8lg ldea ln Model 1 lonlc 8ondlng

W Croup 8 subsLances are lonlc subsLances

W Lvery aLom exlsLs as an lon and has a charge conslsLenL wlLh lLs
elecLronlc sLrucLure
W 1he lons alLernaLe ln poslLlon Lo maxlmlze aLLracLlve Coulomblc
forces over repulslve forces (closer dlsLances for opposlLe charges vs
same charges) sum over all 3u neLwork of lnLeracLlons ls called
LaLLlce Lnergy"
W LaLLlce energy (and mp bp) ls predlcLable from charges and slzes of
lons
W LlecLrons are locallzed on aLoms and noL free Lo move
W lf lons move (ln llquld or soluLlon) elecLrlcal conducLlvlLy resulLs
W lf Lhe solld ls sLressed and deformaLlon lncreases repulslve forces ln
a local area crysLal wlll break
lonlc 8ondlng naCl
neuLral aLoms
Cl ne G G G na ne G
3s 3p 3s
lons
Cl

ne G G G G na
+
ne _
3s 3p 3s
lonlc 8ondlng Ca8r
2
Ca
2+
Ar ___
4s
8r

Ar 4s
2
3d
10
G G G
8r

Ar 4s
2
3d
10
G G G
4p
8lg ldea ln Model 2 MeLalllc 8ondlng
W Croup A subsLances are meLalllc subsLances
W Large number of holes" ln ouLer orblLals leads Lo a
conducLlon band" of parLly fllled orblLals
W LlecLrons ln Lhls conducLlon band" are able Lo move freely
aLomLoaLom
W ALoms cenLers are poslLlve cores LhaL communally share
Lhese movlng aLoms SomeLlmes descrlbed as lslands" ln
a sea of elecLrons"
W ALom cenLers are arranged ln a varleLy of poslLlons
W lf Lhe solld ls sLressed aLoms cenLers can shlfL wlLhln Lhe
sea of elecLrons" wlLhouL creaLlng overwhelmlng repulslve
forces So meLals can be benL and shaped ln a wlde
varleLy of shapes wlLhouL loslng sLrengLh
MeLalllc 8ondlng le solld
le Ar G G
le Ar G G
le Ar G G
le Ar G G
4s 3d
core va|ence conduct|on
band band
(overs|mp||f|ed)
8lg ldea ln Model 3 CovalenL 8ondlng
W Croup C subsLances are covalenL subsLances
W LlecLron palrs are shared beLween speclflc aLoms
1hls makes dlsLlncL lndlvldual molecules and
dlrecLlonal bonds
W lnLeracLlons beLween (lnLer) molecules exlsL buL
are weaker Lhan Lhe bonds wlLhln (lnLra)
molecules 1he lnLermolecular forces deLermlne
Lhe macroscoplc properLles (mp bp deformlng)
W LlecLrons can'L move no elecLrlcal conducLlvlLy
W Croup u subsLances also have covalenL bonds
buL lL ls a neLwork of covalenL bonds
CovalenL 8ondlng l
2
l Pe G G G l
2
molecule
l Pe G G G G
l Pe G G G l
2
molecule
l Pe G G G G
2s 2p
CovalenL 8ondlng l
2
l Pe G G G covalenL bond
l Pe G G G G lnLra" molecular
weak lnLer"molecular aLLracLlons
l Pe G G G covalenL bond
l Pe G G G G lnLra" molecular
2s 2p
CovalenL 8ondlng C
2
and n
2
C Pe G G C
2
molecule
C Pe G G G G
2s 2p
n Pe G n
2
molecule
n Pe G G G G
2s 2p
Summary 3 bondlng models
ln meLalllc subsLances Lhe meLal aLoms hold on Lo
elecLrons buL loosely and communally
ln covalenL subsLances Lhe nonmeLal aLoms hold on Lo
elecLrons LlghLly and ln a cosharlng manner
ln lonlc subsLance some of Lhe aLoms (Lhe nonmeLals)
hoard Lhe elecLrons and oLhers (Lhe meLals) glve Lhem
up