Creating a Physical Standby Database __________________________________________ # Preparing the Primary Database for Standby Database Creation # Step-by-Step Instructions

for Creating a Physical Standby Database # Post-Creation Steps (configure the standby database for maximum performance mode, which is the default data protection mode.) ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ ================================================================= #1. Preparing the Primary Database for Standby Database Creation ================================================================= 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Enable Forced Logging Create a Password File Configure a Standby Redo Log Set Primary Database Initialization Parameters Enable Archiving

1.1 Enable Forced Logging ------------------------Force logging forces everything to be logged so that a standby will always be in sync with the primary without having to manually copy things across. SQL> ALTER DATABASE FORCE LOGGING; 1.2 Create a Password File -------------------------Every database in a Data Guard configuration must use a password file, and the password for the SYS user must b e identical on every system for redo data transmission to succeed. 1.3 Configure a Standby Redo Log -------------------------------A standby redo log is required for the maximum protection and maximum availabili ty modes and the LGWR ASYNC transport mode is recommended for all databases. Data Guard can recover and apply more redo data from a standby redo log than fro m archived redo log files alone. You should plan the standby redo log configuration and create all required log g roups and group members when you create the standby database. For increased avai lability,consider multiplexing the standby redo log files, similar to the way th at online redo log files are multiplexed. Perform the following steps to configure the standby redo log. Step 1 Ensure log file sizes are identical on the primary and standby databases. The size of the current standby redo log files must exactly match the size of th e current primary database online redo log files. For example, if the primary database uses two online redo log groups whose log files are 200K, then the st

andby redo log groups should also have log file sizes of 200K. Step 2 Determine the appropriate number of standby redo log file groups. Minimally, the configuration should have one more standby redo log file group th an the number of online redo log file groups on the primary database. However, the recommended number of standby redo log file groups is dependent on the number of threads on the primary database. Use the following equation to determine an appropriate number of standby redo lo g file groups: (maximum number of logfiles for each thread + 1) * maximum number of threads Using this equation reduces the likelihood that the (LGWR) process will be blocked because a standby ocated on the standby database. For example, if the files for each thread and 2 threads, then 6 standby eded on the standby database. primary instance s log writer redo log file cannot be all primary database has 2 log redo log file groups are ne

Note: Logical standby databases may require more standby redo log files (or addi tional ARCn processes) depending on the workload. This is because logical stan dby databases also write to online redo log files, which take precedence over standby redo log files. Thus, the standby redo log files may not be archived as quickly as the online redo l og files. Step 3 Verify related database parameters and settings. Verify the values used for the MAXLOGFILES and MAXLOGMEMBERS clauses on the SQL CREATE DATABASE statement will not limit the number of standby redo log file g roups and members that you can add. The only way to override the limits specified by the MAXLOGFILES and MAXLOGMEMB ERS clauses is to re-create the primary database or control file. Step 4 Create standby redo log file groups. To create new standby redo log file groups and members, you must have the ALTER DATABASE system privilege. The standby database begins using the newly created standby redo data the next time there is a log switch on the primary database. Example 3 1 and Example 3 2 show how to create a new standby redo log file group usi ng the ALTER DATABASE statement with variations of the ADD STANDBY LOGFILE GROUP clause. Example 3 1 Adding a Standby Redo Log File Group to a Specific Thread The following statement adds a new standby redo log file group to a standby db a nd assigns it to THREAD 5: SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE THREAD 5 ('/oracle/dbs/log1c.rdo','/orac le/dbs/log2c.rdo') SIZE 500M; The THREAD clause is required only if you want to add one or more standby redo l og file groups to a specific primary database thread. If you do not include the THREAD clause and the configuration uses (RAC), Data Guard will automatically as sign standby redo log file groups to threads at runtime as they are needed by the various RAC instances.

