Professional Documents
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Network Topology
Max 128 bit WEP 128 bit WEP 152 bit WEP
Encryption 256 bit AES
Discrete 3 3 8
Channels
Natively 802.11b, 802.11b, 802.11a
Compatible 802.11g 802.11g
Potential Entry level Larger Large
user and home networks, business
networks small concerned
business with
CHANNELS 802.11b & 802.11g
Both 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz
frequency band, specifically between 2.400 GHz (2400
MHz), and 2.484 GHz (2484 MHz). Each Channel is of 22
Mhz. The picture below shows the number of channels
in the frequency band. As can be seen adjacent
channels over lap and there are 3 over lapping
channels, viz. 1, 6 and 11.
RTS
CTS
Data
ACK
Components required for WiFi
Used For
Portables:
PCI and USB adapters
Used For
PCI adapterDesktops: USB adapter
(inside) (outside)
Important Specifications of
Access Points
Transmit Power [30 mw, 100 mw, 200
mw, 500 mw, 1 W]
Automatic/Manual Power Control
Provision for Connecting External
Antenna
Multiple SSIDs/VLANs
Security WPA/WPA-2[802.11i] and
Security Configuration per SSID
QOS support
Rogue Access Point detection
Manageability [SNMP]
Important Specifications of
Access Points
WDS [Wireless Distribution
System]
Single Radio/Dual Radio
Mesh Networking
Client Isolation or Intra Cell
Blocking
POE [Power Over Ethernet]
Radius Authentication and
Accounting Support
Automatic Configuration
Auto Channel Selection
1 Mbps DSSS
2 Mbps DSSS
11 Mbps DSSS
How much distance can be
supported by one AP
(802.11b)
50M : 11 Mbps
80M : 5.5 Mbps
120M : 2 Mbps
150M : 1 Mbps
How much distance can be
supported by one AP
(802.11g)
20M : 54 Mbps
40M : 27 Mbps
80M : 6 Mbps
100M : 1 Mbps
Microsense
Microsense
Microsense
Antenna Basics
• An antenna propagates and receives RF signals
from the air and makes them available to the
receiver
• Frequency – Antennas should be tuned to
either 2.4 GHz (802.11 b/g) or 5 GHz (802.11a)
• Power - Antennas can handle specific amounts
of power put out by the transmitter. Antennas
are generally rated >1W
• Radiation pattern – Defines the radio wave
propagation of the antenna. An isotropic
pattern means the AP transmits radio waves in
all directions equally (beach ball pattern)
Antenna Basics
• Gain – Represents how well the antenna
increases effective signal power, with decibels
as unit of measure. For instance, AP
transmitting at 100mw with 3 dB gain produces
200mw effective output. dBi is the gain
relative to an isotropic source.
• SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) – Ratio of amplitude
of radio signal to amplitude of noise in a
transmission channel. The greater the ratio,
the better the transmission.
• Receiver sensitivity – A measurement of the
weakest signal a receiver can receive and still
correctly translate it into data.
Antenna Basics
• Omni-directional antennas – Propagate RF
signals in all directions(360-degree) equally in
the horizontal plane, but limit range on the
vertical plane. Radiation pattern resembles a
doughnut with the antenna at the center of
the hole.
• Directional antenna - Transmits and receives
RF energy more in one direction than others.
Radiation pattern is similar to a flashlight or
spotlight. The higher gain antennas have a
narrower beam width, which limits coverage
on the sides of the antennas.
Connecting to a Hotspot
Access the software for the 802.11
card -- normally there is an icon for
the card down in the system tray at
the bottom right of the screen.
Click the "Search button" in the
software. The card will search for all
of the available hotspots in the area
and show you a list.
Double-click on one of the hotspots
to connect to it.
Connecting to a Hotspot
(Cont’d)
On most notebook models, you will see
some sort of signal icon on the bottom
right hand corner of your screen or a lit
indicator on the notebook itself, which will
give you feedback for "On" and signal
strength (a red screen means your radio is
Off; a green screen indicates it is On).
OFF ON
Connecting to a Hotspot
(Cont’d)
You can also see the quality of the signal
by clicking on the radio icon (may vary by
system):
Connecting to a Hotspot
(Cont’d)
Simply follow the instructions to sign up for
the service, or enter your user name and
password if you are already a customer.
A WiFi repeater
is installed to
Wireless
extend
Access Point
coverage.
Things to Configure in a Hotspot
The SSID -- Service Set IDentifier is a
sequence of characters that uniquely
names a WLAN.
It will normally default to the
manufacturer's name (e.g. “Nomadix").
You can set it to any word or phrase you
like.
The channel – the radio link used by
access point/router to communicate to
wireless devices.
Normally it will default to channel 6.
Some uses,
Synchronize data between devices.
Client
Access Point Radius
Server
Certificate
Server
Considerations for Enterprise Wi-Fi
Access Point must support multiple
SSIDs/VLANs
Must support 802.1x and WPA, WPA-2 to
provide security to internal users and
internal networks
Must support Rogue Access Point Detection
QOS support for future applications such as
VOWIFI and Video applications
Manageability [SNMP]
Convenient Mechanism to provide Internet
Access to Visitors and Guests
Plug and play service. The user should not
have the need to change IP address settings
or Proxy settings
Considerations for Public Hot Spots
Simple and easy to use login mechanism to
the guest, which includes authentication
and billing. This would include Radius based
authentication as well as PMS [Property
Management Systems] integration in the
case of hotels
Seamless switch over from wired to wi-fi
networks and vice versa. For example a
guest who has purchased a 24 hour account
by connecting to the wired port in the room
should be able to use it from the Wi-Fi
network as well, say in the Coffee Shop or
Lobby or elsewhere, automatically
Considerations for Public Hot Spots
Complete support for VPN applications
Provision for Bandwidth on Demand
Provision for Public IPs for User Laptop
Support for both Open/Unsecure Connections
and Secure Connections
Roaming between hotspots and between
different service Providers
Branding on Portal Pages
Considerations for Public Hot Spots
Network Management system to provide
Performance and Configuration Management
as well as Fault Monitoring and Notifications
There should be provision for both historical
reports as well as online live reports, guest
wise, date wise, period wise, Plan wise, fault
wise, usage wise and so on
Automatic redirection to welcome page when
user tries to access the Internet