KHAI NIM CHUNG V RLE

Rle la mt loai thit bi in t ng ma tin hiu u ra thay i nhay cp khi tin hiu u vao
at nhng gia tri xac inh. Rle la thit bi in dung ong ct mach in iu khin, bao v
va iu khin s lam vic cua mach in ng lc.

Cac b phn (cac khi) chinh cua rle

+ C cu tip thu( khi tip thu)
Co nhim vu tip nhn nhng tin hiu u vao va bin i no thanh ai lng cn thit cung
cp tin hiu phu hp cho khi trung gian.
+ C cu trung gian( khi trung gian)
Lam nhim vu tip nhn nhng tin hiu a n t khi tip thu va bin i no thanh ai lng
cn thit cho rle tac ng.
+ C cu chp hanh (khi chp hanh)
Lam nhim vu phat tin hiu cho mach iu khin.
Vi du cac khi trong c cu rle in t hinh 6-1.
-C cu tip thu y la cun dy.
-C cu trung gian la mach t nam chm in.
-C cu chp hanh la h thng tip im.

Hnh 1

Phn loai rle

Co nhiu loai rle vi nguyn li va chc nng lam vic rt khac nhau. Do vy co nhiu cach
phn loai rle:
a) Phn loai theo nguyn li lam vic gm cac nhom

+ Rle in c (rle in t, rle t in, rle in t phn cc, rle cam ng,...).
+ Rle nhit.
+ Rle t.
+ Rle in t -ban dn, vi mach.
+ Rle s.
b) Phn theo nguyn li tac ng cua c cu chp hanh
+ Rle co tip im: loai nay tac ng ln mach bng cach ong m cac tip im.
+ Rle khng tip im (rle tinh): loai nay tac ng bng cach thay i t ngt cac tham s
cua c cu chp hanh mc trong mach iu khin nh: in cam, in dung, in tr,...
c) Phn loai theo c tinh tham s vao
+ Rle dong in.
+ Rle in ap.
+ Rle cng sut.
+ Rle tng tr,...
d) Phn loai theo cach mc c cu
+ Rle s cp: loai nay c mc trc tip vao mach in cn bao v.
+ Rle th cp: loai nay mc vao mach thng qua bin ap o lng hay bin dong in.
e) Phn theo gia tri va chiu cac ai lng i vao rle
+Rle cc ai.
+Rle cc tiu.
+Rle cc ai-cc tiu.
+Rle so lch.
+Rle inh hng.
...

c tinh vao -ra cua rle

Hnh 2
Quan h gia ai lng vao va ra cua rle nh hinh minh ha.
Khi x bin thin t 0 n x2 thi y = y1 n khi x= x2 thi y tng t y = y1 n y = y2 (nhay
bc). Nu x tng tip thi y khng i y = y2 . Khi x giam t x2 v lai x1 thi y = y2 n x = x1
thi y giam t y2 v y = y1.
Nu goi:
+ X = X2= Xt la gia tri tac ng rle.
+ X = X1 = Xnh la gia tri nha cua rle.
Thi h s nha:

Knh=X X =X
1

nh

Xt

Cac thng s cua rle

a) H s iu khin rle

Kk=P

Pt , vi:

+Pk la cng sut iu khin inh mc cua rle, chinh la cng sut inh mc cua c cu chp
hanh.
+Pt la cng sut tac ng, chinh la cng sut cn thit cung cp cho u vao rle tac
ng.
Vi rle in t Pk la cng sut tip im (nghia la cng sut tip im cho phep truyn qua).
Pt la cng sut cun dy nam chm hut.
Cac loai rle khac nhau thi Knh va Kk cung khac nhau.

b) Thi gian tac ng

La thi gian k t thi im cung cp tin hiu cho u vao, n luc c cu chp hanh lam vic.
Vi rle in t la quang thi gian cun dy c cung cp dong (hay ap) cho n luc h thng
tip im ong hoan toan (vi tip im thng m) va m hoan toan (vi tip im thng
ong).
Cac loai rle khac nhau tt cung khac nhau.
+tt < 1.10-3[s] : rle khng quan tinh.
50).10-3 [s]: rle tac ng nhanh. +tt = (1
+tt > 150.10-3[s]: rle thi gian.
Mt s vi du v rle in c

Bang 1: R le in c

Loai rle.

Pt[W] Pk[W] Kk
10-3 10Rle in t :
104 10 5000 5
1
10-4 10108 10
Rle t in :
2 0,1
9
4
103 10- 104 10
Rle cam ng : 102 10-2
1
2
BNG 1

RLE IN T
Nguyn li lam vic

Hnh 3

tt[10-3s]
2000 1
500 10
100 1

S lam vic cua loai rle nay da trn nguyn li in t. Xet mt rle nh hinh minh ha. Khi
cho dong in i i vao cun dy cua nam chm in thi np se chiu mt lc hut F. Lc hut in
t t vao np :

F=K.i22,vi:: khe hi : dong inK:la h s(xem chng

5){{
Khi dong in vao cun dy i > giam) lam ong tip im (do tip im c gn vi
np). It (dong in tac ng) thi lc F hut np va khi lc F tng thi khe h giam (
Itv (dong tr v) thi lc lo xo Flo xo Khi dong in i > F (lc in t) va r le nha.
Ti s: Ktv=ItvItc

goi la h s tr v.

+ Rle dong cc ai Ktv < 1.

+ Rle dong cc tiu Ktv > 1.
Rle cang chinh xac thi Ktv cang gn 1.

Pk: cng sut iu khin.Pt: cng sut tac ng cua

rle.Kk=PkPth s iu khin cua rle.Vi{
Rle cang nhay Kk cang ln.
Khoang thi gian t luc dong in i bt u ln hn It n luc chm dt s hoat ng cua rle
goi la thi gian tac ng tt.
S ln tac ng trong mt n vi thi gian (gi) goi la tn s tac ng.
Rle in t phn ra hai loai:

thI=UR'nn ta tnhF=K'.U22 co U la in ap t vao cun dy.