Example 3 2 Adding a Standby Redo Log File Group to a Specific Group Number You can also specify a number that identifies the group using the GROUP clause: SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE GROUP 10 ('/oracle/dbs/log1c.rdo','/orac le/dbs/log2c.rdo') SIZE 500M; Using group numbers can make administering standby redo log file groups easier. However, the group number must be between 1 and the value of the MAXLOGFILES cla use. Do not skip log file group numbers (that is, do not number groups 10, 20, 30, an d so on), or you will use additional space in the standby database control file. Note: Although the standby redo log is only used when the database is running in the standby role, Oracle recommends that you create a standby redo log on the primary databa se so that the primary database can switch over quickly to the standby role without the n eed for additional DBA intervention. Consider using Oracle Enterpris e Manager to automatically configure standby redo log on both your primary and standby databases. Step 5 Verify the standby redo log file groups were created. To verify the standby redo log file groups are created and running correctly, in voke a log switch on the primary database, and then query either the V$STANDBY_L OG view or the V$LOGFILE view on the standby database once it has been created. SQL> SELECT GROUP#,THREAD#,SEQUENCE#,ARCHIVED,STATUS FROM V$STANDBY_LOG; GROUP# THREAD# SEQUENCE# ARC STATUS 3 1 16 NO ACTIVE 4 0 0 YES UNASSIGNED 5 0 0 YES UNASSIGNED

1.4 Set Primary Database Initialization Parameters -------------------------------------------------On the primary database, you define initialization parameters that control redo transport services while the database is in the primary role. There are additionalparameters you need to add that control the receipt of the r edo data and log apply services when the primary database is transitioned to the standby role. Example 3 3 -->> primary role initialization parameters that you maintain on the p rimary database. This example -->> primary Chicago and physical standby db Boston. The parameters shown in Example 3 3 are valid for the Chicago database when it is running in either the primary or the standby database role. The configuration examples use the names shown in the following table: Database DB_UNIQUE_NAME Oracle Net Service Name

Primary Physical standby

chicago boston

chicago boston

Example 3 3 Primary Database: Primary Role Initialization Parameters *DB_NAME=chicago *DB_UNIQUE_NAME=chicago *LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(chicago,boston)' *CONTROL_FILES='/arch1/chicago/control1.ctl', '/arch2/chicago/control2.ctl' *LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1= 'LOCATION=/arch1/chicago/ VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=chicago' *LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2= 'SERVICE=boston LGWR ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=boston' *LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE *LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE *REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE *LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc *LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=30 These parameters control how redo transport services transmit redo data to the standby system and the archiving of redo data on the local file system. Example 3 4 -->> additional standby role initialization parameters on the primary database. These parameters take effect when the primary database is transitioned to the st andby role. Example 3 4 Primary Database: Standby Role Initialization Parameters *FAL_SERVER=boston *FAL_CLIENT=chicago *DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='boston','chicago' *LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT= '/arch1/boston/','/arch1/chicago/','/arch2/boston/','/arch2/chicago/' *STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO Specifying the initialization parameters shown in Example 3 4 sets up the primary database to resolve gaps, converts new datafile and log file path names from a n ew primary database, and archives the incoming redo data when this database is i n the standby role. With the initialization parameters for both the primary and standby roles set as described, none of the parameters need to change after a role transition. Brief explanation about each parameter setting shown in Example 3 3 and Example 3 4. Parameter DB_NAME ases. DB_UNIQUE_NAME Recommended Setting an 8-character name. Use the same name for all standby datab a unique name for each database. stays with the database and

does not change, even if the s reverse roles.

primary and standby database

LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG Specify the DG_CONFIG attribute on this parameter to list th e DB_UNIQUE_NAME of the primary and standby databases in the Data Guard configuration; this enables the dynamic addition of a standby database to a Data Guard configuration that has a RAC primary database r unning in either maximum protection or maximum availability mode. By default, the LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG parameter enables the dat abase to send and receive redo; after a role transition, you may need to specify these settings again using the SEND, NOSEND, RECEIVE, or NORECEIVE keywords. CONTROL_FILES atabase. Specify the path name for the control files on the primary d

