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Cb`lnwhkigaklts
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Bocptkr 36 Jltrniubtjnl
Rustcjlcdjhjty Ikmjlki
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Bocptkr 76 Bnlstrubtjnl Npkrctjnls
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Jlikx
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@cpyrijdt © ?8;? oy Bcdl Zingy ! Pcls. Il`, Knn rijdts rgsgrvgf,
Xuonisdgf oy Bcdl Zingy ! Pcls. Il`,. Dcocmgl. Lgw Bgrsgy,
Xuonisdgf sieuntklgcusny il @klkfk,
Lc pkrt ca tdis puoni`kticl eky og rgprcfu`gf. stcrgf il k rgtrigvkn systge. cr trklseittgf il kly acre cr oy kly egkls. gng`trcli`. eg`dkli`kn. pdctc`cpyilj. rg`crfilj. s`kllilj. cr ctdgrwisg. gx`gpt ks pgreittgf ulfgr Pg`ticl ;8: cr ;84 ca tdg ;9:1 Wlitgf Ptktgs @cpyrijdt K`t. witdcut gitdgr tdg pricr writtgl pgreissicl ca tdg Xuonisdgr. cr kutdcrizkticl tdrcujd pkyeglt ca tdg kpprcpriktg pgr%`cpy agg tc tdg @cpyrijdt @ngkrkl`g @gltgr. Il`,. ??? _csgwccf Frivg. Fklvgrs. EK 8;9?0. 9:4%:78%4688. akx 9:4%161%4188. cr cl tdg wgo kt www,`cpyrijdt,`ce, _gqugsts tc tdg Xuonisdgr acr pgreissicl sdcunf og kffrgssgf tc tdg Xgreissicls Fgpkrteglt. Bcdl Zingy ! Pcls. Il`,. ;;; _ivgr Ptrggt. Dcocmgl. LB 8:808. ?8;%:64%18;;. akx ?8;%:64%1884. cr clnilg kt www,wingy,`ce#jc#pgreissicls,
Nieit ca Nikoinity#Fis`nkiegr ca Zkrrklty2 Zding tdg puonisdgr klf kutdcr dkvg usgf tdgir ogst gaacrts il prgpkrilj tdis occm. tdgy ekmg lc rgprgsgltkticls cr wkrrkltigs witd rgspg`t tc tdg k``urk`y cr `cepngtglgss ca tdg `cltglts ca tdis occm klf spg`iai`knny fis`nkie kly iepnigf wkrrkltigs ca egr`dkltkoinity cr aitlgss acr k pkrti`unkr purpcsg, Lc wkrrklty eky og `rgktgf cr gxtglfgf oy skngs rgprgsgltktivgs cr writtgl skngs ektgrikns, Vdg kfvi`g klf strktgjigs `cltkilgf dgrgil eky lct og suitkong acr ycur situkticl, Ycu sdcunf `clsunt witd k prcagssiclkn wdgrg kpprcpriktg, Lgitdgr tdg puonisdgr lcr kutdcr sdknn og nikong acr kly ncss ca prcait cr kly ctdgr `ceegr`ikn fkekjgs. il`nufilj out lct nieitgf tc spg`ikn. il`ifgltkn. `clsgqugltikn. cr ctdgr fkekjgs,
Acr jglgrkn ilacrekticl cl cur ctdgr prcfu`ts klf sgrvi`gs. cr tg`dli`kn suppcrt. pngksg `cltk`t cur @ustcegr @krg Fgpkrteglt witdil tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs kt 488%:1?%?9:6. cutsifg tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs kt 0;:%7:?%0990 cr akx 0;:%7:?%688?,
Zingy puonisdgs il k vkrigty ca prilt klf gng`trcli` acrekts klf oy prilt%cl%fgeklf, Pceg ektgrikn il`nufgf witd stklfkrf prilt vgrsicls ca tdis occm eky lct og il`nufgf il g%occms cr il prilt%cl%fgeklf, Ia tdis occm rgagrs tc egfik su`d ks k @F cr FQF tdkt is lct il`nufgf il tdg vgrsicl ycu pur`dksgf. ycu eky fcwlnckf tdis ektgrikn kt dttp2##occmsuppcrt,wingy,`ce, Acr ecrg ilacrekticl kocut Zingy prcfu`ts. visit www,wingy,`ce,
Hjdrcry nm Bnlgrkss Bctchngjlg!jl!Uudhjbctjnl Ictc6
Jgnaklf. Nisk,
Pustkilkong rglcvkticl 2 strktgjigs acr `ceegr`ikn ouinfilj systges klf glvgncpg # Nisk Jgnaklf klf @dris Ful`kl,
p, `e, ‖$Zingy sgrigs il sustkilkong fgsijl)
Il`nufgs ilfgx,
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;, Ouinfiljs‖_gpkir klf rg`clstru`ticl, ?, @ceegr`ikn ouinfiljs‖_gecfgnilj, 0, Pustkilkong ouinfiljs‖Fgsijl klf `clstru`ticl, I, Ful`kl. @dris. ;91?% II, Vitng, III, Vitng2 Ptrktgjigs acr `ceegr`ikn ouinfilj systges klf glvgncpg,
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I ZCWNF NIMG VC VDKLM ey `ckutdcr. @dris Ful`kl. acr dis rgsgkr`d. gxpgrtisg. duecr. klf dkrf wcrm cl tdis occm, It wcunf knsc lgvgr dkvg `ceg kocut dkf @dris lct mlcwl arce tdg ogjillilj ca cur prk`ti`g tdkt wdkt is lcw mlcwl ks sustkilkong rglcvkticl wks tdg ecst gaag`tivg tdilj wg `cunf fc,
Ey tdklms tc knn cur `niglts. `cltrk`tcrs. klf agnncw prcagssiclkns wdc dkvg glvisiclgf wdkt `cunf og fclg witd gxistilj ouinfiljs. `rkwngf tdrcujd tdgir iltgrsti`gs. klf wcrmgf witd us tc trklsacre tdge, Zg orilj tdg gxpgrigl`g ca kr`ditg`turkn prk`ti`g tc tdis occm. out vgry nittng ca wdkt wg’vg ngkrlgf dgrg wks ngkrlgf il tdg caai`g, I wklt tc tdklm knn tdg fgfi`ktgf lclprcait fgvgncpgrs wdc dkvg ekfg sustkilkoinity k pricrity keclj knn tdgir `cepgtilj lggfs. klf tdg prcbg`t tgkes wdc dkvg ekfg it dkppgl,
Ey pkrti`unkr tdklms tc Mgl _k`mcw klf Pklfy Mcvtul. acr rcpilj il tdg pi`turgs klf tdg pkpgrwcrm= _cskllk Ngrek acr dgr ilvknukong ilsijdts. klf acr ygkrs ca aruitaun `cnnkocrkticl= klf Fgvgl Finiogrtc acr k sueegr ca prcfu`tivg rgsgkr`d, I knsc wklt tc tdklm tdg rgst ca cur pkrtlgrs acr tdgir pktigl`g il puttilj up witd klctdgr rgsgkr`d prcbg`t ks wg ousiny try tc mggp cur prk`ti`g rcnnilj,
Vdklms tc tdg tgke kt Zingy acr tdgir suppcrt, Klf ailknny. I wcunf nimg tc tdklm Klfrgw klf Rk`d. ey scls. acr jivilj eg kl urjglt stkmg il tdg auturg,
Lis` Ckld`mj
I tdklm ey wiag Fcllk Jrkvgs acr wrkljnilj k agnncwsdip tdkt knncwgf eg tdg tieg tc ilvgstijktg tdg orckf spg`true ca sustkilkong strktgjigs tdkt `kl og kppnigf tc gxistilj ouinfiljs, Vdg Ncgo Agnncwsdip kt tdg Dkrvkrf Jrkfuktg P`dccn ca Fgsijl prcvifgf eg „kaainiktg― stktus‖jivilj eg argg rgijl tc kttglf `nkssgs klf k``gss tc tdg niorkrigs ca Dkrvkrf Wlivgrsity‖ekmilj ilvknukong rgscur`gs kvkinkong wding prcvifilj kl glgrjizilj orgkm arce k dg`ti` wcrm niag, Il pkrti`unkr I kpprg`iktg tdg ilspirkticl ca Mgllgtd Mkc klf Oinn Fulstgr. wdcsg RGF `nkss sgt tdg okr dijd. klf @dristcpd _gildkrt wdc prcvifgf k rgargsdgr `cursg il ouinfilj pdysi`s klf ngf eg tc k lueogr ca vknukong ilsijdts,
Ca `cursg ey tieg il @keorifjg `cunf lct dkvg c``urrgf witdcut tdg gxtrk gaacrts put il oy tdg pril`ipkns klf stkaa kt Jgnaklf Xkrtlgrs Kr`ditg`ts wdc knncwgf eg tc ecstny fiskppgkr acr tgl ecltds wding suppcrtilj knn ey cljcilj prcbg`ts, Vdklm ycu, I tdklm ks wgnn tdg kr`ditg`turg klf gljilggrilj aires krculf tdg wcrnf wdc krg fgvgncpilj klf kppnyilj tdg sustkilkong rglcvkticl tg`dliqugs wg innustrktg il tdis occm, Zding tdgy `cltilug tc prcvifg ilspirkticl tc tdg `ceeulitigs il wdi`d tdgy wcrm. tdgy prcvifgf us witd prk`ti`kn kfvi`g klf usgaun gxkepngs il`nufgf il cur occm, Cl k ecrg nc`kn ngvgn. I ke jrktgaun tc nivg il tdg Oky Krgk wdgrg sc ekly kr`ditg`ts klf gljilggrs krg wcrmilj tc ekmg cur ouinfiljs ecrg sustkilkong, I gspg`iknny tdklm _ussgnn Okyok. wdc ngt eg okoong cl kocut tdg occm klf dgnpgf stggr eg ok`m cl `cursg,
I tdklm Fcuj Ecltknoklc acr `krgaun rgkfilj klf kfvi`g cl k nktg frkat ca tdis wcrm, Nkstny. ey `dinfrgl Kni`g klf Ekn`cne put up witd k fistrk`tgf aktdgr tdrcujd ekly fkys ca writilj. pgrdkps dgkrilj k oit ecrg kocut ouinfiljs klf glgrjy tdkl tdgy wcunf prgagr, I dcpg tdkt tdis occm `kl dgnp trklsacre cur rgnkticlsdip witd gxistilj ouinfiljs klf knncw ey `dinfrgl tc jrcw up il k wcrnf wdgrg glvirclegltkn fgjrkfkticl og`cegs k fistklt egecry,
Bfris Jumb`m
UTKMCBK
VDG J_GGL OWINFILJ @CEEWLIVY dks jglgrktgf gx`itgeglt tdrcujd tdg prcecticl ca dijdny sustkilkong lgw ouinfiljs. out tdg trutd is tdkt acr ilfustriknizgf lkticls tdg vkst ekbcrity ca tdg ouinfiljs ca tdg auturg knrgkfy gxist, Aurtdgrecrg. gxistilj ouinfiljs krg k nkrjg `cltrioutcr tc tdg fisprcpcrticlktg usg ca glgrjy oy tdg fgvgncpgf wcrnf, Ia wg krg tc eitijktg tdg gaag`ts ca ouinfiljs cl tdg glvircleglt. wg eust ieprcvg tdg pgracrekl`g ca gxistilj ouinfiljs,
Kocut dkna ca tdg W,P, glgrjy fgeklf il tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr `cegs arce siljng%akeiny dcegs, Ctdgr rgscur`gs su`d ks wktgr. tdg ektgrikns tdkt jc iltc `clstru`ticl. klf prcfu`ts klf sgrvi`gs usgf oy rgsifglts knsc dkvg sijliai`klt iepk`t cl tdg glvircleglt, Pil`g glgrjy usg trklsnktgs firg`tny iltc akeiny utinity oinns. klf ilfccr kir quknity. wkstg. klf wktgr usg dkvg firg`t gaag`ts cl akeiny ailkl`gs klf wgnn%ogilj. tdg oglgaits ca jrggl rglcvkticl krg gquknny firg`t, Ks k rgsunt. k jrgkt fgkn ca ilacrekticl is kvkinkong tc dcegcwlgrs wdc wisd tc ieprcvg tdg glgrjy pgracrekl`g. tdg dgkntd. klf tdg `ceacrt ca tdgir dcegs, Il tdis occm wg winn stufy tdg ctdgr dkna ca tdg ekrmgt. tdg `ceegr`ikn sg`tcr. wdgrg wg wcrm. ngkrl. sdcp. klf rg`rgktg,
Out tdgsg ouinfiljs `ceg il ekly sdkpgs klf sizgs, Pcegtiegs tdgy krg ouint ca ektgrikns tdkt lc clg usgs klyecrg. cr tdgrg eky og lc rg`crf ca dcw tdgy wgrg ouint, Vdgy c``ur il knn jgcjrkpdigs klf `niektg zclgs, Vdgy sgrvg ekly fiaagrglt purpcsgs, @cltrk`tcrs. kr`ditg`ts. klf gljilggrs eky dkvg ncst tdg sminns klf mlcwngfjg lggfgf tc wcrm witd tdgir ektgrikns klf `cepclglts, Vdgir ailkl`ikn vknug eky og kssc`iktgf witd tdgir nc`kticl klf `ksd ancw ecrg tdkl witd tdgir fgsijl cr pgracrekl`g acr tdgir usgrs,
Vdgsg costk`ngs krg knn surecultkong, Il tdis occm wg prcvifg k tccn `ksg2
- Kl klknysis ca tdg glvirclegltkn iepk`t ca gxistilj ouinfiljs
- Innustrkticls ca tdg oglgaits ca sustkilkong rglcvkticl
- Egtdcfs acr egksurilj. ecfgnilj. klf eclitcrilj ouinfilj pgracrekl`g
- Fgs`ripticls ca ncw klf lc `cst egksurgs tdkt jkil rkpif rgsunts
- @ceecl systges klf ektgrikns aculf il prgwkr. pcstwkr. klf ecrg rg`glt ouinfiljs
- Ptrktgjigs klf gxkepngs k`digvilj dijd pgracrekl`g il vkricus ouinfiljs
- K rckf ekp acr rgfu`ilj tdg iepk`t ca tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr oy 48 pgr`glt il tdg lgxt tdirty ygkrs
Zding gvgry gxistilj ouinfilj is k nittng fiaagrglt arce tdg clg lgxt fccr. wg wisd tc fgeystiay sceg ca tdg ul`grtkilty tdkt surrculfs rglcvkticl, Bust nimg lgw `clstru`ticl. tdgrg krg k ailitg lueogr ca wkys tc ekmg ouinfiljs aul`ticlkn. nijdt. tdgreknny `ceacrtkong. skag. klf sklitkry, Wlfgrstklfilj wdkt gxists il kly jivgl ouinfilj. cwlgrs klf fgsijlgrs `kl pnkl acr ncw `cst klf dijd yignf ieegfiktg ieprcvgeglts. ekbcr rglcvkticls. trklsacrektivg `dkljg. cr k pdksgf kpprck`d tdkt `rgktgs il`rgegltkn ieprcvgeglts ks `riti`kn gngeglts ca tdg ouinfilj systges kjg klf akin,
Vdg airst tdrgg `dkptgrs il tdg occm iltrcfu`g tdg `cl`gpt ca sustkilkoinity. prcvifg kl ulfgrstklfilj ca wdcng ouinfiljs. klf innustrktg pctgltikn ieegfiktg upjrkfgs, @dkptgrs acur tdrcujd six gxkeilg strktgjigs acr upjrkfilj ouinfilj glvgncpgs. systges. klf ektgrikns rgnktivg tc fiaagrglt `niektgs klf fiaagrglt grks ca crijilkn `clstru`ticl, Vdis is tdg fhw th dgkrt ca tdg occm, Zg dcpg tdg rgkfgr winn syltdgsizg tdis spg`iai` ilacrekticl cl ouinfilj tg`dli`s ks rgnktgf tc ilfivifukn ouinfiljs tc ogttgr ulfgrstklf dcw tc iepngeglt k sustkilkong rglcvkticl acr tdg rgkfgr’s cwl `ceoilkticl ca `niektg. ouinfilj typg. klf usg,
Cur gepdksis is cl ieprcvgeglts il ouinfilj glgrjy pgracrekl`g. ilfccr glvirclegltkn quknity. klf iepk`ts cl tdg cutsifg glvircleglt, Vdgsg krg tdg krgks wdgrg tdg oijjgst `dkljgs krg lggfgf, Xrceisilj lgw ouinfilj iltgjrktgf pcwgr jglgrkticl cpticls gxist, Zg il`nufg su`d cpticls, Dcwgvgr. kt tdg dijdgst rktg ca prcfu`ticl `urrgltny acrg`kst acr cur gng`tri`kn systge. tdgy prcvifg clny ;8 pgr`glt ca tdg ieprcvgeglt lggfgf tc rgk`d cur tkrjgt acr ouinfilj sg`tcr glgrjy rgfu`ticl, It is dcpgf tdkt lgw orgkmtdrcujds winn ieprcvg pcwgr jglgrkticl gaai`igl`y. stcrkjg ca glgrjy. klf nilms witd tdg jrif. out il tdg egkl tieg. glgrjy `clsgrvkticl fgnivgrs k eu`d oijjgr oklj,
Nkstny. wg nccm kt `clstru`ticl cpgrkticls. gxkepngs ca gxgepnkry pgracrekl`g. klf dcw tdg lueogrs kff up il tdg kjjrgjktg acr knn gxistilj ouinfiljs il tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs, Pustkilkong rglcvkticl `kl og fclg= wg sdcw il tdg `ksg stufigs dcw it dks oggl fclg. klf wg krjug tdkt it eust og fclg ecrg wifgny il tdg auturg, Vdg jckn ca 48 pgr`glt rgfu`ticl il ouinfilj glgrjy usg eky sculf kufk`icus. out it is lctdilj ecrg tdkl tdg sue ca knn tdg tdiljs wg knrgkfy mlcw dcw tc fc. iepngegltgf cvgr tdg lgxt jglgrkticl,
Bocptkr 3
JLYTNI[BYJNL
Ct. Bd`c`kdjre en tdf Decjkjyjs en 8==5. Ourenl tdf kjst aevf yfjrs rftrfjtenl lkjiefrs jno cfktenl sn`w djvf fxp`sfo ikeaas `n tdes rfifntky wdetf pfjg. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Zg sdkpg cur ouinfiljs. klf katgrwkrfs cur ouinfiljs sdkpg us,
‚ Simsthm Bfurbfill;
YVY_JENJHEKE_U OFAENFO
Il ?8;8. k `dulm ca i`g tdrgg tiegs tdg sizg ca Ekldkttkl orcmg caa tdg Jrgglnklf i`g `kp klf ancktgf cut tc sgk, P`igltists wgrg gx`itgf‖tdg gvglt c``urrgf ks prgfi`tgf. klf wcunf sccl og acnncwgf oy klctdgr Ekldkttkl%sizgf i`g ancg, Gvgry tdrgg dcurs upfktgs kppgkrgf cl tdg Iltgrlgt, _gpcrtgrs ksmgf klxicusny ia tdg i`g wcunf `rksd iltc sceg ulnu`my `ckstnilg, Vdgy sggegf rgnigvgf tc dgkr tdkt lilg%tgltds ca tdg i`gogrj wks ulfgrwktgr. klf tdkt it wcunf egnt cr friat kjrculf akr kwky arce kly `ckst, Ksmgf ia tdg gvglt wks kl ilfi`kticl ca jncokn wkreilj. tdg s`igltist pkusgf acr k eceglt klf klswgrgf. „Ygs. covicusny.― out tdg sijliai`kl`g wks rgknny tdg k``gngrktgf i`g egnt `kusgf oy tdg wkreilj ca tdg c`gkl. tdkt jrgkt dgkt silm. wdi`d. tdcujd itsgna ecrg jrkfukn. wks k akr ecrg rkpif kjglt ca `dkljg tdkl tdg ktecspdgrg,?
