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1eorl dan Apllkasl Crganlsasl | Source 1eorl Crganlsasl dan AdmlnlsLrasl 8ab 3 kusdl

PENCAH|LAN KEPUTU8AN, KEKUA8AAN, 0AN P0L|T|K 0ALAH 0RCAN|8A8|
PEN0AV8lLAN KEPuTu3AN 0ALAV 0R0ANl3A3l
Perbedaan Keputusan 8trateg|s (Adm|n|strat|f} dan Hanajer|a|:
Pergaro||ar |epulusar slraleg|s d|c|r||ar o|er |orp|e|s|las slruclura|, |orp|e|s|las d|rar||, |rlorras| yarg l|da|
|erg|ap dar l|da| serpurra, dar |el|dapasl|ar yarg oers|lal |rrerer. pergaro||ar |epulusar slraleg|s |eo|r su|ar dar|
pada pergaro||ar |epulusar rarajer|a| dar operas|ora| WeWerarg adr|r|slralor lujuarrya rerjar|r
|e|argsurgar r|dup orgar|sas| ras||rya d|lerjerar|ar o|er rarajerer da|ar |epulusar operas|ora| yarg
d|ra|sud|ar urlu| rer|rg|al|ar el|s|ers| operas| perusaraar.
Teor| Ras|ona||tas Terbatas
a|-ra| yarg reroalas| upaya pergaro||ar |epulusar ssecara ras|ora|: |rlorras| yarg l|da| serpurra dar l|da|
|erg|ap, |orp|e|s|las perrasa|arar yarg d|radap|, |eleroalasar |apas|las pergo|arar |rlorras| rarus|a,
|eleroalasar Wa|lu yarg lersed|a urlu| rergaro|| |epulusar, po||l|| |rlerra| orgar|sas| yarg rer|rou||ar prelerers|-
prelerers| yarg sa||rg oer|aWarar lerlarg lujuar-lujuar orgar|sas|. pergaro||ar |epulusar da|ar orgar|sas| seoaga|
ras|ora||las leroalas (oourded ral|ora||ly).
Ras|ora||las leroalas |r| rer|rou||ar |e|erarar dar |eleroalasar da|ar oarya| |asus pergaro||ar |epulusar
slraleg|s, dergar larda-larda arlara |a|r:
1. Pergaro||ar |epulusar l|da| jararg rergaoa||ar |rlorras| perl|rg yarg sesurggurrya lersed|a da|ar
pergaro||ar |epulusar.
2. Pergaro||ar |epulusar cerderurg secara se|e|l|l oerlo|us pada |rlorras| yarg coco| (corl|rr) dergar perasaar
alau op|r| rere|a rergera| sualu |eadaar, a||r-a||r rerperr|lurg|ar secara ser|us |rlorras| yarg oer|aWarar
dergar pardargar rere|a saal |r|.
3. Pergaro|| |epulusar l|da| jararg ler|a|u cepal re|a|u|ar goa|-dr|ll (rerurur|ar sasarar |eo|r rerdar dar| yarg
serarusrya le|ar d|lelap|ar) |el||a lujuar yarg aWa| ler||ral su||l urlu| d|capa|.
1. Pergaro|| |epulusar ler|adarg l|da| rergacur|ar pe|uarg-pe|uarg yarg oe|ur perrar lerga||, |erdal| rere|a
pur laru oarWa pe|uarg lerseoul oararg|a|| cu|up s|gr|l||ar.
5. Pergaro|| |epulusar |eo|r su|a pada pe|uarg-pe|uarg 'oaru yarg secara |orseplua| de|al dergar proses-proses
orgar|sas|ora| yarg ada saal |r|.
Pergaro|| |epulusar da|ar orgar|sas| l|da| resl| oeroas|s ras|ora||las, |arera:
Pergaro|| |epulusar rer||||| |ecerderurgar urlu| reroual |epulusar oerdasar|ar apa-apa yarg 'a|rao
dergarrya. Padara| oe|ur lerlu sualu |rlorras|, pe|uarg, alau relode yarg 'l|da| a|rao |lu |eo|r ouru|.
8aga|rarapur, pergaro|| |epulusar ada|ar rarus|a yarg rer||||| |eperl|rgar dar ler|adarg rer|||||
|eleroalasar.
3|luas| pergaro||ar |epulusar l|da| se|ararya oerada da|ar sualu ruarg rapal yarg lerarg dar |ordus|l,
re|a|r|ar o|sa pu|a pada |ord|s|-|ord|s| e|slrer d|rara |epurusar rarus d|aro|| secara capal da|ar Wa|lu yarg
PITRI RABAY0, NPN