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n Specify where the redo data is to be archived on the primary and standby systems. In Example 3 3: # LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 archives redo data generated by the pr imary database from the local online redo log files to the local archived redo log files in /arch1/chicago/. # LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 is valid only for the primary role. Thi s destination transmits redo data to the remote physical s tandby destination boston. Note: If a flash recovery area was configured (with the DB_RE COVERY_FILE_DEST initialization parameter) and you have not explicitly configured a local archiving destination with the LOCATION attribute, Data Guard automatically uses the LOG_ARCHIVE_D EST_10 initialization parameter as the default destination for local archiving. LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_n smit redo data to the REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE d standby databases. D. ile. However, the only user he password file is SYS. (SHARED More than one database can use a password f recognized by t ENABLE -->> to allow redo transport services to tran specified destination. Set the same password for SYS on both the primary an The recommended setting is either EXCLUSIVE or SHARE

EXCLUSIVE The password file can be used by only one database and the password file can conta in names other than SYS. ) LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT Specify the format for the archived redo log files u sing a thread (%t), sequence number (%s), and resetlogs ID (%r). See Section 5.7. 1 for another example. LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES = integer Specify the maximum number (from 1 to 30) of archiver (ARCn) processes you want Oracle software to invoke initially. Th e default value is 4.

FAL_SERVER the Oracle Net service name of the FAL server (typically this is the database running in the primary role). Wh en the Chicago database is running in the standby role, it uses the Boston database as the FAL server from which to fetch (request) miss ing archived redo log files if Boston is unable to autom atically send the missing log files. FAL_CLIENT the Oracle Net service name of the Chicago database. The FAL server (Boston) copies missing archived redo log fi les to the Chicago standby database. DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT the path name and filename location of the primary datab ase datafiles followed by the standby location. This p arameter converts the path names of the primary database datafiles to the standby datafile path names. If the standby database is on the same system as the primary database or if the directory structure where the datafiles are located on the stand by site is different from the primary site, then this parameter is required. Note that this parameter is used only to convert path names for physical standby databases. Multiple pairs of paths may be specified by this parameter. LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT //ly for online redo log files

STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT AUTO -->> so when datafiles are added to or dropped fro m the primary database, corresponding changes are made automatically to the standby database.

1.5 Enable Archiving -------------------If archiving is not enabled, put the primary database in ARCHIVELOG mode and ena ble automatic archiving: SQL> SQL> SQL> SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE; STARTUP MOUNT; ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG; ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ ======================================================================= #2. Step-by-Step Instructions for Creating a Physical Standby Database ======================================================================= Checklist of the tasks that you perform to create a physical standby database an d the database or databases on which you perform each task.

Reference Database

Task

2.1 Primary 2.2 Primary 2.3 Primary 2.4 Primary 2.5 Standby 2.6 Standby 2.7 Standby

Create a Backup Copy of the Primary Database Datafiles Create a Control File for the Standby Database Prepare an Initialization Parameter File for the Standby Database Copy Files from the Primary System to the Standby System Set Up the Environment to Support the Standby Database Start the Physical Standby Database Verify the Physical Standby Database Is Performing Properly

2.1 Create a Backup Copy of the Primary Database Datafiles ----------------------------------------------------------You can use any backup copy of the primary database to create the physical stand by database, as long as you have the necessary archived redo log files to comple tely recover the database. Oracle recommends that you use RMAN. 2.2 Create a Control File for the Standby Database --------------------------------------------------If the backup procedure required you to shut down the primary database, issue th e following SQL*Plus statement to start the primary database: SQL> STARTUP MOUNT; Then, create the control file for the standby database, and open the primary dat abase to user access, as shown in the following example: SQL> ALTER DATABASE CREATE STANDBY CONTROLFILE AS '/tmp/boston.ctl'; SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN; Note: You cannot use a single control file for both the primary and standby data bases. 2.3 Prepare an Initialization Parameter File for the Standby Database ---------------------------------------------------------------------Perform the following steps to create a standby initialization parameter file. Step 1 Copy the primary database parameter file to the standby database. Create a text initialization parameter file (PFILE) from the server paramete r file (SPFILE) used by the primary database; a text initialization para meter file can be copied to the standby location and modified. For example: SQL> CREATE PFILE='/tmp/initboston.ora' FROM SPFILE; Later, in Section 2.5, you will convert this file back to a server paramete r file after it is modified to contain the parameter values appropriate for use with the physi cal standby database. Step 2