+ Rle xoay chiu : lc F = 0 (tn s 2f) khi I = 0. Gia tri trung binh cua lc hut se la: Ftb=k{
{I rSup { size 8{2} } } over { rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {}, nu
cun dy t song song vi ngun in ap U thi Ftb=k{ {U rSup { size 8{2} } }
over { rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {}.
+ Rle mt chiu

Nam chm xoay chiu khi lc F = 0 lo xo keo np ra, do vy rle loai nay khi lam vic co rung
ng gy ting ku, han ch ngi ta s dung dung vong ngn mach.
Rle in t co cac c im:
- Cng sut iu khin Pk t vai W n hang nghin W.
- Cng sut tac ng Pt t vai phn W n hang trm W.
20). - H s iu khin Kk = (5

20)ms. - Thi gian tac ng tt = (2

Hinh 6-4 :Mt s loai rle in ta)rle dong din va in ap; b)rle trung gian; c)rle thi
gian Nhc im cua rle in t
Cng sut tac ng Pt tng i ln, nhay thp, Kk nho. Hin nay co xu hng cai tin
ng dung vt liu st t mi san xut cac loai rle tng Kk.

Mt s loai rle in t
T (hinh 6-4a).a) Rle dong in va in ap loai
b) Rle trung gian (hinh 6-4b). Nhim vu chinh cua rle trung gian la khuch ai tin hiu iu
khin, no thng nm vi tri trung gian gia cac rle khac. c im rle trung gian co c cu
iu chinh in ap tac ng co th tac ng khi in ap tng giam trong khoang

15%

Um.
5)s. 0 giam thi sc in ng e chng s giam duy tri thi gian khoang t = (0,5 c) Rle
thi gian in t (hinh 6-4c) khi t thng

Rle phn cc
Rle phn cc la mt dang cua rle in t co thm t thng phn cc do nam chm vinh cu
tao nn. Chuyn ng cua np phu thuc vao chiu dong trong cun dy. Khi cha co dong
in thi phn ng rle a mt trong hai vi tri do lc hut t trng nam chm vinh cu.
Hinh 6-5: Rle phn cc Mach t nam chm vinh cu co cu truc sao cho mt phia khe h
khng khi ln con mt phia nho khi cho dong vao cun dy nam chm thi tng lc hut in
t cua cun dy va nam chm vinh cu phn cc hai bn khng bng nhau, np bi hut v mt
bn, lc hut nam chm vinh cu lam nhim vu gi np khi ct in cun dy. Mun np
chuyn ng ngc lai thi phai i chiu dong in i chiu lc hut in t. Hai kiu rle
phn cc nh hinh 6-5.
3).10-3s , cho phep thao tac vi tn s ln. Loai nay co u im chinh la nhay cao kich
thc gon thi gian tac ng nhanh c (2

RLE IN NG
Nguyn li
Theo nguyn tc, rle in ng co hai cun dy nh hinh minh ha

Hnh 4
Khi co dong qua cun dy 1 la i1 va cun dy 2 co dong in i2. Tai vi tri nh hinh minh ha ta
co cam ng t B12 = K.i1 va co lc in t F = K.B12.i2 hay lc F = K1.i1.i2 se sinh ra m
men M = Ki1i2 t ln cun dy 2, lam cun dy 2 quay va ong tip im. Nu hai cun c
mc ni tip thi i1 = i2 = i co M = Ki2 luc nay m men c lp vi chiu dong in. Khi mach
in xoay chiu vi tn s f thi thi F thay i, rle se lam vic vi gia tri trung binh cua lc in
t va m men.

Mtb=1T0TMdt=kI1I2cos.
Trong o :
+ I1, I2 :tri hiu dung.
:goc lch pha gia hai dong in i1, i2. +
= 1 va Mtb = Ki2. Nu i1 = i2 thi cos
Khi mt trong hai cun dy c i chiu dong in thi chiu m men trung binh Mtb cung
thay i.

ng dung
Rle in ng c s dung lam rle cng sut tac dung, phan khang. Co th ch tao rle st
in ng tng tri s m men Mtb va se tng nhay cua rle. Loai rle in ng xoay
chiu khng co mach st t tuy Mtb nho nhng dung nhiu trong t ng iu khin.

RLE KIU T IN
Nguyn li

S lam vic cua r le loai nay da trn c s lc in t do t trng cua nam chm vinh cu
tac dung ln mt cun dy khi co dong in chay qua. Nguyn li chung biu din nh hinh
minh ha.

Hnh 5
T trng nam chm vinh cu vi cam ng t B tac dung ln khung co dong I tao ra mmen
quay.
Lc in t la F = KB12I.
M men quay M = KI (ti l vi dong in I).

c im
Rle t in co nhay ln, cng sut tac ng nho (c 10-10 w) s dung nhiu trong t ng
hoa, cng sut iu khin c 1 n 2 W.
Khng lam vic mach xoay chiu vi mach xoay chiu m men trung binh Mtb = 0.

RLE CAM NG
Nguyn li
Da trn tac ng tng h gia t trng xoay chiu vi dong in cam ng trong b phn
quay (ia, ci) tao mmen quay. Hinh 6-8a la s lc kt cu mt r le cam ng.
2 bin thin xuyn qua ia nhm tng ng cam ng cac sc in ng e1, e2 sinh ra cac
dong i1, i2 . Cac lc in t la F12 = B2i1l va F21 = B1i2l, lc in t tng: 1, Hai t thng

F=F12+F21,thng th:F=F12F21=1S[2i11i2]
Vi dong in va t thng la nhng ai lng thay i theo thi gian nn tm kim loai se chiu
lc trung binh:

Ft b=1T0T1S[2i11i2].dt= k.m1m2sin

2. 1 va la goc lch pha gia vi

. m2.sin m1. M men quay trung binh tac dung vao phn ng se la: Mtb= km.
Trong thc t s lch pha t thng co th thc hin bng nhiu cach nhng thng dung vong
ngn mach.
Nhn xet
= 0 thi F = 0 nghia hai t thng trung pha nhau ia khng quay. +
= 900 thi F = Fmax. +
Vy mun ia quay thi t thng cua hai nam chm phai co vi tri khac nhau trong khng gian va
lch pha v thi gian.

