2.1 Nn tng ca thng tin v tuyn Thng tin v tuyn s dng khong khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn.

Phng php thng tin l: pha pht bc x cc tn hiu thng tin bng sng in t, pha thu nhn sng in t pha pht qua khng gian v tch ly tn hiu gc. V lch s ca thng tin v tuyn, vo u th k ny Marconi thnh cng trong vic lin lc v tuyn qua i Ty dng, Kenelly v Heaviside pht hin mt yu t l tng in ly hin din tng pha trn ca kh quyn c th dng lm vt phn x sng in t. Nhng yu t m ra mt k nguyn thng tin v tuyn cao tn i quy m. Gn 40 nm sau Marconi, thng tin v tuyn cao tn l phng thc thng tin v tuyn duy nht s dng phn x ca tng i lu, nhng n hu nh khng p ng ni nhu cu thng tin ngy cng gia tng. Chin tranh Th gii ln th hai l mt bc ngot trong thng tin v tuyn. Thng tin tm nhn thng lnh vc thng tin s dng bng tn s cc cao (VHF) v c nghin cu lin tc sau chin tranh th gii - tr thnh hin thc nh s pht trin cc linh kin in t dng cho HF v UHF, ch yu l pht trin ngnh Raa. Vi s gia tng khng ngng ca lu lng truyn thng, tn s ca thng tin v tuyn vn ti cc bng tn siu cao (SHF) v cc cao (EHF). Vo nhng nm 1960, phng php chuyn tip qua v tinh c thc hin v phng php chuyn tip bng tn x qua tng i lu ca kh quyn xut hin. Do nhng c tnh u vit ca mnh, chng hn nh dung lng ln, phm vi thu rng, hiu qu kinh t cao, thng tin v tuyn c s dng rt rng ri trong pht thanh truyn hnh qung b, v tuyn o hng, hng khng, qun s, quan st kh tng, lin lc sng ngn nghip d, thng tin v tinh - v tr v.v... Tuy nhin, can nhiu vi lnh vc thng tin khc l iu khng trnh khi, bi v thng tin v tuyn s dng chung phn khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. i ph vi vn ny, mt lot cc cuc Hi ngh v tuyn Quc t c t chc t nm 1906. Tn s v tuyn hin nay c n nh theo "Quy ch thng tin v tuyn (RR) ti Hi ngh ITU Geneva nm 1959. Sau ln lt l Hi ngh v phn b li di tn s sng ngn s dng vo nm 1967, Hi ngh v b sung quy ch tn s v tuyn cho thng tin v tr vo nm 1971, v Hi ngh v phn b li tn s v tuyn ca thng tin di ng hng hi cho mc ch kinh doanh vo nm 1974. Ti Hi ngh ca ITU nm 1979, di tn s v tuyn phn b c m rng ti 9kHz - 400 Ghz v xem xt li v b sung cho Quy ch thng tin v tuyn in (RR). gim bt can nhiu ca thng tin v tuyn, ITU tip tc nghin cu nhng vn sau y b sung vo s sp xp chnh xc khong cch gia cc sng mang trong Quy ch thng tin v tuyn: - Dng cch che chn thch hp trong khi la chn trm. - Ci thin hng tnh ca anten - Nhn dng bng sng phn cc cho. - Tng cng ghp knh. - Chp nhn s dng phng php iu ch chng li can nhiu. 2.2 Cc c tnh ca sng v tuyn Tn s s dng cho sng in t nh vai tr sng mng trong thng tin v tuyn c gi ring l "tn s v tuyn" (RF). Tn s ny chim mt di rt rng t VLF (tn s cc thp) ti sng milimt. Khng th l gii y sng v tuyn theo l thuyt, bi v n khng ch b nh hng bi tng i lu v tng in ly m cn bi cc thin th, k c mt tri. Do vy, vic nh gi cc trng thi ca cc hnh tinh, ca tng i lu v in ly v vic d bo ng truyn sng v tuyn cng nh kh nng lin lc da trn nhiu d liu trong qu kh l ht sc quan trng. Phn sau y ca chng trnh ny s gip bn c hiu c c ch truyn sng v tuyn theo tn s thng tin v tuyn cng nhng vn khc, lin quan n sng v tuyn.

2.2.1 Phn loi tn s v tuyn Trong thng tin v tuyn, c ch truyn sng v tuyn v vic s dng thit b truyn thng ph thuc vo tn s v tuyn s dng. Bng 2.1 trnh by bng tn s v tuyn c phn loi theo tiu chun quc t hin hnh v theo c ch v phng thc s dng sng v tuyn. Bng 2.1. Phn loi, c ch v s dng sng v tuyn Tn s 3KHz~30 KHz 30KHz~300KHz 300KHz~3MHz Phn loi bng tn VLF LF MF C ch truyn sng v tuyn Sng t-in ly Sng t Sng t (C ly ngn) Sng tri (C ly di) 3MHz~30MHz HF Sng tri C ly thng tin v lnh vc s dng Thng tin o hng qun s khp th gii 1500Km o hng v tuyn Pht thanh c nh Hng khng, o hng, lin lc nghip d 3~6MHz : Thng tin lin tc a 6~30Mhz : Thng tin di ng Thng tin kinh doanh v nghip d, dn s quc t 30MHz~300MHz VHF Sng tri Sng i lu 300MHz~3GHz UHF Sng tri Sng i lu 3GHz~30GHz SHF, Viba Sng tri Thng tin trc thi, VHF, FM a thng tin Raar, a thng tin Thng tin di ng Thng tin v tinh, thng tin c nh, Raar 30GHz~300GH EHF, Milimeter Sng tri Thng tin cho tng lai

2.2.2 ng truyn lan sng v tuyn Sng v tuyn khng truyn lan theo dng l tng khi chng trong khng gian do nh hng ca mt t v tng i lu. Hnh 2.1 m t ng truyn sng gia cc u pht T v u thu R v ch cho thy cn c sng phn x t b mt t t ti trm thu, ngoi sng trc tip theo ng thng. (a) (b) Ngoi tm trc thi Trong tm trc thi