1eorl dan Apllkasl Crganlsasl | Source 1eorl Crganlsasl dan AdmlnlsLrasl 8ab 3 kusdl

sargal leroalas. s|luas| |dea| yarg d|oayarg|ar para per|||r ||as|| lerlarg pergaro||ar |epulusar l|da|
se|ararya lerWujud da|ar rea||las |er|dupar orgar|sas| serar|-rar|.
erbaga| Proses Pengamb||an Keputusan
3ecara urur, ada dua laclor yarg rererlu|ar |ord|s| dar s|luas| pergaro||ar |epulusar, ya|lu: (1) sepa|al alau l|da|
sepa|alrya para pergaro|| |epulusar rergera| cara (agree/d|sagree or relrods); dar (2) sepa|al alau l|da|
sepa|alrya para pergaro|| |epulusar rergera| lujuar alau del|r|s| perrasa|arar (agree/d|sagree or goa|s or proo|er
del|r|l|ors).
8erdasar|ar |oro|ras| dar| dua laclor |r|, lerdapal erpal rode| proses pergaro||ar |epulusar yarg ele|l|l, ya|lu:
proses |epulusar ras|ora| cara dar lujuar/del|r|s| rasa|ar re|al|ve d|sepa|al|; |oa||s| cara d|sepa|al| lelap|
lujuar/del|r|s| rasa|ar l|da| d|sepa|al|; cooa-cooa cara l|da| d|sepa|al| lelap| lujuar/del|r|s| rasa|ar d|sepa|al|; dar
lorg sarpar cara raupur lujuar/del|r|s| rasa|ar l|da| d|sepa|al|.
0eWasa |r| s|luas| yarg d|radap| orgar|sas| l|da| se|a|u sara.sualu rode| pergaro||ar |epulusar o|sa coco| pada
sualu s|luas| lerlerlu, lelap| l|da| ele|l|l o||a d|lerap|ar pada s|luas| |a|ryarg oeroeda.
Peran |ntu|s| da|am Pengamb||an Keputusan
lrlu|s| ada|ar sesualu yarg dapal d||al|r. lrlu|s| rerjad| sualu ra| yarg perl|rg da|ar pergaro||ar |epulusar orgar|sas|
rara|a|a s|luas| pergaro||ar |epulusar secara ras|ora| l|da| rerurg||r|ar. lrlu|s| perl|rg corlorrya ada|ar pada
saal-saal soo:
1. Perrasa|arar yarg d|radap| rergardurg ursure |el|da|pasl|ar yarg l|rgg|.
2. T|da| ada alau sargal sed|||l corlor alau preseder seoe|urrya yarg serupa dergar rasa|ar lerseoul.
3. var|ao|e-var|aoe| |epulusar l|da| o|sa d|pred||s| secara ||r|ar.
1. 'Fa|la-la|la yarg lersed|a sargal sed|||l.
5. Ara||s|s dala l|da o|sa oarya| reroarlu.
. Terdapal sejur|ar a|lerral|ve perecarar rasa|ar, yarg ras|rg-ras|rg rasu| a|a| dar rer||||| argurerlas| yarg
sara |ual.
Z. wa|lu urlu| rergaro|| |epulusar sargal serp|l dar |epulusar rarus d|aro|| dergar segera.
KEKuA3AAN 0AN P0LlTlK 0ALAV 0R0ANl3A3l
Pengert|an dan 8umber Kekuasaan
Po||l|| |derl|| dergar |e|uasaar, oa|| po||l|| d| da|ar raupur d| |uar orgar|sas|.
Ke|uasaar ada|ar |erarpuar seseorarg urlu| reroual orarg |a|r alau se|e|orpo| orarg re|a|u|ar sesualu
yarg j||a l|da|, l|da| a|ar rere|a |a|u|ar. Ke|uasaar d|del|r|s||ar seoaga| |apas|las |rd|v|du urlu| rerpergarur|
oeroaga| |epulusar.
Ke|uasaar ada|ar serupa, lap| la| sara dergar olor|las. 0lor|las re|e|al pada jaoalar, sererlara |e|uasaar
l|da|. Ke|uasaar l|da| |derl|| dergar rergejar |eperl|rgar pr|oad|.
PITRI RABAY0, NPN

1eorl dan Apllkasl Crganlsasl | Source 1eorl Crganlsasl dan AdmlnlsLrasl 8ab 3 kusdl