Zding it is gx`itilj tc sgg k tdgcry vknifktgf. tdg iepni`kticls acr risilj wktgrs. `dkljilj `niektgs. klf fisrupticl ca dkoitkt krg arijdtglilj ilfggf, Il tdg ygkrs sil`g tdg wcrnf pcpunkticl ogjkl eggtilj tc fgailg sust`im`nility. glvirclegltkn `dkljg dks k``gngrktgf. ks dks tdg lggf tc nieit duekl iepk`ts, Il ;94:. tdg Wlitgf Lkticl’s Orulftnklf `ceeissicl fgailgf sustkilkoinity ks2 „eggtilj tdg lggfs ca tdg prgsglt witdcut `ceprceisilj tdg koinity ca auturg jglgrkticls tc eggt tdgir cwl lggfs,―0 Vdis `krgaun dueklist fgailiticl gl`cepkssgf tdg lggfs ca pgcpng il fgvgncpilj `cultrigs tc `cltilug tc ieprcvg tdgir wgnakrg klf dkppilgss klf acr pgcpng il wgkntdy klf ilfustriknizgf lkticls tc ekiltkil tdgir `ceacrt klf wgnn%ogilj, Dcwgvgr. cvgrwdgneilj s`igltiai` gvifgl`g sdcws tdkt cur ilanugl`g cl tdg auturg gxtglfs ogyclf cur koinity tc ekmg cursgnvgs ecrg cr ngss `ceacrtkong, Vcfky wg ilanugl`g tdg koinity ca tdg oicspdgrg ca wdi`d wg krg k pkrt tc `cltilug tc ancurisd cr gvgl pgrdkps tc survivg,
P`igl`g fgpglfs upcl tdg `kuticus k``rgticl ca cosgrvkticls klf mlcwngfjg klf `kllct klswgr tdg qugsticl ca wdgtdgr cr wdi`d spg`igs `kl kfkpt akst glcujd tc tdrivg il k frksti`knny kntgrgf glvircleglt, Jkeonilj cl tdg k``gngrkticl ca 78.888 ygkrs ca gvcnuticl iltc ;88 ygkrs sgges rismy, Zg krg il tdis tcjgtdgr witd tdg pnklmtcl klf tdg pcnkr ogkrs, It sgges clny prufglt tc ekiltkil cr rgstcrg ktecspdgri` klf c`gkli` fylkei`s `ncsg tc tdcsg tc wdi`d wg krg knn kfkptgf, Vdg Dippc`rkti` cktd tc fc lc dkre wks airst swcrl il kl grk wdgl pdysi`ikls `cunf fc vgry nittng jccf, Cur lgw glvirclegltkn `cepk`t. `clsistglt witd cur lgw pcwgrs. eust jc ogyclf tdg kl`iglt Dippc`rkti` stklfkrf. klf ailf wkys tc dgkn,
@niektg `dkljg kppgkrs tc og trk`milj knclj tdg prgfi`ticls ca tdg wcrst%`ksg s`glkrics, Klf sc sustkilkoinity fis`ussicls tcfky ac`us ecrg sdkrpny cl `krocl klf glgrjy tdkl tdg rgscur`g fgpngticl cr kir klf wktgr quknity issugs ca gkrnigr glvirclegltknists, Fgacrgstkticl. cvgr%dultilj klf cvgr%aisdilj. `cltkeilkticl ca kir klf wktgr witd wkstg. klf iltrcfu`ticl ca tcxils krcusg scrrcw. cutrkjg. klf lc seknn kecult ca k`ticl, Out fgspitg nk`m ca prcjrgss il sceg krgks. wg `kl il ak`t suostkltiktg `clsifgrkong prcjrgss il sncwilj tdg fgstru`ticl ca tdg Kekzcl. `ngklilj up tcxi` geissicls. klf rgstrkililj `dgei`kn pgsti`ifg klf agrtinizgr pcnnuticl,
Xrcjrgss il tdgsg krgks sdcunf gl`curkjg us tc sgg tdkt sceg fkekjg tdkt sggegf `ktkstrcpdi` wks kt ngkst pkrtiknny rgvgrsiong, Zg `kl stinn sncw cr dknt `niektg `dkljg. kntdcujd stufigs dkvg sdcwl tdkt gvgl k su``gssaun ngvgnilj ca `krocl geissicls $su`d tdkt il`rgksgf geissicls il tdg fgvgncpilj wcrnf wcunf og aunny caasgt oy rgfu`gf geissicls il tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs klf Gurcpg) wcunf lct `dkljg sijliai`kltny tdg gaag`t ca knrgkfy prgsglt jrggldcusg jksgs cl `niektg `dkljg,
Kl 48 pgr`glt rgfu`ticl ca jrggldcusg jks geissicl oy ?;88 is rgquirgf tc turl krculf tdg gljilg ca `niektg `dkljg klf prcfu`g k stkong `cl`gltrkticl ca jrggldcusg jksgs,
_g`cjlizilj tdg strkils wg dkvg knrgkfy iepcsgf cl tdg auturg. wg sujjgst it is tieg tc rgvgrsg tdg Orulftnklf fgailiticl klf sky2
Pustkilkoinity is tdg rgstcrkticl ca tdg koinity ca auturg jglgrkticls tc eggt tdgir lggfs witdcut `ceprceisilj cur koinity tc eggt cur cwl,
Ofvfk`penl i`untrefs― fcesse`ns jrf pr`bfitfo t` lrfjtky fxiffo enoustrejk i`untrefs― fcesse`ns hy 8=?=.? Kmkrcy Tisihms >525, TZZ Zkbfmib`l ^ksk`rbf Bkmtrk hd Diml`mj, >552,
Feldty pfrifnt kfss fcesse`ns pr`ouifs j stjhkf i`nifntrjte`n `a I@8. M`tihm`l @b`jkay hd Rbikmbks,
_DF VXLFNIU @A YVY_JENJHEKE_U EN HVEKOENLY
_gfu`ilj kir klf wktgr pcnnuticl il tdg ilfustriknizgf wcrnf ogjkl oy tkrjgtilj tdg nkrjgst siljng pcnnutgrs‖ak`tcrigs. kutcecoings. ultrgktgf sgwkjg arce `itigs, Vcfky. seknngr cr fistrioutgf pcnnutgrs‖rulcaa arce rckf sknt. pcnnuticl arce trk`tcrs klf nkwlecwgrs. figsgn ockt gljilgs. klf tdg nimg‖dkvg og`ceg sijliai`klt. gvgl ks fgvgncpilj lkticls wrgstng witd ecrg trkfiticlkn pcnnuticl c``urrilj il tdg eifst ca rkpif klf ulrgjunktgf g`clcei` jrcwtd, Jrggldcusg jks geissicl is klctdgr euntiak`gtgf prconge,
Ekbcr `cltrioutcrs tc jrggldcusg jks geissicl krg tigf tc tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr. il`nufilj prcfu`grs ca gng`tri`ity klf dgkt. nklf usg `dkljg. klf ilfustry $prcfu`ticl su`d ks ircl. stggn. klf `geglt), _gfu`ilj tdgsg `cltriouticls rgquirgs rgfu`ilj ouinfilj glgrjy usg furilj cpgrkticl $gng`tri`ity. dgkt. `ccnilj). rgfu`ilj usg ca dijd glgrjy `clstru`ticl ektgrikns $rgusilj gxistilj ouinfiljs. usilj ncw%iepk`t ektgrikns). klf rgfu`ilj sprkwn tdkt pkvgs cvgr prcfu`tivg nklf,
Huekoenl sfit`r ijrh`n fcesse`n `iiurs en fkfitreiety jno dfjt+ `tdfr aufk i`chuste`n+ enoustry $er`n+ stffk+ jkucenuc/n`nafrr`us cftjks+ ifcfnt%+ jno kjno usf idjnlf.6 Shrlj ^kshurbks Imstitutk,
Ouinfiljs il tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs usgf 09,6 pgr`glt ca tctkn glgrjy `clsuepticl klf 1:,9 pgr`glt1 ca jglgrktgf gng`tri` pcwgr il ?88?. firg`tny `clsuegf acssin augns acr dgktilj klf `ccnilj. klf krg `cepcsgf ca ektgrikns tdkt `clsuegf nkrjg kecults ca glgrjy furilj tdgir gxtrk`ticl. rgailgeglt. ekluak`turg. trklspcrtkticl. klf grg`ticl, Ouinfiljs `clsueg `clsifgrkony ecrg tdkl tdg 08 pgr`glt: ca glgrjy usgf oy tdg gltirg trklspcrtkticl sg`tcr il ?884, Ouinfiljs krg knsc ekbcr usgrs ca pctkong wktgr, Il kffiticl tc `cl`grls kocut tdg sustkilkoinity ca tdg suppny ca pctkong wktgr fug tc tdg gaag`ts ca `niektg `dkljg. tdg jrggldcusg jks `cltriouticls ca cur `urrglt systge ca wktgr trgkteglt klf fgnivgry krg sijliai`klt, _gfu`ilj wktgr usg il ouinfiljs is k pricrity acr octd rgkscls,
_des `aaeif rfn`vjte`n es keldt+ jery+ jno queft wdekf prfsfrvenl tdf qujketefs `a tdf dest`rei huekoenl. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Vdg sizg ca tdg @C? rgfu`ticl lggfgf egkls tdkt tc gaag`t egkliljaun `dkljg wg lggf tc fc gvgrytdilj lcw. out wg winn `cl`gltrktg il tdis occm cl rgfu`ilj jrggldcusg jks geissicls firg`tny fug tc tdg `clstru`ticl. rg`clstru`ticl. klf cpgrkticl ca ouinfiljs. strktgjigs acr rgfu`ilj tdg usg ca gxtgrlknny jglgrktgf pcwgr il ouinfiljs. klf strktgjigs acr rgfu`ilj tdg usg ca rgscur`gs witd dijd geocfigf glgrjy, Ia kl 48 pgr`glt rgfu`ticl il geissicls is rgquirgf cvgrknn. wg sujjgst tdkt ouinfiljs eust fc lc ngss, Zg winn sdcw dcw tdis `kl og fclg il k tdrgg%pdksg prc`gss gl`cepkssilj ncw klf lc `cst ieprcvgeglts. nieitgf rgpnk`geglt ca systges klf ouinfilj `cepclglts. klf ailknny. ekbcr rglcvkticls kaag`tilj ouinfilj pdysi`s tdrcujd tdgir systges klf glvgncpgs,
Vdg airst rculf ca kttglticl tc glgrjy `clsgrvkticl fgsijl acnncwilj tdg cin `risis ca tdg ;9:8s ac`usgf cl tijdt ouinfilj glvgncpgs klf rg`y`ngf kir il dgktilj klf `ccnilj systges, Vdis gxk`groktgf k trglf ca il`rgksiljny uldgkntdy ilfccr kir. ngkfilj tc „si`m ouinfiljs― tdkt ekfg tdgir c``upklts ulprcfu`tivg. ul`ceacrtkong. klf uldgkntdy, Og`kusg ca ilkttglticl tc caa%jkssilj oy ouinfilj `cepclglts klf tc ecisturg issugs. ilfccr kir eky catgl dkvg pcnnutklt `cl`gltrkticls twc tc acur tiegs wcrsg. klf c``ksiclknny up tc ;88 tiegs wcrsg. tdkl cutfccr kir,4 @urrglt ouinfilj tg`dlcncjigs dkvg fgvgncpgf tc gldkl`g glgrjy gaai`igl`y witdcut sk`riai`ilj ilfccr kir quknity cr c``upklt `ceacrt, Pu`d tg`dlcncjigs `kl og kfcptgf il ouinfiljs kt gvgry pri`g pcilt. ekmilj it rgksclkong tc sgt ouinfilj `cfg tkrjgts kt eu`d dijdgr ngvgns tdkl tdgy krg tcfky,
Ogyclf glgrjy gaai`igl`y sustkilkong fgsijl sgts k stklfkrf ca dgkntd klf wgnn%ogilj acr ouinfilj glvircleglts tdkt il`nufgs dijd quknity ilfccr kir. klf `ceacrtkong klf prcfu`tivg pnk`gs tc nivg. wcrm. ngkrl. klf glbcy clgsgna,
_DF EC]@X_JNIF @A FTEY_ENL HVEKOENLY
@clsistglt witd tdg prk`ti`g ca nccmilj kt tdg oij scur`gs airst. witdil tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr tdg gxistilj ouinfilj stc`m is wdgrg tdg cppcrtulity acr ieprcvgeglt is nkrjgst, Og`kusg tdg vkst ekbcrity ca tdg ouinfiljs tc og c``upigf furilj tdg lgxt tdirty ygkrs krg knrgkfy `clstru`tgf. gxistilj ouinfiljs krg tdg ecst iepcrtklt pnk`gs tc rgknizg oij `dkljgs lcw klf il tdg lgkr auturg, Jrgkt lgw ouinfiljs krg tdg gquivknglt ca fcilj lc dkre, Jrgkt rglcvkticls ogjil tc dgkn tdg pnklgt,
Ycjkk enaekk pr`bfits jrf tdf `nky nfw i`nstruite`n tdes cjturf Yjn Arjniesi` ietysijpf es kegfky t` sff a`r jn`tdfr lfnfrjte`n. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
_glcvkticl dks lgvgr dkf tdg skeg dijd prcaing ks lgw `clstru`ticl, Zitd tdg gx`gpticl ca prgsgrvkticl ca `unturknny sijliai`klt stru`turgs tdg pkrti`unkr sminns klf rgnktgf mlcwngfjg lggfgf acr rglcvkticl krg ngkrlgf ecrg il tdg aignf tdkl tkujdt il s`dccns ca kr`ditg`turg cr gljilggrilj, Wsuknny tdg ouinfilj tg`dliqugs gepncygf il prgvicus pgricfs krg lct stufigf, Out gxistilj ouinfiljs dkvg usgaun `ceeclknitigs tdkt `kl dgnp sujjgst octd wdkt is nimgny tc og aculf witdil tdgir oksgeglts. wknns. klf ktti`s. klf tdg pctgltikn `dci`gs ca rglcvkticl strktgjigs,
_des lrjpd sd`ws fnfrly usf hy huekoenls i`nstruitfo en oeaafrfnt pfre`os. _df V.Y. O@F I`ccfriejk Huekoenls Fnfrly I`nsucpte`n Yurvfy $IHFIY% ofc`nstrjtfs tdf p`stwjr kfjp en huekoenl fnfrly i`nsucpte`n.5 [-R- Jkp`rtakmt hd Kmkrcy,
It is cur iltglticl tc dgnp fgailg klf kppny sustkilkong rglcvkticl strktgjigs acr ouinfiljs ca vkricus pgricfs, Zg winn fgs`riog tdg ouinfilj kssgeonigs nimgny tc og aculf il prg%Zcrnf Zkr II ouinfiljs. tdg ieegfiktg pcstwkr pgricf. klf il nktg%`gltury ecfgrl ouinfiljs, Ks `kl og sggl il tdg `dkrt. ouinfiljs ca tdgsg pgricfs `rgktgf kl gs`knktilj lggf acr glgrjy, K sieinkrny gs`knktilj lggf acr glgrjy ieprcvgeglt kppnigs tc gk`d pgricf, K prgwkr ouinfilj fgsijlgf acr fkynijdt. lkturkn vgltinkticl. klf `dkrk`tgrizgf oy dijd tdgrekn ekss. catgl dks ecrg lggf acr its cnf ncji` tc og rgstcrgf il k rglcvkticl tdkl tc og `cepngtgny rgtdcujdt, Nktgr ouinfiljs og`keg ecrg klf ecrg fgpglfglt cl cvgrsizgf eg`dkli`kn systges klf `dgkp gng`tri` nijdtilj klf tdgir sdkpgs klf glvgncpgs `dkljgf ks wgnn, Vdgsg prcfu`g fiaagrglt `dknngljgs acr k sustkilkong rglcvkticl,
It sdcunf knsc og `ngkr tdkt pgr`gltkjg ieprcvgeglt tkrjgts krg ecrg usgaun wdgl nccmilj kt ouinfiljs il tdg kjjrgjktg tdkl wdgl nccmilj kt kl ilfivifukn ouinfilj, K ouinfilj tdkt stkrtgf caa wcrmilj prgtty wgnn lggfs ngss ieprcvgeglt tdkl k ouinfilj tdkt is gxtrgegny ilgaai`iglt, Zdkt is lggfgf is k tkrjgt glgrjy usg acr tdg ouinfilj tdkt rgprgsglts its akir sdkrg ca glgrjy fgeklf il kl glgrjy%tdriaty wcrnf, Vdg Kr`ditg`turg ?808 @dknngljg sgts tkrjgts oy c``upkl`y, Vdg `ceoilkticl ca usg $c``upkl`y). `niektg klf nc`kn jgcjrkpdy. klf ouinfilj typg klf `clfiticl winn og fiaagrglt il gk`d ilfivifukn ouinfilj, Gk`d ouinfilj lggfs tc og stufigf. egksurgf. klf ecfgngf tc cptieizg its glgrjy usg, Out ogl`dekrms fc gxist klf `kl og vgry usgaun il ac`usilj tdg sustkilkong fgsijl gaacrt acr gk`d ouinfilj, Zg kfvc`ktg sgttilj jckns ogyclf tdg ?808 @dknngljg. wdi`d tkrjgts ieprcvgeglt acr ecfgrlizkticl kt clny 78 pgr`glt ca tdkt acr lgw `clstru`ticl,;8 Zg tdgl kppny tdg ilfivifukn klknysis ca tdg ouinfilj tc tdg dijdgr jckns ca 48 pgr`glt rgfu`ticl,
Gquivknglt pgracrekl`g tc lgw `clstru`ticl is tg`dli`knny k`digvkong il ekly. ia lct ecst. `ksgs, Vdg okrrigrs krg catgl ecrg ailkl`ikn tdkl fgsijl oksgf, It is fiaai`unt tc sgg wdy ailkl`ikn okrrigrs sdcunf og kffrgssgf oy ncwgrilj fgsijl stklfkrfs rktdgr tdkl rgacreilj ailkl`ikn strktgjigs, Firg`t kttglticl tc ailkl`ikn okrrigrs dks yignfgf iltgrgstilj lgw kpprck`dgs, Zdgrg stru`turgs ca nckls. ngksgs. klf ouinfilj vknukticl dkvg ecrg tc fc witd sgttilj rktgs ca ilvgsteglt tdkl tdg k`tukn `cst ca ouinfilj ieprcvgeglts cr tdg niag`y`ng oglgaits tdgy winn orilj. `dkljilj ailkl`ilj eky og agksiong, @rgktivg ailkl`ilj klf ngksilj scnuticls krg ogilj fgvgncpgf tc sdkrg octd tdg `csts klf tdg oglgaits ca sustkilkong ieprcvgeglts, Xkrt ca `dkljilj tdg wky rglcvkticl is fclg is `dkljilj tdg wky tdg g`clcei`s krg klknyzgf klf rgknizgf,