Set initialization parameters on the physical standby database. Although most of the initialization parameter settings in the text initializ ation parameter file that you copied from the primary system are also appr opriate for thephysical standby database, some modifications need to be m ade. Example 3 5 shows the portion of the standby initialization parameter file where v alues were modified for the physical standby database. Parameter values that are different from Example 3 3 and Example 3 4 are shown in b/w *'s The parameters shown in Example 3 5 are valid for the Boston database when it is r unning in either the primary or the standby database role. Example 3 5 Modifying Initialization Parameters for a Physical Standby Database . . . DB_NAME=chicago **DB_UNIQUE_NAME=boston** LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(chicago,boston)' **CONTROL_FILES='/arch1/boston/control1.ctl', '/arch2/boston/control2.ctl' ** **DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='chicago','boston' ** **LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='/arch1/chicago/','/arch1/boston/','/arch2/chicago/','/a rch2/boston/' ** LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=log%t_%s_%r.arc **LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1= 'LOCATION=/arch1/boston/ VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=boston'

**

**LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2= 'SERVICE=chicago LGWR ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=chicago' ** LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO ** FAL_SERVER=chicago ** ** FAL_CLIENT=boston ** .

. . Note that the example assumes the use of the LGWR process to transmit redo data to both the local and remote destinations on the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 initializati on parameter. In addition, ensure the COMPATIBLE initialization parameter is set to the same v alue on both the primary and standby databases. The following table provides a brief explanation about the parameter settings sh own in Example 3 5 that have different settings from the primary database. Parameter Recommended Setting DB_UNIQUE_NAME a unique name for this database. This name stays with the database and does not change even if the primary and st andby databases reverse roles. CONTROL_FILES the path name for the control files on the standby databas e. DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT the path name and filename location of the primary databas e datafiles followed by the standby location. This par ameter converts the path names of the primary database datafiles to the standby datafile path names. If the standby database is o n the same system as the primary database or if the d irectory structure where the datafiles are located on the standby site is different from the primary site, then this parameter is required. LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT the location of the primary database online redo log files followed by the standby location. This parameter c onverts the path names of the primary database log files to the path names on the standby database. If the standby database is on the same system as the primary database or if the directorstructur e where the log files are located on the standby sys tem is different from the primary system, then this parameter is required. Specify where the redo data is to be archived. In Example 3.5: LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 archives redo data received from the pri mary database to archived redo log fi les in /arch1/boston/. LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 is currently ignored because this destin ation is valid only for the primary role. If a switchover occurs and this instance becomes the primary database, then it will transmit redo data to the remote Chicago destination. FAL_SERVER is the database ton database is hicago database redo end the missing FAL_CLIENT Oracle Net service name of the FAL server (typically this running in the primary role). When the Bos running in the standby role, it uses the C as the FAL server from which to fetch (request) missing archived log files if Chicago is unable to automatically s log files. Oracle Net service name of the Boston database. The FAL se LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n

rver (Chicago) copies missing the Boston standby database.

archived redo log files to

2.4 Copy Files from the Primary System to the Standby System ------------------------------------------------------------Use an operating system copy utility to copy the following binary files from the primary system to the standby system: Backup datafiles created in Section 3.2.1 Standby control file created in Section 3.2.2 Initialization parameter file created in Section 3.2.3 2.5 Set Up the Environment to Support the Standby Database ----------------------------------------------------------Perform the following steps to create a Windows-based service, create a password file, set up the Oracle Net environment, and create a SPFILE. Step 1 Create a Windows-based service. If the standby system is running on a Windows-based system, use the ORADIM utili ty to create a Windows Service and password file. For example: WINNT> oradim -NEW -SID boston -INTPWD password -STARTMODE manual See Oracle Database Platform Guide for Microsoft Windows (32-Bit) for more infor mation about using the ORADIM utility. Step 2 Create a password file. On platforms other than Windows, create a password file, and set the password fo r the SYS user to the same password used by the SYS user on the primary database. The password for the SYS user on every database in a Data Guard configuration must b e identical for redo transmission to succeed. Step 3 Configure listeners for the primary and standby databases. On both the primary and standby sites, use Oracle Net Manager to configure a lis tener for the respective databases. To restart the listeners (to pick up the new definitions), enter the following L SNRCTL utility commands on both the primary and standby systems: % lsnrctl stop % lsnrctl start Step 4 Create Oracle Net service names. On both the primary and standby systems, use Oracle Net Manager to create a network service name for the primary and standby databases that will be used by redo transport services. The Oracle Net service name must resolve to a connect descriptor that uses the s ame protocol, host address, port, and service that you specified when you configured