Hnh 2.1. ng i ca Sng v tuyn Khi khong cch gia trm pht v trm thu xa nhau hn, thng tin bng sng i thng tr nn khng th c do cong ca b mt tri t nh trnh by trong hnh 2.1(b) nhng vn c th c sng v tuyn truyn lan xung mt t do c sng b mt v sng tri, nh hin tng khc x (hnh 2.2). Ni chung, sng b mt, sng trc tip v sng phn x, tr sng tri, u c gi l sng t. Sng tri l sng in t b thay i hnh trnh ca mnh ti tng in ly v quay tr v tri t; tng in ly l ni hi t ca v s in tch, nh hnh ti cao 100-400Km. Ngoi sng b mt v sng tri cn c sng tn x - l phn x do nhng s bin i mnh lit ca tng i lu v in ly hoc do sng in t va chm vi cc vt cht, chng hn nh cc sao bng, v b tn x ri t ti u thu. Sng tn x c s dng trong phng php chuyn tip qua tn x i lu.

Hnh 2.2. Hnh trnh ca sng v tuyn i qua ng chn tri 1. S lan truyn ca bng tn s thp S lan truyn ca bng tn s thp l nh vo sng t. N c thc hin nh nhiu x sng in t. Do nhiu x t l nghch vi bc sng cho nn tn s s dng cng cao, sng t cng yu ( truyn lan tn s thp). Hin tng nhiu x c mi tng quan cht ch vi dn in v hng s in mi ca t trong ng lan truyn. V c ly truyn sng trn mt bin di hn so vi mt t cho nn tn s thp c s dng rng ri trong thng tin v tuyn o hng. Trong trng hp tn s cc thp, bc sng ln hn nhiu so vi chiu cao t b mt tri t ln ti tng in ly. Cho nn, mt t v tng in ly ng vai tr nh hai bc tng. N c gi l ch ng dn sng mt t in ly m nh n, c th thng tin ti ton th gii. Bng tn s cc thp c s dng ch yu cho thng tin hng hi v thng tin o hng. 2. S truyn lan ca bng tn s cao Thng tin c ly xa bng bng tn s cao c thc hin nh s phn x ca sng tri trn tng in ly. Trong phng thc thng tin ny, mt thu sng tri ph thuc vo tn s v tuyn v trng thi ca tng in ly, trng thi ny thay i theo thi gian, theo ngy, theo ma v theo iu kin thi tit. Cho nn vic d bo trng thi ca tng in ly l v cng quan trng i vi thng tin lin lc s dng sng tri. (1) Tng in ly

Tng in ly hnh thnh ti cao 100Km - 400Km l do kt qu ca vic ion ho trng thi ca tng i lu bng cc tia cc tm v tia X do mt tri bc x. Tng in ly c phn chia thnh mt vi lp c gi tr mt in t cc i. Mi tng c phn chia thnh cc lp D, E, F theo cao ca n. Lp F li c phn chia thnh lp F1, F2. Hnh 2.3 trnh by mt tnh theo cao ca cc lp ion in hnh.

Hnh 2.3. Mt in t /ion ca tng in ly - theo cao (2) Truyn sng trong lp Ion Trong khi tng in ly c th xem nh mt tm dn in phng trong vic truyn lan cc tn s thp th lp ion ho ging nh mt tm in mi khng l m h s khc x ca n bin i lin tc, v s bin i ca mt ion theo bc sng l khng ng k trong bng tn s cao (bc sng ngn hn). H s khc x hiu dng c xc nh nh sau: Trong cng thc ny, N biu th cho s lng ion trong trng thi cc in t t do hoc plasma, trn m3. Hnh 2.4 trnh by ng i ca sng v tuyn trong tng in ly. Gc ti q i i c xc nh theo cng thc sau: Trong chiu ti thng ng (q i = 0), nu gi tr cc i ca mt in t trong tng in ly l N m, th tn s cc i phn x ti im ny l q Nm, gi l tn s cc tr cho tng in ly ny.

Hnh 2.4.- C ch phn x ca tng in ly Nu tn s cc tr cho bit trc th tn s ln nht c phn x i vi gc kch thch c th c quyt nh. Tn s ny gi l Tn s kh dng Cc i (MUF) v c biu th bng MUF = f.sec q i . Hnh trnh v tuyn ca MUF l khong cch ti a m sng tri c th t ti v c gi l khong nhy. Vng m c sng trc tip ln sng khng gian u khng t ti c gi l vng nhy. Khi sng v tuyn i xuyn qua tng in ly th n s b suy gim v va chm vi cc phn t. iu ny ch yu xy ra lp D c mt in t cao hn so vi trong lp E v F. suy hao t l thun vi 1/f2, do vy , v mt cht lng thng tin, iu ng mong mun l chn c tn s cao nht c s dng nh sng khng gian. Bng vic nghin cu s bin i ca MUF theo ngy v theo thi gian, ngi ta thng s dng tn s thp hn khong 15% so vi gi tr d kin trung bnh ca MUF trong thng tin bng sng tri. Tn s thp hn ny c gi l tn s lm vic ti u (OWF). OWF thp hn MUF trong khong 90% t l chim thi gian. 3) Truyn sng ca VHF v UHF. Tr mt vi trng hp c bit, gii hn trn m sng khng gian truyn lan c l 30 MHz . Sng khng gian c s dng cho cc tn hiu ln hn VHF. S thay i h s khc x theo cao ca kh quyn gy nh hng n sng khng gian. Kh quyn tiu chun l mt kh quyn l tng c mt t l bin i h s khc x theo cao mt cch u n, bi v n c mt h s thay i c nh ca p sut kh quyn theo cao, nhit v m. ITU-R quy nh ch s khc x ca kh quyn tiu chun theo cao h Km nh sau: V c s bin i h s khc x mt cch lin tc, cho nn ng i thc t ca sng khng gian l khc vi ng trc tip (thng). b li s khc nhau ny, c ly thng tin cc i thc t c tnh ton theo ng trc tip da trn quy nh bn knh hiu qu ca tri t KR (K=4/3 trong kh quyn tiu chun) (tham kho Hnh 2.5). a) iu kin thc b) iu kin tng ng ca bn knh tri t c tnh bng KR (4=4/3) t