3|lal |e|uasaar oerracar-racar: d|ja|ar|ar dergar |e|erasar (coerc|or), rerggura|ar reWards, rerggura|ar
rorra (asurs|-asurs| cu|lura| dar r||a|-r||a|), alau rerggura|ar |e|ualar pergelaruar. 3erua oerlu| |r| o|sa
d|pa|a| o|er per|||| |e|uasaar.
3|lal |e|uasaar: l|da| r|erar||s dar ru|l| d|re|s|ora| (rerurju| |e oeroaga| arar).
3uroer |e|uasaar: jabatan atau otor|tas, karakter|st|k persona| (=|ar|sra), corlro| keah||an (experl|se) dar
opportun|ty (pe|uarg).
3ecara lerper|rc| ya|lu: olor|las lorra|; corlro| lerradap suroer-suroer daya yarg |arg|a; pergguraar slru|lur,
alurar, dar regu|as| da|ar orgar|sas|; corlro| lerradap pergaro||ar |epulusar; corlro| lerradap pergelaruar dar
|rlorras|; corlro| lerradap oalas-oalas (oourdar|es) orgar|sas|; |erarpuar rergalas| |el|da|pasl|ar (urcerla|rly);
corlro| lerradap le|ro|og|; a||ars| |rlerpersora|, jar|rgar dar corlro| lerradap 'orgar|sas| |rlorra|; corlro| lerradap
orgar|sas| |aWar (courlerorgar|zal|ors); s|roo||sre dar rarajerer pera|raar; gerder dar rarajerer
ruourgar-ruourgar gerder; laclor-la|lor slruclura| yarg rererlu|ar larap |eg|alar; dar |ara|ler|sl|| persora|.
Kekuasaan versus Kepem|mp|nan
Ke|uasaar de|al dergar |eper|rp|rar. Per|rp|r lorra| d| da|ar orgar|sas| oararg|a|| rer||||| olor|las, lelap|
oe|ur lerlu rer||||| |e|uasaar per|rp|r yarg |erar (rer|rp|r yarg l|da| ele|l|l)
3eorarg per|rp|r yarg ele|l|l reroulur|ar ||ra persyaralar: (1) erergy/daya juarg, serargal, dar dororgar
urlu| raju (reed lor acr|evererl); (2) rasa percaya d|r| dar corlro| d|r| yarg l|rgg| (|rlerra| |ocus ol corlro|); (3)
|rlu|s|, |ecerdasar, dar |erarpuar |ogr|l|l; (1) |ecerdasar eros| dar |erarpuar oererpal|; dar (5) el||a dar
|rlegr|las rora| yarg oa||.
0a|ar orgar|sas|, o|asarya oerlu|-oerlu| |e|uasaar yarg |oers|l cerderurg l|da| ele|l|l oag| seorarg per|rp|r.
Pergguraar cara-cara |e|uasaar |oers|l da|ar orgar|sas| cerderurg a|ar rerg|||s eg|l|ras| olor|las |lu serd|r|
(alcr, 199Z: 281).
0a|ar leor| |orl|rgers|, per|rp|r yarg ele|l|l oergarlurg pada oaWararrya. 3eorarg per|rp|r rarus
reryesua||ar gaya |eper|rp|rarrya dergar |ara|ler|sl|| dar |es|apar oaWarar.
1. Kord|s| oaWarar 'Vau dar Taru gaya acr|evererl-or|erled.
2. Kord|s| oaWarar 'Vau lap| T|da| Taru gaya suporl|l.
3. Kord|s| 'T|da| Vau lap| Taru gaya parl|s|pal|l
1. Kord|s| 'T|da| Vau dar T|da| Taru gaya d|re|l|l
Proses Po||t|k da|am 0rgan|sas|
Proses po||l|| da|ar orgar|sas| dapal d|arl||ar dua ra|:
1. perlara, pergguraar |e|uasaar |lu serd|r| (exerc|se ol poWer) Rooo|rs (1990: 23)
2. |edua, proses po||l|| da|ar orgar|sas| upaya seseorarg urlu| reraroar |e|uasaar yarg d|r|||||rya dar
rerpersuas| p|ra| |a|r der| rercapa| oeroaga| sasarar dar lujuar persora| rere|a (rerggura|ar
|e|uasaar) Jores (200Z: 19) rerjad| |erda|a leroesar oag| leor| pergaro||ar |epulusar ras|ora|.
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1eorl dan Apllkasl Crganlsasl | Source 1eorl Crganlsasl dan AdmlnlsLrasl 8ab 3 kusdl