Xdksilj il sustkilkoinity ieprcvgeglts witd rgagrgl`g tc tdg prggxistilj sgrvi`g niag ca ouinfilj systges klf `cepclglts is klctdgr kpprck`d tc ailkl`ikn agksioinity, Ouinfilj systges wgkr cut, Vdgy knsc rgprgsglt `clsifgrkong geocfigf glgrjy, Nccmilj kt egfiue%tgre rgpnk`geglt $aiatggl ygkrs arce lcw) `kl og pkrt ca k strktgjy tdkt is octd ailkl`iknny sglsiong klf sustkilkong, Vkmilj k stkjgf kpprck`d fcgs lct rgquirg vkstny fiaagrglt ilvgsteglt strktgjigs arce wdkt is `clvglticlkn tcfky, Vdg airst stkjg is ncw cr lc `cst `dkljg klf prcokony prcvifgs lgt skviljs tc tdg cwlgr, Vdg sg`clf stkjg is rgpnk`geglt ca systges klf `cepclglts tdkt krg rgk`dilj tdg glfs ca tdgir sgrvi`g nivgs klf lggf tc og rgpnk`gf il kly `ksg, Vdg tdirf stkjg is ekbcr rglcvkticl gl`cepkssilj `dkljgs tc knn ouinfilj systges. pdysi`s. klf pkttgrls ca usg,
Fvfn wetd j rfn`vjte`n tdjt rfc`vfo jkk aenesdfs jno rfpkjifo jkk systfcs+ tdf struiturf `a tdf huekoenl wjs tdfrf t` hf rfusfo. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Xfn`vjte`n I`ntrjstfo wetd Xfpkjifcfnt
Kt tdg ngvgn ca ieprcvgeglt wg krg sujjgstilj acr ekbcr rglcvkticl. tdg rgpnk`geglt `cst ca k ouinfilj eky og `ncsg tc cr gvgl gx`ggfgf oy tdg `cst ca tdg rglcvkticl, K `unturkn oiks acr scegtdilj gx`itilj klf lgw eky mi`m il kt tdis pcilt, Zdy pky knecst ks eu`d acr kl cnf ouinfilj ks acr k lgw clg3 Il sceg `ksgs rgpnk`geglt winn og k ecrg covicus ailkl`ikn cpticl. kntdcujd ekly cnfgr ouinfiljs dkvg `unturkn kssc`ikticls tdkt jivg tdge ulrg`cjlizgf vknug il tdg `ceeulity, Cl tdg ctdgr dklf. ekly gxistilj ouinfiljs wgrg lct fgsijlgf acr ncljgvity, Vdgir glvgncpgs cr gvgl stru`turkn systges eky dkvg sdcrtgr prcbg`tgf sgrvi`g nivgs tdkl tdg prcpcsgf ieprcvgeglts, Aurtdgr. ekly wgrg fgsijlgf witdcut cptiekn crigltkticl cr ouinfilj `claijurkticls,
Zdgrg sgttngeglt pkttgrls. trklspcrtkticl ilarkstru`turg. cr zclilj rungs dkvg `dkljgf. tdg gxistilj ouinfilj stc`m eky dkvg ncst vknug `cepngtgny ilfgpglfglt ca tdg quknity ca tdg stru`turg itsgna, Puourokl fgvgncpeglt pcsgs sijliai`klt `dknngljgs il tdis `cllg`ticl, Il`rgksilj fglsity tc ieprcvg pgfgstrikl gxpgrigl`g klf il`rgksg trklsit gaai`igl`y is k sustkilkong strktgjy tdkt eky `knn acr tdg rgpnk`geglt ca gxistilj ouinfiljs, Ircli`knny. tdg rgpnk`geglt ca prgwkr Ekil Ptrggt fgvgncpeglt witd suourokl sdcppilj eknns wks kl gxkepng ca k lgw nklf usg tdkt koklfclgf kl iltrilsi`knny ecrg sustkilkong pkttgrl. klf ngkvgs us witd twc prconges‖wdkt tc fc witd tdg oij ocx rgtkin fgvgncpeglt klf its k`rgs ca pkrmilj ncts klf dijdwkys. klf wdkt tc fc witd crijilknny sculf ouinfiljs tdkt krg lcw fgtgricrktgf klf ecrg `dknngljilj tc rglcvktg,
@dkljg dkppgls. klf it is lc usg rgausilj tc k`mlcwngfjg it, Zding su``gssaun kfkptivg rgusg dks trklsacregf wkrgdcusgs iltc nivg wcrm fgvgncpeglts. sdcppilj `gltgrs iltc s`dccns. ak`tcrigs iltc krt stufics. cr caai`g ouinfiljs iltc kpkrteglt ouinfiljs. sceg ouinfiljs eky og tdg wrclj tdilj il tdg wrclj pnk`g klf it eijdt og tdg rijdt tdilj tc fgecnisd tdge,
Ygt ildgrglt sustkilkoinity oglgaits fc fgrivg arce rglcvkticl rktdgr tdkl rgpnk`geglt, @clstru`ticl fgoris k``cultgf acr lgkrny 18 pgr`glt ca tctkn lclilfustrikn wkstg jglgrkticl il tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs il ;991,;; Vdg geocfigf glgrjy ca k ouinfilj `rgktgf furilj its `clstru`ticl k``cults acr ;8 tc ?8 pgr`glt ca tdg glgrjy `clsuegf oy tdg ouinfilj cvgr its gltirg gxistgl`g,;?
Vdg fg`isicl tc rgpnk`g k ouinfilj sdcunf eggt tdg acnncwilj `ritgrik2
- Vdg tctkn glgrjy usgf il fgecniticl klf wkstg fispcskn ca tdg gxistilj ouinfilj pnus `clstru`ticl klf cpgrkticl ca tdg lgw ouinfilj winn skvg ecrg glgrjy tdkl tdg glgrjy usgf il rglcvktilj klf cpgrktilj tdg gxistilj ouinfilj,
- It winn dkvg kffiticlkn oglgaits il il`rgksilj tdg sustkilkoinity ca tdg sitg klf nc`kn `ceeulity,
- Vdg `cepclglts ca tdg gxistilj ouinfilj `kl og prcfu`tivgny rgusgf,
Ajiekety Cjnjlfcfnt jno Enirfcfntjk Xfn`vjte`n
Vdg lggf tc ekmg oij `dkljgs il tdg pgracrekl`g ca tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr `kl og egt cl ekly s`dgfungs, Ekbcr ecfgrlizkticls rgpnk`ilj gltirg ouinfilj systges klf#cr glvgncpgs krg knecst ks rkrg ks lgw `clstru`ticl, Dcwgvgr. tdg airst pdksg ca seknn `dkljgs `kl og iepngegltgf witdcut ekbcr ecfgrlizkticl, Zifgsprgkf kfcpticl ca sustkilkong cpgrkticl prk`ti`gs klf tdg stgkfy ieprcvgeglt ca ouinfilj pgracrekl`g tdrcujd il`rgegltkn rglcvkticl winn ekmg nkrjgr `dkljgs tdkl k agw gxgepnkry prcbg`ts,
Ekly ca tdgsg ieprcvgeglts yignf rkpif pkyok`m il rgfu`gf `csts klf tkljiong oglgaits, Vdgrg krg ekly rgscur`gs tdkt `kl dgnp ouinfilj eklkjgrs ieprcvg tdgir prk`ti`gs klf `ut glgrjy usg, Ks il nccmilj kt glgrjy usg ks k wdcng. it is usgaun tc nccm acr tdg oijjgst oglgaits tdkt `kl og jkilgf tdrcujd il`rgegltkn ieprcvgeglt,
Nijdtilj upjrkfgs. dgktilj ieprcvgeglts. c``upkl`y `cltrcns. klf oksi` glvgncpg ieprcvgeglts krg knn strktgjigs tdkt `kl yignf knecst ieegfiktg oglgaits il glgrjy `clsuepticl klf glgrjy `csts, Il kffiticl tc crjklizgf `kepkijls acr glgrjy `clsgrvkticl. k ekstgrpnkl acr sustkilkoinity klf glgrjy ieprcvgeglt `kl ekp `clsgrvkticl iltc tdg auturg, K lgw `gltrkn dgktilj klf `ccnilj pnklt il k `ceegr`ikn caai`g ouinfilj winn lct yignf its aunn oglgaits ultin knn tdg tgreilkn ulits krg ecfiaigf, Vdgy eky og fgpglfglt cl tglklt ieprcvgeglts, Out prcvifilj tdg ilarkstru`turg acr sustkilkong tglklt systges is kl iepcrtklt airst stgp il il`rgksilj sustkilkoinity il tdg auturg, Zdgl k ekstgrpnkl gxists. gk`d seknn rglcvkticl `kl prcvifg kl il`rgeglt tcwkrf tdg cvgrknn sustkilkoinity jckns witdcut tdg lggf tc rgtdilm gk`d `cepclglt ca gk`d prcbg`t,
_DF HFNFAE_Y @A YVY_JENJHKF XFN@QJ_E@N
Dfjktd jno I`ca`rt
Vdg dgkntd klf `ceacrt oglgaits ca sustkilkong rglcvkticl krg sdkrgf witd sustkilkong fgsijl il jglgrkn, Ptufigs dkvg sdcwl tdkt tdg oglgaits ca jrggl ouinfiljs krg firg`t2
- Vdg Dgs`dclj%Ekdclg stufy sdcwgf tdkt fkynijdtilj il `nkssrcces il tdrgg `itigs ieprcvgf stufglt pgracrekl`g up tc ?8 pgr`glt,
- Dgrekl Einngr aculf tdkt wcrmgr prcfu`tivity ieprcvgf : pgr`glt katgr k ecvg tc k jrggl. fkynit ak`inity,
- K Nkwrgl`g Ogrmgngy Lkticlkn Nkocrktcry stufy aculf tdkt W,P, ousilgssgs `cunf skvg ks eu`d ks &74 oinnicl il ncst si`m tieg klf kl kffiticlkn &?88 oinnicl il wcrmgr pgracrekl`g ia ieprcvgeglts wgrg ekfg tc ilfccr kir quknity,
_df ke`n―s sdjrf `a oerfit usf `a a`ssek aufks en huekoenls es en spjif dfjtenl wdekf fkfitreiety ofcjno $`atfn lfnfrjtfo ar`c i`jk `r njturjk ljs% es a`iusfo `n keldtenl+ i``kenl $jno ajns%+ jno pkul k`jos. [skj witf pkraissihm, ©>505 kRhurbk Bhap`miks LLB,
Kegri`kls spglf kl kvgrkjg ca 4: pgr`glt ca tdgir tieg ilfccrs,;6 Vdg dgkntd risms ca gxpcsurg tc dijd `dgei`kn `cl`gltrkticls. oicncji`kn `cltkeilklts. klf `krocl eclcxifg klf ctdgr jksgs. il`nufg sdcrt%tgre innlgss su`d ks si`m ouinfilj sylfrceg. kstdek. klf ilag`ticus fisgksg. ks wgnn ks fgvgncpeglt ca nclj%tgre innlgss su`d ks `kl`gr arce gxpcsurg tc rkfcl. ksogstcs. klf `dgei`kns su`d ks acreknfgdyfg, Furilj tdg skeg pgricf tdkt cutfccr kir quknity dks ieprcvgf suostkltiknny. ilfccr kir quknity dks fg`nilgf, Vdg truny sustkilkong ouinfilj k`digvgs glgrjy `clsgrvkticl ieprcvgeglts wding rgfu`ilj gxpcsurg tc tcxi` `dgei`kns. oicncji`kn kjglts. klf uldgkntdy `cl`gltrkticls ca jksgs, Ouinfilj c``upklts gxpgrigl`g ogttgr dgkntd klf wgnn%ogilj,
Ojyket w`rgspjifs jrf jss`iejtfo wetd deldfr w`rgfr pr`ouitevety. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
@ceacrt is k fiaagrglt egksurg tdkl gxpcsurg tc uldgkntdy kir, Ouinfiljs gxist tc jivg us k `ceacrtkong glvircleglt wdgl tdg cutfccr glvircleglt is ul`ceacrtkong, Mggpilj cut tdg rkil is k oksi` aul`ticl ca ouinfilj glvgncpgs, Mggpilj tgepgrkturgs klf dueifity witdil k zclg tdkt knncws us tc fc wdkt wg’f nimg tc fc wding frgssgf tdg wky wg’f nimg tc og frgssgf is tdg jckn ca dgktilj. vgltinktilj. klf kir `clfiticlilj, Il k sglsg tdg ouinfilj ekiltkils iltgrlkn dcegcstksis sieinkr tc tdg k`ticls klf stru`turgs ca cur smils klf iltgrlkn crjkls, Klf bust ks cur ocfigs ekiltkil tgepgrkturg klf jksgs iltgrlknny witdil tdg oklf tdkt knncws us tc survivg klf tdrivg. sc ouinfiljs sdgntgr us arce tdg surrculfilj glvircleglt, Kutcektgf systges dkvg oggl fgvgncpgf tdkt kff dgkt wdgl it is `cnf. rgecvg dgkt wdgl it is dct. klf rgjunktg dueifity, Ouinfilj glvgncpgs `kl lcw rgspclf kutcekti`knny tc tdg lggf tc sdkfg cr kfeit sulnijdt. kfbust wilfcws klf vgltinkticl cpgliljs. klf ekiltkil `ceacrt witdcut tdg lggf acr ildkoitklts tc eclitcr tdg ouinfilj `clfiticls,
Dcwgvgr. `ceacrt is suobg`tivg. klf k fgjrgg ca `cltrcn cl tdg pkrt ca ouinfilj c``upklts dgnps tdge aggn ecrg `ceacrtkong gvgl wdgl tdg egksurgeglts krg vgry `ncsg tc wdkt k ouinfilj kutcekticl systge eijdt prcvifg, Gk`d ca tdg ekbcr sustkilkong fgsijl s`crg`krf systges rg`cjlizg octd tdg lggf tc ekiltkil `ceacrt klf tdg fgsirg acr `cltrcn cl tdg pkrt ca tdg c``upklts, Vdg airst jrggl ouinfiljs ca tdg ;9:8s il`nufgf k strktgjy ca fgsijlilj acr k orckfgr rkljg ca `ceacrt $kssueilj swgktgrs klf sdcrts ks k``gptkong kfkptkticls. acr gxkepng). ks wgnn ks kl gxpg`tkticl tdkt c``upklts wcunf pky kttglticl tc tdgir ouinfilj glvircleglt witd k`ticls su`d ks frkwilj sdkfgs wdgl tdg sul `keg cltc tdkt sifg ca tdg ouinfilj cr turlilj cl klf caa akls wdgl kir sdcunf cr sdcunfl’t strktiay, Vdg `urrglt jrggl ouinfilj prcvifgs cr gx`ggfs tdg `ceacrt tc wdi`d wg krg k``ustcegf klf il`nufgs ecrg cr ngss kutcekticl il kfbustilj tc `dkljgs il gxtgrlkn wgktdgr. `niektg. klf tieg ca fky, Fis`ceacrt is lct k sustkilkong stktg,
En j vfry hjsei fxjcpkf `a fnvfk`pf jut`cjte`n+ tdf ijcpus fnfrly cjnjlfcfnt systfc `pfns tdf ikfrfst`ry weno`ws wdfn ikjssr``c tfcpfrjturfs resf. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Fi`n`cei Xfturns
Vdg g`clcei` oglgaits ca jrggl ouinfilj krg suostkltikn, Acr rglcvkticl. tdg pi`turg is ecrg `cepni`ktgf tdkl k strkijdt `cst oglgait klknysis, @ceegr`ikn rgkn gstktg is kl ilvgsteglt, It is ulfgrtkmgl acr g`clcei` oglgait. klf eust sdcw k rgturl cl ilvgsteglt tdkt ekmgs it wcrtd tdg ilvgstcr’s rism klf `kpitkn, Vdg `urrglt stru`turg ca tdg ousilgss is knsc fggpny iltgrtwilgf witd tkxkticl, Ouinfiljs krg kssgts tdkt krg trgktgf ks dkvilj fg`nililj vknug ks tdgir systges klf ektgrikns kjg klf rgquirg rgpnk`geglt cr rgpkir, Vdgsg pkpgr ncssgs caasgt tdg il`ceg tdg ouinfilj jglgrktgs klf krg sc oksi` tc ouinfilj g`clcei`s tdkt tdg gxpirkticl ca ouinfilj fgprg`ikticl is catgl kl gvglt tdkt trijjgrs k skng cr ekbcr rglcvkticl,
Acr kl cwlgr#c``upigr it is gksy tc sdcw tdkt tdg prgeiue acr jrggl ouinfilj $kvgrkjilj ngss tdkl ? pgr`glt ca `clstru`ticl `cst il lgw ouinfiljs;7) is gksiny cutwgijdgf oy g`clcei` oglgaits, Jrgj Mkts fgvgncpgf tdg k``cepklyilj `dkrt ks pkrt ca k rgpcrt tc tdg @kniacrlik Pustkilkong Ouinfilj Vksm Acr`g, Il tdg rgpcrt tdg ecst suostkltikn oglgaits `ngkrny `kl og sggl tc fgrivg arce tdg dgkntd klf prcfu`tivity oglgaits ca jrggl ouinfiljs, Vdgsg oglgaits il gepncyeglt tgres il`nufg agwgr si`m fkys klf rgfu`gf turlcvgr. ks wgnn ks egksurgf prcfu`tivity il`rgksgs il tksms, Gltitigs tdkt oglgait arce tdgsg ieprcvgeglts il`nufg ekbcr ouinfilj cwlgrs su`d ks jcvgrleglts. gfu`kticlkn ilstituticls. klf dcspitkns, Vdgy dkvg oggl gkrny gltdusiksts ca jrggl fgsijl ks k rgquirgeglt acr tdgir ouinfilj prcjrkes, Ilfivifukn dcegcwlgrs dkvg knsc sdcwl `clsifgrkong iltgrgst il tdg glgrjy skviljs klf dgkntd oglgaits tdgy `kl cotkil tdrcujd wgktdgrizkticl klf ctdgr ecfgst egksurgs ks wgnn ks `kepkijls acr rkfi`kn ieprcvgeglt su`d ks lgt zgrc glgrjy ouinfiljs,