Hnh 2.5. Khc x ca sng v tuyn trong kh quyn tiu chun 4) Sng tn x i lu. Vic lan truyn cu sng v tuyn nh hiu ng tn x i lu ca khu vc kh quyn rng ln trong tng i lu c dng cho bng tn trn VHF. Phng php ny cho php thng tin lin lc c ly xa cc bng tn VHF, UHF, v SHF v ph thuc rt nhiu vo thng tin trc thi trc y. Phng php ny c nhiu u im ca thng tin bng rng v ghp knh cng nh thng tin ng thi cho mt khu vc rng. Mt khc n cng i hi cng sut pht ln v my thu c nhy cao. 2.5. H thng thng tin di ng Gn y, thng tin di ng tr thnh mt ng dng trong lnh vc thng tin v tuyn. S pht trin ca thng tin di ng c bt u bng pht minh th nghim v sng in t ca Hertz v in bo v tuyn ca Marconi v vo thi k u ca pht minh thng tin v tuyn, n c s dng trong dch v vn ti an ton ng bin iu khin cc tu. i vi thng tin v tuyn mt t, sau chin tranh th gii th nht, h thng in thoi v tuyn di ng c lp t v khai thc trong ngnh cnh st ca M. Trong dch v thng tin di ng hng khng - mt h thng c khai thc cc di thng HF v VHF c thit lp kim sot bay. Hin nay, h thng in thoi xe c t ng v h thng in thoi di ng tu b c thit lp s dng trong thc t. Ngi ta s dng chung b ti, in thoi khng y, di bng nghip d cc nhn (CB_my b m... v cc dch v thng tin v tuyn di ng khc nhau chng hn nh dch v v tinh hng hi, in thoi trn tu ho my bay ang c cung cp. Tn s s dng ln n VHF v UHF v trong tng lai khng xa tn s cn vi ba (quasi microwave) (1-2 GHz) cng s c s dng. Trong mc ny, chng ta s xem xt cc dch v thng tin di ng khc nhau, s pht trin ca chng trong tng lai, c bit, thng tin di ng mt t s c cp n mt cch t m hn. 2.5.1 Cc loi v cc c tnh ca thng tin di ng mt t. 1/ Thng tin di ng mt t. Thng tin di ng mt t thng c phn nhm thnh h thng cng cng v dng ring... H thng cng cng c ngha l h thng thng tin c th truy nhp ti mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PPTN) - c in thoi xe c, in thoi khng dp, chung b ti... Trong h thng dng ring c 2 loi h thng. H thng th nht l h thng dch v cng cng chng hn nh cnh st, cu ho, cp cu, in lc v giao thng. H thng th hai l dng cho cc c nhn hay cc cng ty. y, ngoi dch v kinh doanh s dng sng v tuyn dnh ring, cn c h thng MCA h thng kinh t trung nhp a knh, s dng cc knh v tuyn trong thng tin v tuyn ni b cng ty v c nhn chng hn nh my b m v v tuyn nghip d. Ngoi nhng dch v k trn cn c cc dch v thng tin di ng mt t khc mi xut hin nh chung b ti c mn hin hnh, u cui xa... Cc c tnh ca thng tin di ng c trnh by trong bng 2.2. Bng 2.2 Cc c tnh ca cc dch v thng tin di ng mt t. H thng cng cng m thanh in thoi D liu Chung H thng dnh ring m thanh Doanh V tuyn D liu u (truy

xe c Cc dng Song cng thng tin Loi ng Vng ng di Trang trn xe c

in thoi Song cng b Bn nh c

khng dy

nghip

t nhn

MCA

C nhn

nhp knh)

Thng tin n n cng n cng n hng cng

n cng Song cng

Xch tay

Trang b Trang b Trang b Trang b trn trn xe, trn xe trn xe xe,xch Xch tay xch tay tay Ton quc Ton quc 0,5~1 km Ton Hn hp quc 20~30 km 5~10 km Hn hp (trong T.ph) 250~500m

di Hn ch thnh Ton ph ngoi quc

Hn hp 10~15 km

Vng phc v ca 5~10 1 im Km

20 m

5~10km

Ngi dng

Ph thng (ch yu cho b phn s Ph qun l ca thng chnh ph v cng ty) Nh

Ph thng (ch yu cho b phn qun l, bc Cng ty s, cnh st) Nh Bnh thng

Ph thng

Cng ty Ph thng Cng ty

Nhng tr ngi trong Nh xuyn m

Nghim trng

Nh

Bnh thng

Nh

Khng dng tay, in thoi in T ng Cc dng cm tay cho thoi truy nhp dch v hnh khch, cm tay bng rng in thoi xe c 2/ Thng tin di ng hng hi Thng tin di ng hng hi c phn thnh h thng thng tin tu thuyn gia trm gc cng v tu i dc theo b bin v h thng thng tin v tinh hng hi n vi cc tu ngoi khi xa. Thng tin in thoi tu thuyn c pht trin t in bo v tuyn s dng bng sng ngn trung bnh, cn h thng in thoi tu b thc s, s dng bng tn VHF l h thng in thoi tu b ca Great Lakes M nm 1952. Chu u, knh thng tin hai hng m rng c pht trin theo cc kiu ca M. Cc nc vng bin Bc bt u khai thc h thng ny nm 1956, nhng h thng ny thuc kiu truy nhp khai thc nhn cng vi bng tn 150 MHz. Sau , ITU-R khuyn ngh kiu truy nhp t ng v by gi h thng 450 MHz NMT c khai thc pha Bc v kiu t ng bng tn 250 MHz c s dng Nht. Trong thi k u ca thng tin v tinh hng hi, h thng MARISATA c khai thc nh l mt h thng ni b cng ty v theo INMARSAT c thit lp v khai thc vo nm 1979 v rt nhiu dch v nh in thoi, telex, d liu, v cu h hng hi c cung cp. H thng gii php tng th GMDSS (H thng cu nn v an ton hng hi ton cu ang c pht trin v s c s dng. 3/ Thng tin di ng hng khng. Trong thng tin di ng hng khng c dch v in thoi v tuyn sn bay kim sot bay v h thng in thoi cng cng hng khng cho hnh khch. Dch v in thoi cng cng hng khng kiu thng tin trc tip gia i mt t v my bay - c s dng mt phn M, Nht v mt s nc khc. Cc kiu ch yu ca n l ARINC v Airfone - l nhng kiu c pht trin M. Bng tn l 800 - 900 MHz - dng chung vi bng tn ca thng tin di ng mt t. iu ch y l SSB.