ng dung rle cam ng ch tao

T-80 (hinh 6-8b), PT-80. + Rle dong
+ Rle cng sut loai cc 4 cc t ( 2 cc qun cun dong, 2 cc qun cun ap).
+ Rle kim tra tc kiu cam ng ki hiu PKC.
T-80RLE NHIT - RLE THI GIAN - RLE TC RLE IU KHIN Hinh 6-8: a)S lc kt
cu rle cam ng ; b) Rle cam ng kiu

Rle nhit
t[s]I/Im11,22345610100100010.000123b)Hinh 6-9a)a)Nguyn li; b) c tinh:1.c tinh thit
bi,2.c tinh rle,3.c tinh mong mun. a) Khai nim - cng dung
Rle nhit la mt loai thit bi in dung bao v ng c va mach in khoi bi qua tai,
thng dung kem vi khi ng t, cng tc t. Dung in ap xoay chiu n 500 V, tn s
50Hz, loai mi Im n 150A in ap mt chiu ti 440V. Rle nhit khng tac ng tc thi
theo tri dong in vi co quan tinh nhit ln phai cn thi gian phat nong. Thi gian lam vic
t khoang vai giy [s] n vai phut, nn khng dung bao v ngn mach c. Mun bao v
ngn mach thng dung kem cu chay.
b) Nguyn li ( hinh 6-9a)
Da trn tac dung nhit cua dong in, ngay nay s dung ph bin rle nhit co phin kim loai
kep, nguyn li lam vic da trn s khac nhau v gian n dai cua hai kim loai khi bi t nong.
Phn t c ban rle nhit la phin kim loai kep (bimetal) cu tao t hai tm kim loai, mt tm
h s gian n be (thng dung invar co 36% Ni, 64% Fe) mt tm h s gian n ln (thng la
ng thau hay thep crm - niken, nh ng thau gian n gp 20 ln invar). Hai phin ghep lai
vi nhau thanh mt tm bng phng phap can nong hoc han.

Khi t nong do dong I phin kim loai kep un v phia kim loai co h s gian n nho hn, co
th dung trc tip cho dong in qua hoc dy in tr bao quanh. un cong ln yu
cu phin kim loai phai co chiu dai ln va mong. Nu cn lc y manh thi ch tao tm phin
rng, day va ngn.

Rle tc (hinh 6-10)

Hinh 6-10: Rle tc loai li tmai lng u vao la tc quay cua thit bi, ai lng ra la
trang thai ong hoc m tip im. Nguyn li loai li tm nh sau: khi truc ng yn hoc quay
vi tc nho hn tri s tc tac ng, lo xo 3 keo qua vng 2 ty ln ia 4, m h thng tip
im 5 ong h thng 6, khi tc ln hn vt lc li tm cua qua vng 2 thng lc lo xo 3 lam
hai qua 2 khng ty vao ia 4, lo xo y ia 4 ra, tip im ng gn trn ia se ong tip im
thng m 6 va ct tip im thng ong 5. iu chinh vng cua hai qua vng bng lo xo
3 thi co th thay i c tri s vn tc tac ng vt.

Rle thi gian

1.

Khai nim

Dung duy tri thi gian ong chm hoc m chm cua h thng tip im so
vi thi im a tin hiu tac ng vao rle.
Thi gian chm nay co th vai phn giy cho n hang gi.
b) Yu cu
Thi gian chm thc hin bi rle phai n inh it phu thuc vao cac yu t khac nh in ap
ngun, dong in, nhit mi trng,...
c) Phn loai
Co rt nhiu loai rle thi gian vi nguyn li, cu tao rt khac khac nhau nh:
+ Rle thi gian kiu in t (hinh 6-4c).
+ Rle thi gian kiu thuy lc.
+ Rle thi gian kiu ng h.
+ Rle thi gian kiu in t - ban dn.
Ta chi xet ai din mt loai:
Rle thi gian kiu in t cu tao nh hinh 6-4c loai nay duy tri thi gian nha chm va chi
dung cho in mt chiu.
d) Nguyn li

Trong qua trinh ong hay ngt cun dy rle thi trong vong ngn mach (chinh la ng lot
bng ng 1) se sinh ra sc in ng cam ng, dong in do no sinh ra se tao ra mt t thng
chng lai s bin thin t thng do cun 7 dy sinh ra. Do o no lam cho tc thay i cua t
thng chm lai lam thi gian tac ng cua rle chm lai.
Thay i thi gian tac ng bng cach thay i cng lo xo 3, iu chinh vit 4 iu chinh
chiu rng khe h co ming m 6 hoc tri s dong in.
Loai nay thi gian chm n 3 giy.

Rle iu khin
Co chc nng nh mt rle trung gian, nhng co kich thc nho, tn s thao tac ln, kha nng
ngt ln, h s nha cao. Cu tao cua rle c m ta nh hinh 6-11a.
Trong ng thuy tinh kin 1 t thanh dn 2 bng thep lo xo dn t. hai u mi thanh dn co
gn tip im bng flatin. ng 1 c rut ht khng khi hoc cho vao o mt cht khi thich
hp, muc ich h quang dp tt d dang. Ngoai ng t cun dy 3, khi a in vao cun
dy 3, lc in t se lam hai thanh hut nhau, h tip im c ong lai. Nu ngt in cua
cun dy, lc an hi cua hai thanh dn lam tip im m ra.
Loai rle nay co u im la mi trng lam vic cua tip im gn nh li tng, do o khng bi
oxy hoa. Khi ong/ngt khng co h quang, vi vy tui tho cua no at ti khoang 10 triu ln
ong/ngt. Khe h gia hai tip im be nn cho phep thi gian tac ng be, c (0,2

0,4).10-

3s. Co th lam vic vi tn s thao tac t 400 n 2000 ln ong ngt trong mt giy. Kha
nng ngt cua rle vi ng kinh ng thuy tinh d= (2,5

6,5) mm chiu dai l = (10 55)

mm at ti 1A, i khi ti 5A. T trng cn thit cho iu khin be, sc t ng cua cun dy
be khoang (20

200) A.vong.

iik123a)1234ikb)Hinh 6-11: Rle iu khinHinh 6-11b trinh bay cu tao cua mt rle dong
in, trong ng thuy tinh 1 ga hai in cc bng vonfram 2 va trong co mt lng thuy ngn.
Phao st t 3 hinh tru rng, ni trn thuy ngn (vi ti trong cua st be hn ti trong cua thuy
ngn). Cun dy iu khin 4 c t lch v phia di cua ng (v phia cha thuy ngn). Khi
khng co in vao cun dy, phao 3 ni, cc 2 khng tip xuc vi thuy ngn, mach in h. Khi
co in vao cun dy, lc in t se hut phao 3 v phia cun dy lam thuy ngn dng ln, cc
2 ngp trong thuy ngn, mach in c ni kin. Vi ngt bng thuy ngn nn tc ngt rt
ln, sinh ra qua ap cao.