||ra jer|s proses po||l||:
1. corpel|rg (|a|ar-rerarg) rerc|pla|ar s|luas| |a|ar-rerarg, rerggura|ar gaya r|va||las alau persa|rgar,
rerurju||ar |e|uasaar urlu| rerdapal|ar apa yarg d||rg|r|ar, rera|sa |aWar urlu| lurdu|.
2. Accorrodal|rg (|ooperal|l) reryerar (g|v|rg aWay); dar lurdu| dar palur pada |e|rg|rar |aWar.
3. o||aooral|rg (rerguoar |aWar rerjad| se|ulu) reroargur s|luas| proo|er-so|v|rg; rerperje|as oeroaga|
peroedaar, serla oeroag| |de dar |rlorras|; rercar| so|us|-so|us| yarg |rlegral|ve; rercar| s|luas|-s|luas| d|
rara serua rerarg; re||ral rasa|ar dar |orl||| seoaga| sualu larlargar, ou|ar arcarar.
1. Avo|d|rg rergaoa||ar |orl||| dar oerrarap a|ar rereda dergar serd|r|rya; rerggarlurg rasa|ar alau
rerasu||ar |e da|ar |alegor| 'sedarg d|perl|roarg|ar; rerper|aroal pergaro||ar |epulusar urlu|
rerd|rg|r|ar |orl|||; reraras|a|ar peroedaar urlu| rergr|rdar| |orl|||; rera|a| alurar-alurar o|ro|ras|
seoaga| cara perye|esa|ar |orl|||.
5. orpror|s|rg (sa||rg oeroag| |eperl|rgar/rarlaal dergar |aWar) oerregos|as|; rercar| |esepa|alar-
|esepa|alar dar lu|ar-reru|ar |eurlurgar (lrade-oll); dar rercar| so|us|-so|us| urlu| reruas|ar alau dapal
d|ler|ra serua p|ra|.
Kekuasaan dan Takt|k Po||t|k
8eroaga| la|l|| po||l|| urlu| rerperoesar dar/alau rerggura|ar |e|uasaar:
1. ara perlara, la|l|| rerya|ar|ar (allac| ard o|are lacl|c) vs rerarg|u| (ra|e everyore a W|rrer lacl|c)
2. ara |edua, la|l|| rergurarg| |el|da|pasl|ar dar rerggura|ar |rlorras| yarg ooje|l|l (reduce urcerla|rly ard
use oojecl|ve |rlorral|or lacl|c)
3. Ta|l|| |a|r, rerdudu|| pos|s| serlra| alau pos|s| yarg l|da| lergarl||ar da|ar orgar|sas| (oe |rrep|aceao|e or
occupy a-cerlra| pos|l|or lacl|c)
Pos|s|/jaoalar perl|rg dar rererlu|ar da|ar orgar|sas| rerupa|ar |rcarar oag| serua orarg |arera:
perlara, sel|ap jaoalar oloral|s rergardurg olor|las; |edua, jaoalar-jaoalar yarg oers|lal serlra|
(slraleg|s) rerurg||r|ar peregarg jaoalar rerpergarur| oarya| ra| da|ar orgar|sas|.
Pos|s| lerlerlu 'l|da| lergarl||ar' l|da| rarus sualu pos|s| yarg perl|rg alau slraleg|s, asa||ar l|da| ada
salu pur arggola orgar|sas| |a|rrya yarg dapal rerggarl||arrya.
1. Ta|l|| oer||ulrya, rergga|arg |oa||s| dar a||ars| (ou||d|rg coa||l|ors-ard a|||arces lacl|c)
5. Tera|r|r, lacl|c rergorlro| agerda (acl-urooslrucl|ve|y-ard-corlro|-agerda lacl|c)
Ta|l||-la|l|| yarg |az|r d|gura|ar da|ar po||l|| orgar|sas| rerarg l|da| resl| para||e| dergar |epulusar-
|epulusar ras|ora|. Kel||a po||l|| da|ar orgar|sas| der|||ar rerggeja|a dar lerus-rererus d||a|u|ar, ra|a
|erurg||rar oesar akan ada bahaya lerlerlu oag| ||rerja orgar|sas|. 8eroaga| sasarar dar lujuar yarg
serarusrya d|lelap|ar secara opl|ra| dar ras|ora| lerryala d|garl| dergar ra|-ra| yarg rergurlurg|ar rarya oag|
'|oa||s| yarg dor|rar da|ar orgar|sas|.
PITRI RABAY0, NPN

1eorl dan Apllkasl Crganlsasl | Source 1eorl Crganlsasl dan AdmlnlsLrasl 8ab 3 kusdl

Terlu l|da| serua ra| yarg oer|eraar dergar |e|uasaar dar po||l|| da|ar orgar|sas| rerupa|ar sesualu yarg
ouru|. ara-cara oerpo||l|| yarg seral dar rera|a| el||a dapal rergajar|ar arggola orgar|sas| urlu| l|da| pas|l
alau pasrar rerer|ra |eadaar.
Teor| Po||t|k da|am 0rgan|sas|
Terdapal erpal |e|orpo| leor| po||l|| da|ar orgar|sas|:
1. Teor| |orl|rgers| slraleg|s;
2. Teor| |elergarlurgar suroer daya;
3. Teor| dua Wajar |e|uasaar; dar
1. Kr|l|| ler|r|s.