_glts klf c``upkl`y rktgs `kl og sdcwl tc og dijdgr il jrggl ouinfiljs tdkl il tdgir `clvglticlkn `cultgrpkrts, Acr rgkn gstktg fgvgncpgr Dilgs. sustkilkong fgsijl dks `cltrioutgf tc kl 4 pgr`glt dijdgr c``upkl`y rktg tdkl lcljrggl `cepgtitcrs,;1 Ouinfilj jrggl is knsc `crrgnktgf witd rglts up tc ;8 pgr`glt dijdgr tdkl `cepkrkong lcljrggl ouinfiljs,;: Lgitdgr ca tdgsg dks tdg cvgrwdgneilj prgsglt vknug ca tdg ieprcvgf wcrm glvircleglt, Ygt il`nufilj tdg glgrjy skviljs tdkt krg rgknizgf oy tdg cwlgr ca tdg ouinfilj. rgfu`ticl il rism ca dgkntdigr glvircleglts. tdg skviljs il ekiltglkl`g ca furkong `clstru`ticl. klf tdg il`rgksg il gquity vknug. k strclj `ksg `kl stinn og ekfg acr tdg ousilgss oglgaits tc tdg ilvgstcr ca jrggl ouinfilj,
Crkchry G`ts, B`pit`l!K,
@ceegr`ikn rgkn gstktg fgvgncpgrs klf ilvgstcrs dkvg lct oggl ks qui`m ks cwlgr#c``upigrs il kfcptilj jrggl ouinfilj prk`ti`gs, Jrggl ailkl`igrs dkvg oggl wcrmilj cl tdg fgvgncpeglt ca iltgrgstilj lgw tkx il`gltivgs. oclf ailkl`ilj. klf jrggl ngksgs tc try tc `rgktg k ecrg firg`t pktd acr tdg ailkl`ikn rgwkrfs ca sustkilkoinity tc trk`m witd tdg ailkl`ikn `csts, Ekmilj surg tdkt `clsgrvilj glgrjy oglgaits tdg pkrty tdkt ekmgs tdg ilvgsteglt klf `dkljgs tdgir ogdkvicr is clg ca tdg `dknngljgs il `ceegr`ikn rgkn gstktg,
Il tdg oij pi`turg. skvilj glgrjy klf k`digvilj jrgktgr dgkntd klf prcfu`tivity oglgait tdg wdcng g`clcey, Il crfgr tc gl`curkjg fggpgr ekrmgt pglgtrkticl klf ecrg rkpif kfcpticl ca tdgsg prk`ti`gs it is iepcrtklt tc stru`turg fgkns sc tdkt prcait is pkrt ca tdg pgrsuksicl,
Xfouite`n `a Ikecjtf Idjnlf Ecpjit
Zdkt fcgs `niektg `dkljg egkl tc us3 It is arklmny ulmlcwl, Vdg i`g `kps krg egntilj, Vrcpi`kn jnk`igrs krg fiskppgkrilj, Ia prg`ipitkticl `keg ks rkil tdg slcw pk`ms il tdg Dieknkyks wcunf lc ncljgr og kvkinkong ks egnt wktgr furilj fry sgkscls il rivgrs nimg tdg Ykljtzg klf Orkdekputrk, Vdg slcws il tdg Pigrrk klf _c`my Ecultkils fc tdg skeg acr @kniacrlik klf ctdgr pkrts ca tdg krif Zgst ca tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs, _isilj c`gkl tgepgrkturgs krg arggilj akst i`g arce pcnkr sgks, Il purgny duekl tgres ekly oinnicls ca fcnnkrs ca ilvgsteglt wcunf og rgquirgf oy ?;88 il `ckstkn krgks su`d ks Okljnkfgsd. @kirc. Pdkljdki. Ancrifk. klf tdg Lgtdgrnklfs tc `cpg witd k ecfgst risg ca ? aggt il sgk ngvgn $ks prgfi`tgf il Iltgrjcvgrlegltkn Xklgn cl @niektg @dkljg $IX@@) ecfgns tdkt gltirgny lgjng`t tdg pcnkr cr Jrgglnklf i`g `kps),
_df Yefrrj sn`wpjig a`rcs j njturjk rfsfrv`er a`r ory sfjs`n wjtfr usfrs. ‛Iurrfntky+ stjtf `pfrjt`rs cjentjen ≄ :8gc9 `a t`tjk vjijnt spjif en tdf cjb`r rfsfrv`ers t` pr`veof wentfr jno fjrky sprenl ak``o pr`tfite`n+ j v`kucf jppr`xecjtfky fqujk t` tdjt st`rfo en tdf njturjk sn`wpjig rfsfrv`er hy Jprek :st. Ijpturenl fjrkefr run`aa t` i`cpfnsjtf a`r auturf rfouite`ns en tdf sn`wpjig w`uko tjgf up c`st `a tdf ak``o pr`tfite`n spjif+ a`rienl j id`eif hftwffn wentfr ak``o prfvfnte`n jno cjentjenenl wjtfr st`rjlf a`r tdf succfr jno ajkk ory pfre`o usf.–:4 Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Il tdg `ksg ca k risg il sgk ngvgn ca sgvgl aggt. ks prgfi`tgf oy _co Yculj klf Crril Xinmgy il Zfk ^isimc Rk`,;9 `unturkn klf g`cncji`kn iepk`ts krg vkst, Fglsg pcpunkticls il knn ca tdg jrgkt rivgr fgntks arce tdg Eississippi tc tdg Egmclj winn og fispnk`gf, @ckstkn `itigs su`d ks Eikei winn ak`g tdg `dci`g ca rgnc`kticl cr tryilj tc dcnf ok`m tdg c`gkl, Il tdg `ksg ca k tdrgg%acct risg il sgk ngvgn. fcwltcwl Eikei wcunf og kl isnklf. klf Eikei Ogk`d k sklfokr,
Durri`klgs frkw tdgir glgrjy arce tdg wkre wktgrs ca tdg Juna ca Egxi`c, Zdkt dkppgls wdgl tdg dulfrgf%ygkr stcre is kl kllukn c``urrgl`g3
Lkticls ca tdg wcrnf `keg tcjgtdgr il @cpgldkjgl il ?889 tc fis`uss kjrggeglts tc nieit geissicl ca jrggldcusg jksgs, Lc trgkty wks ekfg, Xgrdkps tdkt is og`kusg tdg rgknity ca tdg gxtglt ca `dkljg rgquirgf ailknny dks ogjul tc silm il, Il tdg sdcrt tgre. lc clg lkticl wklts tc nieit tdgir cwl g`clcei` systge wding ctdgrs `cltilug tc prcait, Zding tdg rkpif ilfustriknizkticl ca @dilk klf Ilfik klf Orkzin krg `grtkilny kffilj tilfgr tc tdg airg. it is iepcrtklt tc rgegeogr tdkt tdg pgr `kpitk `clsuepticl ca glgrjy oy ilfivifukns il tdg wcrnf’s wgkntdy lkticls gx`ggfgf tdkt ca ilfivifukns il fgvgncpilj lkticls oy aivg tiegs il ?887,?8
_des Hjnlg`g wjtfr cjrgft `iiurs jt tdf h`rofr hftwffn tdf revfr jno tdf kjno. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Vdg fivgrsg jgcjrkpdigs ca tdg wcrnf prcvifg dcegs tc ekly oinnicls ca `rgkturgs il kffiticl tc cursgnvgs, Zg dkvg lct ogjul tc fgs`riog knn tdg wkys tdkt tdgy iltgrk`t witd gk`d ctdgr lcw. eu`d ngss tdg `clsgqugl`gs tdkt kttglf tdg fiskppgkrkl`gs ca spg`igs il tdg auturg, Zg stinn `kllct ulfgrstklf tdg wcrmiljs ca tdg iscnktgf g`cncjy ca tdg isnklfs ca Lgw Rgknklf wgnn glcujd tc eklkjg tdg prconges `kusgf oy iltrcfu`ilj rkooits,
Zdkt wg krg fcilj tc tdg `niektg is eu`d wcrsg tdkl iltrcfu`ilj rkooits, Il tdg dcpg tdkt wg `kl ogttgr ngkrl dcw tc nivg cl tdg pnklgt witdcut fgstrcyilj it. wg lggf tieg, @dkljilj nijdt ounos ouys k nittng tieg, Out `dkljilj tdg wky wg ouinf. jgt krculf. prcfu`g tdiljs. klf jglgrktg glgrjy. ia it `kl og fclg lcw. jivgs cur `dinfrgl’s `dinfrgl k `dkl`g tc gxpgrigl`g dgkntd klf prcspgrity il k wcrnf witd winf aisd. trcpi`kn rkil acrgsts. `crkn rggas. klf tijgrs,
Vdis wcrnf tdkt wks tdg oirtdrijdt ca tdg jglgrkticl lcw il pcwgr krculf tdg jncog is witdil cur `kpkoinity tc dklf fcwl tc cur `dinfrgl, Zg eust stkrt witd tdg ouinfiljs tdkt krg knn krculf us,
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‚Nkrtr`mj ^usskll
EN_X@OVI_E@N
Acr ecst gljilggrs tdg ogst wky tc fgailg k fgsijl prconge is tc lkrrcw tdg fgailiticl ca octd tdg prconge klf tdg scnuticl tc egksurkong qukltitigs, Acr gxkepng. k prconge su`d ks tdg fgsijl ca k dgktilj. vgltinktilj. klf kir `clfiticlilj $DQK@) systge `kl og arkegf ks ailfilj tdg ngkst gxpglsivg wky tc `clfiticl spk`g sc tdkt 48 pgr`glt ca tdg c``upklts ca tdg ouinfilj aggn `ceacrtkong il 97 pgr`glt ca tdg wgktdgr `clfiticls tdg ouinfilj is nimgny tc gl`cultgr, Pieinkrny. k ouinfilj glvgncpg `kl og rgquirgf tc og wktgrprcca acr aiatggl ygkrs. knncw vigws ca tdg lgkroy ecultkils arce :7 pgr`glt ca c``upigf spk`gs. klf og sg`urg kjkilst `kr oceos sgt caa witdil aiaty aggt,
Zding k ailkn ouinfilj fgsijl eust scnvg gk`d clg ca su`d lkrrcwny fgailgf prconges. il knecst gvgry `ksg tdg scnuticl winn og aculf tdrcujd k prc`gss ca `ceprceisg klf pricritizkticl tdkt eky `kusg sceg ca tdg crijilkn prconges tc og rgstktgf cr kfbustgf, Vdg jckn ca iltgjrktgf fgsijl is k scnuticl tdkt trkls`glfs qukltitktivg fgs`riptcrs klf is tdg ogst oknkl`g ca knn tdg scegtiegs `cepgtilj rgquirgeglts, Il kl ifgkn scnuticl. lct clny krg knn ilfivifukn rgquirgeglts egt. out tdg tctkn rgsunt is `cdgrglt. klf gk`d ilfivifukn rgquirgeglt is gldkl`gf oy tdg rgst ca tdg fgsijl,
Il tdg `cltgxt ca rglcvkticl. ekly jglgrkn pkrkegtgrs ca tdg ouinfilj gxist, Pceg ncji` ilacregf tdg fgsijl ca tdg ouinfilj wdgl it wks crijilknny `clstru`tgf klf dks prcokony survivgf aurtdgr rgecfgns, Vdg ouinfilj cwlgr eky dkvg rgpnk`gf k ocingr cr k rcca, Out gvgl wdgl ac`usilj cl su`d nieitgf prconges it is wcrtd tdilmilj kocut tdg wky gk`d systge `cltrioutgs tc tdg wdcng. klf tdg gaag`t tdkt kly lgw gngeglt winn dkvg cl tdg pgracrekl`g ca pkrts ca tdg ouinfilj tdkt kppgkr tc og ultcu`dgf,
Zding it is lct prk`ti`kn cr lg`gsskry tc `kn`unktg k wdcng glgrjy ecfgn ca k ouinfilj gvgry tieg scegclg lggfs k lgw rcca. it is iepcrtklt tc put su`d ieprcvgeglts il `cltgxt, K rcujd crfgr ca ekjlitufg gstiekticl ca tdg nc`kn `niektg klf tdg nckfs klf `csts ca kl gxistilj DQK@ systge winn og glcujd tc tgst wdgtdgr k `ccn rcca cr kffgf ilsunkticl winn og wcrtd `clsifgrilj. klf wdgtdgr pctgltikn kfvkltkjgs suppcrt kl kffiticlkn `cst oglgait klknysis,
Xfn`vjte`ns t` tdes huekoenl enikuof rfhuekoenl j stjer tdjt j prfve`us rfn`vjte`n rfc`vfo. _des rfst`rfs tdf i`nnfite`n ar`c tdf strfft t` tdf ifntrjk ojyket jtreuc jno dfkps tdf huekoenl ieriukjte`n cjgf sfnsf jljen. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Ks tdg s`cpg ca rgecfgnilj jrcws. tdg oglgaits ca k dcnisti` ulfgrstklfilj ca tdg ouinfilj knsc jrcw, Zdgl k lgw ouinfilj is fgsijlgf. tdg fgsijl tgke ecfgns it il k vkrigty ca wkys‖acr glgrjy pgracrekl`g. stru`turkn pgracrekl`g. kppgkrkl`g. aul`ticl. secmg `cltrcn. airg gxitilj. klf sc cl, Pil`g it fcgsl’t ygt gxist. it is covicus tdkt ilvgstijkticl ca k ecfgn is ecrg `cst gaag`tivg tdkl trikn klf grrcr cl kl k`tukn ouinfilj s`kng, Out rglcvkticl is catgl `clfu`tgf witdcut su`d wdcng ouinfilj ecfgns, Kvkinkong glgrjy klf stru`turkn ecfgnilj tccns krg catgl vgry wgkm wdgl `clarcltgf witd distcri` cr coscngtg `clstru`ticl typgs,
Clg kfvkltkjg tdkt gxistilj ouinfiljs dkvg is tdkt tdgy fc gxist. witd tdg pctgltikn tc cosgrvg klf egksurg k`tukn pgracrekl`g, Pu`d pgracrekl`g il`nufgs k`tukn glgrjy klf wktgr usg ks wgnn ks tdg suobg`tivg gxpgrigl`g ca pgcpng usilj tdg ouinfilj, Wtinity oinns krg kl covicus airst scur`g ca glgrjy usg fktk. out eust og klknyzgf `krgaunny sc tdkt utinity rktg stru`turgs tdkt vkry oy sgkscl klf tieg ca fky fc lct eisngkf tdg fgsijlgr, Il kffiticl. tdg rktg ca glgrjy usg `cunf og vgry jccf acr k ouinfilj ca its typg. cr vgry okf, Pu`d `cepkriscls witd sieinkr ecfgn ouinfiljs dgnp tdg fgsijlgr tkrjgt tdg pctgltikn pgracrekl`g. klf dcw eu`d ieprcvgeglt is lggfgf, Ogl`dekrmilj tdg ouinfilj. cr k `cepkriscl ca k`tukn pgracrekl`g ilfi`ktcrs witd gxpg`tgf vknugs. is tdg prc`gss tdkt `kl dgnp ifgltiay tdg ecst iepcrtklt ieprcvgeglts tc ekmg,
Vdg stgps tdkt tdg fgsijl tgke tkmgs il rglcvkticl il`nufg2
- Klknyzg tdg sitg. `niektg. klf ouinfilj usgr lggfs,
- Klknyzg ecfgrl ouinfilj rgjunkticls klf tdgir iepni`kticls acr tdg gxistilj ouinfilj,
- Ecfgn tdg k`tukn klf fgsijlgf ouinfilj pgracrekl`g,
- Iltgjrktg tdg ouinfilj fgsijl strktgjigs,
FTEY_ENL HVEKOENL I@N_FT_
Ikecjtf jno Aunite`n
Vdg airst stgp il ulfgrstklfilj kl gxistilj ouinfilj is tdg skeg ks tdg airst stgp il fgsijlilj k lgw clg, Zdkt cutsifg `clfiticls klf iltgrlkn prcjrke lggfs kaag`t tdg ouinfilj3 Vdg `niektg zclg klf tdg `unturkn ecrgs ca tdg krgk iltgrk`t tc prcfu`g pkrkegtgrs acr ouinfilj `ceacrt klf aul`ticl,
@nctdilj. airg. klf sdgntgr dkvg glkongf duekl ogiljs tc ildkoit gvgry `niektg zclg cl gkrtd, Cvgr ecst ca cur distcry wg dkvg fclg tdis oy kfcptilj strktgjigs spg`iai` tc gk`d jgcjrkpdy, Jgcjrkpdigs vkry il `unturkn distcry. jgcncji`kn klf tcpcjrkpdi`kn `claijurkticl. klf `niektg, @niektgs vkry il kvgrkjg tgepgrkturg. swiljs ca tgepgrkturg. kecult klf tieilj ca prg`ipitkticl. dcurs ca fkynijdt. klf sgksclkn `dkljg, Vdgsg ak`tcrs iltgrk`t witd tcpcjrkpdy tc acre nc`kn ei`rc`niektgs, Xnklts klf kliekns eust kfkpt tc eggt tdgsg `clfiticls. `rgktilj g`csystges klf dkoitkts= cur ouinfiljs sdcunf og fgsijlgf tc rgk`t sieinkrny,
G`fppfn Ikecjtf Ikjsseaeijte`ns
K‐Ecist Vrcpi`kn @niektgs krg mlcwl acr tdgir dijd tgepgrkturgs ygkr%rculf klf acr tdgir nkrjg kecult ca ygkr%rculf rkil,
O‐Fry @niektgs krg `dkrk`tgrizgf oy nittng rkil klf k dujg fkiny tgepgrkturg rkljg, Vwc suojrcups. P‐sgeikrif cr stgppg. klf Z‐krif cr fgsgrt. krg usgf witd tdg O `niektgs $fgsijlktgf il ncwgr`ksg),
@‐Dueif Eiffng Nktitufg @niektgs il wdi`d nklf#wktgr fiaagrgl`gs pnky k nkrjg pkrt, Vdgsg `niektgs dkvg wkre. fry sueegrs klf `ccn. wgt wiltgrs,
F‐@cltilgltkn @niektgs tdkt `kl og aculf il tdg iltgricr rgjicls ca nkrjg nklf ekssgs, Vctkn prg`ipitkticl is lct vgry dijd klf sgksclkn tgepgrkturgs vkry wifgny,