AI CNG V RLE TINH

S i mi cua ki thut rle
a) Nhng han ch cua rle in- c
Cho n khoang nhng nm 70 cac thit bi bao v rle chu yu cung chi thc hin vi c cu
so sanh la in t va c khi, c cu tha hanh la tip im hp kim.

C cu o va so sanh c - in t co nhng c im :
- Chm: mach in t o mt khoang 20 ms, c cu so sanh on by, lo xo, cun dy nhanh
cung c 10ms.
100A, o ap cua BU c 100V. Thng khng qua loc, khi o ln ca thanh phn tn s cng
nghip vi cac thanh phn t do va hai. Nhng thanh phn nay thng kha ln co th lam sai
kt qua o rt nhiu. - Kem chinh xac: vic o in t trc kia thng o qua bin dong (BI)
5A
- C cu o va so sanh lai thng chi la loai o n bin, mt dong hoc mt ap. Thng kho
thc hin c nhng phep x li phc tap cn co nh cac phep s hoc, giai tich, phep tr, phep
m ,...
Do o mun bao v cho mt i tng n gian la mt ng dy phn phi, cung phai cn
dung ti mi phn t rle, kem theo mt s ni dy phc tap chim mt tu thit bi. Chi phi
cao ma tin cy, chinh xac, tc va cac chc nng bao v thi khim tn.
b) Rle in t hoa(rle tinh)
T khoang nhng nm 70 n 90 cac rle c- in c cai tin theo hng in t hoa. Chu
yu ngi ta tim cach thay cac c cu o, c cu so ngng bng cac mach in t va vi mach
ban dn.
Mt s phep x li n gian nh cng, ao ham, tich phn, m, tr,... cung thc hin bng
mach in t.
Vi mach in t a khin thit bi bao v tin mt bc kha dai, tiu hoa thit bi, nng cao
thm chinh xac va cht lng cac chc nng rle.
Rle tinh a c dung phi hp bao v trong h thng in t khoang nhng nm 1970,
u tin la s dung cac en in t sau o n cac Tranzitor silic vi tc tin cy cao tao
nn cac cng tin hiu.
Rle ki thut analog (tin hiu vao/ra la tin hiu lin tuc): Cac loai rle nay s dung c lp ring
le cac b phn co mt s chc nng ring tng t rle in c vi cac chc nng thng
thng, co th s dung khi thay th trc tip. Trong hinh 6-17 la rle qua dong cham t c
thit k cai thin tinh nng cua rle in c bng s phn chia phi hp bao v.
c) Rle s hoa
Phai n khoang nhng nm 90 khi a ki thut vi x li, vi iu khin vao thi thit bi rle a
thc hin mt s thay i tin hoa toan din.
Vi x li, vi iu khin la cng cu thc hin c rt tt cac cng vic nh loc cac tin hiu vao,
vic o nhanh nhiu bin (3 dong, 3 ap, thi gian,...), vic tinh toan nhanh nhng x li phc tap
nht (s hoc, giai tich, m, phn tich ph,...), so nhiu ngng ,...Vi vy cac rle s hoa co
nhng u vit ln :

c.1) Tc o, tinh nhanh cac vec t bin vao, vi chinh xac cao tin cy cao.
c.2) Do nhng iu trn khin mt rle co th thc hin c cung mt luc tt ca nhng chc
nng bao v phc tap khac nhau cho mt i tng, thm chi gm ca nhng chc nng bao v
d bi cung nh cac chc nng bao v phu thm na. T o sinh ra mt s c im mi khac
vi hai th h rle truyn thng cu la :
+Rle s c ch tao theo hng mt rle thc hin tt ca nhng phep o lng, phn tich
tinh toan tt ca nhng phep so sanh, tt ca cac chc nng bao v cn cho mt thit bi in lc.
o la nhng rle a chc nng tng hp thanh b.
+Ngi ta phn loai cac rle thanh b theo nhom cac i tng bao v, s kiu rle c thu
gon lai trong mt s nhom sau :
* Cac kiu rle bao v may phat in.
* Cac kiu rle bao v ng dy siu cao va cao ap.
* Cac kiu rle bao v ng dy phn phi trung ap.
* Cac kiu rle bao v bin ap.
* Cac kiu rle bao v thanh cai.
* Cac kiu rle bao v m t in ng b, khng ng b.
* Rle sa thai theo tn s,...
+Mi rle s lai co kha nng ghi lai s liu vn hanh, s liu cac s c ca nhng s liu v tac
ng bao v "CT", "ONG LAI",... giup s dung vao nhiu vic phn tich, thng k lin quan.
Mi rle s lai bit t ng bao cac s kin, s c cho ngi trc va cho mt may tng hp ghi
nhn, may nay lai t ng bao cao vi h SCADA cua tram.
c.3) V kt cu thi rle s co th tich thu gon rt nhiu; mt tu rle cu c thay bng mt rle
s hoa. Mt tu rle s hoa cua tram in thng cha xp chng hai rle cao ap ln, hoc tam
rle bao v trung ap.
2 man hinh SCADA. 2 tu thu thp thng tin cho SCADA va 1 2 tu rle, 1 Kt qua la phong
iu khin trung tm thu gon lai tt ca chi con 1
c.4) Vic u ni dy cho mt rle s chi con lai sau dy dong, sau dy ap, hai dy ngun va
vai cp dy i "ONG", "CT". Tt ca u vao cac coc phia sau cua rle, so vi cac tu cu thi
n gian hn nhiu.
c.5) Vic chinh t, kim tra, th nghim u thc hin bng truyn tin gia rle va may tinh,
rt la gian tin, c bit nhanh chong va chinh xac.
c.6) Gia thanh cua rle s hoa re hn rle truyn thng, noi chung chi bng na.