V truy nhp cuc gi, loi th nht l chuyn vng thng tin v loi sau l kiu vng thng tin ph thuc. Theo s pht trin ca k thut thng tin v tinh di ng hng khng ang c xc tin mt cch tch cc vic s dng dch v in thoi cng cng hng khng thc s s c m rng cho cc ng bay quc t sau nhng nm 1990. 2.5.2 Cu hnh ca h thng thng tin di ng Cu hnh ca h thng thng tin di ng c th khc nhau tu theo cc dng dch v v thng bao gm tng i chuyn mch in thoi di ng, trm gc di ng v cc u cui in thoi v tuyn. Cc mng c bn tiu biu ca cc h thng in thoi xe c v tu b c m t trong hnh 2.32. Trong , vng bao ph ca mt trm gc l mt vng th nhiu vng to nn mt trm chuyn mch v bin gii vo mt trm chuyn mch c th x l s l mt vng lu lng... Ton b vng phc v c hnh thnh bi vng lu lng ny.

Hnh 2.32 Cu hnh ca h thng vin thng xe c v tu b 1/ Trm chuyn mch vin thng. Trm chuyn mch lin kt mng thng tin di ng vi PSTN v h thng chuyn mch trm chuyn mch l dng t ng v iu khin theo chng trnh lu tr. Cc chc nng chnh ca n l u ni cc thu bao di ng vi nhau v vi cc thu bao ca PSTN. V vy MTX cn phi c cc chc nng khc vi h thng chuyn mch PSTN, chng hn nh chuyn vng tm kim v tr v ng k.

Chuyn vng ngha l trong qu trnh cui gi, nu my di ng di chuyn khi vng phc v ca mt khu vc c th th h thng s chuyn cuc gi ny sang mt knh tn s mi mt khu vc t bo mi m khng lm gin on cuc gi. iu ny c thc hin bng mt h thng tnh ton phc tp, mt h thng nhy cm v iu khin chnh xc. Phng php chung y l bng vic gim st cht lng tn hiu (mc) ca tng knh thu c t cc trm gc khc, khi cht lng tn hiu bt u gim di mc quy nh th khu vc t bo hin ti s chuyn tn hiu bo ng cho trm chuyn mch sau trm chuyn mch s yu cu o cht lng tn hiu ca knh i ti trm gc bin cnh xc nh xem vng no x l cuc gi v sau da vo kt qu ny chn ra vng ti u. Vic ng k n v l khi thu bao di ng dch chuyn t nh n vng lu lng khc, trm nh s lm cho trm dch chuyn pht hin ra thu bao di ng v h thng nh s lu tr li cc thng tin ng k u ni cuc gi. V trm chuyn mch cn phi c chc nng l tt c cc thng tin dch v khc c lu tr trong h thng chuyn mch u ni cc thu bao di ng vi nhau v cc thu bao PSTN. 2/ Trm gc. Trm gc dng ni trm chuyn mch vin thng di ng v mng di ng v n bao gm thit b thu pht, ngten v thit b iu khin. Chc nng chnh ca n l iu khin v qun l vng c phn nh bng cch chuyn cc tn hiu gi n/gi i gn knh, gim st knh v t chn sai. gim ti thiu can nhiu ca cc vng bn cnh th cc yu t nh phn b tn s v phn b m vng rt quan trng. Nhng iu ny c nhc n trong phn h thng in thoi di ng. 3/ My di ng ca in thoi v tuyn. My t ng ngha l thit b thng tin c trang b di ng nh l xe c, tu b, my bay v chng bao gm in thoi cm tay, chung b ti v in thoi v tuyn xch tay. 2.5.3 Phng php truy nhp knh Trong thng tin di ng, cn phi iu tit cng nhiu ngi s dng cng tt trn cc ngun tn s gii hn. Truy nhp knh c phn loi thnh kiu chim dng knh v phn chia knh. Kiu chim dng knh l truy nhp tt i vi thng tin lin tc nh in thoi. C a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trong h thng t bo tng t, a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian s dng trong h thng t bo s, v a truy nhp phn chia theo m. Kiu chia knh c gi l truy nhp ngu nhin v n cho php c va chm v ngi s dng c th chuyn mt cch c lp tn hiu gc mt cch ngu nhin. C cc loi truy nhp ALOHA, ICMA (a truy nhp chuyn tn hiu ri) v CSMA (a truy nhp nhy cm sng mang). Trong h thng t bo, khi my di ng tin hnh cuc gi v chuyn tn hiu iu khin yu cu knh ti trm gc th truy nhp ngu nhin c s dng. 1/ FDMA,/TDMA/CDMA (Hnh 2.3.3) miu t FDMA, TDMA v CDMA s dng thi gian v tn s nh th no v thit b thu pht ca chng c cu to nh th no. FDMA, khi yu cu mt cuc gi th mt knh a v tuyn c ch nh. Trong TDMA th knh v tuyn c chia li theo nhng khe thi gian tun hon v khi yu cu mt cuc gi th n s ch nh khe no ca mt knh v tuyn no s c s dng.