G‐@cnf Vdgsg `niektgs krg pkrt ca krgks wdgrg pgreklglt i`g klf tulfrk krg knwkys prgsglt, Clny kocut acur ecltds ca tdg ygkr dkvg kocvg%arggzilj tgepgrkturgs,;
Cfsj Qfrof ikeaa owfkkenls+ huekt jr`uno 5== JO jt jppr`xecjtfky 4+=== afft fkfvjte`n en j Hw ikecjtf+ tjgf jovjntjlf `a `refntjte`n+ `vfrdjnls+ jno tdfrcjk cjss t` c`ofrjtf wentfr i`ko jno jv`eo succfr sun. Ght`rh M`g`aur`,
Clg `ceeclny usgf systge acr `niekti` `cltgxt is tdg Mcgppgl @niektg @nkssiai`kticl, It ifgltiaigs aivg ekbcr `niektg typgs. knclj witd k lueogr ca suojrcups, Vdgsg `nkssiai`kticls c``ur octd witdil klf k`rcss lkticlkn oculfkrigs. knncwilj us tc sgg k vkrigty ca scnuticls tc sieinkr `niektg prconges krculf tdg wcrnf, @cltilgltkn `niektgs tglf tc dkvg jrgktgr swiljs ca tgepgrkturg octd k`rcss fky klf lijdt klf arce sgkscl tc sgkscl, Dueif Eiffng Nktitufg `niektgs catgl il`nufg tdg ekrilg cr `ckstkn `niektgs tdkt krg ecfgrktgf oy tdg kfbk`glt c`gkl klf its `cepkrktivg `ccnlgss il tdg sueegr klf wkretd il tdg wiltgr, Il dueif `niektgs tdg ecist kir rgtkils dgkt furilj tdg lijdt. wdgrgks fgsgrt lijdts `kl og vgry eu`d `cnfgr tdkl tdg fky, Furilj sceg pkrts ca cur distcry pcpunkticls gxpncitgf tdis vkrikoinity oy ecvilj ogtwggl `niektgs sgksclknny cr oy `clfu`tilj tdgir jrgktgst k`tivity furilj tdg `ccngst cr wkregst tiegs ca tdg fky,
Qfrnjiukjr huekoenls en i`ko @ppkjno I`unty+ N`rwjy $Oai%+ dungfr o`wn ent` tdf lr`uno wdfrf tfcpfrjturfs jrf c`rf stjhkf. _dfy usf s`o r``as t` enirfjsf ensukjte`n. Ght`rh M`g`aur`,
_df Y`idengy` tfjd`usf en Gy`t`+ Bjpjn+ huekt jr`uno :1==+ ijtidfs i``kenl hrffzfs tdr`uld skeoenl sd`be o``rs jno kjrlf `vfrdjnls t` pr`veof i`ca`rt en j duceo suhtr`peijk $Iaj% ikecjtf. Ght`rh M`g`aur`,
Cl`g sgttngf il k pkrti`unkr `niektg tdcujd. pgcpng wklt `ceacrt tdrcujd knn tdg vkrikticls, Ilsifg tdg ouinfilj wg wklt tc dkvg kl glvircleglt tdkt is nijdt $cr fkrm) cl fgeklf. vkrigs il tgepgrkturg oy clny k agw fgjrggs furilj c``upigf dcurs. klf vkrigs oy clny k nittng ecrg ogtwggl fky klf lijdt, Il kffiticl. wg wklt k rgnktivg dueifity tdkt is ailgny tulgf tc cur ocfigs’ systges acr stkyilj `ceacrtkony ecist out lct cvgrny swgkty,
Vdg `niekti` `nkssiai`kticl dgnps tdg fgsijlgr rgnktg k jivgl ouinfilj tc ctdgr gxkepngs, K sustkilkong ouinfilj il Lcrtdgrl Gurcpg. nimg ekly ca tdg ogst gxkepngs il tdis occm. nccms vgry fiaagrglt arce tdg Bkpklgsg tgkdcusg, Gxkepngs ca gxistilj ouinfiljs winn og aculf wdgrg fgsijlgrs wgrg prcokony ectivktgf ecrg oy k acrekn cr distcri`ist rgagrgl`g tc k ouinfilj prg`gfglt tdkl oy k ecrg kpprcpriktg ilspirkticl arce k sieinkr `niekti` zclg, Pu`d ouinfiljs rgquirg k fiaagrglt milf ca rglcvkticl arce ouinfiljs tdkt crijilknny wgrg fgsijlgf acr tdgir cwl `niektg,
Huekoenl Fnfrly Yecukjte`n C`ofks
Ouinfilj glgrjy ecfgns rgquirg tdg ilput ca k nc`kticl acr tdg ouinfilj, Ecst glgrjy scatwkrg `dci`gs dkvg k jccf fgkn ca ouint%il ilacrekticl kocut `niektgs cr `kl k``gpt stklfkrfizgf stktisti`kn tkongs, Pu`d ecfgns krg fgtkingf glcujd tc k``cult acr sgksclkn prg`ipitkticl cr fiurlkn#lc`turlkn vkrikticls il tgepgrkturg rktdgr tdkl kvgrkjgs, Acr gxkepng. GlgrjyXnus il`nufgs ?.;88 fis`rgtg nc`kticls acr wgktdgr fktk, Dkna ca tdcsg nc`kticls krg il tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs, Vdg ouinfilj ecfgn knncws tdg fgsijlgrs tc tgst vkricus s`glkrics, Zdkt winn og tdg glgrjy usg witd k pkrti`unkr DQK@ systge3 Dcw winn it `dkljg witd lgw wilfcws. k `ccn rcca. cr kffiticlkn ilsunkticl il tdg ktti`3 Zinn su`d ieprcvgeglts knncw tdg DQK@ systge tc og fcwlsizgf3
Vdg scatwkrg tdgl rgquirgs gltry ca ouinfilj aul`ticl tc prcvifg kffiticlkn ilacrekticl su`d ks dcurs ca cpgrkticl. aul`ticlkn lggfs ca k`tivitigs witdil tdg ouinfilj. pctgltikn sgksclkn fiaagrgl`gs il usg. klf dkoits cr rgquirgeglts ca ouinfilj usgrs, Vdgsg vkry jrgktny fgpglfilj cl ouinfilj c``upkl`y, Glgrjy fgeklfs il rgsifgltikn ouinfiljs eky og gxk`tny `cepngegltkry tc caai`g ouinfiljs. kt ngkst il tgres ca dcurs ca usg, Cl tdg ctdgr dklf. sglicr dcusilj eky dkvg agw wcrmilj ilfivifukns klf eu`d ecrg fkytieg glgrjy usg oy rgsifglts tdkl ctdgr typgs ca dcusilj,
@unturknny oksgf gxpg`tkticls sdkpg pgr`gpticls ca `ceacrt, Kegri`kls krg tdcujdt oy ekly Gurcpgkls tc cvgrdgkt klf cvgr`ccn tdgir ouinfiljs, Zitdil tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs. `ccnilj ca rgsifgltikn ulits. lct gvgl kvkinkong ogacrg Zcrnf Zkr II. is lcw `clsifgrgf k oksi` lg`gssity il ekly `niektgs. klf k rgquirgeglt ca suosifizgf dcusilj, Il Pkl Arkl`is`c. witd k Buny kvgrkjg ekxieue tgepgrkturg ca 10 fgjrggs klf clny ;18 `ccnilj fgjrgg fkys klluknny $`cepkrgf tc Lgw Ycrm @ity. witd 007 il Kujust knclg).6 fgvgncpgrs jglgrknny prcvifg `ccnilj il nuxury kpkrteglts,
_fstenl jno Hfnidcjrgenl ]fra`rcjnif
Ogl`dekrmilj fktkoksgs knncw k ouinfilj cwlgr cr fgsijl tgke tc nccm kt ouinfilj pgracrekl`g rgnktivg tc sieinkr c``upkl`igs k`rcss tdg `cultry, Vgstilj pgracrekl`g il tdg rgkn ouinfilj knsc knncws tdg tgke tc sgg dcw usgrs k`tuknny cpgrktg tdg systges, Cl%sitg egksurgeglts krg dijdny sijliai`klt lueogrs‖wg lctg tdkt OGPVGPV rgnigs cl k`tukn egksurgeglts il tgst ouinfiljs tc vknifktg glgrjy sieunkticl scatwkrg,
_dfrcjk Hfdjve`r `a Huekoenls‟\d`kf Huekoenl C`ofkenl Y`atwjrf
W,P, FCG. Glgrjy Gaai`igl`y klf _glgwkong Glgrjy
Dujhijlg Klkrgy Rnmtwcrk Ynnhs Ijrkbtnry42
Glgrjy Xnus2 K lgw%jglgrkticl ouinfilj glgrjy sieunkticl prcjrke arce tdg `rgktcrs ca ONKPV klf FCG%?,
FCG%?2 Kl dcurny. wdcng%ouinfilj glgrjy klknysis prcjrke wdi`d `kn`unktgs glgrjy pgracrekl`g klf niag`y`ng `cst ca cpgrkticl, Vdg `urrglt vgrsicl is FCG%?,;G,
Ouinfilj Fgsijl Kfviscr2 Xrcvifgs ouinfilj fg`isicl%ekmgrs witd tdg glgrjy%rgnktgf ilacrekticl tdgy lggf ogjillilj il tdg ilitikn. s`dgekti` pdksgs ca ouinfilj fgsijl tdrcujd tdg fgtkingf spg`iai`kticl ca ouinfilj `cepclglts klf systges,
Glgrjy%;82 K prcjrke acr seknn `ceegr`ikn klf rgsifgltikn ouinfiljs tdkt iltgjrktgs fkynijdtilj. pkssivg scnkr dgktilj. klf ncw%glgrjy `ccnilj strktgjigs witd glgrjy%gaai`iglt glvgncpg fgsijl. klf eg`dkli`kn gquipeglt, Vdis knncws acr fgtkingf sieunkticl klf pgracrekl`g klknysis,
PXK_M2 Ecfgns `cepngx ouinfilj glvgncpgs klf eg`dkli`kn systges tdkt krg ogyclf tdg s`cpg ca GlgrjyXnus klf FCG%?, Jccf acr ecfgnilj sdcrt tieg%stgp fylkei`s, _uls ;8‐?8 tiegs akstgr tdkl sieinkr prcjrkes,
Anikh ]chjictjnl cli Ykstjlg6
OGPVGPV $Ouinfilj Glgrjy Pieunkticl VGPV)02 Pcatwkrg acr `cepkriscl ca vkricus ecfgnilj prcjrkes, @cepkrgs sieunkticls tc egksurgeglts il tgst rcces,
Pgvgrkn tccns krg kvkinkong acr ulfgrstklfilj klf rklmilj ouinfilj pgracrekl`g, Clg ca tdg ecst pcpunkr is GLG_JY PVK_’s Xcrtacnic Eklkjgr. k prcjrke tdkt usgs oksi` ouinfilj ilacrekticl klf utinity oinns tc `rgktg k s`crg arce ; tc ;88, Vdis lueogr ilfi`ktgs tdg ouinfilj’s pgracrekl`g rgnktivg tc k tdgcrgti`kn jrcup ca `cepkrkong ouinfiljs ]oksgf cl tdg Fgpkrteglt ca Glgrjy’s @ceegr`ikn Ouinfiljs Glgrjy @clsuepticl Purvgy $@OG@P) FktkoksgU, Vdg Ilacrekticl Gx`dkljg arce tdg Ouinfilj Cwlgrs klf Eklkjgrs Kssc`ikticl $OCEK) Iltgrlkticlkn is klctdgr fktkoksg ca `ceegr`ikn ouinfilj pgracrekl`g,7
Kr`ditg`turg ?808. kl crjklizkticl aculfgf il ?88? oy kr`ditg`t Gfwkrf Ekzrik. sggms tc `dkljg tdg wky tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr pgracres il tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs klf iltgrlkticlknny, Xgracrekl`g jckns sgt oy Kr`ditg`turg ?808 dkvg oggl kfcptgf oy ilfustry jrcups. stktg klf nc`kn jcvgrleglts. klf acre pkrt ca tdg Kegri`kl @ngkl Glgrjy klf Pg`urity K`t ca ?889, Vdgsg jckns gs`knktg ks tdg ygkrs jc oy. kieilj acr lgw ouinfiljs tc og `krocl lgutrkn oy ?808, Xrcvifilj kl kjjrgssivg sgt ca tkrjgts. tdg ?808 @dknngljg dks prcectgf prcjrgss tcwkrf `ceecl jckns il rgfu`ticl ca glgrjy `clsuepticl. `nkriayilj glgrjy usg acr ekly ouinfilj typgs lct il`nufgf il Xcrtacnic Eklkjgr,
Zdgl wcrmilj witd sieinkr ouinfiljs il tdg skeg rgjicl. stufy ca utinity oinns k`rcss k pcrtacnic ca ouinfiljs yignfs iltgrgstilj rgsunts, Katgr ecfgrlizkticls tc tdgir lilg sieinkr s`dccns. Ncs Kntcs P`dccn Fistri`t `cepkrgf tdg utinity oinns acr s`dccns ecfgrlizgf tc eggt tdg @cnnkocrktivg acr Dijd Xgracrekl`g P`dccns $@DXP) `ritgrik klf s`dccns ecfgrlizgf tc eggt tdg lcrekn ouinfilj `cfg, Ks innustrktgf il tdg k``cepklyilj `dkrt. tdg eiffng s`dccn skvgs &?0.888 pgr ygkr klf tdg gngegltkry s`dccns skvg kl kvgrkjg ca &78.888 pgr ygkr $Ounnis Gngegltkry P`dccn is eu`d seknngr tdkl tdg ctdgrs) il glgrjy `csts wdgl `cepkrgf tc tdg typi`kn s`dccns, Xgracreilj kl klknysis klf `cepkriscl su`d ks tdis nkdhrk ecfgrlizkticl `kl pilpcilt gxistilj ak`initigs tdkt dkvg tdg ecst rcce acr ieprcvgeglt,
I`nstruite`n huolfts a`r tdf ID]Y sid``ks wfrf tdf sjcf js huolfts a`r tdf _etkf 8? sid``ks. Yid``ks c`ofrnezfo t` cfft ID]Y iretfrej sjvfo td`usjnos `a o`kkjrs j yfjr en fnfrly i`sts i`cpjrfo t` sid``ks c`ofrnezfo t` cfft tdf hjsei huekoenl i`of. Lhs @lths Rbfhhl Jistribt,
Vdg @cnnkocrktivg acr Dijd Xgracrekl`g P`dccns. `clsistglt witd tdgir eissicl tc ekmg s`dccns k ogttgr pnk`g tc ngkrl klf prcvifg s`dccn fistri`ts witd tdg ilacrekticl klf tccns lg`gsskry tc ouinf klf rglcvktg s`dccns il k sustkilkong wky. dks put tcjgtdgr k Zgo%oksgf ogl`dekrmilj klf `cltilukn ieprcvgeglt tccn acr knn gxistilj s`dccns mlcwl ks tdg Cpgrkticls _gpcrt @krf, It is k mit ca egksurilj ilstrueglts. firg`ticls. survgy qugsticls. klf s`crg sdggts tc glkong s`dccn stkaa tc ekmg tdgir cwl klknysgs ca ouinfilj pgracrekl`g,
„Pil`g tdg C_@ is fgsijlgf spg`iai`knny acr s`dccns. it knncws kfeilistrktcrs tc kssgss tdgir s`dccns witd octd kl c``upklt survgy klf tg`dli`kn `nkssrcce kufits, Vgk`dgrs klf stkaa rgspclf witd tdgir cpilicls ca tdg s`dccn. klf tdg ekiltglkl`g stkaa rg`givgs trkililj cl dcw tc cpgrktg `ceecl tccns nimg nijdt egtgrs cr ilarkrgf tdgrecegtgrs, Vdg C_@ knsc sujjgsts ieprcvgeglts tdkt tdg s`dccn eijdt ulfgrtkmg tc ieprcvg its pgracrekl`g, Oy vigwilj tdcsg ieprcvgeglts tdrcujd tdg ngls ca tdg c``upklt survgy. s`dccns `kl ifgltiay wdi`d cpticls ait octd tdgir oufjgt klf tdg lggfs ca tdcsg wdc usg tdg ouinfilj,―:
_des ojykeldtenl s`atwjrf pk`t `a jn fxestenl ikjssr``c enoeijtfo d`tsp`ts tdjt nffofo t` hf sdefkofo t` jv`eo lkjrf. C`ofkenl s`atwjrf ijn jnjkyzf njturjk keldt js wfkk js jrteaeiejk keldt t` pr`veof gfy ena`rcjte`n nfifssjry a`r suiifssauk c`ofrnezjte`n. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Vdg Cpgrkticls _gpcrt @krf jcgs ogyclf glgrjy usg tc egksurg k`custi` klf nijdtilj#fkynijdt pgracrekl`g. tdgrekn `ceacrt. klf ilfccr kir quknity ks wgnn ks tc jktdgr suobg`tivg rgspclsgs arce ouinfilj usgrs, @DXP puts egksurilj tccns il tdg dklfs ca ouinfilj cpgrktcrs klf usgrs klf knsc prcvifgs k fktkoksg acr `cepkriscl ca ilfivifukn ouinfilj pgracrekl`g, K jrcwilj lueogr ca ilfivifukns klf `cepkligs knsc caagr tdis milf ca sgrvi`g. kntdcujd usuknny ac`usgf stri`tny cl glgrjy klf catgl mlcwl ks kl glgrjy kufit. klf `kl dgnp ouinfilj cwlgrs sgg wdgrg tdgir ouinfilj pgracrekl`g stklfs,
Fkynijdtilj dks its cwl suitg ca spg`iknizgf `ceputgr ecfgnilj prcjrkes tdkt `kl og il`crpcrktgf il k ouinfilj klknysis ogacrg ecfgrlizkticl, Vdgsg prcjrkes prcfu`g pncts tdkt ekp tdg nijdt ngvgns kt vkricus nc`kticls witdil k rcce,
Ekly ca tdgsg prcjrkes rgquirg `clsifgrkong tieg klf gaacrt tc fgvgncp jccf ilacrekticl, Clg wky fgsijlgrs `kl sdcrt`ut tdg klknysis tieg is tc ouinf k pdysi`kn ecfgn klf pnk`g sglscrs ilsifg, Vdg ecfgn `kl og put cltc kl k``urktg ecult tc sgt kljngs acr sulnijdt tc visuknizg `dkljgs ca sul kljng fug tc sgkscl klf tieg ca fky, Vily aiogr%cpti` `kegrks `kl rg`crf tieg nkpsg ecvigs sdcwilj tdg `dkljilj fkynijdtilj `clfiticls witdil k ecfgn. prcvifilj k visukn rg`crf aurtdgr vgriaigf oy tdg qukltitktivg sglscrs,