2000 USD. Rle ki thut s (digital): c im cua loai nay la trong mt m un co th co th

phi hp nhiu chc nng phc tap ma cac yu t o lng lin quan bng cac mc logic phi
hp c x li bi cac mach s trong b vi x li, u ra la chung cho tin hiu ong ct va tin
hiu bao nh hinh 6-20. 4000 USD. Trong khi o mt rle s bao v ng dy phn phi gia
chi khoang 1500 Vi du: mt tu rle truyn thng bao v mt ng dy phn phi thi khoang
gia 3000
c.7) Thi gian tac ng: thi gian tac ng anh hng nhiu n s n inh cua h thng. Nu
s c c giai quyt cang nhanh thi kha nng duy tri s n inh cua h thng cang cao. Trong
rle tinh khng co cac phn t quan tinh c trong chuyn ng nn thi gian tac ng rt
nhanh, thng Tt = 0,6ms. Gii han ti a cua tc ap ng trong thc t tuy thuc ch
qua cua may bin dong hay cac phn t khac.
c.8) Tinh chon loc: vic x li tt nht i vi cac tinh trang s c co nghia la chi ngng cung
cp in cho mt s lng ti thiu cac phu tai tiu thu c bao v, phai am bao sang loc
chi ngt ra khoi mach nhng thit bi bi s c, con cac thit bi khac phai vn tip tuc lam vic.
Trong trng hp bao v phc tap nh bao v khoang cach vic chon la do khi x li trung tm
xac inh. Trng hp bao v n gian, vic tao tinh la chon qua cac phn t c ban (nh a
thm vao mt mach tri hoan thi gian..) co c tinh tac ng phu hp trong trng hp bao
v phc tap. Nu khi thi gian tac ng khng c u tin hang u thi co th chp nhn mt
thi gian tri hoan nao o giai quyt s c theo iu kin chon loc.
c.9) Tinh tin cy: am bao chi tac ng va lun tac ng khi cn thit va chi khi cn thit ma
thi(tc la am bao khng tac ng sai hay tac ng khng ung luc vi thit bi c bao v).
at c tinh am bao lam vic cua bao v cn phai co hai iu kin la:
+Bao v phai c thit k ung (theo quan im s tinh toan cac gia tri iu chinh).
+Trang thit bi phai co gia tri tin cy cao.
Cac iu kin nay rle tinh hn hn rle in c vi khng co cac chuyn ng c hoc, khng
tao ra tac ng sai nh rle tip im. Tn s tac ng va tui tho cua rle tinh cung hn hn
rle in c va thi gian tr v cung nhanh hn.
c.10) nhay: cng sut tiu thu cua rle tinh (cac mach ban dn) v cung nho so vi cac rle
in c. nhay cung rt cao h s tr v gn bng 1( Ktv=Itv/Ikbv

1). iu o lam giam

dong va tng nhay cua rle, ngoai ra kich thc bao bi cua cac loai rle tinh chi bng
khoang 1/3 n 1/5 rle in c dn n giam kich thc bang gn va khng gian iu khin.
c.11) Tinh c lp vi cac iu kin vn hanh : rle cn phai tac ng ung khi xut hin s c
thit bi bao v. Cac gia tri khi ng cn phai c tinh toan cac ch lam vic cc ai va
cc tiu cua trang thit bi c bao v. Trong rle s hoc ban dn tin hiu iu khin c ly
cach li vi tin hiu mach ng lc qua it phat quang (hay phtotranzitor), nhiu loc qua b loc
tn s cao nn khng chiu anh hng cua nhiu c hoc va nhiu tn s cao.
c.12) u im trong phi hp bao v h thng: Trong rle tinh nht la rle ki thut s, vic s
dung cap quang qua mun giao din d liu dn n tc truyn tin hiu rt nhanh va
tin cy tt khng bi anh hng cua dong in t ki thut truyn s. Do thi gian tac ng rt

chinh xac cho nn co th phi hp nhiu bao v at chinh xac cao nht cho toan h
thng. Rle ki thut s vi hin thi s rt tin li cho ngi vn hanh.
Trong bao v li in hoc mt h thng thit bi lun oi hoi phai tin hanh iu khin t
ng tach thit bi s c ra khoi pham vi cua li hay h thng khi xut hin s c hay mt ch
lam vic khng binh thng co nguy c gy hong thit bi. S ngn cach thit bi bi s c vi
h thng cn phai thc hin sao cho co th ngn nga c s phat trin cua s c hay nguy
c huy dit thit bi va thit lp tr lai ch lam vic binh thng vi phn h thng con lai.
am bao lin tuc s lam vic cua h thng trong iu kin ti a co th c. giai quyt s
c trong nhng iu kin tt nht thi s bao v bng rle tinh noi chung va rle s noi ring
thoa man c hang loat cac chi tiu ki thut ma rle in c a khng at c.
Hiu qua noi chung cua rle tinh hn hn rle in c, tuy nhin trong tinh toan kinh t khi
thit k bao v cn chon cac giai phap tt nht giam nho gia u t thit bi bao v. Cn
quan tm cac vn nh tiu tn cho bao quan, bao dng va kim tra xem xet inh ki, vi
rle tinh cng tac bao dng kim tra thng qua vic thao lp cac mun khng cn lam sach
tip im nh rle in c. Thay th rle tinh cung c thc hin n gian khi s c, loai c
cac sai sot nh ni cap rle in c. Tuy nhin vic thay th sa cha rle tinh cung cn can
b ki thut co chuyn mn cao hn. Hin nay trinh can b ki thut ngay cang c nng
cao va gia ban rle tinh khng ngng giam, trong h thng in va cac mang in iu khin
rle tinh ang thay ch dn cho rle in c.