Hnh 2.33. So snh FDMA, TDMA v CDMA

tn

s,

thi

gian

cu

hnh

thu

pht

ca

Trong cc kiu truy nhp ny th khng c va chm bi v mi mt knh v tuyn v mt khe b him bi mt trm v tuyn. Mt khc i vi CDMA th knh v tuyn bng rng c nhiu ngi s dng chung, nhng mi ngi s dng th tin hnh thng tin nhn dng m bng cch s dng m khuych tn trong trc giao. <Hnh 2.34> Miu t s khi my thu pht trm gc. Trong FDMA v CDMA th s my thu pht di ng ging nh trm gc nh c trnh by hnh 2.33(b). Trong TDMA th trm di ng cn phi c chc nng pht v thu tn hiu theo khe thi gian c gn bi v n khng c cha chc nng a phn chia. Trong FDMA v TDMA. to ra tn s knh bng hp c gc th phi s dng b tng hp nh c trnh by trong phn (a), (b) ca hnh 2.34.

Hnh 2.34 Cu hnh ca h thng thu pht (trm gc) Mt khc trong CDMA th sng c iu ch th nht ca s liu pht c iu ch trc giao th hai bng m khuych tn. T l di thng gia sng iu ch ln th hai v sng iu ch ln th nht gi l hiu qu khuych tn. Nu khuych tn ngc bng m khuych tn ny th chng ta li nhn c sng iu ch ln th nht. Ngc li vi trng hp FDMA v TDMA trong tn hiu l trc giao trong tng min tn s v tng min thi gian, trnh s va chm, cc tn hiu gc ca khch hng trong CDMA im c trng ca n l tn hiu c trc giao ho min m. 2/ Truy nhp ngu nhin. Trong trng hp truyn thng gi m yu cu thng tin l ngu nhin v kh nng to nhm cao, mc d mt knh v tuyn c dng chung cho nhiu ngi s dng nhng xc sut va chm thp. Bng cch s dng truyn thng gc theo thng k ny, vic truy nhp thc hin ghp knh c gi l a trung nhp thng k. Truy nhp ngu nhin n gin nht l ALOHA. T mi khi gc thng tin cn pht c to ra my di ng gi gc thng tin ny ti trm gc. Khi c xut hin li trong gc thng tin ny ti trm gc. Khi c xut hin li trong gc thng tin thu c do va chm th trm gc yu cu pht tr li cho my di ng. Chng ICMA pht hin c khi no ng thng n trm gc khng b chim (ch c my di ng no pht, v khi no ng thng n trm gc ang c s dng (mt my di ng ang pht) v trnh c va chm trong knh v tuyn t trm gc xung (t trm gc n my di ng). 3/ FDMA

Phng php n gin nht v truy nhp knh l a truy nhp phn chia tn s. FDMA l th hin knh bng hp m n gin l bt k u cui no cng c mt ng in thoi theo mi knh m n c th truy nhp ti bt k tn s no. i khi h thng ny cn c gi l mi knh trn mt sng mang. Phn chia tn s y l mi my di ng c th s dng mt ng c to ra bng cch ny (xem hnh 2.35). a truy nhp phn chia tn s c ngha l nhiu khch hng c th s dng di tn c gn cho h m khng b trng nh vic chia ph tn ra thnh nhiu on. Ghp knh phn chia tn s l: tn hiu cn c pht ti mt s khch hng t mt my pht s c pht i bng cch phn chia cc bng tn v my thu s chn thng tin thuc bng tn ca n. FDMA l pht tn hiu ti mt s my thu. Do vy, nu s dng FDMA trong h thng t bo th FDMA phi l knh nghch (backward channal) FDM l knh thun (Forward channel). N c gi l FDM/FDMA.

Hnh 2.35 (trunked). 1 mch trn mt mch RF Nhng u im ca a truy nhp phn chia tn s l mt trong nhng vn kh khn trong vic thc hin h thng t bo s l s khuych tn tr do thi gian n b tr ca sng a ng trong knh t bo, n gy ra nhiu k hiu (ISI - Intersymbol Interference) v i khi lm gim ch tiu ca h thng t bo. V vy, i ph vi ISI, cn phi s dng b cn bng song i khi rt kh thc hin. Tuy nhin nu chu k k hiu ca d liu s cng ln - tc l rng bng tn ca knh cng nh th ISI cng khng b nh hng ca khuych tn tr thng xuyn. Tng ng, chng ta bit l FDMA khng cn n b cn bng trong knh t bo bi v chu k ca d liu s ln hn a truy nhp phn chia thi gian. V trong FDMA, khng cn n ng b mng ban u v vic hi phc nh thi bit hay ng b khung rt d dng v phn cng n gin trong vic thc hin modem. Nhng yu im ca a truy nhp phn chia tn s l: Cn c b lc, b song cng (duplexer) - l b phn chia tn hiu gi i v gi n ca u cui thng qua ngten khi thc hin u cui t bo. Thng thng, do chnh lch v cng sut in gia u vo v u ra qua ngten l ln hn 100dB nn rt kh phn chia tn hiu. V vy, b song cng m hin nay ang dng kh thc hin chc nng ny v m lng ln. V vy, chng ta phi a tn tht xen 3dB vo khi b song cng cho tn hiu i qua. Nhiu cng knh l mt vn na c th pht sinh do vic phn chia nh ph tn s v do cn c bng tn bo v gia cc knh ti thiu ho nhiu ny. 4/ TDMA Thng tin di ng s Chu u (GSM), Chu M (ADC) v Nht (JDC) thng chp nhn s dng TDMA. S theo khi nim ca TDMA c trnh by trong (Hnh 2.36). Trong thng tin di ng TDMA, trm gc pht tn hiu TDM n my di ng trong t bo. My di ng nhn mt khe thi gian ca mnh trong s cc tn hiu TDM v gi tn hiu khi v trm gc mt cch tun t. Cc s my di ng lin lc vi cc trm gc mt cch ng thi theo mt knh v tuyn. Di y, chng ta miu t cc c tnh k thut ca thng tin di ng TDMA.