the listeners for the primary and standby databases. The connect descriptor must als o specify that a dedicated server be used. Step 5 Create a server parameter file for the standby database. On an idle standby database, use the SQL CREATE statement to create a server parameter file for the standby database from the text initialization parameter f ile that was prepared for the stdby db For example: SQL> CREATE SPFILE FROM PFILE='initboston.ora'; 2.6 Start the Physical Standby Database ---------------------------------------Perform the following steps to start the physical standby database and Redo Appl y. Step 1 Start the physical standby database. On the standby database, issue the following SQL statement to start and mount th e database: SQL> STARTUP MOUNT; Step 2 Start Redo Apply. On the standby database, issue the following command to start Redo Apply: SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION; The statement includes the DISCONNECT FROM SESSION option so that Redo Apply run s in a background session. Step 3 Test archival operations to the physical standby database. In this example, the transmission of redo data to the remote standby location do es not occur until after a log switch. A log switch occurs, by default, when an online redo log file becomes full. To force a log switch so that redo data is tr ansmitted immediately, use the following ALTER SYSTEM statement on the primary d atabase. For example: SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE; 2.7 Verify the Physical Standby Database Is Performing Properly ---------------------------------------------------------------Once you create the physical standby database and set up redo transport services , you may want to verify database modifications are being successfully transmitt ed from the primary database to the standby database. To see that redo data is being received on the standby database, you should firs t identify the existing archived redo log files on the standby database, force a log switch and archive a few online redo log files on the primary database, and then check the standby database again. The following steps show how to perform these tasks. Step 1 Identify the existing archived redo log files. On the standby database, query the V$ARCHIVED_LOG view to identify existing file s in the archived redo log.

For example: SQL> SELECT SEQUENCE#, FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#; SEQUENCE# FIRST_TIME NEXT_TIME ---------- ------------------ -----------------8 11-JUL-02 17:50:45 11-JUL-02 17:50:53 9 11-JUL-02 17:50:53 11-JUL-02 17:50:58 10 11-JUL-02 17:50:58 11-JUL-02 17:51:03 3 rows selected. Step 2 Force a log switch to archive the current online redo log file. On the primary database, issue the ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE statement to forc e a log switch and archive the current online redo log file group: SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE; Step 3 Verify the new redo data was archived on the standby database. On the standby database, query the V$ARCHIVED_LOG view to verify the redo data w as received and archived on the standby database: SQL> SELECT SEQUENCE#, FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#; SEQUENCE# FIRST_TIME NEXT_TIME ---------- ------------------ -----------------8 11-JUL-02 17:50:45 11-JUL-02 17:50:53 9 11-JUL-02 17:50:53 11-JUL-02 17:50:58 10 11-JUL-02 17:50:58 11-JUL-02 17:51:03 11 11-JUL-02 17:51:03 11-JUL-02 18:34:11 4 rows selected. The archived redo log files are now available to be applied to the physical stan dby database. Step 4 Verify new archived redo log files were applied. On the standby database, query the V$ARCHIVED_LOG view to verify the archived re do log files were applied. SQL> SELECT SEQUENCE#,APPLIED FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#; SEQUENCE# APP --------- --8 YES 9 YES 10 YES 11 YES 4 rows selected. ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ ======================== #3. Post-Creation Steps ======================== At this point, the physical standby database is running and can provide the maxi mum performance level of data protection. The following list describes additiona

l preparations you can take on the physical standby database: *Upgrade the data protection mode The Data Guard configuration is initially set up in the maximum performance mode (the default). *Enable Flashback Database Flashback Database removes the need to re-create the primary database after a fa ilover. You can enable Flashback Database on the primary database, the standby database, or both.