Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents Page: 1
1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3
Electronic potentiometer for 10 V control input Principle operation Installation rules Circuit dimension Behaviour in case of installation faults Technical data Additional devices of the remote control system IR-handheld transmitter IR-wall transmitter IR-receiver for flush devices
2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.4 2.1.3.5 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.2.2.4 2.2.3 2.2.3.1 2.2.3.2 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.5.1 2.2.5.2 2.2.5.3
Observer General fundamentals Light and sensor Construction of the observers Dependence on the range by means of physical factors Fitting height, sensor inclination, terrain Motion direction Detection at the range limits Environmental influences Summary Function of the observer Electronic circuit, Principle function Influences on the observer by means of the switched lamp Observers (Motion detectors) also used in alarm systems? Single observer for surface mounting (AP) Observer 70 Test setting Observer 110 Specification of the surveillance field Spark absorber Set of blinds Observer 110 Test setting Observer 180/10 Limitation of the surveillance field Test setting Observer 180/16 Observer 240 Sensivity setting Push-on blinds Test settings
Contents Page: 2
2.3 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 2.3.1.2 2.3.1.3 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.6.1 2.3.6.2 2.3.6.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.2 2.4.1.3 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.5
Modular design Observer 180 UP Usage Version 1: Surveillance field of an installation height 1.10m Version 2: Surveillance field of an installation height 2.20m Waterproof construction Insert with triac Insert with relay contact Standard attachment Comfort attachment Operation with extensions Why active extensions ? Extension insert Attachment for the insert (System attachment) Observer system System power units System power unit AP (surface mounting) System power unit REG 1channel System power unit REG 2channel System sensors Connection Set-up of the Observer system Principle construction of the Observer system Powerful features of the Observers
3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.6.1 3.1.6.2 3.1.6.3 3.1.6.4 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.4
Devices with Automatic Time Function Electronic controller for shutter and blinds General Principle function Technical construction Fitting and installation Initial set-up Operation Display and operation elements Programming Types of operation Connection of several motors in parallel Electronic Timer General Installation Graphical presentation of the operating menu Technical Data
Contents Page: 3
4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.4
Electronic Transformer Application Principle Specification of the TRONIC-transformer Block circuit Output voltage Secondary wire Switch-on behaviour Connecting TRONIC-transformers together Installation Dimmer operation Operation at DC voltage Overvoltage protection in LV-installations
Current guard for control of low voltage rope and pole systems Danger and safety requirements of rope and pole systems Current guard Function Operating the current guard Combination of dimmer or TRONIC-transformer
Electronic Ballast for miniature Fluorescent Lamps Physics of the FM-lamp The technology of the FM-lamp Device variants Technical data
7. 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2
Overvoltage Protection in Electrical Installations General Overvoltages due to lightning strikes Overvoltag es due to electrostatic discharge Overvoltages due to electromagnetic pulses Ascertain the possible overvoltages External overvoltages Internal overvoltages Test pulses Components for overvoltage protection Gas-filled arresters Varistor (VDR-resistors) Suppressor diodes Combination of arc-filled arrester and varistors Devices with overvoltage protection Protection against overvoltage built-in the devices TRONIC-overvoltage protection module
Contents Page: 4
Socket outlet with surge voltage protection Line filter with surge protection Graduated protection Insulation measurement Notes for installation Coupling of transients Propagation of transients Technical data
Supplement
Contents Page: 5
Specification of technical data: The specification of technical data according to the product is described without guarantee in this handbook. The data have been up-to-date at the time publishing the chapter, but there might be changes in the meantime to follow the technical progress, that have influences onto the product then . So, slight differences in the data may occur. The binding technical data for the product can be taken from the manual delivered with the product.
Contents Page: 6
1.
This voltage peak is suppressed when switchingoff in the zero crossing point with a phase-cut- on dimmer. Phase-cut-off principle: The lamps are switched-on in the zero crossing of the sine half wave and are switched-off after a time that is adjustable by the user. No voltage disturbances can be created when switching-off because the voltage has the voltage zero. This principle can be used for dimming TRONIC transformers. The phase-cut-off dimmers explained in this handbook are therefore called TRONIC dimmers. TRONIC transformers have an input circuit that is slightly capacitive. A current peak is created in the switch-on moment by means of the capacitive load. This current peak is suppressed by switching-on with a phase-cut-off dimmer in the zero crossing point. Incandescent lamps are resistive loads and are able to be dimmed by both of the above mentioned principles. The user is free to select any kind of dimmers for dimming incandescent lamps. An advantage in many cases is the choice of a phase-cut-off dimmer. If lamps will reach their end of life it can happen that the filament burns through and a higher switch-on current is created. This is resulting from the ionisation of the lamp gas, and a spark appears. The fine-wire fuse of the phase-cut-on dimmer can be blown by the higher switch-on current and must be replaced by a new one. TRONIC-phase-cut-off dimmer contains an integrated electronic fuse and because of this there is no need of service. Phase-cut-on dimmer is designed with a radio frequency interference choke (RFI choke) to reduce the radio frequency interferences in the triac switching moment. These RFI chokes can be recognised by a small noise that can be amplified in bad installations by means of resonance. TRONIC-phase-cut-off dimmers are staying for a 'soft start' because of its principle a RFI chokes is not necessary. Noise can not occur. So TRONIC-dimmers are very interesting alternatives to dimm incandescent lamps or also low voltage halogen lamps.
1.1
The requirements on a modern lighting equipment with special functions become increasingly higher. In many cases you have to guarantee the high light intensity and, for example also to adjust a nice atmosphere in the evening hours. Modern lightning ideas, as the use of low voltage halogen lamps will create special requirements on a lighting control device. To guarantee faultless function, for example an optimal degree of handling you have to select the correct dimmer for the installed light. The following list provides a selecting guide to the user, which gives information about the best dimmer according to its special requirements. Dimmer type Dimmer for incandescent lamp Dimmer for fluorescent lamp Dimmer for Low Voltage TRONIC-Dimmer
suitable for kind of load: resistive inductive capacitive
l l l l l l l
The above mentioned dimmer types are devided into two different principles of function. Incandescent lamp dimmers, fluorescent lamp dimmers and low voltage dimmers are operating as phase-cut-on dimmers and TRONIC dimmers are operating as phase-cut-off dimmers. Phase-cut-on principle The dimmer is blocking the current flow of the lamp at each sine half wave's beginning, and it is non-conductive. The triac (that is the electronic switch within the dimmer) is switched-on after a time that is adjustable by the user and the current flows through the connected lamps. The triac is switched-off with the next zero crossing and the lamp is also switched-off. This procedure is repeated each sine half wave, that means 100 times per second. So the brightness of the lamp can be controlled infinitely variable. This principle can be used for dimming of inductive loads. Dimming inductive loads as there are low voltage halogen lamps with normal transformers or fluorescent lamps with inductive ballasts, will cause a voltage peak in the switch-off moment.
Before describing the technology of different types of dimmers in the following chapters a summary is given for the selection of the best dimmer that may control the desired load of lamps:
Dimmer
Power
Load
Incandes- HV Halogen cent lamp lamp Dimmer with turn-off switch Incandescent lamp dimmer Dimmer with push-change switch Incandescent lamp dimmer Incandescent lamp dimmer Incandescent lamp dimmer LV dimmer TRONIC-dimmer Fluorescent lamp dimmer Fluorescent lamp dimmer Touch dimmer Incandescent lamp touch dimmer LV touch dimmer IR-TRONIC touch dimmer Recessed dimmer TRONIC recessed dimmers Power booster LV recessed power booster TRONIC recessed power booster Recessed power booster, flush moun. Cord dimmer with rotary pot. Incandescent lamp cord dimmer LV cord dimmer Cord dimmer with push pot. Incandescent lamp cord dimmer LV cord dimmer LV cord dimmer 60-500 W 20-100 VA 60-300 VA l l l l l 40-200 W 20-100 VA l l l 100-600 VA 100-700 W 25-600 W l l l max. 500 W l 50-700 W l l 60-500 W 20-500 VA 20-315 W l l l l l 60-400 W 60-600 W 25-1000 W 20-500 VA 10-315 W 25-600 VA 25-1000 VA l l l l l l l l l 60-400 W l
LV Halogen lamp
Fluorescent lamp
l l l l
l l
l l l
l l
1.2
Theoretical fundamentals
1.2.1 Diode and triac Besides the well-known components as resistors, capacitors, chokes, potentiometers, glimm lamps, etc. also so-called semiconductor components are used. The simplest one is the diode.
Figure: Circuit symbol of a diode The direction of the arrow indicates that it allows the current to flow in only one direction. The diode is low resistive when a current flows in the direction of the arrow ( the voltage drop at nominal current is 0.7 V). It is high resistive when a current flows towards the direction of the arrow ("Reverse current", depending on temperature and voltage, size from nA to mA). In the following figure an equivalent circuit is shown which is physically not exactly correct. To simplify the thoughts, those complex and nonlinear procedures in the diode are shown as resistive loads which influences the current in reverse and forward direction:
RS
The above figure shows the symbol of a "controlled diode", which is generally called thyristor. Apart from the anode terminal A and the cathode terminal K, the thyristor has additionally a gate terminal G. In reverse direction ( + at the cathode ) the thyristor has a behaviour as a normal diode. That means only a small reverse current is flowing. In forward direction two states are possible. At first the thyristor is also "blocked" in off-state. Only if you let a current flow into the gate terminal, the thyristor becomes low-resistive in the forward direction. So its behaviour is then equal to a normal diode in forward direction (including on-state losses, temperature, etc.). The thyristor once " fired " (= switched into low resistive state) by a small gate current pulse stays as long low resistive as a forward current is flowing. Thus a thyristor can be turned on by a gate current, but it can not be turned off. The following figure shows a thyristor connected to the mains voltage :
1 I 230 V ~
ID
RD
Figure: Equivalent circuit of a diode D is the ideal diode ( forward resistance is zero, reverse resistance is ), RD is the forward resistance of a real semiconductor diode, R S is its reverse resistance, RS causes that the reverse current Is flows, R D is mainly responsible for the losses and the temperature rise. A power of 1 Watt is generated at a voltage drop of 1 V at R D and a forward current 1A. This power is completely transferred into temperature.
As long as you do not apply a gate current pulse, the thyristor blocks in both directions. Only a low reverse current is flowing through the lamp load what has to be neglected. The thyristor is turned on, if a small current pulse is given to the gate while the positive sine half wave is active (terminal 1 is positive against terminal 2, so that is the forward direction for a thyristor). A load current I can flow. The mains voltage is zero at the end of the positive half wave and with that also the current I. But if the current I falls under a specified value ("holding current", for example 10mA), the thyristor itself switches into the reverse direction. If the current should flow again in the next positive half wave, a new firing is necessary. It means, that a new gate pulse has to be applied. Basically a thyristor can let the current flow into an only direction. You can imagine a thyristor as a relay in self-holding circuit in series with a diode, as shown in figure, thyristor function imitation.:
G W2 W1
These components only have one gate (so a triac is not only "two thyristors in one housing", so you should have two gate terminals that must be controlled alternately with gate pulses of different polarities. You can see this in the figure Antiparallel circuit of thyristors). A mechanical equivalent circuit is shown in figure Thyristor function imitation in which only the diode is cancelled. Again the triac is fired by current pulses at the gate (but now with a polarity you like) and it switches off if the load current falls under the value of the holding current. In the following equivalent circuit you will find a reverse resistor RP and an on-state resistor because in principle the triac can also be shown as switching diodes (but this is strongly simplified).
A RS
Figure: Thyristor function imitation If the anode has a positive potential against the cathode no current will flow because the switch S is open. A short current pulse into the gate, which will flow through the relay coil w1, will attract the relay. The switch will close and the load current then will flow through coil w2, thus the relay stays on although the gate current through w1 will suddenly be interrupted. Solely if the current through w2 is too small to hold the relay ("holding current") the switch S will be opened again. Alternating currents (in both directions) can only be switched by thyristors if you design for every direction a single thyristor as shown in the following figure.