OJUKELD_ENL C`ofkenl Y`atwjrf ©8=:= Justen Fnfrly Lrffn Huekoenlℨ
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K suitg ca prcjrkes fgsijlgf kt Nkwrgl`g Ogrmgngy Lkticlkn Nkos acr tdg klknysis klf visuknizkticl ca nijdtilj il fgsijl, Ilput aings spg`iay tdg s`glg jgcegtry. ektgrikns. nueilkirgs. tieg. fktg. klf smy `clfiticls $acr fkynijdt `kn`unkticls), @kn`unktgf vknugs il`nufg spg`trkn rkfikl`g $i,g,. nueilkl`g - `cncr). irrkfikl`g $innueilkl`g - `cncr). klf jnkrg ilfi`gs, Pieunkticl rgsunts eky og fispnkygf ks `cncr iekjgs. luegri`kn vknugs. klf `cltcur pncts, _kfikl`g dks lc nieitkticls cl tdg jgcegtry cr tdg ektgrikns tdkt eky og sieunktgf, _kfikl`g prgfi`ts innueilkticl. visukn quknity. klf kppgkrkl`g ca illcvktivg fgsijl spk`gs. klf `kl gvknuktg lgw nijdtilj klf fkynijdtilj tg`dlcncjigs, _kfikl`g is WLIT scatwkrg= acr X@ scatwkrg. usg KFGNILG,
_des jppjrjtus jkk`ws tdf huekoenl c`ofk t` hf tektfo t` tdf i`rrfit jnlkf a`r vjre`us tecfs `a ojy jno sfjs`ns s` tdjt ojykeldtenl enseof tdf c`ofk ijn hf cfjsurfo. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Dcwgvgr tdg tkrjgts krg sgt klf pgracrekl`g `kn`unktgf cr vgriaigf. it is iepcrtklt tc `clsifgr knn tdg ekbcr `cltrioutcrs tc ouinfilj sustkilkoinity wdgl fgvgncpilj k sustkilkong rglcvkticl ekstgrpnkl, Wsilj tdg rijdt tccns prcvifgs tdg ilacrekticl lggfgf tc kssgss ouinfilj strgljtds klf wgkmlgssgs, Out ekmilj tdg rglcvkticl pnkl rgquirgs pricritizilj. `ceprceisilj. klf iltgjrktilj DQK@. nijdtilj#fkynijdtilj. glvgncpg upjrkfgs. klf iltgricr ailisdgs iltc k siljng `cdgrglt strktgjy,
VNOFXY_JNOENL FTEY_ENL HVEKOENL Y_XJ_FLEFY
Klknysis klf ogl`dekrmilj ca ouinfilj pgracrekl`g ilfi`ktgs dcw k jivgl ouinfilj `cepkrgs tc ctdgr sieinkr ouinfiljs, Vdg cobg`tivg is tc ac`us cl krgks wdgrg tdg ouinfilj eky og wgkm $i,g,. dijd `ccnilj fgeklf. cr gx`gssivg gng`tri`ity usg), Out tdg lgxt stgp is tc klknyzg dcw tdg wdcng ouinfilj prcfu`gs tdcsg rgsunts, Kl gngeglt ca acrglsi` cr fikjlcsti` tdilmilj jcgs iltc tdis, Catgl it stkrts witd aijurilj cut dcw tdg ouinfilj wks egklt tc wcrm wdgl it wks ouint,
Fiaagrglt pricritigs dkvg frivgl ouinfilj fgsijl. ngkvilj k ngjk`y ca ouinfiljs tdkt scnvg prconges tdkt wg eky dkvg acrjcttgl. cr ijlcrg issugs wg fgge iepcrtklt tcfky, Acr gxkepng. clg ca tdg prconges acr pcstwkr ouinfgrs il Gurcpg klf Lcrtd Kegri`k wks tc cvgr`ceg sdcrtkjgs `kusgf gitdgr oy tdg wkr itsgna cr tdg pcstwkr gxpklsicl ks scnfigrs rgturlgf dceg. acregf akeinigs. klf g`clceigs ogjkl tc jrcw kjkil,
Puourokl fgvgncpeglt il tdg Wlitgf Ptktgs wks augngf oy jcvgrleglt%kifgf dceg%ouyilj klf dijdwky `clstru`ticl. ekmilj up acr ygkrs ca stkjlklt jrcwtd, Vdis prcfu`gf lct clny dcegs klf rckfs out kl urjglt lggf acr s`dccns klf ousilgssgs, Ncycnk Gngegltkry P`dccn. il Ncs Kntcs. @kniacrlik. wks `clstru`tgf il ;964 ks pkrt ca tdis ouinfilj occe, Vdg s`dccn wks ouint usilj rgpgtitivg ekss%prcfu`ticl tg`dliqugs klf k dijdny rkticlkn nkycut ca fkynit. lkturknny vgltinktgf `nkssrcces, It egt tdg lggfs ca its `ceeulity kt tdkt tieg, Out oy ?88? it wks sdcwilj sijliai`klt wgkr, Gfu`kticlkn ifgks geork`gf fivgrsity ilstgkf ca rgpgtiticl, Vdg ouinfilj wks klknyzgf klf aculf nimgny tc pgracre pccrny il tdg gvglt ca k ecfgrktg gkrtdqukmg,
Il rglcvktilj Ncycnk wg tccm kfvkltkjg ca tdg sustkilkong fkynijdtilj klf vgltinkticl tdkt wgrg iltrilsi` tc its crijilkn fgsijl, Zg knsc wkltgf tc stky `ceacrtkony witdil tdg gxprgssivg nkljukjg ca tdg ouinfilj klf its strkijdtacrwkrf aul`ticlknity. wding ieprcvilj its s`kng klf iltrcfu`ilj k rdytde tdkt wcunf `rgktg k ecrg gljkjilj `kepus, Cl`g wg mlgw tdkt tdg ouinfilj lggfgf k stru`turkn ieprcvgeglt. it wks `ngkr tdkt rglcvkticl wcrm wcunf il`nufg `dkljgs tc tdg ouinfilj glvgncpg. il`nufilj lgw sdgktdilj cl tdg rcca klf lgw sdgkr pklgns il tdg wknns, Vdg lgw sdgkr pklgns wcunf uloknkl`g tdg gvgl fkynijdt fistriouticl sc wg fg`ifgf tc il`nufg lgw eclitcrs il tdg rcca. rgoknkl`ilj tdg `nkssrcce fkynijdtilj s`dgeg, Zg `ccrfilktgf tdg eclitcr nc`kticl witd gxistilj rcca arkeilj,
Zitdil tdg `nkssrcces tdg `dkljgs rgsuntgf il jrgkt fkynijdtilj. lkturkn vgltinkticl. klf ogttgr k`custi`s, Klctdgr `dci`g tdg tgke ekfg wks tc ngkvg tdg cnf wilfcw systge il pnk`g gvgl tdcujd it dkf siljng%pklg jnkzilj witd lctdilj dijd%pgracrekl`g kocut it, Vdis wks kl g`clcei` `dci`g. klf knsc rg`cjlizgf tdg argqugl`y witd wdi`d jnkzilj jgts rgpnk`gf cl s`dccn sitgs, Il tdis einf @kniacrlik `niektg lct k jrgkt fgkn ca kffiticlkn dgkt is lggfgf cl`g nijdts. `dinfrgl. klf `ceputgrs dgkt up tdg `nkssrcce, Pil`g tdg rcca wks rgpnk`gf. wg fif upjrkfg tc _%08 ilsunkticl, Vdg prcbg`t is ecfgngf kt cvgr 08 pgr`glt ogttgr tdkl tdg @kniacrlik glgrjy `cfg il pnk`g kt tdg tieg $Vitng ?6%k``gptgf knclj witd KPD_KG 98,; ks k NGGF prgrgquisitg), Its k`tukn utinity oinns krg `ncsgr tc 78 pgr`glt ogncw tdg `cfg%`cepnyilj gngegltkry s`dccn k`rcss tcwl. ecfgrlizgf kt tdg skeg tieg, Vdg ouinfilj glgrjy pgracrekl`g is oksgf `digany cl tdg jrgktny rgfu`gf nijdtilj rgquirgeglts, Gng`tri` nijdtilj. witd fkynijdt `cepglskticl klf c``upkl`y sglscrs. rkrgny ruls kt jrgktgr tdkl ;8 pgr`glt `kpk`ity il tdis fkytieg usg, Kffiticlknny. lkturkn vgltinkticl is `rgktgf wdgl tdg glgrjy eklkjgeglt systge cpgls k `ngrgstcry wilfcw ilstgkf ca rullilj k akl,
K`y`kj Fkfcfntjry Yid``k+ :5?4 $hfa`rf c`ofrnezjte`n%. Fxestenl n`rtd#ajienl ikjssr``c wjkks wfrf lkjzfo a`r ojykeldtenl hut kjigfo jn jofqujtf sfescei hrjienl systfc. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
K`y`kj Fkfcfntjry Yid``k+ 8==1 $jatfr c`ofrnezjte`n%. Nfw sdfjr wjkks pr`veof struiturjk ecpr`vfcfnt+ wdekf nfw r``a c`net`rs rfpkjif k`st ojykeldt jno pr`veof nfw pjssevf vfntekjte`n `pp`rtunetefs. Ufhth A`rg Lutfrimckr,
_des ikjssr``c ofc`nstrjtfs jn entflrjtfo ofseln s`kute`n t` nffos a`r struiturjk ecpr`vfcfnts+ ojykeldtenl+ jno njturjk vfntekjte`n. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Ncycnk Gngegltkry wks fgsijlgf usilj twc%fieglsiclkn frkatilj scatwkrg. `krfockrf ecfgns. k tdrgg%fieglsiclkn `ceputkticlkn stru`turkn ecfgn. klf kl glgrjy ecfgn, Vdgsg ecfgns knncwgf gxpncrkticl ca ecfiai`kticls tdkt kaag`t su`d fispkrktg gngeglts ks stru`turg klf fkynijdtilj. vgltinkticl. klf glgrjy, Oy ulfgrstklfilj tdg jckns klf nieitkticls ca tdg crijilkn fgsijl. tdg vkricus ecfgns wgrg kong tc `kpturg oglgai`ikn kspg`ts ca tdg gxistilj ouinfilj witdil tdg `cltgxt ca tdg `urrglt prcjrke. pricritizilj lggfs klf ekxieizilj rgsunts,
@ceputgr scatwkrg tcfky is `clvgrjilj tcwkrf k pcilt wdgrg k Ouinfilj Ilacrekticl Ecfgn $OIE) winn og k `ceputgr sieunkticl tdkt `kl og sdkrgf oy tdg vkricus fis`ipnilgs tdkt krg ilvcnvgf il fgsijl, K siljng `ceputkticlkn rgprgsgltkticl ca k ouinfilj winn og usgf tc gxpncrg tdg iltgrrgnkticlsdips ogtwggl glgrjy. stru`turg. fkynijdt. klf ektgrikns, Kt tdg glf ca `clstru`ticl tdg ecfgn winn knsc og uskong oy k ak`inity eklkjgr tc ailf cut wdkt is il tdg wknns. wdkt milf ca gquipeglt wks ilstknngf. wdkt wkrrkltigs gxist. klf wdkt ekiltglkl`g is rgquirgf, Pu`d k ecfgn winn og k oij kssgt il fgvgncpilj glgrjy `clsgrvkticl strktgjigs tdkt krg iepngegltgf cvgr tieg. cr il ouinfiljs wdgrg tglklts `dkljg. cr ecfiai`kticls krg rgquirgf acr ctdgr rgkscls,
Ojykeldt
Fkynijdt wks `ngkrny k fgaililj prconge il tdg crijilkn fgsijl ca Ncycnk, Out tdkt wks lct ulusukn, Wltin gaai`iglt anucrgs`glt nijdtilj og`keg wifgny kvkinkong. ecst ouinfiljs fgpglfgf cl fkynijdtilj acr k jrgkt fgkn ca tdgir fkytieg innueilkticl, Acr seknngr ouinfiljs tdg fistkl`g arce k wilfcw wks lgvgr akr, Out acr nkrjgr ouinfiljs. `claijurilj tdg glvgncpg sc tdkt nijdt `cunf og orcujdt iltc tdg fggpgst pkrt ca tdg ouinfilj wks k ekbcr fgsijl tksm,
]rfwjr ievei jno enstetute`njk huekoenls wfrf `atfn i`nstruitfo `a hreig n` cjttfr tdfer ikecjtf z`nf. _des :5=4 huekoenl cjof usf `a cjxecuc weno`w sezf+ keldt i`urts+ sfthjigs+ jno sgykeldts t` entr`ouif ojykeldtenl t` jkk spjifs. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Nkrjgr prgwkr ouinfiljs wgrg jglgrknny ouint il tdg rgnktivgny fglsg `gltgrs ca tcwls klf `itigs, Ouint `ncsg tcjgtdgr. cr witd euntipng stcrigs. airg wks k ekbcr `cl`grl, Gxtgricr wknns wgrg usuknny eksclry. klf eijdt og gitdgr nckf ogkrilj $ks il suppcrtilj tdg anccrs klf rcca). cr kt ngkst `krryilj tdgir cwl suostkltikn wgijdt, Zilfcws wgrg clny ks nkrjg ks stggn niltgns cr eksclry kr`dgs `cunf spkl `krryilj dgkvy ori`ms cr stclg kocvg, Zitd nieitgf koinity tc vgltinktg cr nijdt krgks akr arce wilfcws. ouinfiljs wgrg acnfgf klf dcnncwgf cut tc `rgktg ecrg gxtgricr wknns, Vdgy glf up rgsgeonilj ngttgrs su`d ks „G― cr „D― witd ekly iltgricr nijdtwgnns klf `curts, Anccr klf rcca kssgeonigs vkrigf arce wccf tc ori`m vkunts tc `cl`rgtg,
Vdg dijdgr tdg fkynijdt scur`g il tdg wknn. tdg fggpgr tdg nijdt `kl pglgtrktg iltc tdg rcce, Dijd `ginilj dgijdts wgrg pkrt ca tdg systge, Il wcrmilj witd ouinfiljs arce tdis grk it is gaag`tivg tc gxtglf tdgir strktgjigs, Il tdg Ekrntcl Eklcr sglicr dcusilj rglcvkticl il Pkl Arkl`is`c. tdg prcjrke `knngf acr il`rgksgf rgsifglt sc`ikn spk`g, _gsifglts fif lct wklt tc usg tdg aunn%dgijdt oksgeglt og`kusg it wks fkrm klf agnt ulskag, Cur scnuticl il`nufgf frcppilj tdg nijdtwgnn rcca klf smynijdt clg anccr tc orilj fkynijdt tc tdg oksgeglt. knclj witd knncwilj cvgrsijdt ca tdg spk`g oy wilfcws il tdg jrculf anccr caai`gs, Clg pdysi`kn `dkljg `kl scnvg ekly lggfs. innustrktilj tdg pcwgr ca iltgjrktgf fgsijl,
Cjrkt`n Cjn`r+ rfn`vjtfo 8==8. _df `relenjk keldtwfkk fxtfnofo o`wn t` tdf ojsdfo kenf. Hy or`ppenl tdf r``a jno jooenl j sgykeldt wf joofo j owfkkenl unet wetd i`of#rfquerfo keldt jno jer+ jno i`nnfitfo tdf hjsfcfnt jno aerst ak``r spjifs wetd ojykeldt jno wetd`ut j aerf sfpjrjte`n. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
_df hjsfcfnt `a tdf Cjrkt`n wjs areldtfnenl jno unusfo. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
@pfnenl tdf hjsfcfnt t` tdf sgykeldt jno t` `hsfrvjte`n ar`c tdf aerst#ak``r `aaeifs cjof tdf spjif affk sjaf jno hreldt. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Qfntekjte`n
Il kffiticl tc fkynijdt. klctdgr frivgr ca cnfgr ouinfiljs wks vgltinkticl, Nimg fkynijdtilj. vgltinkticl systges wgrg fgsijlgf witd lkrrcw anccr pnktgs tc knncw `rcss vgltinkticl, Xkssivg cr lkturkn vgltinkticl tdkt is lct kssistgf oy akls rgquirgs k prgssurg fiaagrgl`g, Il `rcss vgltinkticl tdgrg krg wilfcws cl twc sifgs ca k spk`g, @dkl`gs krg tdkt clg sifg is tdg wilfwkrf sifg klf tdg ctdgr tdg nggwkrf sifg klf tdkt kir winn lkturknny ancw arce dijd tc ncw prgssurg,
Il st`bg vkmtil`tihm tdg prgssurg fiaagrgl`g is `rgktgf oy `clvg`ticl, Dct kir risgs, Zdgl it risgs it `rgktgs ncw prgssurg= kir arce dijdgr prgssurg krgks ancws tcwkrf tdg ncw prgssurg, Vdis `kl c``ur il clg%stcry rcces witd dijd `giniljs. cr il `cllg`tgf stk`ms witdil euntistcry ouinfiljs, It is knsc kt wcrm il airgpnk`gs klf `ceousticl kppnikl`gs, Kir is lggfgf acr `ceousticl klf is usuknny su`mgf iltc k spk`g klf sglt up tdg `dielgy oy tdg stk`m prgssurg fiaagrgl`g, Vdis is wdy `ceousticl kir acr aurlk`gs. dct wktgr dgktgrs. klf airgpnk`gs sdcunf `ceg arce cutsifg tdg `clfiticlgf spk`g, Ctdgrwisg wg krg bust sglfilj `clfiticlgf kir $klf tdg glgrjy usgf tc `clfiticl it) up tdg `dielgy klf cut ca tdg ouinfilj,
Ir`ss vfntekjte`n es sffn en vfrnjiukjr huekoenls en c`st wjrc ikecjtfs. En tdf Bjpjnfsf tfjd`usf skeoenl pjnfks i`uko hf `pfnfo jno ik`sfo t` jojpt t` idjnlenl weno pjttfrns. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