Rle tng t
Rle loai nay co c trng la cac thng s vao/ra rle nh dong, ap, goc lch pha, cng sut,...
la cac ai lng lin tuc (analog). Tin hiu nay c so sanh vi mt hay nhiu ai lng u
vao co gia tri chun cho tin hiu u ra (rle loai nay gm cac loai rle ban dn, rle in
t). Cu truc rle loai nay gm cac khi sau:
a) Khi tip thu
Khi nay gm hai phn chinh la b o lng va b so sanh, ai lng u ra cua b phn nay
gm mt trong hai gia tri chun.
UrIAiaIBibIcicUrIAiaIBibIcica)b)Hinh 6-12: Thc hin ly tin hiu va chinh lu trong khi tip thu
+ B phn o lng ly tin hiu t cac may bin dong bin i thanh ai lng mt chiu
nh cu chinh lu. Co hai cach thc hin chinh lu nh hinh 6-12a,b.
+ B so sanh co th lam vic theo hai nguyn tc chinh la:
-So sanh hai ai lng in theo gia tri tuyt i (dung cho cac rle bao v khoang cach, bao
v so lch, bao v qua ap, bao v kem ap,...)
-So sanh hai ai lng in theo gia tri goc pha (dung cho rle bao v khoang cach, rle inh
hng cng sut,...).
a) b)Hinh 6-13: Thc hin so sanh theo gia tri tuyt i0tUU0UraUvao(+)UraCRUvaoU0

B phn so sanh hai ai lng in theo gia tri tuyt i thng s dung mach tich hp
(integrated circuit), y ta chi xet mt s so sanh tiu biu dung khuch ai thut toan
nh hinh 6-13. Cng khng ao cua khuch ai thut toan c ni vao in ap chun Uo la
in ap cn so sanh vi cng ao. Nu in ap vao thp hn Uo chun thi se cho ra tin hiu
u ra ( mc cao). Vic s dung khu R-C u vao la thay i thi gian hoat ng bng
cach thay i tri s cua R va C. y b phn nay se cho ra tin hiu nu bin tin hiu in
ap u vao vt qua bin in ap t trc Uo (Uo cung co th iu chinh c).
B phn so sanh hai ai lng in theo gia tri goc pha thng s dung b tach song phn cc
(polanity detector) nh hinh 6-14.
IC1IC2IC3Hinh 6-14: Thc hin so sanh theo tri phau ao cua khuch ai thut toan c ni
mat, tin hiu song vao la tin hiu hinh sin tin hiu ra c chuyn sang dang xung vung nh
vic dung khuch ai thut toan (KTT).
Tin hiu ra chi co hai mc tng ng vi tin hiu vao (hin nhin la c lp vi bin tin hiu
vao). Vic so sanh goc pha co th thc hin bng hai b tach song phn cc va so sanh pha
cho ra tin hiu xung vung.
b) Khi thc hin
Muc ich cua khi nay thc hin nhng bin i t ngt cua mach in ngoai nh khuch ai
tin hiu a n cun ct may ct. Ta xet s nguyn li khi thc nh hinh 6-15.
Mach thyristor thc hin cac yu cu va cung cp cho cac mach u ra tin hiu c lp. Tin
hiu kich thich c cho tranzitor nh it phat quang, s tri hoan tin hiu c cung cp bi
thyristor TH1, it zerne Uz va in tr R1. it Uz khng th iu khin kich thich cho
thyristor TH2 c cho n khi in ap trn R1 vt qua in ap trn Rz luc nay mi co tin hiu
n kich thich thyristor TH2 lam thyristor nay dn va cho tin hiu n cun tac ng ct may
ct ra.
c) Khi tri hoan
Mt mach khac c s dung trong trong rle tinh la mach tich phn, s dung khu chinh la
mt khu khuch ai thut toan (KTT) nh hinh 6-16.
Hinh 6-15: Cu truc mt khi thc hinTrn s hinh 6-16 dong vao co gia tri i = E1R1 nap
cho tu C thng qua mach phan hi. Cng khng ao cua KTT nay ni mat, in ap trn tu la:

Uc=1Cicdt=1CE R dtta co in ap trn tu la:

Uc=1R CE1dt
in ap u ra E0=Uc=1R CE1dt. Ta thy in ap ra E0 ti l vi tich phn in
1

ap vao E1.
Mach nay c s dung lin tuc nh mach tri hoan thi gian. Tc thay i cua in ap u
ra ti l vi bin cua in ap vao.
E0CRE1Ic-+Hinh 6-16: Mach tich phn dung tri hoand) Khi chinh inh

Vi rle tinh cho phep vic chinh inh cac b phn trong rle phi hp bao v, thng thng
co hai cach:
+ Chinh inh cac thng s u vao phu hp vi rle.
+Chinh inh cac thng s chun trong khi so sanh xac inh ngng tac ng cua rle.
in ap ngng cua khi so sanh cung co th chinh inh bng hai cach la:
- Chinh inh U0 bng bin tr trc khi a vao b phn so sanh co gia tri phu hp.
- Chinh inh ngay phia u vao bng vic thay i tri s cua bin tr hay in dung cua khu
R-C. Qua trinh nap cho tu C khi in ap u vao thay i co dang nh hinh 6-13b. Nh vy b
so sanh thc hin cho tin hiu ra khi in ap trn cng khng ao (u vao) vt qua in ap
U0. Tuy tri s R va C dc cua c tinh o se nhiu hay it, ta co ngng tac ng khac nhau,
ng thi mach R-C cung co ngng tac ng khac nhau. S nguyn li cua mt rle dong
cc ai bng ki thut tng t nh hinh 6-17.
Chu y: ngay nay rle ki thut tng t hu nh khng con s dung linh kin en in t ma
hu ht thay bng linh kin ban dn nn y khng cp linh kin in t.
Filtrer+LeverDetector 2IAi0IBiAICiBMaximumCurrentGate andRecchfierFilterCurve
ShaperLeverDetector 1RL2RL2LeverDetector 3SetingTimerRegulator
Hinh 6-17: S khi mt loai rle tng t cua hang ABB

Rle ki thut s
c im: cac tin hiu x li bn trong cua rle ki thut s dang s (dang nhi phn 0,1) ma no
co th thc hin nhiu chc nng tun t. Tin hiu u vao c chuyn sang tin hiu s
iu khin tin hiu ra.
a) Chc nng va cu truc tng quan rle s
Mt rle s co nhng loai nhim vu chc nng sau :
a.1) Chc nng o lng : la chc nng u tin va quan trong nht, nhm o, loc, tinh ra
nhng thng s mach in ma rle phai canh. Cac lng vao u tin noi chung la :
- Dong ba pha, dong trung tinh.
- Ap ba pha, ap th t zr.
S lng vao cu th lai tuy yu cu cua rle. Nhng lng nay khi khng co s c thng la
hinh sin va cn bng, dong trung tinh, ap th t zr bng khng. Nhng khi s c se co mt
bin ng manh cua thanh phn tn s cng nghip, thng kem theo mt i xng khin sinh
ra cac thanh phn th t nghich va zr. Mt net c bit quan trong khac na la kem theo o
thng sinh ra nhng thanh phn qua t do ln, khng chu ki, khin dong ap qua c mt
dang hinh sin.