G W2 W1
RD K
Figure: Antiparallel circuit of thyristors Because it is very expensive, triacs are used to switch smaller power (up to some kW) in the mains, see figure circuit symbol of a triac.
230 V ~
The triac is no "ideal" switch. We would require from such a switch RD = 0 (so no voltage drop and temperature rise should occur) and RS = (so that really no current will flow in open state). In this context conventional mechanical switches are also not "ideal". It is true, that their reverse current of an opened switch and their voltage drop of a closed switch is smaller than triac. Therefore the triac operates faster than each electromechanical component and above al practically without wear. Only with that phase-cut-on controls are possible, in which a load current has to be switched 100 times per second that will be possible only for a limited time with a mechanical switch. A further function typically for triacs can be taken from the figure Triac function imitation. In this you see the differences to the mechanical switch: If the voltage between the terminals A and K will be too high, the reverse current through R S allows the "relay" to attract. The triac then switches without being fired by the gate. Because the triac blocks in
the next current zero crossing, current is only flowing for the duration of a mains half wave through the load in such unintentional triggerings. Such overvoltage peaks in the mains can occur as a short "flash" by means of incandescent lamps, if for example inductive loads are switched.
R T
230 V ~
Di C
connected triac increases suddenly to extreme high values. The semiconductor material is heated in so-called hot spots on temperatures that are higher than the allowed limit, and before a normal fuse element will be blown and a short circuit current is switched-off. To protect the triac from destruction under these conditions, a fuse is connected before which will be blown in case of short circuit before the triac temperature exceeds its limit. The fuse has to be designed on the other hand, that it withstands momentary overloads by means of switching-on. Switch-on currents up to 10 times of the nominal current appear because of the cold resistance of the lamp filament, but the triac will withstand without any damage. Finally the fuse has to distinguish not only different momentary overloads but also has to behave correctly in case of permanent overloads. The triac would become too hot if too many incandescent lamps are connected to a dimmer and the total amount of power exceeds the nominal power of the dimmer. For this reason the fuse has to trip early enough to switch-off also due to short time overloads. These different requirements can only be fulfilled simultaneously by a fuse with exactly defined values, whose timing is correctly designed to the relevant dimmer or switch type. For example a fuse is used in a touch dimmer with the characteristic value T2H250. That means: Slow fuse with 2A nominal current 250 Volt nominal voltage and a breaking capacity H, that means a current of 1500 A can be switched off without any damage at the housing of the fuse. Changing the fuse, these 4 characteristic values have to be observed absolutely and must fit with the values marked on the product. Otherwise damages of the dimmer or even fire can be generated. 1.2.3 Radio interference suppression Each current or voltage curve being different from a sine wave has current and voltage components with higher frequency. The steeper the curves are, the greater the higher frequencies exist which the curves contain. If a mechanical switch is closed, the current rises suddenly, that means with a high steepness beginning from zero to its nominal value. This is the reason you can hear a "switching click" in a FM receiver (approx. 100 MHz). This sole noise is not be sensed as a troublesome. So in switches no radio interference suppression is necessary.
Figure: Triac firing The figure Triac firing shows a simple circuit what is used to create current pulses to fire the triac. At first, the capacitor is loaded after each zero crossing for the time of the mains half wave. When the diac break-over voltage is reached, the diac becomes suddenly low-resistive. Through it the capacitor transfers its charge to the gate of the triac. The triac is triggered and stays conductive to the next zero crossing. In the following opposite mains half wave the operation is repeated. The moment, when the capacitor reaches the gate trigger voltage can be varied by changing the resistor value R
1.2.2 Fuses As triacs have - like all other semiconductor components have a non-neglectable on-state resistor (see figure Triac function imitation) - they are warmed up by the current flow. Because of the tiny dimensions the thermal capacity is very small. That means that the triac is warmed up very quick. The component will be destroyed if a specified temperature limit is exceeded (silicon semiconductors approx. 180C, components in plastic housing often with a housing temperature of 90 ...100C). The semiconductors are selected by the product manufacturer. When the product is stressed by means of the permitted load, the temperature limit will not be reached. In cases of overloading or extreme high ambient temperature a destruction by overheating may be possible. An unintentional, extreme high overload often comes up, when a filament of an incandescent lamp burns through. Breaking the filament, the fillgas is ionised by the appearing spark, and an arc in the lamp occurs which is practically a short circuit. By that, the current in the lamp and in the
Figure: Suppression of radio interferences Semiconductor components as triacs do not create such steep current or voltage rise as mechanical switches. The disturbances generated by them normally do not fall into the FM range. Otherwise triacs have to be triggered again in every current half wave. In the difference to a mechanical switch which generates only sole, but powerful disturbances up to very high frequencies in the switching moment, in the mains with 50 Hz the triac switches-on and off 100 times per second, and so it does not generate a disturbing "click" but a continuos disturbing noise. This noise disturbs intensively radio receivers and thus the law requires a wide suppression. At time, requirements are designed by the European standardisation committees to limit the radio frequency disturbances in all frequency ranges. The standard DIN VDE 0875 Part 14 (equal with EN 55014) describes radio frequency behaviour of household appliances and has to be applied also for the mentioned dimmers. The lowest radio frequencies exist at 150 kHz and so the limits of the allowed voltage disturbances of household appliances start at 150 kHz. Three RFI classes G, N, K (large, normal, small class ) have been fixed. Generally it is required that products of the house installation have to meet the RFI class N. A disturbing voltage of 2 mV on the mains wire is permitted in the frequency range 150 kHz to 500 kHz a maximum . In the higher frequency range the limit is fixed with 1 mV. This kind of voltage definition is defined as measured value, which can only be displayed by special radio frequency measurement equipment. The disturbing voltages are often given as a multiple of 1V in dB (2 mV are then equal to 66 dB, 1mV is equal to 60 dB). A series connection of a choke (inductance) in the circuit is an essential measure, because it reduces the current steepness and the cause of the generation of higher disturbing frequencies. A voltage divider is formed by means of this choke D and the anti-interference capacitor C. The higher the frequencies are, the more efficient is the voltage divider, as it is shown in the figure Suppression of radio interferences. It is an example of a lamp circuit switched by a triac. The resistance of a choke is rising at higher frequencies. The resistance of a capacitor is falling at higher frequencies. The high frequency disturbing voltage U 1 (approx. 1 V at 150 kHz), generated by the triac so sees in D a high resistance. On the other hand C is low -resistive for these voltages. In approximation the disturbing voltage U 1 is set down to U2 according to the ratio of the resistances. The components D and C have simply to be chosen, that U2 stays below the allowed limit of the disturbance limit in all operating conditions. This simple circuit for the reduction of the radio interferences contains many difficulties that can technically be solved today only in an unsatisfactory way. As the figure shows, the load current flows through the choke. The iron core of the coil and the copper wire of the winding create losses. These losses are a wanted heat source which power is normally higher than the power dissipation of the triac itself. But the upper limit of the electronic installation device is exclusively fixed by the temperature of the components, every additional heat source is unwanted because it will decrease the switching power of device. The increase of the "leakage current", for example of an electronic switch is an additional unwanted feature of radio suppression components. As shown in figure Suppression of radio interferences, the anti-interference capacitor is connected in series with the load to the mains. So a current is flowing although the triac is switched-off. The current flows along with the triac reverse current through the load and is normally in a range of approx. 10 mA. An additional difficulty comes up, when the triac is staying in the on-state and the capacitor C forms a so-called parallel oscillating circuit with inductance D, as the following figure will show it:
230 V ~
C T
D T U1
Figure: Parallel oscillating circuit An alternating current i is flowing in a parallel oscillating circuit with a frequency, which only
230 V ~
U2
depending on C and D and it is substantially higher than the mains frequency. If this alternating current - in the figure marked with i - "falls through zero", that means its direction will change, the triac will block automatically (see chapter "Diodes and triacs"). If the triac is triggered at the beginning of a mains half wave, so it will not - as it is wanted and expected - block at the end of the mains half. It will block nearly just after the half wave of the substantially higher frequency, with which the parallel circuit is oscillating. In parallel to the oscillating circuit C-D only the load is connected as an attenuator. The high frequency alternating current is not only flowing between the choke and the capacitor. It is also flowing through the "resistive load", where the energy is transferred into "current heat" and this is taken from the oscillating circuit. If L is so lowresistive, that the amplitude of i is lower than the current value of mains frequency load current, then a premature zero crossing will not occur in the triac and the circuit will operate without faults. You have to guarantee that the load is always sufficiently low-resistive. This is the reason, a minimum power is fixed in the data sheet of devices operating with phase-cut-on circuits and having interference suppression components, apart from the maximum power. It is important, that the attenuation of the oscillating circuit can only be successful by resistive loads. Incandescent lamps and also halogen lamps directly connected to the mains form such resistive loads. Because of that it is only to be observed that the fixed minimum load will not be too low. The brightness control of fluorescent lamps has another behaviour. They form no pure resistive load with the ballast . For this a "resistive basic ballast" is always required which is to connect in parallel to load circuit.
For this purpose you should always use incandescent lamps as a resistive basic ballast. Even high power resistors are not suitable, because they are too large or become too hot. In addition, it is to see that the effective load that can be calculated from the resistor value (Ohm) has a difference to the marked power (Watt) on the resistor. A resistor defied with a maximum power of 25W may not have a power of 25W at an alternating current of 230V. In no case you should use other devices than incandescent lamps, even if we call them a basic ballast. This difficulties are more or less relevant to the designer of the product and to the installer. Besides of this, the radio suppression choke is a special problem to the user by an unwanted audible noise. This problem is caused by the basic harmonic of 100 Hz and by the harmonics generated by the phase-cut-on. This noise is also known in the use of transformers or other inductive components. It based on the magnetostriction of the core material. That is a small distortion of the choke influenced by the magnetic field. This magnetic field is alternating by the load current of 100 Hz and so the core is also oscillating with this frequency. This is the reason a troublesome audible disturbance exists. There are choke cores that have a less magnetostriction. We call them " mass cores", that are more quiet, but they have some other unfavourable features (for example the "basic ballast" has to be 20% of the maximum load due to the self-attenuation of this cores). So they can not be used in every case. The frequency spectrum of phase-cut-on circuits has a range from mains frequency (50 Hz) up to the radio short wave . The radio suppression components have no influence on frequencies lower than 100 Hz as it is shown in the following figure roughly:
But this means also, that all disturbances affecting on the low frequency wires (telephone wires, microphone wires, tape recorder wires, loudspeaker wires, LF measure wires, etc.) will still exist without reduction. According to this all the well-known suppression measures for low frequency must be taken into account especially for phase-cut-on devices: install no ring wires, lead no wires being sensitive to interferences in parallel to the wires with the phase-cut-on current,
if possible connect devices being sensitive to interferences and devices operating with the phase-cut-on principle to different outer phases, do not install equipments being sensitive to interferences directly close to a phase-cut-on device use screening and earthing measures for the wires being sensitive to interferences.
The connection symbols of electronic installation devices are standardised in DIN VDE 0632 Part 501. The following table shows an overview.
Symbol
L or
Meaning
The arrow is pointing at the electronic device. Connect the phase to this terminal, for example L1. The arrow is pointing to load. You may sometimes use the symbol "regulated load" for this terminal. In both cases, connect the lamp wire to this terminal.
sometimes also N
Connect the neutral wire to this terminal. This symbol is marked on the terminal of a heating transfomer Further symbols, but they are not defined in VDE 0632 Part 501 . 1, 2 Normally used for the connection of extensions. The specific function should be read in the installation instruction.