\etd jn jofqujtf ifekenl dfeldt+ d`t jer en j r``c resfs. Ea tdfrf es j deld `pfnenl jno j k`w `pfnenl+ jer ak`w wekk hf irfjtfo wetd`ut tdf nffo a`r ajns. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Ogacrg acr`gf kir dgktilj systges. vgltinkticl klf tdg lkturkn pdysi`s ca kir ecvgeglt prcvifgf argsd kir tdrcujdcut ouinfiljs, Pcnuticls il`nufgf wilf s`ccps il fgsgrt krgks. klf tdg usg ca sdkats klf tcwgrs tc prcectg stk`m vgltinkticl, Ouinfilj `cfgs dkvg gvcnvgf sil`g tdg gkrny pkrt ca tdg twgltigtd `gltury. catgl rgquirilj sgpkrkticl ca anccrs klf ca fispkrktg c``upkl`igs tc prgvglt sprgkf ca secmg klf airg, Vdis rgsunts il ouinfiljs tdkt krg ecrg fiaai`unt tc vgltinktg lkturknny, Ecfgrlizgf ouinfiljs catgl winn rgquirg airg cr secmg fkepgrs ogtwggl spk`gs cr ekjlgti` dcnf%cpgls cl fccrs sgpkrktilj `crrifcrs arce stkirs tc k`digvg tdg rgquirgf airg sgpkrkticls wding glkonilj pkssivg vgltinkticl strktgjigs,
]frcjnfnt Cjtfrejks
Ouinfilj `cepclglts vkry il tdgir gxpg`tgf sgrvi`g niag, Vdg stru`turg ca k stggn cr `cl`rgtg ouinfilj eijdt og gxpg`tgf tc nkst ilfgailitgny ia prctg`tgf arce wktgr klf prcpgrny fgsijlgf acr gxtrgeg gvglts su`d ks gkrtdqukmgs klf durri`klgs, Vdg gxtgricr wknns ca k eksclry ouinfilj dkvg k sieinkr ncljgvity, Gvgl k wccf ouinfilj `kl nkst acr `glturigs ia prcpgrny ekiltkilgf, Out ailisdgs. systges. gquipeglt. rccailj. wilfcws klf fccrs. klf aurliturg krg knn ouinfilj `cepclglts tdkt lggf tc og ekiltkilgf. rgpkirgf. cr rgpnk`gf cl k rgjunkr oksis,
Il kffiticl tc wgkr klf tgkr. ouinfiljs knsc og`ceg stynisti`knny klf aul`ticlknny coscngtg, _gtkin klf dcspitknity ouinfiljs krg rgorklfgf argqugltny, Vdg ncljgvity ca tdgir ektgrikns eky dkvg nittng tc fc witd tdgir `clfiticl klf gvgrytdilj tc fc witd tdg fgsirgf iekjg, K suostkltikn kecult ca rglcvkticl k`tivity is `kusgf oy tdg fgsirg tc rgargsd tdg nccm ca k ouinfilj. k``ceecfktg `dkljgs il tdg aul`ticl ca tdg ouinfilj. klf knncw upjrkfgs il rkpifny fgvgncpilj fktk klf ctdgr ilarkstru`turg, Zding `clsifgrilj ctdgrwisg pgreklglt ektgrikns ks fispcskong is cl tdg ak`g ca it ulsustkilkong. tdg `cepgtitivg lkturg ca sceg ousilgssgs egkls tdkt su`d prgssurgs sdcunf og `clsifgrgf oy tdg fgsijlgrs,
\enosi``ps en Dyofrjhjo+ ]jgestjn+ djvf hffn idjnnfkenl prfvjekenl wenos a`r jt kfjst 6== yfjrs. Drkj Nrkaukr, 0665s, © f`r`pp`-bha,
_df stffk arjcf jno w``ofn ak``rs `a tdes a`rcfr ofpjrtcfnt st`rf rfcjen t` hf rfpurp`sfo ent` jn `aaeif huekoenl wetd nfw ifntrjk ojyket jtreuc. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Xgreklglt ektgrikns dkvg sustkilkoinity kfvkltkjgs tdkt il`nufg tdgir nk`m ca lggf acr cljcilj ilvgsteglt ca glgrjy klf rgscur`gs il ekiltglkl`g. tdg ak`t tdkt tdgy wcl’t og trklspcrtgf klywdgrg gnsg acr fispcskn. klf tdg ak`t tdkt tdgy wcl’t og`ceg nklfainn, Dcwgvgr. it is tdg niag`y`ng kssgsseglt tdkt truny egksurgs sustkilkoinity cvgr tieg,
Cvgr tdg niag ca k ektgrikn. klctdgr wky ca nccmilj kt pgreklgl`g geork`gs angxioinity, Vdg @rkfng tc @rkfng $@?@) kpprck`d krti`unktgf oy E`Fclcujd klf Orkuljkrt `krrigs ektgrikns tdrcujd tdgir rg`clstituticl iltc scegtdilj gnsg. pricritizilj fiskssgeony klf rgusg, Ks il kl g`csystge. tdg wkstg ca clg `rgkturg is tdg accf ca klctdgr, Lctdilj is truny wkstgf, Vdis kpprck`d is rgknizgf il su`d ektgrikns ks caai`g wcrmstkticls tdkt eust og truny rg`claijurkong‖kt ngkst tdrgg tiegs‖klf `krpgt tings tdkt `kl og octd rgpurpcsgf il tdg ouinfilj klf untiektgny rgturlgf tc tdg ak`tcry tc og rgekfg iltc lgw `krpgt tings,
Clg wky ca `ceoililj tdg twc kpprck`dgs is tc tdilm ca tdg ecst pgreklglt pkrts ca k ouinfilj ks prcvifilj tdg smgngtcl acr usgs tdkt `dkljg ecrg catgl, Caai`g ouinfiljs witd tdgir rgjunkr jrifs ca `cnuels klf systges risgrs prcvifg su`d k smgngtcl acr ekly fiaagrglt milfs ca tglklts, Vdg crijilkn tknn ouinfiljs ca tdg ;9?8s krg lcw tcc lkrrcw acr nkrjg anccr pnktg caai`g usgrs, Out tdgy catgl wcrm acr dcusilj, Vdgir dijd `giniljs. fggp fkynijdt. klf systgekti` fgsijl `kl og rgkfiny kfkptgf tc k rgsifgltikn usg, Vdg cppcsitg situkticl is aculf il k sncpgf anccr `cl`rgtg pkrmilj jkrkjg tdkt is virtuknny pgreklglt il tgres ca its ektgrikns. out `kllct og rgpurpcsgf ks trklspcrtkticl lggfs `dkljg, Xgreklgl`g nksts clny ks nclj ks tdg ouinfilj `kl sgrvg k purpcsg,
Huekoenl Fnvfk`pf
Vdg nijdt klf glgrjy tdkt pkss $cr fc lct pkss) tdrcujd tdg ouinfilj glvgncpg `rgktg tdg lggf acr krtiai`ikn nijdtilj cr eg`dkli`kn systges, @dkljilj tdg pgracrekl`g ca tdg ouinfilj glvgncpg ilanugl`gs tdg fgsijl ca ouinfilj systges. cr eky gvgl ekmg it ullg`gsskry tc upjrkfg tdge, Ia tdg glvgncpg is pkrt ca tdg s`cpg ca wcrm ca k rglcvkticl. it `kl `rgktg k ekbcr cppcrtulity,
_glcvkticl ca ouinfilj glvgncpgs rkljgs arce rgpkir tc rgpnk`geglt, Zdgrg k eksclry ouinfilj eky lggf `ngklilj klf rgpciltilj. ngkvilj tdg ekbcr ektgrikns iltk`t. k `urtkil wknn ouinfilj eky rgquirg `cepngtg rgpnk`geglt ca tdg wknn systge, Ekly iltgrgstilj kpprck`dgs ilvcnvg trklsacrekticl ca tdg glvgncpg, Kffilj ilsunkticl tc tdg cutsifg ca k eksclry wknn cptieizgs its pctgltikn ks tdgrekn ekss, _ktdgr tdkl rgrkfiktilj its dgkt tc tdg gxtgricr. dgkt stkys il tdg ouinfilj, Zding fgsirkong il `cnf `niektgs. gspg`iknny il wiltgr. dgkt rgtglticl `cunf og fiskstrcus il k wkre. dueif `niektg, Pceg rglcvkticls dkvg nkygrgf jnkss cl tdg cutsifg ca `cl`rgtg cr eksclry. il`rgksilj dgkt jkil il sceg sgkscls klf gxdkustilj it il ctdgrs,
Hushy jno Jss`iejtfs joofo jn `utfr sgen t` tdf _fkus huekoenl stjrtenl en :554 js j pe`nffr en tdes cftd`o `a rfusenl huekoenls wdekf selneaeijntky ecpr`venl tdfer pfra`rcjnif. Bhurtksy Nusny Ukrgims'Sill @rbfitkbts Bh,
@dkljilj tdg ouinfilj glvgncpg il iscnkticl `kl `rgktg ekbcr prconges, Wlfgrstklfilj klf fgsijlilj tdg glvgncpg tc eklkjg wktgr vkpcr is k mgy tksm, Ecisturg `clfglsilj cut ca wkre ecist kir cltc `cnf surak`gs is tdg `kusg ca eu`d wktgr fkekjg wrcljny fikjlcsgf ks ngkmilj, Cnfgr ouinfiljs wgrg lct dgregti`knny sgkngf, Zdgl sgknilj up ouinfiljs tc prgvglt ilaintrkticl ca cutsifg kir cr ngkmilj ca ilsifg kir. tdg wknns cr rcca eust og fcuong `dg`mgf tc og surg tdgy winn stinn eklkjg ecisturg prcpgrny,
Ks il knn ctdgr fgsijl prconges. tdg glvgncpg pgracrekl`g eust og `clsifgrgf il `cltgxt, Wsgrs. systges. klf kppgkrkl`g knn iepcsg rgquirgeglts cl tdg ouinfilj glvgncpg, Vdg sustkilkong glvgncpg eklkjgs tdgrekn sgpkrkticl. visukn trklspkrgl`y. vkpcr trklspcrt. klf fgsijl kppgkrkl`g wding rgquirilj nieitgf usgr kttglticl klf vgry ncw glgrjy usg,
Huekoenl Yystfcs
Lc pkrt ca ouinfilj tg`dlcncjy dks `dkljgf ks eu`d ks tdg systges tdkt prcvifg ilfccr `niektg `cltrcn, Ks ek`dilgs il`rgksgf cur koinity tc dgkt klf `ccn klf nijdt. wdcnny gl`ncsgf spk`g og`keg ecrg `ceecl, Il kl grk wdgl glgrjy sggegf `dgkp. nittng tdcujdt wglt iltc tdis trklsiticl kwky arce lkturkn vgltinkticl klf fkynijdtilj, Out lcw tdgrg is prgssurg tc rgtdilm ouinfilj systges sc tdkt tdgy krg ecrg glgrjy gaai`iglt wding ekiltkililj k dgkntdigr ilfccr glvircleglt, Dgktilj systges kt airst wgrg siepng dgktgf surak`gs. acnncwgf oy acr`gf kir tdkt `cunf rkpifny `dkljg tdg tgepgrkturg il k spk`g, Vdgsg systges wcrmgf oy rgpnk`ilj `cnf kir witd wkregf kir. catgl gxdkustilj $tdrcwilj kwky) jrgkt qukltitigs ca dgkt klf glgrjy, Vdg airst wkvg ca glgrjy `cls`icuslgss ecfiaigf dgktilj systges tc rg`y`ng dgktgf ouinfilj kir, Out lcw systges `kl og fgsijlgf tdkt orilj il gltirgny argsd kir. pkssilj it tdrcujd dgkt cr glgrjy rg`cvgry systges tdkt trklsagr tdg dgkt out lct tdg jksgs cr pkrti`ngs arce tdg „usgf― rcce kir,
_des :5?< oftjek ekkustrjtfs tdf i`rrfit vfntenl `a jttei `r irjwk spjifs wetd j vjp`r sfjk `n tdf wjrc seof `a tdf ifekenl ensukjte`n en j i`ko ikecjtf. \dekf jooenl ensukjte`n enseof tdf cjs`nry wjkk+ et w`uko hf ecp`rtjnt t` jv`eo irfjtenl j vjp`r sfjk `n tdf i`ko seof `a tdf fxestenl cjs`nry `r sdfjtdenl+ trjppenl i`nofnsjte`n wetden tdf ijvety. J`m Cr`d’s J`t` Rfkkts, 09::, ^kimfhlt Uunlisfimc Bhrphr`tihm,
_dfsf :5?? oejlrjcs ekkustrjtf tdf systfcs kegfky t` hf a`uno en huekoenls `a tdjt frj. Gijjkr!U`rgkr @rbfitkbts’ `mj Nuiljkrs’ F`mjnhhg, 09:3, Ohfm Silky $ Rhms, Imb-
Nijdts dkvg prcjrgssgf arce ogilj `cltrcnngf oy siepng cl cr caa swit`dgs tc `ceputgrizgf systges tdkt sglsg fkynijdt klf c``upkl`y, DQK@ systges dkvg sieinkrny kffgf aul`ticls tdkt rgspclf lct clny tc k swit`d out tc sglscrs acr tgepgrkturg. c``upkl`y. klf gvgl `krocl ficxifg `cl`gltrkticl, Zding tdgsg systge `cltrcns krg jglgrknny sgpkrktg lcw. tdg trglf is tcwkrf jrgktgr `clvgrjgl`g, Xcwgr. fktk. tgngpdclg. airg knkre. ouinfilj kutcekticl. puoni` kffrgss. sg`urity. klf `kong tgngvisicl eky knn dkvg sgpkrktg `kong ilarkstru`turgs lcw. out il tdg auturg. it is nimgny tdkt tdgy winn og `clscnifktgf klf ouinfilj eklkjgrs eky og kong tc `cltrcn tdge knn cl k siljng `ceputgr fksdockrf, Vdgsg systges winn knsc rgspclf tc tdg glvircleglt krculf ouinfiljs. tkmilj iltc k``cult fkynijdt klf gxtgricr tgepgrkturg klf wilf wding kssgssilj prgvicus usg tc gstiektg up`ceilj lggfs, Xnkllilj acr su`d `dkljgs oy prcvifilj gepty pktdwkys $`clfuits) is k prufglt wky tc auturg%prcca k ouinfilj,
C@OFXN HVEKOENL I@OF EC]KEIJ_E@NY
Zdgl `dkljilj tdg c``upkl`y ca k ouinfilj $arce caai`g tc rgsifgltikn. acr gxkepng). k aunn upjrkfg tc `urrglt ouinfilj `cfgs eky og rgquirgf, Ctdgr `cfg upjrkfg trijjgrs il`nufg rglcvkticls tdkt kaag`t k `grtkil pgr`gltkjg ca gxistilj wknns cr ailisdgs cr kl kffiticl ca k `grtkil sizg, @grtkil ctdgr rgquirgeglts. typi`knny skagty% cr k``gssioinity%rgnktgf. dkvg oggl iepcsgf cl ouinfiljs wdgtdgr cr lct tdgy krg ogilj rglcvktgf, Il sceg stktgs. euntiakeiny dcusilj cwlgrs wgrg rgquirgf tc kff secmg fgtg`tcrs klf#cr airg sprilmngrs tc gxistilj ouinfiljs, Burisfi`ticls witd gkrtdqukmg fkljgr ifgltiaigf pkrti`unkrny vunlgrkong ouinfiljs klf jkvg tieg nieits acr stru`turkn upjrkfgs ogacrg tdgy wcunf og fgligf `cltilugf c``upkl`y, Klf su``gssaun nkwsuits oy fiskoinity kfvc`ktgs dkvg acr`gf tdg k``gngrktgf rglcvkticl ca gltrkl`gs. rgstrcces. klf ctdgr k``ceecfkticls witdil puoni` ouinfiljs,
K distcri` ouinfilj `cfg gxists il ecst burisfi`ticls tc jivg angxioinity tc cwlgrs ca `unturknny sijliai`klt ouinfiljs cvgr aiaty ygkrs cnf sc tdkt `dkrk`tgr%fgaililj gngeglts `kl og ekiltkilgf fgspitg tdgir il`cepktioinity witd ecfgrl `cfgs, Pkagty is stinn tdg tcp pricrity out tdg distcri` ouinfilj `cfg knncws kntgrlktg egtdcfs tc og usgf tc k`digvg pgracrekl`g jckns,
Ekly ca tdg rgsunts ca ouinfilj `cfg‐glacr`gf rglcvkticls `kl og sggl il tdg gxpcsgf sprilmngr pipgs. ockrfgf up trklsces. klf kwmwkrfny gl`ncsgf stkirwgnns ca sceg cnfgr ouinfiljs, Ks systges wgrg kffgf cvgr tieg. catgl il tdg `clvgliglt spk`g ca `crrifcr `giniljs. klf airg dkzkrfs wgrg rgegfigf. crijilkn vgltinkticl s`dgegs wgrg koklfclgf, Zdgrg trklsces cl`g cpglgf tc `crrifcrs tdkt `cllg`tgf tc airg stkirs tdkt wglt tdg dgijdt ca tdg ouinfilj. tdgrg is lcw lc `rcss vgltinkticl acr kpkrteglts, Kntdcujd tdgsg ulits stinn dkvg cpgrkong wilfcws. it is tdg prgssurg fiaagrgl`g `kusgf oy tdg stk`m ca kir risilj up tdrcujd tdg stkir sdkats tdkt ecvgf tdg kir, Il tdg ouinfilj sdcwl dgrg. tdg lgw rglcvkticl winn kff gxdkust akls tc tcingt rcces il gk`d rcce klf usg airg%skag sdkats tc rgk`d tdg rcca, Vdis winn rgstcrg prgssurg fiaagrgl`gs klf knncw stk`m vgltinkticl tc wcrm cl`g kjkil,
Ouinfilj `cfg `dkljgs dkvg `ceg kocut il rgspclsg tc prconges, Katgr gvgry `ktkstrcpdg‖airg. gkrtdqukmg. durri`klg. cr tgrrcrist kttk`m‖tdg ouinfilj `cfgs gvcnvg tc kffrgss `kusgs ca ouinfilj akinurg, It eijdt og krjugf tdkt tdg prcanijktg usg ca glgrjy oy tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr is klctdgr ouinfilj akinurg, Vdis is lct k rgkscl tc fis`krf tdg cnfgr ouinfilj stc`m. lcr is it k rgkscl tc ijlcrg tdg ifgks tdkt crjklizgf tdgsg ouinfiljs, K strktgji` klf iltgjrktgf kpprck`d tc ouinfilj aul`ticl. systges. klf glvgncpgs `kl ekmg sglsg ca tdgsg ouinfiljs klf ekmg `cltilugf usg ca tdg jrgkt kecult ca glgrjy geocfigf il tdgir akori`,
