Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data Communications
PSTN
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR
BTS
ME
SIM
PLMN
+
SD
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM
PLMN
EIR HLR AUC
GGSN Internet
SGSN
+
SD
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM
RNS
GGSN
SGSN
Node RNC Internet
ME B
USIM
UTRAN
+
SD
– Air interface
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
– W-CDMA
– TD-CDMA
UMTS BSS
• Radio Network Subsystem
• Two new network elements
– Node B
• equivalent of a BTS
– Radio Network Controller
• supports a number of Node Bs
• equivalent of a BSC
• Obviously, UMTS has major implications
for the BSS
CDMA BASICS
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) splits
calls into fragments and send them over different
frequencies simultaneously
• The use of multiple frequencies gives CDMA
effective protection against interference and lost
calls
• CDMA supports true packet switching and does
not use time slots, therefore is more bandwidth
efficient than TDMA -- also a more direct path to
3G
• Current CDMA penetration in the world market is
about 27%
3G CDMA Architecture
GPRS 114
Theoretical
CDMA 64 data
transmission
PDC-P 28.8 speed
kbps
GSM/PDC 9.6 Source: ITU.
3G Systems Overview
3G Migration
SOURCE: CDMA Development Group (CDG) CDG Migration Diagram
Mobility Overview
• Future mobility will be provided
with higher data rates and
Ubiquitous access
– This implies the need for
seamless wide area and office
coverage
– Future remote access
techniques will mirror existing
to protect current investments
• Higher data rates and better
coverage will be realized using
disparate types of Wireless
Technologies
Data Rates and Ranges of Wireless
– Mobility across disparate Technologies
networks is a significant SOURCE: ITU
Mobile
Multimedia
Multimedia
Message
Browsing Picture Service
Messaging
SMS
Time
SMS
SMS=Short Message Service=Current
Worldwide “Killer Application”
• A basic text messaging service for sending messages
up to 160 characters to mobile phones
• Runs on separate channel from voice traffic-much
cheaper for operators to carry text messages (started out
as free service in many countries)
•Overwhelming user uptake in Europe and A/P --
billions of messages sent each month; very profitable
for carriers
SMS growth in Europe
60
SMSs/subs/month
50
Norway
Finland
40
Portugal
Germany
30
Sweden
20
UK Italy
Greece
10
Spain
France
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Mobile Penetration
i-Mode
•In 1999 Japanese wireless operator NTT DoCoMo
decided to launch its own specially developed
application environment for subscribers and to
open its billing system to application providers
• DoCoMo developed a programming
language based on HTML (cHTML), set up the
billing and distribution infrastructure and
manufactured a new breed of application friendly
handsets.
•The service was branded as i-Mode
Importance of iMode Model
• First to value the content/app provider part of the
business model--developers get the revenues for
application usage (minus 9% for DoCoMo to
handle billing)
• Enormous popularity with very large range of titles
and applications developed
• Viewed as a potential model for Europe & US
(investment in AT&T Wireless, launch with KPN)
J2ME and BREW Applications
Why Run Locally on the Handset?
• Overcomes some of the issues with messaging
applications
– No network/delivery delay in highly interactive apps like
games
– User not worried about cost of airtime or message
delivery; one-time fee for downloading easier to present
to the marketplace
• Can use processing power of device to add speed,
graphics, and logic support for richer user experience
• Simpler value chain for all players
New Phones Have MMS, WAP, Java (GSM) or
BREW (CDMA) – 400 million plus in 2003
What is J2ME?
• Java 2 Micro Edition
– Optimized Java programming and execution for mobile
devices
– CLDC: Connected Limited Device Configuration
– MIDP: Mobile Information Device Profile
• Creates a Virtual Machine that runs programs on the device
• Makes it easy for large Java programming community to
write mobile applications
• Apps can be downloaded from carrier sites, Java portals, or
directly from developers
• No consistent business model to support revenue collection
and marketplace management
– Nokia provides a marketplace at Tradepoint, but no
testing and billing services
What is BREW?
• Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless
– Also a sly poke at Java from its Qualcomm creators
• Like Java, BREW runs a virtual machine on the handset
– Allows user to download an application once from the
wireless network and then interact with content without
using air time
– Supports graphics, etc. to make it suitable for games and
interactive apps
• Applications written in C or C++ (or even Java)
• Well-organized BREW business model created and maintained
by Qualcomm
– Testing and “TrueBREW” certification for apps
– For 20% of app revenue, Qualcomm manages marketplace
Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs
• Wireless LAN networks, including 802.11 or Wi-Fi,
are growing quickly for home and office applications
• Unregulated frequency bands - Quality of Service not
guaranteed, but speed, low cost, and ease of
implementation are compelling
• Very suitable for local data transmission and access
outside operator networks - e.g. company internal
solutions or home installations
• Being endowed with roaming capabilities and voice
enabled devices to compete directly with carrier-
owned networks
Wi-Fi
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
• IEEE 802.11b
• 50m range approximately
• Data rates vary
– 11 - 56 Mb/s in theory
• Higher with some proprietary extensions
– 7 Mb/s is more realistic
• Walls can reduces range and throughput
• Number of users can reduce data rates
WLAN Overview
• 802.11i: MAC layer security using AES, 802.1x, and SHA…Expected draft for 2004
MAC
• 802.11e: QoS features in the air interface…Expected draft for 2004
Layer
Features • 802.11f: Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) for seamless interoperable roaming…
Expected draft for 2005
IP Backbone/
Internet
GSM/UMTS
CDMA WSP WSP
PDSN/FA/HA/Fir
ewall WLAN GGSN/FA/HA/
Gateway Public Firewall
& FA WLAN SGSN
PCF
Ethernet
MSC/RNC
BSC
BS BS CGF
BS 802.11 Access BS
Points
IP Address
is
Constant