1.2.4 Insulation measurement The semiconductor components are located in the load circuit of electronic installation devices, that means they are connected in series with load to the mains. The reverse resistance of these components is not infinitely high, as it was shown in the figure Equivalent circuit of a diode. While testing the insulation, devices containing no additional mechanical switch can simulate an insulation fault by means of the reverse current of the semiconductor components and in addition by means of the current of the perhaps existing suppression components. The load circuit should be disconnected in installations with such devices (disconnect the load wire, unscrew the lamp, etc.). With that, it is guaranteed, that the electronic components will not be damaged by high voltages generated by a hand generator.
from a radio frequency or infrared remote device and transforms them into electric signals. A remote control is possible without trouble. In this chapter a wireless infrared remote control will be explained. It gives the possibility to set the same switching or dimming commands from any place in a room without connection wires, as it is possible by an operation "at site". The figure Multi-channel infrared remote control shows the principle. A movable handheld transmitter or a fitted IR wall transmitter serves as an external operation unit. The dimming and switching signals generated by them are transformed in a suitable receive electronic. They are transferred as a control signal to the dimmer or switch, that is equal to the signal of the operation key. The keyboards of the IR transmitter are existing of up to 8 separate operation keys (depending on the transmitter type), which can be assigned to 8 different channels by means of a 8fold group switch (A...H). The receiver only reacts on the operation of a defined transmit key, which is assigned by the corresponding channel adjustment. So by means of an IR transmitter, it is possible to control remote up to 64 devices from one place in a room and regardless from each other. Further extensions are in preparation, please ask for the current state.
1.2.5 Infrared remote control 1.2.5.1 The multi-channel-infrared transmit / receive principle Electronic dimmers, switches and push buttons offer the advantage not only to be operated by means of the integrated manual operation elements but also by means of electrical signals. These devices have an input circuit that transforms the corresponding signal into dimming, switching or pushing commands. We can assign an electronic circuit to the dimmer, switch or push button, which can receive signals
Lamps
Addr.gr. A channel 1
Addr.gr. A channel 2
Addr.gr. A channel 3
Addr.gr. A channel 8
B C .. A H
1 3 5 7
2 4 6
8
Handheld transmitter
Figure: Multi-channel infrared remote control
1.2.5.2 Transmission media "Infrared light" To design a wireless transmission of signals, different media can be selected, e.g. light, sound or electromagnetic waves. The question what transmission media may be the most suitable one, can not be answered in general, because advantages and disadvantages depend on the special application. The infrared light is most suitable to control remote dimmers and electronic switches in one room. Many reasons are found for that: infrared light is not visible so that no visual adverse effects exist, influences by disturbances are on the lowest level using infrared light transmission the optoelectronic components used for transmission and reception of the infrared signal (semiconductor diodes) have small dimensions and they are very resistiant against mechanical shock - important for a handheld transmitter ! A small time is used for the transmission of a coded signal, which is necessary for the channel interpretation. infrared light is spreading out only in a single room, comes partially through glass, is well reflected by bright areas- and so it behaves exactly as the visible light.
The figure Function of the IR remote control shows the transmission way from the physical view. When the transmit keys are operated, a signal pattern is created that is translated into infrared light by the semiconductor diode. The infrared
light sent out by the transmitter crosses the distance to the receiver. The receiver also contains an optoelectronic semiconductor diode, which transforms the light signal back into the original electrical signal pattern. In the following interpretation circuit it can be read out which channel, that means also which key, has been operated. The duration of the signal marks the kind of command and is corresponding to the operation time of the transmit key. The relevant switch or dimm command is then connected to electronic device. The infrared light used for the remote control lies on the long-wave side of the visible light (in contrast to the ultraviolet light = short wave side) near to the beginning of the thermal radiation. The optoelectronic semiconductor diodes used in the transmitter and receiver fit together. When an electric voltage is applied, the transmitting diode generates a wave length of 950 nm (nanometer), whereupon the receiving diode reacts very sensitively on that. As a reaction it produces a current being proportional to the incidenting light, i.e. an electrical signal is recovered and evaluated and interpreted by the following circuit. Because of the selective behaviour of the receiving diode, the visible light that lies in the range of 400 - 780 nm has no influence on the function of the remote control. Nevertheless also visible light can contain considerable infrared parts, specially artificial light. So that they do not affect the function, these parts have to be separated from the transmitted signal.
IR transmission distance
Key
1.2.5.3 The switched infrared light used as the carrier signal The intensity of the infrared part contained in the visible light, is almost constant, while it is observed for a relatively short time. At artificial light, for example at lamp bulbs' light, it moves in the 100 Hz rhythm (as well as the visible part, but the human eye does not notice these variations because it acts too inertly). The intensity of the infrared signal is alternating to make a better distinction. However, it alternates
very more quickly and powerfully, as it occurs usually in the undesirable infrared parts of the visible light. The transmitted signal is continuously switched on and off, whereby a cycle lasts 2,2 s (22/10.000.000 seconds). This corresponds to a switching frequency of 1/2,2 s =455 kHz. The ratio of the pulse and break times is therefore 1:1. The figure Pulse width modulation shows the timing of the intensity.
It is ensured by means of suitable circuit measures in the receiver, that only these high frequent information signals will arrive for further processing. Thus the most occurring low frequent or constant infrared parts of the visible light have no influence on the functional safety of the remote control. Still another further advantage is given by means of switching-on and off the transmitted signal: To achieve a sufficient range, the intensity of the transmitted signal should be as high as possible. However the possibilities are limited by the maximum allowed operating current of the transmitting diode. So the maximum achievable light intensity is depending on the current. But the operating current may be essentially higher if it only flows shortly and is then interrupted - this is the case by means of the transmitted signal. The intensity of a light pulse is therefore essentially higher as it should be at a continuous operation. Consequently the sensivity of the receiver does not need to be increased unnecessarily, whereby the influence of the disturbing light will be decreased. The channel decoder electronic serves mainly to sense and to make a difference among the eight channels. For that the transmitted signal carries further information and therefore it is called as carrier signal.
active cycles of 1.1 s, separated by 7 breaks of 1.1 s. The total pulse lasts 15 x 1.1 s, as it is shown in the figure Pulse width modulation. When the next pulse of 8 carrier oscillations follows now in a distance of 7.59 ms, the transmitter interprets this as a bit with the value "1". If the next pulse will already follow in a distance of 5,06 ms, the transmitter will interpret this as a bit with the value "0", see figure Pulse width modulation.
16,5 s
1,1 s 1,1 s
455 kHz
Figure: Pulse width modulation By means of that procedure, a complete address is transferred bit by bit from the transmitter to receiver. While the data are transmitted each address is added by some accompanying bits. A complete bit sequence, that belongs to an information transmission, is called "telegram". While pressing the key continuously telegrams with the same contents are sent out by the IR transmitter in intervals of 132 ms.
1.2.5.4 The coding system The coding system serves to assign an exactly specified IR light pattern to each channel, i.e. to each device that will be remote controlled. This pattern must be known by the transmitter and receiver. This IR light pattern is designed by means of coded numbers of the binary number system; they are also called "addresses". Each numeral of this binary number can only assume the value "1" or "0" and is called as a bit (binary digit) Each load that is remote controlled gets an address; so a special bit sequence is assign to it. This address is coded in the infrared signal that is radiated by the transmitter. The IR receiver installed in the room read this encoded IR light and only trigger a process in the following load, if the IR light will contain the assigned address. In this way, many loads can be addressed independently on each other by one transmitter.
How does a telegram look like? A telegram is composed of 12 bit, as shown in the figure Complete telegram. It starts with 2 "toggle bits" T0 and T1. The toggle bits change their state at each new key operation, even if the address of the new telegram has changed. If a telegram should be lost in a telegram sequence, e.g. a person runs through the IR beam the IR receiver can recognise by means of the toggle bit of the next following telegram that a transmission gap has occurred or if the transmit key was pressed again, and the IR receiver switches the load accordingly.
How is the coding in IR light managed? A pulse width modulation with a carrier is used. Firstly a pulse with 8 oscillations of the 455 kHz IR carrier signal is transmitted. It is composed of 8
This function can however only be realised in remote control systems with pure switching operations. In systems with switching and dimming operation this decoding would create malfunctions, because it is not distinguished between small switching and long dimming telegrams. For this reason the toggle bits are not evaluated in the receiver of the remote control system described here . Four "subsystem addresses" SA3..SA0 follow. It has been defined internationally that telegrams of IR remote control with the applications of the area "switching and dimming light" should work under the subsystem addresses 14 or 15. For this reason the subsystem address 15 is used in this telegrams. The number 15 is realised as the binary sequence "1 1 0 1" (it is not identical with the 15 of the binary code 1111, since here a special code is designed). Now 6 address bits "A5..A0" follow. They serve for the distinction of every load.
According to the key operation of the 4 channel transmitter, the address bit A0 and A1 are set differently, since this covers 4 different possibilities. The key operation of a 8 channel transmitter changes additionally the address bit A2, since 8 different addresses are required. By means of the 8fold group switch of the 64 channel handheld transmitter the address bits A3 to A5 can be set differently whose further content is determined by the keys 1 to 8. In normal use the group switch is set on position "A". While a bit with the information "1" needs a longer transmission time than a bit with the information "0", the telegram length is variable. Theoretically the telegrams can be long from 12x bit "0" (5.06 ms) = approx. 60 ms up to 12x bit "1" (7.59 ms) = approx. 90 ms . If a transmit key is pressed continuously, telegrams are always sent, that have a constant distance of t w = 132 ms, i.e. the transmission duration is always completed by a break of 132 ms.
t W = 132 ms
T1
T0
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
T1
Toggle-Bit
Address bit
Resistance against disturbances: If a signal is transmitted at the limit of the range, the receiver can get telegrams with gaps. If bits are missing in the telegram or also only one oscillation of the 455 kHz of a pulse is missing, the telegram is not decoded. The IR receiver filters frequencies under and above the 455 kHz carrier frequency using a band pass. This is the reason they are not decoded. Here the advantage of this remote control system is visible, because the mentioned carrier frequency is not used in other light applications. The transmission range of traditional remote controls which are operating with 20 to 50 kHz, is essentially reduced by the light of fluorescent lamps. That is also the range of fluorescent lamps operating with electronic ballasts. If IR light parts with 455 kHz from another source (for example other remote control system) should interfere a telegram, it is not switched unintentionally because telegrams containing more pulses as needed for the transmission, shall not be decoded. We can say as a result of this, that the mentioned procedure of a telegram transmission is extremely resistant against disturbances.
1.3
1.3.1 Switches 1.3.1.1 Push-relay switch The push-relay switch serves to switch-on and off manually electrical loads and has with it the known functions of traditional light switches. Nevertheless in contrast it owns an important additional feature, so it finds applications that are not suitable for mechanical switches. An electronic memory in the push-relay switch, a so-called flip flop, saves the respective switch state (further information in chap. 1.3.1.2 IRswitches). The flip flop can only save the switch state "On" or "Off", if it is continuously supplied with the operating voltage, which is for this device not generated from a battery but from the mains . No operating voltage will exist consequently, if the mains fails. In that case the flip flop loses its memory and falls back into the "Off" switching position, in which it will stay after the mains voltage return - that is also the flip flop voltage return. Then a new manual operation is necessary to switch-on the device . In case of short mains failures with a duration less than 0.2 sec the switch state "On" remains however , because in this time the capacitor of the operating voltage is sufficiently supplied with voltage. The current "On"-switching position is deleted certainly after more than 2 seconds . This feature (which by the way is also implemented in the touch-dimmer and the relevant devices of the IR-system) is used for central controls to save energy: In example in office rooms, it very often seen that the lighting is not switched off at sufficient daylight. In this cases it is possible to prevent the light "burning" unnecessarily by means of central switching-off the mains for a short time. Push-relay switches may be used for this purpose. If the current natural brightness in a room is not sufficient, the light can be switched-on immediately after the short mains interruption. Switching-off the mains can be performed repeatedly within the day and it can be controlled automatically by means of clock switches and an outdoor brightness sensor. It is our experience that considerable energy costs can be saved due to this process.
