II A and B are both m n matrices then the 8:2 oI A and B,

denoted A B, is a matrix obtained by adding corresponding

elements oI A and B.

=


A

|

=


B

= +

B A
II A and B are both m n matrices then the 8:2 oI A and B,
denoted A B, is a matrix obtained by adding .47708543/3
0020398 oI A and B.
add these

=


A

|

=


B

= +

B A
add these

=


A

|

=


B

= +

B A
add these

=


A

|

=


B

= +

B A
add these

=


A

=


B

= +


B A
add these

=


A

=


B

= +


B A
add these
A B B A + = +
C B A C B A + + = + +
II A is an m n matrix and s is a scalar, then we let kA denote the
matrix obtained by multiplying every element oI A by k. This
procedure is called 8.,,72:95.,943



k hA kh A
k h A kA hA
k A B kA kB
=
+ = +
+ = +

=


A



|

=




A
PROPERTIESOFSCALAR&LTIPLICATION
The 2 3 zero matrix, denoted , is the 2 n
matrix whose elements are all zeros.

=
= +
= +
A
A A
A A

)


The muItipIication of matrices is easier shown than put
into words. You muItipIy the rows of the first matrix
with the coIumns of the second adding products

=


A

=



B
Find AB
First we muItipIy across the first row and down the
first coIumn adding products. We put the answer in
the first row, first coIumn of the answer.
+ = + +

=


A

=



B
Find AB
We muItipIied across first row and down first coIumn
so we put the answer in the first row, first coIumn.

=

AB
Now we muItipIy across the first row and down the second
coIumn and we'II put the answer in the first row, second
coIumn.
+ = + +
|

=

AB
Now we muItipIy across the second row and down the first
coIumn and we'II put the answer in the second row, first
coIumn.
+ = + +
|

AB
Now we muItipIy across the second row and down the
second coIumn and we'II put the answer in the second row,
second coIumn.
+ = + +

=


AB
otice the sizes oI A and B and the size oI the product AB.
%4 multiply matrices A and B
l44 at their dimensi4ns
p n n m L L
MUST BE SAME
SZE OF PRODUCT
f the number of columns of does not
equal the number of rows of then the
product is undefined.

BA

=

BA

=

BA

=

BA

=

BA

=

BA

BA

=



BA

=



BA
Now Iet's Iook at the product BA.

=



B

|

=


A
BA AB
L
L
across Iirst row as
we go down Iirst
column:
= +
across Iirst row as
we go down
second column:
= +
across Iirst row as
we go down third
column:
= +
across second row
as we go down
Iirst column:
= +
across second row
as we go down
second column:
= +
across second row
as we go down
third column:
= +
across third row
as we go down
Iirst column:
= +
across third row
as we go down
second column:
= +
across third row
as we go down
third column:
= +
CompIeteIy different than !
4mmuter's Bewarel


BC AC C B A
AC AB C B A
C AB BC A
+ = +
+ = +
=
PROPERTIESOFATRIX
&LTIPLICATION
BA AB
Is it possible Ior AB BA ?,yes it is possible.
an n L n matrix with 4nes 4n the main diag4nal
and zer4s elsewhere

hat is A?
hat is A?

=



A

A =

A =

MuItipIying a
matrix by the
identity gives the
matrix back again.

et A be an nL n matrix. II there exists a matrix B

such that AB BA then we call this matrix the
3;0780 oI A and denote it A
-
.

Can we find a matrix to muItipIy the first matrix by to

get the identity?
f has an inverse we say that is nonsinguIar.
f

does not exist we say is singuIar.

To find the inverse of a matrix we put the matrix A, a
Iine and then the identity matrix. We then perform row
operations on matrix A to turn it into the identity. We
carry the row operations across and the right hand side
wiII turn into the inverse.
To find the inverse of a matrix we put the matrix A, a
Iine and then the identity matrix. We then perform row
operations on matrix A to turn it into the identity. We
carry the row operations across and the right hand side
wiII turn into the inverse.

=


A

27
1
+7
2

7
2

7
1
7
2

=


A

A
Check this answer by muItipIying. We shouId
get the identity matrix if we've found the
inverse.

AA
We can use
-1
to soIve a system of equations


= +
= +


- = A
To see how, we can re-write a
system of equations as matrices.
coefficient
matrix
variabIe
matrix
constant
matrix

-

= A
-

= A A A
- = A
Ieft muItipIy both sides
by the inverse of
This is just the identity
-

= A
but the identity times a
matrix just gives us
back the matrix so we
have:
This then gives us a formuIa
for finding the variabIe
matrix: MuItipIy inverse
by the constants.


= +
= +

=


A
find the inverse

-27
1
+7
2

7
2

7
1
-37
2

- A
This is the
answer to
the system