Hnh 2.36 S khi nim ca thng tin di ng TDMA (1) nh thi pht v thu Hnh 2.37 Ch r vic nh thi pht v thu ti trm gc v ch nh thi ti my di ng trong trng hp ba knh TDMA, chu k pht, thu, trng c lp i lp li trong my di ng. Do vic nh pht v thu khng trng nhau nn khng cn n b lc chn la thu pht trong my di ng. Khong thi gian trng c s dng o mc thu ca cc trm gc ln cn.

Hnh 2.37 nh thi pht thu trm gc 2/ Cu hnh ca khung Cu hnh ca khung c trnh by trong (Hnh 2.38). Nhm ca tuyn ln (t my di ng n trm gc) bao gm phn mo u, t m ng b d liu iu khin, d liu ca ngi s dng v thi gian bo v. V khung ca tuyn xung (t trm gc n my di ng) l tn hiu lin tc nn khng cn thit phi c phn mo u v thi gian bo v. Phn mo u l h thng m ca ng b sng mang v ng b ng h. Khi pht hin tr th vic ti to sng mang l khng cn thit v m ng b sng mang l m 1 bi v sng thu phi l sng chun pht hin bng cch to ra thi gian tr m 1). T m ng b ch r im bt u ca d liu iu khin v d liu ngi s dng. D liu iu khin dng iu khin knh v tuyn trong thng tin.

Hnh 2.38 Cu hnh ca khung 3/ iu chnh thi gian bo v v nh thi pht. Khi mt my di ng gi chm tn hiu hng ln to nh thi cho tn hiu TDMA hng xung, i khi chm ny b xung t bi v c ly gia cc my di ng ti trm gc l khc nhau. Chng hn nh khi khe 1 c gn cho mt my di ng xa trm gc v my di ng gn nht c gn khe 2 th phn cui ca tn hiu chm s va chm vi khe 2 bi v chm tn hiu ca my di ng 1 n chm. iu ny nh c trnh by trong hnh <hnh 2.38>, c th trnh c bng cch a vo s dng thi gian bo v. Tnh hung m c th trnh c xung c trnh by trong <Hnh 2.39>. Khi bn knh t bo l R th thi gian bo v (g) in hnh l 2R/C (giy) trong C l vn tc nh sng. Khi R-3km th g l 20s. Nu thi gian bo v qu di th hiu qu ca khung [( di ca d liu iu khin + d liu ngi s dng) di khung] b gim. <Hnh 2.39> Trnh xung t bng thi gian bo v. Khi my di ng 1 xa nht v my di ng 2 gn nht. Vic iu chnh ng thi pht l phng php iu chnh nh thi gian pht ca my di ng theo c ly t trm gc nhn c tn hiu khi ca tng my di ng m vic nh thi n c m t <Hnh 2.37> vo khng gy ra xung t trm gc. Mc d hiu qu s dng khung khng gim n vn cn phi o khong cch. N c chp nhn s dng khi h thng c tc bt cao, ni khng th chp nhn gim hiu qu khung d c thi gian bo v ging nh h thng t bo ln. 4/ Thu tn hiu nhm. Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu nhm t cc my di ng khng xung t vi nhau do iu khin nh thi pht v thi gian bo v v nh thi ng h ca tn hiu nhm l nhp ng b. V vy, vic ti to li ng h nhm ca mi my di ng l cn thit trm gc. V tn hiu nhm c pht mt cch tun hon t my di ng trong knh truyn thng cho nn vic ti to ng h m khng cn phi v phn mo u c thc hin bng cch duy tr gia ca tn hiu ng h c ti to cho n khi thu c tn hiu nhm tip theo v thc hin phng thc ti to ng h thng thng khi nhn c tn hiu nhm. Mt khc, knh iu khin chung l truy nhp ngu nhin v tn hiu nhm c b sung phn mo u ti to ng h. khng lm gim hiu qu khung th vic ng b ho ng h cn phi c chn vo 1 phn mo u ngn vi tc cao. N c th l ng b tc cao bng cch ng b ho pha u tin ca ng h ti to vi tn hiu nhn c. (5) Gim st mc thu trm gc bn cnh s iu khin chuyn vng lm cho cuc gi c lin tc bng cch pht hin ra bo i dch chuyn v chuyn t bo ny sang knh v tuyn khi my di ng ang gi ti t bo di chuyn l mt k thut iu khin quan trng khi cng trng ca tn hiu thu c ti trm gc b gim (trong h thng t bo tng t) cc trm gc trong t bo bn cnh s o cng tn hiu ca my di ng ngay lp tc. Cng tn hiu mnh nht ca t bo trm gc c nhm vo t bo dch chuyn v knh v tuyn ca trm gc ny c gn cho my di ng. Tuy nhin s pht hin t bo dch chuyn ny c s dng trong FDMA. Nu s ngi s dng tng ln th qu trnh iu khin chuyn vng s rt ln trm gc. Trong TDMA ngoi khe pht v thu cn c mt khe trng. Nn n c s dng th qu trnh iu khin ca trm gc s c n gin ho rt nhiu bi v c th o cng tn hiu t trm gc gn v n c nh gi l t bo dch chuyn.

5/ CDMA Trc y rt lu, do nhng c tnh ca h thng thng tin tri ph l rt mnh v mt chng nhiu v c li th cho thng tin b mt ng di, cho nn n c s dng trong thng tin qun s. u nhng nm 1980 do cng ngh bn dn VLSI v nh s pht trin ca k thuyt thng tin truy nhp phn chia theo mi trong n ghp knh bng vic iu ch dy trc tip c thng mi ho trong cc h thng thu GPS v Ommi-Tracs. Cng theo cch nh vy, CDMA ni ln nh mt h thng thng tin di ng i knh t cui nhng nm 80. Trong bi cnh ny trc ht, nguyn l c bn, c xut pht t l thuyt ca Shannon, trong dung lng thng tin c th t rt ln theo cng thc sau; mc du rng ca bng tn s dng (w) ln thay cho vic t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) nh hn 1. C = W log2 (1+S/N) [bps] (2.40) = 1.44W n(1+S/N) Trong nu S/N nu 0,1 th C s l C = 1.44 W (S/N) (2/41) V vy, khi W>S/N th C c th ln v hn, nu nhiu ngi s dng pht v thu da nhau theo mt m khc nhau th c th truy nhp la chn 1-1 gia tn s pht v thu.