1.3.1.2 IR switches If a remote control is installed to control comfortably the lighting, IR-dimmers are normally used, since they can both switching as well as dimming. The maximal power rating is limited to 500W due to the use of semiconductor components as switches in IR-dimmer and due to the heat generation of them in the devices. Moreover the correct dimmer has to be selected to the corresponding kind of lamp. In some situations, where the remote control is the main aspect, the brightness control is cancelled. In this cases the mentioned disadvantages of the IRdimmer no longer applies by using the IRswitches. Following advantages are resulting without the dimming function: Replacing the triac used in dimmers, a mechanical contact takes the function of the load switch. Thereby no radio frequency interferences are generated, so no suppression components are necessary. Missing the triac and the suppressing choke, only low heat is created in the IR-switch and that was the reason of the maximum power limitation. Because IR-switches do not contain RFI suppression components, a minimum load as well as the usual basic load for the control of fluorescent lamps is not required. Therefore loads within the range of 0 - 1000W can be switched. By means of the figure Principle circuit of an IRswitch the function of the IR-switch is explained. The device needs the connection of the neutral conductor, otherwise the electronic of the IRswitch will not be supplied with voltage, if the switch S is closed. The load switch S is a part of the relay Re, which is attracted by the switching transistor T1.
L N
La N D1 R3 R4 R5 T2 1 UB T1 Z C1 R2 IRK recei. to further K extension units
R1 A S Re
FFIC
Debounce logic
Si
The resistor R1 limits the energizing current of the relay onto a maximum allowed value. The diode D1 allows solely a negative energizing current, since T1 is only able to switch that. By means of suitable measures the fall-out delay time of the relay is increased, so that the switching contact is also closed at the positive mains half wave (10 ms), altough no energizing current is flowing. The control voltage of T1 for holding the corresponding switching state is created by the control electronic. It essentially exists of an integrated circuit with a flip flop function. The fundamental operation of a flip flop is shown in the following figure.
UB
In this case the operating voltage is negative and so the input and output voltages appear with the relevant polarity. The typical behaviour of a flip flop is that the output voltage UA only changes if the input voltage UE changes with the slope rising from OV to -UB, a falling slope does affect the output. UA falls back to it initial state, when a second input voltage step appears with a rising slope. In this way, the flip flop takes over the storage of switching position. Since it can take two stable states, it is also called "bistable multivibrator". A debounce logic is connected in series to the flip flop , so that a bouncing of the key K in the receiver does not lead to a multiple setting. It filters the very fast bouncing pulses of the key and allows only one switch procedure per keystroke. The current limiting resistor R1, the Zener diode Z, the charging capacitor C1 and the diode D1 serve for the power supply of the control circuit.
FF UE UA
UE
UA
The entire circuit is built in a flush mounting device, which is completed by attaching the IRreceiver onto the IR-switch. Switching commands ac can either be set by the remote control or be set by manually pressing the key or be set by an external push button.
1.3.1.3 IR recessed switch In principle the IR-recessed switch contains the same function as the IR-switch, described in chapter 1.3.1.2. But it is possible to use it in the ceiling, as a special housing variant was designed. The IR-receiving diodes are mounted in a small mushroom-shaped receiver housing, which is visible as the sole component in the ceiling after the installation. Thus, the IR radiation can be evaluated from all directions, 3 receiving diodes are assembled in an angle of 120. Since each receiving diode has also a receiving angle of 120, the reception of the radiation from 360 around is guaranteed. The filtering, decoding and control of the input telegram is set by the preamplifier IC built in the receiving housing, as described in chapter 1.7.3, see figure Principle circuit of an IR recessed switch. The receiving housing is designed as a key, that switches the lamp load directly. In case of an emergency (for example empty batteries in the transmitter device) the load is also able to be switched. IR-receiver and power unit are connected by a four-core wire: voltage supply of the receiver, approx. 5V (brown core) ground, 0V (white core) information signal of the pre-amplifier (green core) signal of the emergency key (yellow core)
As in 1.7.3 mentioned, the decoder in the power unit evaluates the input telegram and activates the decoder output corresponding to the telegram. Since the device was designed for the use with the 4channel IR-wall transmitter (chapter 1.7.2), this Recessed receiver is operating with 4 channels, i.e. the decoder has 4 outputs, which will be set depending on the telegram. The channel switch S1 is adjusted during the installation, see figure Principle circuit of an IRrecessed switch. The corresponding channel and transmit key respectively will then be evaluated, i.e. the relevant decoder output will be switched to the following flip flop. The flip flop stores the switching state of the decoder output and gives it durably to the "driver stage with relay" (see in the same figure). By means of its contact at the output terminal "" the relay switches the power supply of the connected load according to the state of the flip flop. The device operates in toggle mode i.e. each key stroke will set the flip flop into its reverse state and the load can be switched on and off alternately. As the IR-receiver, the IR- recessed switch reacts also on telegrams with the subsystem address 15 and address 1 to 4, only the address bit A0 and A1 are variable.
Voltage supply
L N
Pre- amplifier IC
green
1 2 3 4
S1 Flip flop
Channel switch
1 MHz Oszillator
Power unit
So the IR-recessed switch can operated by both with the wall transmitter as well as with the 4channel and 8channel handheld transmitter. If the 8 channel handheld transmitter is used, it must be guaranteed, that the 8fold group switch of the transmitter is set to position "A". Information: IR-recessed switches with other addresses ,e.g. B,C,D are offered on inquiry. The wire between the IR-receiver and the power unit is allowed to be lengthened to max. 10m. As the wire signals are on mains potential, you have to follow the creepage distances and clearances according to DIN VDE 0100. The lengthened wire shall not be installed in parallel to mains wires or load wires, a distance of some centimetres is required. The wire type LIYY 4 x 0.14mm is mounted by the manufacturer and is also recommended to the lengthening.
neutral wire is required for the voltage supply in the IR-push button. The IR-push button is only suitable for a latching relays with an operating voltage of 230 V. (As you know there are also latching relays with low voltage, e.g. 8,24,42 Volt) The IR-push button is not suitable for this applications, because the latching relay ( also called step relay or pulse relay ) stores itself the switching state. It requires only a short pulse to change the position - similar to the flip flop in the IR-switch. Therefore no switches are used as operation unit in latching relay circuits, but push buttons. The IR-push button is composed of an electronic pulse generator ( flush mounting device) and the attachable IR-transmitter, which is known from the IR-push dimmer and IR-switch.
1.3.2 Push buttons 1.3.2.1 IR-push button with single pulse In bigger rooms it is very often useful to install a so-called latching relay circuit instead of a 2-way or 4-way circuit. In this installations, push buttons working as a latching relays are installed at the operating places. This combination has the advantage, that only the latching relay has to switch the load current, while the push buttons have to be designed for the power which is necessary to trigger the latching relay. Latching relays are suitable in bigger lighting installations, because they are designed up to nominal currents of 63 A according to type. Finally, latching current circuit are well used, since it is an easier installation work. To use the advantages of a remote controli n these cases , an IR-push button must only replace a mechanical push button. The IR-push button should be installed preferably nearby a socket outlet, as the connection of the
By means of the figure IR-push button with single pulse we explain the function of the unit. The pulse generator is designed to a maximal power rating of 40VA. However it is absolutely sufficient to trigger the latching relay SSR. Therefore no mechanical contact is used as a "load switch", but a small power triac. That one requires a very small gate current, so the total voltage supply of the control electronic may be designed with very small means. The triac becomes conductive, as soon as it gets a control voltage from the monoflop (MF) IC and it will hold the state until the control voltage falls back to its initial state and the following sine zero crossing of the mains will switch the triac off. With it, the duration of the IR-push button output signal is independent of the duration of the key stroke. The duration is only determined by the time constant in the monoflop-IC as well as by the time which is running from the start of firing the triac to the end of the current mains half wave.
L N
SSR N D1 R1 Rt Ct T MFIC 1 UB Si 1 IRK recei. to further K mechanical or IR push buttons
Dr C1
C2
Debounce logic
Pulse generator
UE
The duration of the output pulse is designed by the corresponding calculation of timing element Rt, Ct (Figure Principle circuit of an IR push button with single pulse). Its value is approx. 60 ms and is in each case sufficient, so that the latching relay is sure to change over. By means of the mentioned switching mode only very less radio interferences are created. The components choke Dr and capacitor C1 serve mainly to protect the triac against mains voltage peaks as to suppress radio interferences. The rectifier diode D1, the charging current limiting resistor R1, the Zener diode 1 and the charging capacitor C2 serve for the voltage supply of the triac. So the bouncing of the attached key will not cause a multiple triggering of the monoflop IC, a debounce logic is connected in series, which filters these debounce pulses
UA
Figure: Operation of a monoflop The output generates pulses of always same length independent on the length of the input signal, where the start of an output pulse is coincided with the end of the input signal. The output only persists shortly in the new switching position and then changes automatically back to its stable state. Because of that the monoflop is also called monostable multivibrator.
External mechanical push buttons may be not connected to terminal 1, but in parallel to the IRpush button. Through it, the retrofitting using this device is simple. It is allowed to connect up to 15 push button in parallel, but you have to notice, that the neutral conductor has to be connected to every device.
1.3.2.2 IR push button with permanent pulse The IR-push button with permanent pulse is used as remote extension unit for power controller, which have an extension input "1". Power controllers with extension inputs are the following devices: Push button relay switch, IR-switch, IR-push button with single pulse Touch dimmer for incandescent lamps LV touch dimmer IR-touch dimmer IR-LV touch dimmer TRONIC- touch dimmer TRONIC recessed dimmer IR-TRONIC- touch dimmer Chap. 1.3.1.1 Chap. 1.3.1.2 Chap. 1.3.2.1 Chap. 1.4.2.1 Chap. 1.4.2.2 Chap. 1.4.3.1 Chap. 1.4.3.2 Chap. 1.5.2.1 Chap. 1.5.2.2 Chap. 1.2.3.1
connected maximum power will not be exceeded. Otherwise a relay has to be connected. The construction of the IR-push button with permanent pulse complies with the IR-push button with single pulse, as described in chapter 1.3.2.1. The only difference is that the monoflopIC with the circuit Rt, Ct is replaced by a nontime dependent amplifier stage, to switch the triac only for the duration push button operation.
1.3.2.3 IR extension push button 4fold Eb The IR-extension push button 4fold Eb is a 4channel push button with permanent pulse in a housing that is most suitable for ceiling mounting. The function of the four outputs independent controllable complies with the function of the mentioned IR-push button with permanent pulse (flush mounting). They are closed only for the duration of push button operation, as shown in the figure Switching operation of an IR push button with permanent pulse. They serve also for the control of all dimmers, switches and push buttons, which possess an extension input "1". Because of the different housings of these power controllers, the TRONIC recessed dimmer is suitable for the common operation with an IRextension push button fold Be in one false ceiling. However, flush mounting devices can be installed in a housing and put into the false ceiling. The attached short-stroke key of the flush mounting devices is not needed. Such an operation of the push relay switch has no problems, but using flush mounting devices the maximum connected power has to be reduced because of the smaller heat dissipation (see dimmer installation guidelines)
The output of the IR-push button with permanent pulse closes only for the time the attached key or an IR-transmit key is pushed, as shown in figure Switching operation of an IR push button with permanent pulse. Short delays of the switching time caused by the IR telegram transmission are insignificant . By means of the IR-push button with permanent pulse the mains voltage is applied to the extension input "1" of the power controller for the duration of the push button operation. Short pulses at the extension input (approx.60-400 ms) are identified by the power controller as On/Off commands, as longer pulses (> 400ms) are identified as dimming commands, if the power controller is not only designed to switch. Also other loads, which may be switched only for the duration of the push button operation, for example an acoustic signal generator, can be controlled by the IR-push button with permanent pulse. However the requirement is that the
The output contacts of the IR-extension push button 4fold Eb are built as potential-isolated contacts. It is possible with it, to distribute the controlled load circuits on any phases. In one load circuit the devices should always operate on the same phase, because potential difference of 400 V will cause the damage of the devices. The control of several dimmers by one output is not allowed, because in the time range from the switching command to the dimming command, the dimmers may interpret the commands differently. To increase the power, the power extensions must be installed. Further extension units can be connected in parallel to the control wires of the single dimmer or switches (for example flush mounting push button or extension unit type A), which will allow an additional manual operation of the corresponding load. Construction of the device: The IR receiving module, known from the IRrecessed switch (Chap.1.3.1.3), is also used in this IR-extension push button Eb. The following figure with the principle circuit shows clearly the differences of the decoder part of both devices: One of the address groups A to H is set by the address group select switch and the decoder would evaluate these corresponding telegrams. As described in chapter 1.2.5.4, the telegrams with different address group are different have different values in the address bit A3 to A5.
