when the volume of the particledecreases, the value of
e
will be lessthan. Similarly, if the volumeis
increased
, the temperature
C
19
106.1
−
×
V
T
will be
increased
at the same ratio, increasing thevalue of
χ
, and also the value of . The
gravitational traction
, for example, canincrease the volume
V
of the particles,increasing their internal temperature
e
T
, andconsequently increasing their electric charges(See Fig.1).
Conclusions
– Our theoretical resultsshow that variations in the value of theelementary electric charge,
e
, can occurunder specific conditions, consequentlyproducing variations of the
fine structureconstant
,
α
, as shown in Fig.1. This excludestotally the erroneous hypothesis that the lawsof physics vary throughout the universe.
3
Fig. 1 – A spatial dipole that can explain the dipole variation of
α
reported by Webb. J.K.
et al
.Extremely large
Black-hole(QUASAR)
α
Extremely la
rge
White-hole
The strong traction uponthe particles
increases
their volumes, increasingthe value of
α
.The strong gravitationalcompression in this region
decreases
the volumes of the particles, decreasingthe values of
α
.
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