Do o nhng dong ap o vao cn c :

- Bin nho lai bng nhng BU va BI c bit (BI khng bao hoa, dai o rng).
- Loc thng thp ra thanh phn tn s cng nghip gm loc cng, khi cn kt hp loc bng
phn mm.
- Chun hoa n mc in ap thich hp, qui inh c 2V ng vi Uinh mc va ng vi 10.Iinh
mc.
Nhng vic trn thc hin chu yu bng phn cng.
a.2) Chc nng lp mu, tinh toan canh s c, khi ng cac rle chu yu gm cac vic sau :
* Lp mu dong, ap, tn s, m pha a vao b m mu.
* loc s tip nu cn.
* Tinh toan phn tich ra cac s liu cn nh :
u). i, - Dong, ap hiu dung (hoc s gia
- Cac thanh phn th t pha dong ap.
- Goc lch pha.
* Tinh cac biu thc c trng s c, so ngng phat hin s c.
a.3) Cac thanh phn bao v rle va ghi chep s c :
Khi xay ra s c thi modul canh se khi ng chay chc nng bao v rle x li ng vi s c
y. Mt rle s co nhiu chc nng rle khac nhau do cac CPU thc hin. Mt modul chng
trinh bao v rle tng ng se bt u tip nhn ly nhng s liu ang tip tuc din bin,
tinh inh lng cu th cac thng s cua s c y va tinh ra thi gian tr cn cho vic "CT" s
c. ng thi mt modul cung ghi chep lai din bin cua s c co th ly ra dung sau nay.
a.4) Chc nng "CT" s c.
a.5) Chc nng "ONG LAI" (nu co).
SamplingLine energizdUndervoltagedistance relaypickc upPower swingblockingTripping
logicClosing logicNormal operation programPhase distatacerelay picks up Faul detector
startsearth distancerelay picks up NNNYYYYSample interruptReturn to main programHinh 618Biu chc nng bao v cua CPU1 trong LFP 931 cua hang NARI(Trung Quc).
a.6) Chc nng t kim tra thit bi, nh kim tra BU, BI t, chp, kim tra in ap "ONG",
"CT" u khng va nht la kim tra cac vi x li co chay tt khng. co nhng x li bao tin
hiu hay bao ng cn thit. Hinh 6-18 ve mt phn lu x li cua rle bao v nhanh ng
dy cao ap LFP.931 cua hang NARI Trung Quc.

b) Phn mm cua rle s

Kt cu phn cng va phn mm cua cac kiu rle s cua cac hang khac nhau thng co
nhng net t bit ring, khng ging nhau. Cac hang o u khng cho thng bao gi ro v
phn cng, phn mm cua ho. y se chi nu trn nhng net chung v phn mm cua rle
s.
b.1) Phn mm cua rle s Runtime sau khi KHI U thng gm mt s b phn
Tr v RTIng h ly mu goiDo modul CANH s c khi ngModul ly mu 12,16,24ln chu
ki tr v cua RTI khi ngModulCANHs cKhi ngcac rle bao vTinh va lus lius
cModul cac bao v rle -Kim tra c tinh s c cua bao v.-Dng /xoa cac c s c-Ghi cac
thi gian CTModul CT -Kim tra cac c CT.-m ngc cac thi gian CT.-Ra lnh
CTModul ONG LAI -Kim tra settings.-m ngc cac thi gian Reclose.-Ra lnh ONGng
h 20ms going h 20ms goiCo s c ?NYHinh 6-19Lu khai quat "RUNTIME" cua rle s
a) B phn thng ki chay lin tuc theo nhng chu ki
* Modul "LY MU" cac dong, ap, trang thai ct vao byffer cac mu. Tn s ly mu 12, 16
hoc 24 ln/chu ki in.
*Modul "CANH" s c, no tinh lin tuc nhng thng s c trng s c hay dung cac bin
dong va canh, khi chung vt nhng ngng thi phat hin ra s c va khi ng nhng modul
bao v lam vic. Khi ng modul "LU GI" cac s liu cua s c (dong, ap, cac lnh
ong/ct,...). Chu ki canh gi thng 10ms hay 20ms.
1.

Cac modul "BAO V RLE" do modul "CANH" khi ng

Gm mt s modul bao v chinh va mt s modul bao v hu bi. Vi du bao v qua dong ct

nhanh, bao v qua dong inh thi gian, bao v qua dong thi gian, bao v phng hng goc
pha, bao v khoang cach, bao v thp tn,... Tht ra chi khi ng nhng bao v a c ngi
dung chon. Cac modul nay co th c thit k theo kiu chay ln lt, theo mt th t a
inh. Chung ln lt tinh chi tit nhng thng s lin quan n nhim vu bao v cua minh. Vi
du modul bao v qua dong thi gian se tinh xem :
- Qua dong cac pha nao, gia tri bao nhiu.
- Thi gian ct theo tiu chun thi gian ngc nao, tinh ra la bao nhiu ms bao nhiu chu ki
20ms.
Sau o tng modul dng c s c cua minh va ghi vao nh thi gian cua minh modul
"TRIP" thc hin.
1.

Modul "TRIP" cung c modul "CANH" khi ng bt u chay

No kim tra cac c s c va cac ghi thi gian ct m ngc cho n ht thi gian ct nao
trc thi ra lnh "CT". Sau o no xem co t ch "ONG LAI" RECLOSE (sau ct qua dong)
thi khi ng cho modul "RECLOSE" hoat ng.