The decoder sets it's 8 outputs with the evaluated signal of all 8 channels of an address group. By means of the channel select switch it is chosen whether channel 1-4 or channel 5-8 is transferred by the multiplexing element to the 4 channel driver stage with relay. In contrast to the IRrecessed switch the IR-extension push button does not contain any memory components. The relay of the driving stage is only switching the corresponding output for the time current telegrams are existing. The emergency key that is integrated in the IR receiving module offers the possibility to switch manually the decoder output of channel 1/15, if for example the battery fails. So the lighting that is connected to this output, can be set to desired state. By means of the mentioned possibilities of selecting at the device, all 64 possible channels of the handheld transmitter with 8fold group switch can be used in the application. If the devices is controlled by a 4fold IRhandheld transmitter or a 4fold IR-wall transmitter the IR-extension push button Eb is to set on address group "a" and channel "1-4". The information about wire lengthening that is mentioned in chap. 1.3.1.3 is also applicable to the IR-extension push button.
voltage supply
driver stage with relay Chan.4/8 Chan.3/7 Chan.2/6 Chan.1/5 1-4 5-8 channel select switch
L N
IC
channel
pre-amplifier
green
decoder
power unit
multiplexer
1.4
1.4.1 Dimmers with rotary or push button In the simplest case a dimmer circuit is composed of the four components: Triac T, diac Di, potentiometer R and capacitor C2.
L1 N L UL
reduced by the firing delay time t Z. Because of that the power in the load is reduced corresponding to tZ (lamp is shining less brightly, motor is tuning less slowly). The triac blocks again at the end of the mains half wave (see chapter "Diodes and triacs") and the just described process starts from the beginning by means of charging C2 up to the diac firing voltage. Because the charging procedure of C2 can be delayed by R or increased, t Z can be set as you like and with that the power can be changed when required. If the RC path is interrupted, the triac will fire no more, the load L stays switched-off.
UT
C1
D R T Di C2 UT
UC2 UZ t a t
Figure: Simplest dimmer circuit The components D and C1 are required to suppress RFI (RFI = radio frequency interferences) additionally. The diac is an assisting component to fire the triac and can be seen as a triac without a gate terminal with a breakover voltage of only approx. 30...40V. (Looking onto the equivalent circuit in figure Triac function imitation of chap. 1.2.1, the gate winding is missing on the relay. The relay switches just at a voltage of 30..40 V by means of R s). As long as the triac T is blocking, a small current is flowing through the load L and the RFI suppression capacitor C1. A current with approximately the same value is flowing through R and C2. No voltage drop appears at the inductance L. The full mains voltage is applied to the dimmer terminals and (triac voltage U T in the figure Voltage curves at dimming a). The diac Di is also blocked. The current through the potentiometer R is charging the capacitor C2 (figure Voltage curves at dimming b). If the firing voltage U z of the diac is reached, the capacitor C2 is suddenly discharged with a current through the diac and the triac gate. The triac switches on by means of that firing pulse, so that the voltage U z falls onto a residual voltage (voltage drop at D and T) and the full mains voltage is applied to the load L(figure Voltage curves at dimming c). The load is not applied to the complete mains half wave (10 ms at 50 Hz), but only for a time that is
UL
t tz 10 ms c
Figure: Voltage curves at dimming Nevertheless a current of about 10...15 mA is permanently flowing through the load (current through C1 and reverse current through T). If working at the load current circuit of such devices, which are not disconnected from the mains by a mechanical switch, one have to be carefully! As long as the load is connected, only a small voltage is applied to L, as it will be shown in the following: For example L may be a lamp with a cold resistance of 100 and the switched-off dimmer has a "leakage current" of 10 mA, then only 100 x 0,01 A = 1 Volt is applied to the load terminals. But is the lamp is broken or is unscrewed from the lamp holder, no current will flow through the dimmer, and no voltage drop will occur by it. So the full phase voltage is connected to the load terminals and to the lamp holder respectively!.
1.4.1.1 Dimmers for incandescent lamps Additionally to the basic circuit shown in figure Simplest dimmer circuit, dimmers, really constructed, are normally completed with a fuse Si, a switch S and a trimmer resistor Tr as sown in the following picture
L1 N L
If the lamp is shining with only half the power, then half the power is taken from the mains. If the power is controlled by connecting a resistor in series, the higher part of the "saved" power of the lamp is lost in the resistor as heat! The figure Extended dimmer circuit is reduced to the circuit shown in figure Switching circuit Dimmer. It is presented in a simplified form.
1
S Si D R T Di C2 Tr
C1
2
Figure: Switching circuit Dimmer The switch S is very often constructed as a 2-way switch and so the dimmer can be used in conventional 2-way and 4-way circuits. Electrically the dimmer is a normal 2-way switch, that has an electronic variable resistor at its common terminal (terminal P, figure Dimmer in 4way circuit). It is installed like a mechanical 2-way switch in a 2-way or 4-way circuit. Using dimmers for incandescent lamps, in a 2-way or 4-way circuit it does not matter, that the dimmer replaces the 2-way switch on the load side or on the phase side.
Load side Phase side P N
Figure: Extended dimmer circuit The switch is very often a push-switch or a turnswitch and is fixed mechanically to the potentiometer. If the dimmer is switched-off, the load is really disconnected galvanically by the opened switch S ("leakage current" is zero). The fuse serves to protect the triac (see chapter Fuses). The trimmer resistor is once adjusted on a value that one can see the lamp shining also on a higher resistor value R (dark position) and the user is remembered to switch-off the dimmer by the switch S and not by an extreme dark position. As seen in figure Extended dimmer circuit, it is all the same to the dimmer, "in which way" it is connected (phase to or load to or reverse). Connecting the dimmer as shown in the figure, you only have to note, that the phase voltage is always applied to the fuse, even if the switch S is opened. So in accordance to that you have to be carefully, if the fuse is replaced. For simplicity in the following the complete electronic part of a dimmer is presented as a variable resistor, but one should always keep in mind, that in reality a dimmer is a switch operating with 100 Hz. It is possible to save power only by means of these switches: Only for the time the triac is switched-on, power is consumed!
L1
Dimmer
Intermediate switch
2-way switch
Figure: Dimmer in 4-way circuit A special form of the dimmer for incandescent lamp is the dimmer with a rotary switch. It is a circuit according to the figure Simplest dimmer circuit. The potentiometer construction is designed in a way, that the wiper can be moved out of the resistive path, so that the current path R - C2 is completely interrupted. With it no triac firing is resulting, so the load L is switched-off.
1.4.1.2 LV-dimmer for conventional transformers In the lighting installations lamps of different supply voltages are used. Transformers serve to adapt them to the mains voltage. If a brightness control shall be is planned, additionally a dimmer must be connected in series. In principle the dimmer could be inserted into the primary or secondary wire of the transformer. Technically the series circuit of the dimmer with the primary side is a success.
L N Mains 230 V
The difficulties at dimming result from the inductive behaviour of the transformer. We will rapidly go into it.
Behaviour of transformers The inductances of a transformer create reactive currents, i.e. a phase shift appears between current and voltage. The current is lagging the voltage. That causes firing problems in the dimmer for incandescent lamps, because the triac holding current is not able to follow at the firing point. The firing and switching-off are not unambiguously defined. That results in flickering and acoustic noises. If unsymetries will appear due to the firing problems, direct current parts will flow through the transformer in addition. So a transformer can be overheated and then it will break (reason: magnetic saturation - high self-heating) As LV-lamps have a special switch-on feature. In the lamps a switch-on current is flowing for a time of 300 ms (15 mains voltage periods), which can reach 10 times that of the rated current. Incandescent lamps have a switch-on duration of approx. 40 ms (2 mains periods), the switch-on current reaches 10 times that of the rated current. According to the construction or type of connected transformer varying high switch-on currents will appear. Transformers with a high efficiency (less stray magnetic field), e.g. toroidal core transformers, can create extreme high currents. But the current rush of transformers with more losses, e.g. iron core transformers with E/I or M cut, is reduced considerably. Because of these features some toroidal core transformers are not suited to be dimmed. The current rush is so high, that each fuse will trip. Even the 16 A - fuse of the house connection will be blown. The switch-on behaviour causes that slow-blow fuses are used in dimmers of LV-lamps. To define the requirements of this dimmer it is appropriate to study the transformer concerning open-circuit rated current short-circuit An open-circuit is occurring if all lamps are blown or the secondary connection is interrupted. That can be a danger to the dimmer because resonances resulting from voltage peaks up to 1000 V can damage the triac.
LV halogen dimmer
Transformer
LV-lamp
Figure: Series circuit of dimmer - transformer There are many causes for it. On the secondary side in halogen lamps higher currents are flowing than on the primary side. That leads to a high current and heat stress of the electronic switch in the dimmer. It is more favourable, supposed it is the same power, to switch a high voltage at low current. Moreover the standpoint can not be defended, that the transformer is operating if the dimmer is switched-off. So that in general a switch on the secondary side of the transformer is forbidden. Controlling the light of LV-lamps with conventional transformers connected in series, in general only special designed LV-halogendimmer are suited. These dimmers are working with the phase-cut-on principle, contain a special network (i.e. Rs and Cs in the figure Circuit of LV-halogen-dimmer) and are well calculated for this purpose. Usually used dimmers for incandescent lamps are only designed for resistive loads. In actual practice it is found, that an operation of the dimmer connected to the transformer can lead to radio frequency interferences or even damages. It can occur, i.e.: flickering in some dimmer positions blowing the fuses, especially at switching-on breaking of the transformer.
In case of the rated current the definition is unambiguously, so the dimmer is defined for this case. As mentioned before, the switch-on behaviour causes problems. We have to take into account also the shortcircuit because the LV-dimmer can also be installed for dimming incandescent lamps witch 230V. If these lamps burn through, a spark appears for a short time, which is practically a short-circuit. To protect the dimmer against such high short-circuit currents, fuses are inserted.
resonance step-ups can appear in the transformer and in the dimmer, which fault-fire or destroy the triac in the dimmer. Rated load: The resistance Ra* has a finite value. In the transformer the series circuit of L1 and L2 with Ra* in parallel to M is effective. A definite phase angle is resulting between i1 and u1, as Ra* is constant. The transformer can be operated in a definite load range. If Ra* varies, the phase angle changes also. Short-circuit: That means Ra*= 0, thinking Ra* is jumpered. L1 is in series with the parallel circuit of M and L2. Because M is 100 times higher than L2, only L2 is effective in the parallel circuit. The short-circuit current is only limited by the leakage inductances L1 and L2. Toroidal core transformers have a low stray magnetic field. So their power-factor is very convenient, but the short-circuit current can reach 20 times the rating current. Only the not drawn winding resistances are effective on the limitation. The short-circuit mechanism is also effective at the switching-on. The current is mainly determined by the low cold resistance of the lamp. The values are 10 times the rated current. Dimmer fuses will be blown, while they can not distinguish between a short-circuit and a switching-on current. A correct calculation of a fuse value is not possible. That is the reason because toroidal core transformers with a low stray magnetic field are not suited to control lighting. More and more transformer manufactures offer dimmable toroidal core transformers, in which the switching-on current is limited by a special construction. Transformer with E-,I-, or M-cut contain such a high stray magnetic field, that these problems do not appear.