_des rfseofntejk d`tfk i`rreo`r ijrrefs n`n`relenjk p`wfr+ pd`nfs+ ijhkf _Q+ jno d`t jno i`ko wjtfr a`r ajn i`ek unets. Yprengkfr pepenl es dunl hfnfjtd jno ir`ssenl tdf rfst `a tdf pepenl. _rjns`cs `vfr tdf o``rs djvf hffn h`jrofo up jno pr`veof tdf pjtdwjy a`r tdf pepenl. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
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Gëristkl Cpcrtaklts
@wnfr Jçrfstglsocstæfgr. Mkstklbjçrfgl 0. 6?6 09 Kljgrgf. Pwgfgl jojHjkrfstglsocstkfgr,jctgocrj,sg
Xfn`vjte`n Jridetfit @LK ‐ @dristgr Lcrfstrñe Krmitgmtmcltcr KO= Jçrfstglocstæfgr
@relenjk Huekoenl _ypf Euntiakeiny Dcusilj
Xfn`vjte`n Huekoenl _ypf Euntiakeiny Dcusilj
@relenjk I`nstruite`n Ojtf ;9:8s
Xfn`vjte`n Ojtf ?881
K`ijte`n Jñtgocrj. Pwgfgl
Ikecjtf C`gkli` $Mñppgl @ao)
Jrfj ?87.888 squkrg aggt
Jidefvfcfnt lclg
Gfy Enoeijt`rs Pcnkr Kir‐Dgktgf Fcuong Glvgncpg
Pcnkr Dgktilj Iltkmg Kir
Pcnkr Dct Zktgr
Dgkt _g`cvgry Qgltinkticl
Gaai`iglt Ilsunkticl
Ncw%g Zilfcws
Fnfrly Jidefvfcfnt 66 pgr`glt ngss tdkl `cepkrkong ouinfilj
_`tjk Fnfrly Vsf ;7,00 mZd#sa#ygkr $;17 mZd#e?#ygkr)
_`tjk Fnfrly Vsf Hfa`rf ?7,77 mZd#sa #ygkr $?:7 mZd#e¿#ygkr)
Xfnfwjhkfs Pcnkr Dct Zktgr
Vdg trklsacrekticl ca tdg tgl ouinfiljs klf ?77 kpkrteglts il tdg Jçrfstgl puoni` dcusilj prcbg`t il Jñtgocrj. Pwgfgl. wks pgracregf il `krgaun `ccrfilkticl witd tdg rgsifglts, Ac`usgf cl glgrjy gaai`igl`y. rglgwkong glgrjy systges. klf ieprcvgeglts tc ilfccr glvirclegltkn quknity. tdg prcbg`t k`digvgf ieprgssivg rgsunts, Glgrjy gaai`igl`y wks kfvkl`gf tdrcujd ilstknnkticl ca k `clvglticlkn gxtgricr ilsunkticl systge witd ilsunktgf ncw%geissivity jnkzilj, Zknns ak`ilj tdg prgvkinilj wilfs wgrg prcvifgf witd kffiticlkn ilsunkticl, Kt tdg scutd akêkfg ca k tdrgg%stcry ouinfilj. kl illcvktivg scnkr kir‐dgktgf fcuong glvgncpg prctg`ts tdg ouinfilj, Vdg scnkr pklgns dgkt kir tdkt is `ir`unktgf ogtwggl tdg lgw ilsunkticl klf tdg gxistilj gxtgricr wknns, Vdg tdgrekn ekss ca tdg crijilkn ouinfilj rgtkils klf sprgkfs tdg dgkt wding tripng%ilsunktgf wilfcws `cepngtg tdg gl`ncsurg,
Nfw s`utd#ajienl sgen enikuofs ensukjte`n jno j o`uhkf#wjkkfo pjnfk tdjt prfdfjts eni`cenl jer+ wdeid es ieriukjtfo hftwffn tdf fxestenl huekoenl wjkk jno tdf nfw ensukjte`n+ rfouienl dfjtenl k`jos. © BM@ Bfristkr Mhrjstrha @rbfitkbts, www-bm`-sk,
Nfw pjnfkezfo petidfo r``a fkfcfnts enikuof s`kjr d`t wjtfr pjnfks. © BM@ Bfristkr Mhrjstrha @rbfitkbts, www-bm`-sk,
Vdrgg sgvgl%stcry ouinfiljs rg`givgf k lgw ecfunkr pit`dgf rcca systge witd iltgjrktgf scnkr pklgns cl tdgir scutd sifgs, Vdg scnkr pklgns prgdgkt fcegsti` dct wktgr stcrgf il k oksgeglt tklm. tdgl fistrioutgf tdrcujdcut tdg `cepngx furilj `cnfgr pgricfs ca tdg fky, Vdg pklgn systge prcvifgs kffiticlkn ktti` ilsunkticl, Okn`cligs kffgf tc scutd akêkfgs prcvifg scnkr prgdgktilj ca argsd kir, K dgkt rg`cvgry vgltinkticl systge rculfs cut tdg vgltinkticl s`dgeg,
Lkjzfo hjki`nefs i`chenf wetd lr`uno#ak``r lrffnd`usf jno joofo ensukjte`n t` pjssevfky dfjt s`utd#ajienl jpjrtcfnts. X``at`p s`kjr i`kkfit`rs prfdfjt o`cfstei d`t wjtfr tdjt es st`rfo en j hjsfcfnt tjng a`r oestrehute`n ourenl i`kofr pfre`os `a tdf ojy. © BM@ Bfristkr Mhrjstrha @rbfitkbts, www-bm`-sk,
Vdg `cepngx ilstitutgf prcvisicls acr `cepcstilj klf rg`y`nilj oy rgsifglts. klf prcvifgs k `ceeulity jrggldcusg, Ailknny. spk`g dgktilj klf fcegsti` dct wktgr krg lcw eclitcrgf acr gk`d kpkrteglt. aurtdgr gl`curkjilj glgrjy `clsgrvkticl, Cvgrknn. glgrjy `clsuepticl wks rgfu`gf arce ?:7 tc ;17 mZd#e?. k rgfu`ticl ca 66 pgr`glt,
Lr`uno#ak``r lrffnd`usf pr`veofs j wentfr ljrofn a`r rfseofnts wdekf prfdfjtenl jer tdjt trjvfks up tdf jpjrtcfnt ajifs+ rfouienl dfjtenl nffos. © BM@ Bfristkr Mhrjstrha @rbfitkbts, www-bm`-sk,
IJYF Y_VOU
Yrkks Cthcltc @klikic Bkltkr
@wnfr Vrggs Ktnkltk Mglfgfk @gltgr
Xfn`vjte`n Jridetfit Peitd Fknik Kr`ditg`ts
@relenjk Huekoenl _ypf Zkrgdcusg
Xfn`vjte`n Huekoenl _ypf Caai`g. Euntiusg
@relenjk I`nstruite`n Ojtf ;978s
Xfn`vjte`n Ojtf ?884
K`ijte`n Ktnkltk. JK
Ikecjtf Dueif Puotrcpi`kn $Mñppgl @ak)
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Jidefvfcfnt NGGF L@ ?,? ‐ Xnktilue $76 pcilts)
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Kl crjklizkticl fgfi`ktgf tc tdg prcecticl klf prgsgrvkticl ca urokl acrgstry. Vrggs Ktnkltk orcujdt tdgir g`cncji`kn ac`us tc tdg fgvgncpeglt ca tdgir Mglfgfk @gltgr cutsifg Ktnkltk. Jgcrjik, Ogjillilj witd k ;978s wkrgdcusg il kl ilfustrikn lgijdocrdccf. Peitd Fknik Kr`ditg`ts skw tdg cppcrtulity acr trklsacrekticl. fgecnisdilj kocut clg%tdirf ca tdg ouinfilj wding sustkilkony rglcvktilj tdg rgekilfgr, Pituktgf il k dueif suotrcpi`kn `niektg. tdg fgsijlgrs pricritizgf glgrjy skviljs tdrcujd eilieizkticl ca dgkt jkil klf `clsgrvkticl ca wktgr,
Pul sdkfgs klf „nijdt ocxgs― wgrg ilstknngf krculf wilfcws tc rgang`t sulnijdt kwky arce tdg ouinfilj klf tc rgfu`g tdg urokl dgkt isnklf gaag`t, Jrgktgr tdkl lcrekn ilsunkticl prctg`ts rccas klf wknns, Nkrjg wilfcws klf sul tuogs il rgstrcces. dknnwkys. klf tdg ockrfrcce gepdksizg lkturkn nijdt tdrcujdcut, K sdgntgrgf iltgricr `curtykrf prcvifgs kffiticlkn fkynijdt wding prgsgltilj skepng trgg vkrigtigs, Fgeclstrkticl ilstknnkticls ca tdrgg milfs ca jrggl rccailj witd fiaagrilj pnkltilj egtdcfs klf pnklt typgs kujeglts rgang`tivg `ccn rccailj, Kl cl%sitg rkilwktgr `cnng`ticl systge stcrgs :.788 jknncls ca wktgr arce tdg rccatcp acr anusdilj tcingts klf acr irrijkticl, Oicswkngs. pcrcus dkrfs`kpg. klf lktivg trggs pnkltgf krculf tdg sitg aurtdgr eklkjg stcrewktgr,
_rffs Jtkjntj Gfnofoj Ifntfr lrfw wetden j :56=s wjrfd`usf huekoenl. Nfw ensukjte`n+ sunsdjofs+ jno j vflftjtfo r``a kecet dfjt ljens en tdf duceo suhtr`peijk ikecjtf. J sdjkk`w pepf lf`tdfrcjk dfjt fxidjnlf systfc dfjts jno i``ks tdf i`cpkfx wdekf usenl 86 t` 96 pfrifnt kfss fnfrly tdjn j i`cpjrjhkf huekoenl. © >505 Ohfm Blkaakr ( www-ohfmblkaakr-mkt,
Ailknny. k jgctdgrekn dgktilj klf `ccnilj systge dkrlgssgs tdg lgkr%`clstklt tgepgrkturg ca tdg gkrtd tdrcujd sdknncw pipilj nccps ilstknngf ulfgr tdg pkrmilj krgk, Ekmilj sitg fisturokl`g fc fcuong futy. tdg systge rgsunts il ?7 tc 07 pgr`glt glgrjy skviljs, Iltgricr kir quknity is prctg`tgf tdrcujd ilstknnkticl ca ncw%geittilj ektgrikns klf k vgltinkticl systge tdkt gxdkusts tdrcujd tdg `cpy rcce tc nieit sprgkf ca pkrti`unktgs,
K`w#fcettenl aenesdfs i`chenf wetd njturjk vfntekjte`n jno cfidjneijk fxdjust tdr`uld tdf i`pefr r``c t` prfsfrvf eno``r jer qujkety. Fvfry r``c djs deld#qujkety jiifss t` njturjk keldt. © >505 Ohfm Blkaakr ( www-ohfmblkaakr-mkt,
@nf#tdero `a tdf fxestenl struiturf wjs ijrvfo jwjy+ j ifntrjk i`urtyjro lr`unos tdf pkjn+ orjwenl ojykeldtenl ent` fvfry r``c. I`kkfitfo rjenwjtfr erreljtfs j setf tdjt a`iusfs `n njtevf trffs tdjt ekkustrjtf tdf `rljnezjte`n―s cesse`n. He`swjkfs jno p`r`us kjnosijpenl kecet st`rcwjtfr run`aa. © >505 Ohfm Blkaakr ( www-ohfmblkaakr-mkt,
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Kfjgs i`nsucf feldt tecfs js cuid eno``r wjtfr js hjtds en tdf Vnetfo Ytjtfs. Ckld`mj U`rtmkrs @rbfitkbts,
Acr gxkepng. pctkong wktgr is lct clny kl il`rgksiljny s`kr`g rgscur`g il ekly rgjicls. out k suostkltikn glgrjy usgr, Klf ygt ngkms `clstitutg ;0,: pgr`glt ca W,P, fkiny ilfccr wktgr usg,? Pieinkrny. „glgrjy vkepirgs.― gng`trcli` fgvi`gs ]witd pcwgr suppnigs. nijdt geittilj ficfgs $NGFs). gt`,U tdkt frkw pcwgr wdglgvgr tdgy krg pnujjgf il k``cult acr ogtwggl 7 klf ;8 pgr`glt ca W,P, rgsifgltikn gng`tri`ity usg, It is k seknngr ark`ticl il tdg `ceegr`ikn sg`tcr ks k wdcng. out pkrti`unkrny sijliai`klt il `ceecl caai`g fgvi`gs su`d ks priltgrs. `cpigrs. klf `ceputgrs,
Ytjnohy p`wfr ojtj es jvjekjhkf a`r j weof rjnlf `a fkfitr`nei ofveifs. dttp2//stjnohy.khk.l`v/succjry#idjrt.dtckP L`wrkmbk Nkrgklky M`tihm`l L`nhr`thry,
Il kffiticl tc aixilj tdg gng`tri`ity klf wktgr „ngkms.― sieinkr kttglticl tc kir ngkms octd il tdg ouinfilj glvgncpg $wgktdgrizkticl) klf witdil dgktilj. vgltinktilj. klf kir%`clfiticlilj $DQK@) systges $rgtrc`ceeissiclilj) `kl `cltrioutg tc suostkltikn skviljs,
Vdg Wlitgf Ptktgs Jrggl Ouinfilj @cul`in $WPJO@) Ngkfgrsdip il Glgrjy klf Glvirclegltkn Fgsijl $NGGF) acr Gxistilj Ouinfiljs2 Cpgrkticl klf Ekiltglkl`g $NGGF%GOCE) rktilj systge dgnps ak`inity eklkjgrs ekp `ceprgdglsivg glvirclegltkn ieprcvgeglt k`rcss tdgir ak`inity, Wlnimg tdg ctdgr NGGF `dg`mnists. it is pcssiong tc gkrl up tc NGGF Pinvgr rg`cjliticl witd knecst lc `kpitkn ilvgsteglt, WPJO@ fgs`riogs tdg s`cpg ca tdg rktilj systge2 „Ppg`iai`knny. tdg rktilj systge kffrgssgs gxtgricr ouinfilj sitg ekiltglkl`g prcjrkes. wktgr klf glgrjy usg. glvirclegltknny prgagrrgf prcfu`ts klf prk`ti`gs acr `ngklilj klf kntgrkticls. sustkilkong pur`dksilj pcni`igs. wkstg strgke eklkjgeglt. klf cljcilj ilfccr glvirclegltkn quknity,―0
Pdcunf k ouinfilj jgt `cvgtgf NGGF Pinvgr rg`cjliticl bust oy aixilj wdkt’s orcmgl klf `dkljilj gxistilj cpgrkticls klf eklkjgeglt prk`ti`gs3 Vdg rktilj systge is sgt up tc glkong tdis k`digvgeglt, Vdgrg is kl iepcrtklt pcilt dgrg2 Zding jrggl fgsijl is kl iepcrtklt tccn il rgfu`ilj tdg glgrjy klf rgscur`g fgeklfs ca tdg ouinfilj sg`tcr. jrggl cpgrkticls klf eklkjgeglt $C!E) `kl ngkf tc suostkltikn ieprcvgeglts nclj ogacrg k ouinfilj cwlgr cr eklkjgr `clsifgrs it g`clcei`knny agksiong tc rglcvktg k ouinfilj tdcrcujdny, Jrggl C!E winn knsc og lggfgf tc ekiltkil k rglcvktgf ouinfilj kt its dgijdtglgf ngvgn ca pgracrekl`g, Vdgrg is lc rgkscl tc wkit,
Ogdkvicr `dkljgs. ieegfiktg nijdtilj klf DQK@ `cltrcn ieprcvgeglts. klf rgpkir cr clg%acr%clg rgpnk`geglt ca gxistilj gquipeglt klf aixturgs. `kl rgpky cwlgrs klf tglklts vgry qui`mny, Pkvilj rgscur`gs tdrcujd ogttgr eklkjgeglt ca trksd klf rg`y`nilj. klf wktgr `clsgrvkticl `kl knsc prcfu`g ieegfiktg glvirclegltkn oglgaits, K stgp%oy%stgp ak`inity ieprcvgeglt prcjrke `kl ainn il tdg jkps ogacrg ekbcr ouinfilj systges su`d ks DQK@ rgk`d tdg glf ca tdgir sgrvi`g niag klf krg rgpnk`gf,
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Fkynijdt skviljs tieg is kl gxkepng ca kl kttgept tc `dkljg glgrjy usg tdrcujd `dkljilj ogdkvicr, Il ;:46 Oglbkeil Arklmnil airst lctgf il k ngttgr tc tdg Ohurm`l hd U`ris tdg „ieeglsg sue tdkt tdg `ity ca Xkris eijdt skvg oy tdg g`clcey ca usilj sulsdilg ilstgkf ca `klfngs,―6 Xgcpng siepny lggfgf tc wkmg gkrnigr. suostitutilj dcurs ca fkynijdt k`tivity acr dcurs ca fkrmlgss, Ctdgr gxkepngs ca ieegfiktg wkys tc `dkljg glgrjy `clsuepticl tdrcujd ogdkvicrkn `dkljgs il`nufg tdg ncw spggf nieits klf rijdt%turl%cl%rgf nkws tdkt acnncwgf tdg cin geokrjc ca tdg ;9:8s,
@cls`icus `dkljgs ca dkoits knsc c``ur, Puoegtgrilj ilfivifukn dcusilj ulits witdil prgvicusny ekstgr%egtgrgf kpkrteglt ouinfiljs rgsunts il glgrjy klf utinity oinn skviljs, Vdg Lgw Ycrm Ptktg Glgrjy _gsgkr`d klf Fgvgncpeglt Kutdcrity $LYPG_FK) aculf tdkt :0 pgr`glt ca tdg rgsifglts ca k lgwny suoegtgrgf kpkrteglt ouinfilj usgf ngss tdkl tdg kvgrkjg kecult ca glgrjy pgr ulit tdkl wdgl utinitigs wgrg ekstgr%egtgrgf,7 Gxtglfilj su`d suoegtgrilj tc `ceegr`ikn tglklts cr fivisicls witdil nkrjg ilstituticls `cunf k`digvg tdg skeg ieprcvgeglts,
Ppurrgf cl oy suoegtgrilj. pgcpng fc tdg acnncwilj tc skvg glgrjy2
- Vurl caa nijdts. `ceputgrs. kppnikl`gs. klf DQK@ ulits wdgl lct il usg
- Cpgl onilfs klf turl caa nijdts
- @ncsg onilfs klf turl fcwl kir%`clfiticlilj
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Sustainable Renovation; Strategies for Commercial Building Systems and Envelope
The complete resource on performing sustainable renovations for both Historic and modern existing buildingsThis forward-looking and insightful guide explores how the sustainable renovation of existing buildings presents great opportunities for initiating extensive changes in the performance…
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