Hnh 2.40 Nguyn l ca h thng CDMA y, hiu mt cch n gin qu trnh m ho ph khuch tn gia pht v thu ca h thng CDMA, nguyn l ca n c trnh by trong hnh 2.40. C th l pha pht, th i tng m ho v chn d liu m thanh c s ho (9,6 Kbps) c ghp knh thnh tn hiu iu ch nh m gi tp m 1,2288Mbps (9,6kbps x 128) vi tn s sng mang Fo. N c bc x qua ngten rng cch c ghim trong b lc bng thng c ng bng l 1,25MHz. Mt khc, pha thu th tn hiu thu t ngten i qua b lc bng thng c di thng l 1,25MHz v c iu ch vi sng mang ging nh phn pht bng b m ho gi tp m 1,2288 Mbps, cng vi b tng quan v sau s liu m thanh nguyn thu v gi tp m c lc bng b lc s. V s liu m thanh c th c ti to bng cch gii chn v gii m. ng thi s liu m thanh ca cc knh khc cng nh tp m v nhiu v s liu m thanh gc c th c phn chia v nhn c nh trong hnh 2.40. iu c ngha l s liu m thanh ging nh

(a) c bc x cng vi (c) vi v mi tn hiu bng c khuch tn t b ghp knh ging nh (b) c bc x t nten ra khng trung vi cng ch khuych tn trong rng bng 1,25 MHz. nten thu c th thu c tp m nn (g), nhiu bn ngoi (h), nhiu ca t bo khc (i), tp m t ngi s dng khc (j) m n c pht ch khc, cng nh sng thu mong i. Nhm sng v tuyn ny c lc trong b lc c rng bng l fo+(1,25/x) MHz v c cng vo vi b tng quan c fo=91,2288/x) Mbps ca c to ra pha thu. Khi i qua b lc, (g), (h), (i), (j) s tr thnh bng khuch tn trong phm vi 1,25MHz. Tn hiu khuch tn mong mun (b) b co li trong phm vi di 10KHz, nhng n chia s vi tn hiu mong mun (d) v tn hiu khuch tn khng cn thit s phn b cng ca chung (nng lng in) vn gi nguyn nh l cng tp m rng bng 10KHz ging nh (d), v vy (C/I) ca tn hiu mong i (c) tr nn tt nh l hiu qu khuch tn (128 ln). hiu c th tu khuch tn ny mt cch d dng, cng thc n gin c trnh by nh sau. u tin nu s liu m thanh 9,6kbps c iu ch ln th nht phn pht l a(t), h thng PN l C(t), sng c pht l y(t) th khi chng ta c th nhn c cng thc lin quan nh sau: Y(t) = a(t) x c(t) (2.42) Nu tn hiu khng gim v khng c can nhiu hay tp m th y(t) th hin tn hiu thu nh n vn c. Trong trng hp khuch tn ngc do n c nhn vi cng mt trong ca phn pht nn u ra khuch tn ngc z(t) l: Z(t) = Y(t) x c(t) = a(t) x {c(t)}2 (2.43) Trong , mc d c(t) l s ngu nhin th gi tr ca n ch gii hn trong 1 vi bnh phng ca c(t) bao gi cng = 1. Cho nn J(t) ging nh c trnh by di y: z(t) = a(t) (2.44) Tng t nh vy ta c th bit rng sng hon ton ging nh vy c th c to ra ti cng mt thi im pha thu. y nu h thng PN l 1 s ngu nhin bn trong th l mt trng hp tt. Nhng nu l nh vy th khng th to ra c mt cch ng thi mt h thng hon ton ging nh vy. V vy phi s dng s gi nh. 2.5.4. Cu hnh t bo 1/ Khi nim v h thng t bo. Do ngun tn s gii hn ca thng tin v tuyn iu quan trng l cn phi tn dng tn s mt cch tt nht. V vy khi chng ta thit lp mt h thng vin thng di ng, vn ct li l phi s dng li cng 1 tn s a im cch xa ni s dng cng tn s ny.

Hnh 2.41 Cu hnh vng Trong s cc dng truyn thng ca thng tin di ng th c nhng dng m cc my di ng lin lc vi nhau khng cn trm gc ging nh thit b thu pht v c nhng dng m cc my di ng lin lc vi nhau thng qua trm gc nh in thoi trn tc xi v trn xe c. i vi loi th I th bn thn ngi s dng kim tra xem c nhiu khng, sau mi lin lc. C th s dng li tn s nhng