Explaining the transformer behaviour: A clear description is possible by means of the equivalent circuit of the transformer.
Transformer i L1 L2 i2*
u1
u2*
Ra*
Dimmer
u2
Figure: Equivalent circuit of a transformer The equivalent circuit presents roughly a transformer and a dimmer. It is the meaning: L1,2 M Ra* = leakage inductances = mutual inductance = lamp resistance referred to the primary side i2*, u2* = output current/voltages referred to the primary side C = capacity of the dimmer S = triac as a switch. Now we will regard the 3 cases open-circuit, rated load, and short-circuit (switch-on behaviour). Open-circuit: Supposing there is no Ra* (Ra* = infinite), no current i2* is flowing. If the switch S is open, the series circuit of L1, M and C is effective. The inductances of the transformer and the capacity of the dimmer form a series resonant circuit. Because almost no attenuation will happen (the resistances of the wires are very small),
Construction of the dimmer The requirements of the dimmer result from the behaviour of the Lamps and of the transformer. The diverse requirement lead to a design of a dimmer with following features:
universal suitable, largely independent from the type of transformer wide load range (20 ... 500 W) faultless function in the completely allowed load range of the transformer no destruction of the dimmer or transformer in the case of open-circuit a fuse protects the dimmer and transformer against short-circuit the high switch-on current does not blow the fuse.
energy. The dimmer serves as an electronic switch, which interrupts the current and electrical energy within each sine half wave a definite time duration. By means of the inertia of the filament and of our eyes we recognise only integrally the change of brightness. The time duration is defined as phase angle and we speak from phase-cut-on. The triac is used as a switching component: This one possesses special features: The switching-on is caused by means of the firing current, which is supplied to the gatecontrol input. A conductive state exists only, if a minimum current (the latch current) flows through the triac. The switching-off is not caused by means of the control circuit. Only if a definite current value (the holding current) is fallen below the triac blocks itself.
These features are added by the positive features of the dimmer for incandescent lamps. low acoustic noise radio frequency interference suppressed
Technical realisation: In contrast to the dimmer for incandescent lamps there are listed 2 special features. At first the phase shift being not constant must have no influence onto the dimm process. For that circuit measures are necessary. Secondly the switch-on current may not blow the fuse. So slow-blow fuses are fused.
The firing current is generated from the mains voltage, the firing time is selected by a time circuit (in figure Circuit of the LV-halogen lampdimmer: Rv, P, C)
L N L1
Circuit measures: The following figure shows the principle of a LVhalogen lamp-dimmer.
L N Mains 230 V
C1 RS iC
RV
CS
iT
Tr
P RH Di
iB
iC
Si
iZ
Figure: Circuit of a LV-halogen lamp-dimmer Figure: Principle of the LV-halogen lamp-dimmer If we remove the current source ic and replace the transformer by a 230V-lamp, so the dimmer for incandescent lamps is created. We assume, that it is known how a dimmer for incandescent lamps operates. Rapidly repeated: A change of brightness happens by the control of the supplied electrical As long as no phase shift appears between the triac current (load current) and the mains voltage (and with it the firing current, a faultless switching-on is guaranteed. The dimmer switches-off without any problems at mains zero crossing, because it is the identically with the current zero crossing.
By means of a phase shift between current and voltage he triac switches at indefinite time periods, the light flickers, dimmer and transformer are humming. The phase shift can not be prevented, if a transformer is connected. The only way is to compensate the effects of the lagging current. For that a current source ic is inserted in the figure Principle of LV- halogen lamp-dimmer, which is time-controlled. At the correct time it supplies the current to switch-on and leads the lagging current until the triac is switched-off. The figure: Circuit of a LV-halogen lamp-dimmer shows a realized circuit of a LV-dimmer with rotary potentiometer and push-change switch. The function of the current source iz is guaranteed by means of the components Rv, P, C, Di, RH. L and C1 serves for radio frequency interference suppression. Cs and Rs realize the desired current source function ic.
That means: T = slow-blow fuse 2 = 2 A rated current 250 = 250 V voltage D = breaking capacity Solely the marking of the permissible current value is not sufficient. In every case the fuse has to trip faster than the triac, the product It has to be smaller. On the other hand the fuse should not trip at switching-on. As using LV-halogen lamps instead of incandescent lamps the switchon duration is 7.5 times (300 ms:40 ms) longer, slow-blow fuses have to be planned at equally high current. The fuses are exactly calculated to the used triac type and so only fuses with the same values are allowed to be replaced.
Instructions for use: 1. Not all transformer can be dimmed, toroidal core transformers often create problems. Flickering, humming and fuse damages caused by high switch-on currents will occur. Please ask in doubtful cases the dimmer or transformer manufacturer which can confirm the ability for dimming. 2. In each cases the dimmer has to be connected in series with the 230 V - primary winding of the transformer. 3. A switching-off of the load on the secondary side should be avoided. 4. Please note the permissible minimum and maximum load. In doubtful cases you have to measure the primary current of the transformer. 5. Only use the permitted fuse, if replacing the fuse.
Fuses: Fuses should protect the dimmer, especially the triac, against too high currents. It is crucial, that the supplied energy and not the current damages the components. This is defined as current-timebehaviour (It value). Also for fuses this value is the main factor.
t/s
103
10 2
10 1
10 0
10 -2
10-3
1,5
6 7 8 9 10
I/I N
Figure: Fuse characteristics Fuses trip at different times although the same current is flowing. because of that fuses are marked as described below, e.g. T 2/ 250D
1.4.1.3 Dimmer for fluorescent lamps Basically a fluorescent lamp is tube filled with an electrically non-conductive gas and with two electrodes isolated from each other. If a high and sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the gas is ionized (the electrically neutral molecules are separated into positive ions and negative electrons. The result is that all negative charge carrier (electrons) will be collected at the positive electrode and the positive ones (ions) at the negative electrode. An electric current will not occur, as no electrons are additionally supplied. Just until the electrodes are heated up to red heat, electrons can escape from the filament (electrode and thermal emission). These electrons "supplied" from the heated electrons - are always attracted by the positive electrode, so they run through the incandescent lamp and allow an electric current through the lamp. The ions, which are heavier in comparison, hit the negative electrode and heat it furthermore to red heat. So the conductivity of the lamp survives if the procedure once has started. The initial heating (Figure Fluorescent lamp circuit) is normally supported by a starter (bimetallic switch filled with inert gas): If it is closed, the two filaments are connected in series and current is flowing, which is limited by the ballast V (choke). So the filaments will reach a sufficient temperature. The voltage across the lamp is practically zero and a start (gas ionization) can not appear.
Netzspannung
have only one winding, consequently two terminals. In the following figure the connection of a symmetrical ballast is shown, which has two windings and which are installed in the two lamp wires.
Mains voltage
Figure: Fluorescent lamp with symmetrical ballast Using symmetrical ballast the required suppression according to radio frequency suppression degree N can be achieved more easily. The current through the lamp is limited by the ballast. The filaments in the lamps are in such way designed that they keep a sufficient temperature at rated current to hold the current flow. If the current is decreased by any external influences (less current = fewer ions = smaller electrode temperature = current interruption), so the temperature of the electrodes is not sufficient for thermal emission. The current is interrupted, the lamp turns off. A control of the brightness in this standard circuit is consequently not possible, because if falling below the operating rated current the filament will become to cold. To control brightness it is then necessary to create the electrode temperature independently from the operating current.
Mains voltage I3 V I1 I2
Starter
Figure: Fluorescent lamp circuit If the starter opens, the induced voltage of the ballast is added to the mains voltage, so that a sufficiently high voltage able to start is staying across the electrodes. The gas becomes conductive and a current flows through the lamp. Then the voltage across the lamp falls to the socalled "arc drop" (depending from the tube length approx. 50...150 V). This arc drop lays below the ignition voltage of the gas in the starter. So that it will stay opened. If the ballast is connected in only one lamp wire as shown in figure Fluorescent lamp circuit we are speaking about unsymmetrical ballast, which
According to the above figure it is realized that the filaments are connected to voltage sources (illustrated as a battery), which only serve to hold the filaments on a sufficient temperature. As the heating currents I 1 and I 2 are totally independent of the lamp current I 3, the electrodes have even then a sufficient temperature, if the current I 3 is controlled up to zero. This additional heating is an important prerequisite to control the brightness of fluorescent lamps. It is generally required, regardless of the currently available, different lamp types, to control a wide range of brightness and to guarantee a faultless ignition behaviour even at the lowest brightness value. Further operating conditions required to brightness control, are largely depending of the construction and the physical features of the lamp. Tubular fluorescent lamps are divided into two groups because of their different behaviour in the brightness control. Group I: Group II: Lamps with a tube diameter of 38 mm Lamps with a tube diameter of 26 mm
As the fluorescent tube carries a filament at every end, the two can not be supplied by one voltage source, because then the voltage across the lamp would be shorted (the two filaments should be connected with each other). Practically special heating transformers with separated secondary windings W2 and W3 for the electrode heating are used, as shown in the following figure.
Mains voltage
W1 D V W2 W3
Figure: Fluorescent lamp with heating transformers The primary winding W 1 is applied to mains voltage and can be turned off by a switch in the dimmer D (which adjusts the current I 3 in figure Additional heating of a fluorescent lamp). In the operation of fluorescent lamps with heating transformers you must have a look onto extremely clean lamp socket connectors. In the standard circuit (Figure Fluorescent lamp circuit) the complete mains voltage is applied to an interruption, which easily breaks through small oxide or dust layers. By means of an interruption in the heating circuits voltages only small more than 5V are available (see figure Additional heating of a fluorescent lamp). Installing such a circuit, note, that the primary winding W1 of the heating transformer has to be connected absolutely to the total mains voltage, so the complete heating voltage is applied to the electrodes independent of the dimmer position. To achieve a better ignition of the lamp, so-called ignition assistance is required in transformers operation. By means of dimmer operation the lamp must ignite (in dark position) at voltages, which lay quite above the lamp arc voltage, see figure Voltage curves - Fluorescent lamp
U Mains voltage Arc voltage
The lamps of group I have been developed since times and are well known, e.g. type series TLM../..RS by Philips, L../..DS by Osram or F../..IrS by Sylvania. That are special constructions of the standard fluorescent lamp with a tube diameter of 38 mm that are used up to 1980. Since then the standard series with 38 mm changes to the lamp type of group II, the so-called energy saving lamps with type names Lumilux by Osram, TL-D Super 80 by Philips and 100/ES by Sylvania. It is not possible to control the brightness of these lamps with the current devices. Goals of the lamp manufacturers, to build special constructions by means of modifications, so that the control behaviour should be equal to those lamps of group I, had not success. So complete new ways had to be gone. In the meantime so-called electronic ballast (EVG) is offered, which make it possible to control brightness of a 26 mm standard-lamp, if they are combined with dimmers for fluorescent lamps or with 1-10V interfaces (see chapter 1.6). A special construction of these lamps is no more necessary. At first the brightness control of the 38 mm lamps, the special lamps of Group I, is presented in details. This is the conventional method of brightness control of fluorescent lamps.
While this has to process hundred times per second without flickering (without cuts), an auxiliary electrode is mounted on the outside of the tube. It is visible by means of the following figure, That the auxiliary electrode forms a capacity to the two mains electrodes (filaments).