1.

Modul ong lai "RECLOSE" c khi ng

No se kim tra ch Reclose (my ln, thi gian gian cach bao nhiu) va m lui cn thi
gian ra lnh cac ln "ONG LAI".
Vic "ONG LAI" cung nh lnh "ONG CT" con thm option inh rng phai kim tra ng b
hay khng. Lu thay th nh hinh 6-19.
c) Phn mm khac
Bn canh Runtime con co b phn giao tip sau :
c.1) Modul "BAO CAO"
No bao cao cac thng tin v s c xay ra (nh thi gian, kiu s c, cng s c, thi im
ra lnh ct, thi im ct xong) gi ln may "QUAN LI RLE" (nu trong h co t may nay)
"QUAN LI RLE" bao cao sang cho h SCADA.
c.2) Modul nay cung bao cao v lich s cac s c cho mt may tinh ni thng tin vi no qua
mt cng PORT RS - 232.
c.3) Mt modul "LP TRINH CH "
Cung giao tip vi may may tinh qua "PORT" o i thoai giup ngi thit k khai bao cu
hinh bao v cho rle, nh dung chc nng bao v nao, cac s t settings bao nhiu. Modul
nay se ghi gi lai cac s t y trong b nh, cac modul Runtime se tra oc ma lam vic.
d) Cu truc chung cua rle s
T cac chc nng trn thy rle s co mt s chc nng thc hin bng nhng phn cng gn
tng t nhau :
- Mach BI, BU o vao chun hoa (nhng lng dong, ap vao).
- Mach loc cng; Mach ly mu (ly mu nhng lng gi, tn s ly mu).
- Mach vi x li (my CPU, kiu gi); Mach "CT".
- Mach giao tip vi ngi, mach thng tin; Cac en bao.
InputInterposingCurrent setting switchA to DCurrent select swichesHighSwitchsetting
TMSSwitchsetting MicrocomputerOutput DriversH.S output relayTime currentoutput
relayH.STime0.2/0.1 0.4/0 0.5/00.2/0 0.4/0
0.4/00.2/00.1/00.05/00.05/0.0250/016/05/02/01/0Tin hiu sau khi ly qua bin dong co tri s
thich hp c a vao chinh lu tao ra dong in mt chiu. Tuy nhin cac mach in t chi
lam vic vi mt dong in inh mc gii han nho nht inh nao o. a dong in thich
hp vao CPU, ta phai la chon dong in u vao nh cng tc la chon co tin hiu vao
trong dai cho phep. Cu truc chung cua mt rle s gm cac khi sau:

Hinh 6-20: S khi mt rle s cua hang ABBd.1) B bin i A/D: trong CPU co khi A/D lam
nhim vu chuyn tin hiu t tng t(lin tuc) sang tin hiu s. B phn nay co hai chc nng
la lng t hoa tin hiu lin tuc cho ra tin hiu ri rac sau o ma hoa tin hiu ri rac nay. Vic
ma hoa la gan nhng ma nhi phn cho tng tin hiu ri rac trong qua trinh lng t hoa.
d.2) Sau khi ly tin hiu t b chuyn i u vao A/D: dang s b vi x li (CPU) se phn tich
anh gia va cho tin hiu u ra. B CPU co nhiu khi nho hp thanh vic chinh inh cac thng
s tac ng nh cac cng tc lp trinh cho cac gia tri t. Cac cng tc la mt trong s chui
nhi phn cua cua gia tri lp trinh o, no co th mc 0 hay mc 1. Khi chinh inh cac thng s
cac gia tri nay co th hin thi trn man hinh tng ng cac gia tri cua cac cng tc lp trinh o.
Ngoai ra, thi gian tac ng cung c a vao cac cng tc lp trinh, tuy theo nhu cu phi
hp bao v ma ta chon s nao trong chui cng tc lp trinh o.
d.3) Khi iu khin u ra: thc hin vic chuyn mach a tin hiu vao cac rle u ra, mi
rle u ra co th cho tin hiu n may ct hay en tin hiu khi co s c xay ra trong vung bao
v.
d.4) Rle u ra (khi thc hin): cung tng t rle tng t tin hiu ct nh tng khuch
ai cng sut a n cun ct may ct. Trong rle so lch tri s cac vong dy cua bin dong
va gia tri in tr thng c chon hng s thi gian cua mach th cp k ca mach t hoa
rt be (khoang 0,06 chu ki tn s trong cng nghip). Gia tri ti u nay c hiu chinh sao
cho khi ong khng tai thanh phn ngn mach trong vung bao v c hp thu hoan toan bi
mach t hoa cua may bin ap trong khoang 0,18 chu ki tn s cng nghip. Do vy rle khng
bi chm pha khi co dong ngn mach hinh sin vi thanh phn khng chu ki. Hinh 6-20 va 6-21
ve s s lc cua rle s cua hang ABB va hang NARI: Chc nng tng b phn mach cua
rle c cac s th hin mt cach s lc.
e) B phn chc nng giao tip vi ngi
e.1) Cac rle s co nhng b phn giao tip vi ngi thun tin (thng co t chc):
* Mt PORT truyn tin RS - 232 hoc RS - 485 truyn tin i thoai vi ngi lp trinh hoc
trc ban qua man hinh hay ban phim may tinh.
* Mt panel bang ch LCD va b phim s dung i thoai vi ngi lp trinh hoc trc ban.
e.2) Muc ich cac vic truyn tin chu yu
e.2.1) Chinh t cho cac chc nng bao v rle :Dung/ khng dung chc nng bao v nao; t
cac gia tri mc ngng, thi gian tr, s ln bao nhiu ,...
e.2.2) Khai bao cu hinh mach vao gm: h s BI, BU; khai bao cach u dy cua chung.
e.2.3) Khai bao v cu hinh cac mach ong, ct.
e.2.4) oc ra va sa cac thng s a c chinh t, a khai bao.

ALFVFCtesterBanary input
I0i0IAiAIBiBICiCUAUBUCUNOptocouplerOutputrelayprotectionCPU2ManagementCPU1QJSerial
portGeneralsartterSerial portPrinter
Hinh 6-21: Kt cu rle s LFP-902 (bao v ng dy siu cao).