hiu qu th thp. Mt khc i vi dng thng tin thng qua trm gc c th s dng k hoch tn s lp li mt cch rt hiu qu bng cch phn b tn s trm gc. Tuy nhin trong trng hp h thng vin thng di ng c trm gc th n c 2 loi: loi th I l trm bao ph khu vc phc v ging nh l lin lc v tuyn tc xi, loi th II l a trm gc bao ph khu vc phc v nh l h thng in thoi xe c. Vng l mt min m sng v tuyn c th n c trm gc v loi th nht l loi vng n, loi th II l loi a vng. Vng n c gi l vng ln bi v 1 trm gc bao ph mt khu vc phc v ln. C thng tin v tuyn tc xi, h thng nhn tin v MCA (TRS). Dng ny c cu hnh n gin c ni vi my di ng, cc thit b pht/thu trm gc, tng i hay h thng chuyn mch. Nhng duy tr c vng phc v ln th cng sut pht ca my di ng ca trm gc cn phi ln. V vy, nu c ly khng ln th khng th s dng ng ten mt tn s. V nu so snh vi dng a vng th n vng khng s dng li tn s theo a l v vy h s s dng tn s thp hn i vi a vng. S d gi l vng nh bi v vng ca trm gc nh hn so vi vng ca trm gc ca n vng trong vng phc v tng ng vi vng ny. Vng nh c cc c tnh sau nu so snh vi vng ln. 1/ Hiu qu s dng tn s tt hn bi v mt tn s c th s dng nhiu vng khc nhau c c ly tng i xa nhau n trnh nhiu trong khu vc phc v. Trng cng nh th t l s dng li tn s cng ln. 2/ Cht lng tt hn bi v vng phc v bao gm nhiu vng nh lin tc. Tng i d p ng c yu cu v c ly khu vc phc v, cu hnh v.v... 3/ Cng sut pht c th thp hn. Cn phi gim st trng thi v iu khin trung nhp bng cch trao i thng tin gia nhiu trm gc m bo hiu qu v tnh lin tc ca mt gc. Cu hnh ca h thng th phc tp. Mc d cu hnh ca vng nh phc tp nhng n c th bao ph 1 khu vc phc v rng ln v thc hin c mt h thng ln c hiu qu tn s cao. V vy n c s dng trong h thng in thoi, xe c v h thng in thoi di ng. Trong cu hnh ca vng nh th khu vc phc v ging nhiu vng v mi vng trng nh mt t bo v nu trm gc l li th n c gi l h thng t ong (collular). Mi vng c gi l mt t bo. Trong h thng t ong cn phi xc nh s lng v ln ca t bo bng xem xt a hnh, s lan truyn sng v tuyn lu lng v.v... c bit chng ta cn phi nghin cu nn b tr trm gc nh th no loi tr nhng l hng ca khu vc phc v v cn nng cao hiu qu s dng tn s nh th no. Vic nghin cu ny c gi l phn b t bo. 2/ Phn b t bo. 1/ Phn b t bo theo kiu tuyn tnh a theo kiu a hnh khi phn b t bo c b tr theo kiu tuyn tnh do khu vc phc v nm trn b, dc theo b bin hay dc theo ng trc gia cc thnh ph ln cch nhau vi chc kilomt th t bo c b tr theo hng dc v s dng li tn s sau mi vng. Chng hn, 3 t bo s dng li cuc gi trn tu cng, cuc gi trn tu ho v cuc gi trn my bay. <Hnh 2.42> miu t s lp li ca 3 t bo trn s phn b t bo kiu tuyn tnh. Khi khu vc phc v c kiu a hnh (mt phng) ging nh cc cuc gi ca cc xe c th rt nhiu t bo c phn b mt cch phc tp theo m hnh t bo lp li trn khu vc phc v khng c ch h. Phn b t bo theo a hnh nh sau: Mc d hnh dng t bo thc t phc tp do s lan truyn v tuyn chu nh hng ca cc yu t t nhin v a l, t bo s c m hnh ho v cc v tr t bo c phn b u n trn vng phc v .

Hnh 2.42 V d kiu tuyn tnh lp li ba t bo 2/ H dng t bo Nu ngten a hng pht sng v tuyn trn khu vc mt bng th vng bao ph c dng hnh trn. Khu vc t bo c xc nh bng cc im c cng v tr mc thu trung bnh gia cc v tr t bo trong khu vc lan truyn sng v tuyn v c dng hnh a gic. C 3 phng php bao ph kn khu vc bng cc t bo hnh dng a gic c kch thc nh nhau (hnh 2.43).

Hnh 2.43 Hnh dng t bo Bng 2.3 Khong cch tm gia cc t bo Kiu t bo n v Tam gic u (a) Hnh vung (b) Lc gic u (c) Khong cch tm gia cc t bo k nhau R R R

Hnh v (a) Trng h p t (b) Trng hp (c) Trng hp t bo hnh lc gic bo t hnh bo tam hnh gic u vung

ng ni tm ca khu vc gc ln nhau s c hnh tam gic u, hnh vung hay hnh lc gic u. Khng c bt k hnh dng t bo a gic phn b u no khc ngoi cc hnh trn. Chng c gi l kiu t bo tam gic u kiu t bo hnh vung v kiu t bo lc gic u. Mi kiu t bo c nhng c tnh ring ca mnh.

a. C ly t bo: Khi bao ph khu vc vi mi dng t bo th khong cch tm s nh trong <bng 2.3>. Khong cch tm ca dng lc gic u l ln nht. Bng 2.4 Khu vc t bo n v l khu vc gc ln nhau Kiu t bo n v Khu vc t bo n v 3 Tam gic u 4 Hnh vung 2R 3 Lc gic u 2 R: rng ca t bo chng ln Hnh v Bng 2.5 rng ca t bo chng ln Kiu t bo n v Tam gic u Hnh vung Lc gic u rng ca t bo chng ln R (2 (2 ) R 0.59R ) R 0.27R R2 0.26R2 (2-3 )R2 0.35R2
2

Khu vc chng ln (2-3

R2 1.3R2 2

)R2 1.2R2

( 2 - 4 )R2 0.73R2

R : Bn knh Hnh v b. Khu vc t bo v khu vc chng ln: Khi cc t bo phn chia khu vc thnh cc t bo n v c cng kch thc v khu vc chng ln s khc nhau tu theo tng kiu t bo nh <Bng 2.4>. Khu vc t bo n v l mt khu vc c bao ph bi tam gic u ti thiu ho s lng t bo bao ph mt khu vc. rng ca t bo chng ln c trnh by trong <bng 2.5>. c. S lng tn s cn thit ti thiu: Do khng th s dng cng mt tn s v nhiu vi cc t bo bn cnh, cho nn s lng tn s cn thit ti thiu c trnh by trong <bng 2.6>. Bng 2.6 S lng tn s cn thit ti thiu. Dng t bo n v Tam gic u Hnh vung Lc gic u S lng tn s cn thit ti thiu 6 4 3

Mi dng c nhng c tnh ring ca n. Dng tam gic u l khng thch hp tr trng hp c bit v dng t bo lc gic u l hiu qu nht.