U 2
U 2
The so-called "Tandem-circuit" is possible in principle. But it is only applicable to lamps, which twice the arc voltage is less than the difference of the mains voltage and the voltage drop U V, appearing across the ballast. Practically this requirement is only fulfilled by 20 W lamps, but they are not offered as 38 mm special lamps. Consequently a tandem-circuit can not be really installed. After the above mentioned items and by means of the simplified presentation as shown in figure Switching symbol Dimmer (Chap. 1.4.1.1), the difference to a dimmer for incandescent lamps is mainly the terminal for the heating transformer (Figure Terminals of a dimmer for fluorescent lamps).In comparison to the dimmer for incandescent lamps it is not unimportant, how
Figure: Fluorescent lamp with auxiliary electrode Since at least half the lamp voltage U is now effective on the short distance between the filament and the auxiliary electrode, sufficiently high intensities of field (V/cm) are created, to start the ignition. The total tube length lies between the two electrodes without auxiliary electrodes. So it is easy to recognize, that the ignition assistance is more important the longer the lamp will be. In case of the 38 mm special lamps the auxiliary electrode is already mounted or burned in respectively by the manufacturer. If necessary it has to be earthed according to the manufacturers information due to safety reasons or it has to be connected with an auxiliary-potential terminal of the ballast provided for that. You can take from the figure Voltage curve Fluorescent lamp, that the operation below the arc voltage is no more possible. By means of the trimmer Tr (Figure Extended Dimmer circuit) the dimmer has to be just adjusted, that the lamp will not be deleted in the dark position and will not flicker. Since the arc voltage and the ignition voltage are mainly depending of the gas pressure, cleanness of the fill-gas, and on the one hand these features are varying in lamps of different manufacturers and on the other hand it will change during the lamp life time and these features are decisively depending of the lamp tube length and construction, it is easy to grasp, that you can expect the similar "dimming behaviour" only from similar lamps (same tube type of the same manufacturer, same life time) Basically you have to note, that bent or coloured fluorescent lamps are not suitable to brightness control. The so-called "Duo-circuit" can never be applied in brightness control.
Figure: Terminals of a dimmer for fluorescent lamps and on what position the dimmer is inserted into the installation: It has to be installed, where the load wire enters, since the - terminal is required to connect the heating transformer to the "not-dimmed "phase. If a dimmer for fluorescent lamps is mounted on the phase side, the terminal is not applied to the total phase voltage, but to the controlled ("dimmed") voltage, as shown in the following figure:
false N L1
Two-way switch
Four-way switch
Dimmer
Figure: False installation of a dimmer fluorescent lamps Installing dimmers for fluorescent lamps you absolutely have to plan the "resistive basic load" with a corresponding value according to the manufacture's information, since a correct
operation of the circuit can not be achieved (see for details in "radio frequency interference suppression"). Not to overload a dimmer, the maximum load value of the dimmer manufacturer is to note! The apparent power consumption (and only this is important to the dimmer power) of suitable special lamps for brightness control is: 40 W / 120 cm = 95 VA 65 W / 150 cm = 150 VA These values have a wide deviation, and you are well advised, not to load the dimmer with the calculated value, but to keep a power reserve due to lamp deviations and mains overvoltage (and with that a higher power consumption of the lamp).The resistive basic load must be taken into account. To sum it, planning and installing of a continuous brightness control of fluorescent lamps with a diameter of 38mm it is to note: Conditions: An additional heating transformer is required. The starter is dropped. It has always to be removed refurbishing the lights. Only so-called VA-dimmers are suitable Dimmers for incandescent lamps cannot be used. An optimum brightness control will be reached with the fluorescent lamps designed for this case. Basically only rod tubes with 38 mm diameter shall be used! Installation: Use for each dimmer fluorescent lamps of the same length and type, thus a different dimming behaviour occurs, i.e. brightness differences
If possible, use 40W lamps. They operate with the best dimming behaviour in the lower range of the brightness. Each dimmer for fluorescent lamps requires a resistive minimum load of 25 W, the so-called "basic load". This load always should be an incandescent lamp. Other devices that are called "basic load" are not allowed to be used, because dimmer damages will appear. The brightness of the incandescent lamp is also controlled, since it is connected in parallel to the fluorescent lamp. It is to note on good contacts of all terminals. Above all this apply to the contacts of the lamp holder of the fluorescent lamp. The lamp holder contacts of lights are designed for starter with 230V. But a voltage of approx. 5V is supplied by the heating circuit, which can cause heating current reduction due to an oxidation or even an interruption. Because of this in lights that are pre-wired for brightness control, contacts are used, which has contact with aged surfaces and higher contact pressure. If required in table 3, the ignition assistance of the fluorescent lamp must be connected to the neutral or protective conductor. A faultless brightness control is only possible at ambient temperatures above 10C. Serial compensation is not allowed, but parallel compensation of the mains wire. A compensation of the control circuit is not allowed! Tandem circuits are no more recommended. Principally a lead-lag circuit is not possible. Using lamps for fluorescent lamps, the load and phase connection shall not be exchanged. Doing this the heating voltage will be dimmed!
Maximum permissible number of fluorescent lamps for a dimmer Max. number of lamps (pcs) Rated power of the lamp (W) Lamp length (mm) Apparent power Total apparent of a lamp power (VA) (VA) Basic load (W)
600 VA Dimmer 6 40 3 65
1200 1500
95 150
570 450
+25 +25
1000 VA Dimmer 10 40 1200 95 950 +25 6 65 1500 150 900 +25 Table 1: Load the dimmer with the rated power only in case of ideal conditions. Otherwise look for power reduction. Possible faults and its removal
Kind of fault
Removal
Lamp is flickering or goes out in the lower brightness range or does not ignite when turned on At first installation: Lamp does not ignite or goes out in the lower brightness range Different control behaviour after lamp replacement Lamp can not be turned on Lamp is flickering
Clean the lamp contacts (Use contact spray. if necessary) Check interruption of the winding of the heating transformer, which may be possible Check dimmer fuse Check the earthing of the ignition aid, if it is required Check, whether the lamp fro basic load is brightening
Brightness can not be reduced sufficiently or lamp turns off in the dimmer's dark position
Lamp only reaches the half brightness or Check the adjustment of the minimum brightness is not able to be dimmed Table 2: It no one of these measures will be successful, e.g. a triac damage may be the reason of the fault Attention: Dimmer repairs shall only be performed by the manufacturer! 20 % for internal devices in combinations with 3 or more dimmers.
Power reduction Dimmer can be loaded up to the mentioned rated power only in case of ideal mounting conditions. Calculating the power of fluorescent lamps the rated power of the lamp is not the basis, but the apparent power. Ideal mounting conditions exist, if: the room temperature, i.e. the dimmer ambient temperature does not exceed 25C the dimmer is mounted into a plaster or stone wall The dimmer is installed as a single device (combinations with socket outlets or mechanical switches are also accepted as single installation) The rated load of dimmer, i.e. the maximum permissible load must be reduced of: 10 % per 5C, exceeding the room temperature of 25C 15 % for installation in wooden, false and hollow walls. 10 % for external devices in combination with additional dimmers
Example: 600 W-Dimmer in combination with a 600W power booster in a stone wall at 30C ambient temperature. Power reduction for ambient temperature exceeding of 5C: 10 % stone wall: 0% 2fold combination (only "external" devices): 10 % Sum: 20 % Thus a maximum load per device: 600W - 20% = 480W
Power extension If the solution of a calculation shows a total load being too high, so either a device with a higher rated power or a power booster must be used.
Using power booster the lamp circuit must be separated into two different circuits (see chap. 1.4.44 Power booster). Power boosters are suitable for incandescent lamps as well as fluorescent lamps. Each Dimmer and power booster require one basic load of 25 W. If the total power of dimmers and power booster are still not sufficient, more power boosters can be connected. However, the corresponding number of symmetrical load circuits must be planned.
In case of power extension please take notice of the technical conditions of connection of electricity board/power stations. In Germany it is laid down today in TAB (TAB = Technische Anschlubedingungen, Herausgeber VDEW 1991 = Technical conditions of connection, publisher VDEW 1991), that in one installation up to maximum 1700W incandescent lamps or maximum 3400 VA fluorescent lamps can be dimmed connected to one phase. If the power calculation results in an excess of these limits, by means of an application the electricity board can permit a special approval.
Recommendations for fluorescent lamps used in lighting controls Manufacturer Type Light colour Colour Length lumirendering (mm) nous index flux (lm) Wei Warmton Wei Warmton Wei Warmton Wei Wei Warmton Wei Hellwei Wei Delux Hellwei Wei Delux 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1200 1200 1500 1500 1200 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1200 1200 1500 1500 3000 3000 5000 5000 3100 3200 3200 5000 5000 5000 3200 2000 5100 3300 Apparent Ignition power (VA) assistance required min. heating voltage (V) 6,5 6,5 6,5 6,5 3,7 3,7 3,7 3,7 3,7 3,7 3,7 3,7 3,7 3,7
Osram Osram Osram Osram Philips Philips Philips Philips Philips Philips Sylvania Sylvania Sylvania Sylvania Table 3
L40 W/21 DS L40 W/31 DS L65 W/21 DS L65 W/31 DS TL-M40W/33 RS TL-M40W/83 RS TL-M40W/84 RS TL-M65W/33 RS TL-M65W/83 RS TL-M65W/84 RS F40 W/CW/IRS F40 W/CWX/IRS F65 W/CW/IRS F65 W/CWX/IRS
Earth the foil Earth the foil Earth the foil Earth the foil Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth Do not earth
Heating transformers with a secondary voltage of approx. 6 V can be used for all fluorescent lamps. Standard lamps with a tube diameter of 38 mm are replaced by fluorescent lamps with tube diameter of 26 mm and are no more recommended for use in brightness controls. Fluorescent lamps with a tube diameter of 26 mm with the marking Lumilux (Osram), TL-D Super 80 (Philips), 100/ES (Sylvania) are counted as type series of group II. Brightness control is only possible with special devices.
Brightness control of lamps with tube diameter of 26 mm (Group II) The advantages of a higher efficacy or a better colour rendering index respectively of the socalled energy saving lamps with a tube diameter of 26 mm (group II) have been reached with concessions to the ignition willingness. The brightness control is not possible with conventional measure used for 38mm lamps. It is known since long times, that the efficacy of fluorescent lamp increases by means of an increasing frequency of the operating voltage. With that the ignition willingness is considerably improved at the same time. This effect is used to control the brightness of 26 mm energy saving lamps of the group II. High frequency operating voltages of the lamp can not be taken from the mains and have to be created from the 50 Hz mains by a suitable device. The following picture shows the principle method.
Dimmer Rectifier Inverter
It is transparent, that electronic ballasts are more complicated than conventional copper-iron-ballast. But they offer some additional advantages apart from possibility to control also the 26 mm energy saving lamps. The operating frequency, i.e. the frequency of the lamp voltage, is set to approx. 40 - 100 kHz, while the frequency lies above the audible range (< 15 kHz) and is selected not too high to avoid disturbances and heat. An additional advantage is low power dissipation of the electronic ballast compared with a copperiron-choke. So energy is saved and the device does not become too hot. Finally, an electronic ballast hardly create reactive current, and is almost operating as a resistive load (power factor cos > 0,95), so compensation capacitors are no more applicable. So, more lamps may be connected than in a conventional brightness control. If installing new installations a further important advantage appears. Because the lamp heating voltage is fixed constantly by the electronic ballast and is independent of the brightness, an additional installation of the non-dimmed and only switched phase from the dimmer to the luminaire is not necessary. With that the retrofitting from the switching to the dimming operation is very simple, while the current installation can be used without changes. Naturally, the new installation of the luminaire is not saved. In table 4 the advantages of a brightness control of the 26 mm lamps using electronic ballasts are presented and compared with the conventional methods of controlling the 38 mm lamp.
230 V Mains
~40 kHz
Electronic ballast
Lamp heating
Figure: Principle of electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps At first a direct current is generated from the mains, which is then transformed into a high frequency lamp operation voltage by an electronic inverter. The electronic required for that is composed in a so- called electronic ballast (German: Elektronisches Vorschaltgert (EVG). The limitation of the lamp current is performed by the electronic ballast, so that a conventional copper-iron-ballast is replaced. A separate heating transformer is also no more required, since the electronic ballast also offers the heating voltage.
true power consumption for 2 lamps with the same brightness Apparent power Power factor max. permissible number of lamps per e.g. 600 W dimmer Heating of the ballast Operating noise Amount of installation - luminaire - supply wires to the dimmer Table 4
38 mm lamps Special lamp 2 ballasts 2 heating transformers perhaps. 1 compensation capacitor e.g. lamp type L65DS 180 W 300 VA cos 0,58 e.g. lamp type L65 DS 3 lamps considerable 50 Hz hum
e.g. lamp type L58W/21 113 W 118 VA cos >0,95 e.g. lamp type L58 W/21 10 lamps less none equal no change necessary
Note: As a result of the better light efficiency in the high frequency operation with electronic ballasts, the true power consumption is reduced e.g. of 2 lamps of the type L 58 W/21 with 116 W at 50 Hz to 100W at 40 kHz (same maximum brightness). The true power consumption of an electronic ballast with 2 pieces 58 W lamps of 113W is separated in a) lamp power (100 W + heating power + electronic ballast power consumption + losses in the suppression filters.
disappears again. The triac then returns immediately into the blocking state. The RCelement, connected in parallel to the triac, is existing to supply the current after the firing until the load current exceeds the triac holding current. So, a normal incandescent lamp dimmer is not suitable to control motors. A small difference is given between the speed regulator and a LV-dimmer That difference concerns the smallest adjustable output voltage: Using LV-dimmer, the manufacturer has to guarantee that the adjustment of the minimum allows a remaining brightness of the lighting, that will be visible. Otherwise someone could work at live parts, because he is thinking, the installation is switched-off and could run into danger of an electrical shock. Thus, relatively high minimum output voltage of the LV-dimmer is not necessary for speed regulator and it is unwanted, because the motor is not able to reach the lowest speed. Due to that, speed regulators are equipped with potentiometer in its mounting plate. the customer can adjust the basic speed by means of this potentiometer . Fundamentally all one-phase motors can be controlled by means of that principle of phase-cuton control applied to speed regulators (induction motors, split-pole motors, universal motors). But a control is only sensible, if power must be controlled, e.g. ventilators (small speed = small air flow = small desired power), but not in case of drilling machines, which power must be
1.4.1.4 Speed regulator In principle speed regulator are constructed similar to dimmer for LV-lamps with inductive conventional transformers (see figure Simplest dimmer circuit, chap.1.4.1.1. and Circuit LV halogen dimmer, chap. 1.4.1.2). In speed regulators a suppression capacitor C1 is also connected in parallel to a series circuit of a resistor and capacitor, which on the one hand attenuate the radio frequency suppression circuit (see "Radio frequency interference suppression"), so that in spite of the inductive load no "resistive basic load" is required and on the other hand it is caused just by the RC-circuit, that the triac is switched-on at all. Due to the inductive motor load, the current in the load circuit increases with a delay. Often the triac holding current is just not reached, when the short firing pulse at the gate
independent of the speed (power = torque x speed, reduced speed = reduced power). This is in the opposite to mechanical switching gears, whose torque is increased equally to the reduction of the speed). The speed regulator is offered with a rated power of 600 VA. The rated power corresponds to a mounting in wall boxes. If the device is mounted in surface-mounting housings, the rated power has to be reduced due to the unfavourable conditions of the heat dissipation.
L N Mains 230 V Adjustment of basic speed Speed regulator Motor
L N
Control electronic
Figure: Block circuit of a fully electronic installation device The load switch, for example the triac, is triggered by the control electronic. It is influenced by means of an operation element, for example short-touch button K or also by means of an external electronic control unit. Since this can act onto light, sound or other physical quantities, completely new effects can be reached with fully electronic installation devices. However, already the special construction of the internal control electronic enables device functions with high convenience in operation, which can not be realized with mechanical dimmers.
Figure: Series circuit of speed regulator and motor 1.4.2.1 Touch dimmers for incandescent lamps The touch dimmer contains a control electronic, which takes different functions. Solely by means of different long operations of the short-touch key, both switching instructions and dimming instructions can be set. A short touch switches the lamps. A longer touch changes the brightness automatically. If a dimming procedure is interrupted, the brightness remains on the value reached at last. The control electronic has to notice: 1. Switching instruction "Off" means: The triac will not be supplied with firing pulses. 2. Switching instruction "On" means: Switch onto full brightness, i.e. the triac has to be supplied continuously with a firing pulse just at the beginning of every mains voltage half wave. 3. Switching instruction "Dimming" means: The position of the firing pulse varies automatically with a suitable time and runs through the whole control range from minimum and maximum brightness
1.4.2 Dimmers with touch operation The brightness is depending from the position of the potentiometer, if dimmers with rotary knob are used. That is also the time when the triac becomes conductive in a mains half wave. To change the brightness, the knob must be turned and so the position of the potentiometer wiper is adjusted. Consequently, a mechanical equipment serves for saving and changing the brightness value, For this reason dimmers with rotary knob are often called "mechanical dimmer". In contrast to this, fully electronic installation devices form a group of dimmers or switches, in that the function of the potentiometer is taken over by an electronic circuit. The advantage of this control circuit is, that the switching and dimming process can not only be started with manually operated elements, but also with electrical signals. The following picture shows the principle construction of a full electronic installation device.
4. Hold the brightness on a constant value: Firing pulses must switch the triac with the corresponding delay in each mains half wave. The figure Block circuit touch dimmer control circuit shows the function. The signal recognition detects either a switching or a dimming instruction set by the short-touch key. While the type of the instruction is depending on the period of touching, the signal recognition must get an information after which time it should decide for either the one or the other instruction. This times are generated by the clock frequency generator from the mains frequency. Three time slots can be distinguished: 1. Short touches within 0 to 0.06 seconds are ignored because they could be created by mains disturbances. No change of the dimming or switching state will occur in this period. 2. A touch period of 0.06 to 0.4 seconds is a switching instruction. This information is
L N
transferred to the brightness memory, which stores the new switching state and informs the comparator to create or not to create trigger pulses. 3. If the key is touched for a longer period (> 0.4 sec), the brightness memory gets the instruction to vary the brightness. For that, a counter is started which runs across a loop in approximately 7 seconds. At the same time the cycle counter receives a count enable signal. It has the same counting range, but it will run faster, i.e. within a mains half wave (10 ms). If the information in the brightness memory and the cycle counter fit, an instruction is given to the trigger pulse generator. The trigger pulse output logic serves, the brightness is not falling below a just well-visible minimum basic brightness during the dimming procedure. By means of the memory switch, which can be operated through the mounting plate, the control behaviour of the brightness memory is influenced.
Control circuit IC
Memory switch = Off If the dimmer is turned off, a switching instruction leads to switch-on to maximum brightness. In this case, a dimming instruction causes a dimming function starting from the minimum brightness level. The control direction remains, when the dimming is repeated.
Memory switch = On Switching-off by means of a switching instruction, the preceding brightness is stored and set again, when switching-on again by means of switching instruction. If the dimmer is switched-off, a dimming instruction leads to a dimming function, which takes care of the preceding brightness. By means of repeated dimming the control direction is reversed.
The signal evaluation can decide after the corresponding touch period, whether a switching or a dimming instruction is desired. So a switching process is started when the short-touch key is released. A dimming process is started with a delay of 0.4 seconds. The speed of the brightness variation is determined by the pulses of clock signal generation. These signals are derived from the mains frequency. Consequently, the dimming cycle time (for a dark-bright-dark process) of 7 seconds is only valid at 50 Hz. A dimming process is faster at 60 Hz (approx. 5.8 seconds). If a switching instruction follows a dimming instruction, the touch dimmer is always switched-off. Reducing high currents at switching-on the cold lamps, the control circuit possesses a "softstart". At switching-on, the brightness is continuously controlled starting from the minimum brightness to the end value. The time to maximum brightness takes 380 ms. Lamps, electronic and, above all, the integrated fuse of the dimmer are protected. Such complicated control circuits could not be designed with discrete components (transistors, resistors, capacitors). An installation device does not supply enough space for these components. This is the reason, the complete control circuit was summed up in an integrated circuit (IC). Nevertheless, some additional external components are required to complete the touch dimmer, for example the power supply of the control circuit. It requires a direct voltage of typically 5 V, which has to be formed from the mains voltage. The touch dimmer should replace a mechanical switch without changing the installation wires. So no connection of the neutral conductor was allowed. Hence the mains voltage is not directly offered to the dimmer and to its current supply of the control circuit. Figure Current supply with missing neutral conductor shows clearly, the mains voltage is applied to the dimmer terminals A and B, when the triac is in the switched-off state, the dimmer blocks (dashed line figure b). When the triac is conductive, the voltage U T is decreasing to the residual voltage less than 2 V, which is not sufficient for the control electronic.
To guarantee the triggering of the triac, the mains voltage must reach a minimum value to generate the required holding current of the triac. This process has to work also, if the triac is fired very early in a mains half wave. Figure b shows that always a residual voltage stays across the triac, which is sufficient, to charge the capacitor onto a value, that it can supply the voltage of the control circuit for the remaining time. The figure Extended
a) A Touch dimmer UT
IC
B
UT +UH
b)
t -UH
Figure: Current supply at missing neutral conductor control circuit is showing, that only a negative residual voltage is necessary for charging. The rectifier diode ensures, that the charge of the capacitor will not flow back into the mains and solely can be used for the current supply of the control circuit during the remaining mains voltage. The Zener diode serves for voltage limitation. Naturally also the touch dimmer includes the components C and Dr for the radio frequency interference suppression, which are necessary in a phase-cut-on control circuit. If the short-touch key is operated to set switching or dimming instructions, the control terminal 1 is connected to the mains wire. Simultaneously the mains voltage is the reference potential of the direct voltage supply of control IC. In off-state the IC control input S is connected to the direct voltage supply by the protection resistors R.
L N
R ON
Dr T
RZ
CL
Si
Touch dimmer
To further keys
Figure: Extended touch dimmer circuit Figure Extended touch dimmer circuit shows, that it does not matter, that the short touch key is built in the touch dimmer or is an external one. By means of this construction, it is possible to set both switching and dimming instructions from different parallel -connected push buttons. Since only two connection wires are necessary to the external push buttons, the existing 2-way or 4way switch circuit can be easily refitted without installation changes. The touch dimmer is suitable for incandescent lamps and mains voltage halogen lamps (high voltage halogen lamps). It can not be used in brightness control of fluorescent lamps, while it can not be adjusted for a basic brightness and it has also no connection for a heating transformer. For dimming of LV halogen lamps, a LV touch dimmer is to use which has been developed for this application (Chap. 1.4.2.2). In case of mains interruptions the charge of the IC operation voltage capacitor CL stays for 1 sec, to save the previous switching state. After that time the touch dimmer is in off-state. Because the internal required counter pulses are generated from the mains frequency, an undisturbed 50 Hz rhythm is necessary to guarantee a faultless operation of the touch dimmer. To ignore mains disturbances, the zero crossings of the mains are taken as reference, so nearly no interferences occur in that time by means of switching operations of other mains operated devices. But centralized multi-purpose pulses with high energy are used for remote switching purposes by the electricity board. They can be added to the zero crossing. In this cases wrong counts will be born in the IC. Undesired triac firings results and can be seen as a flickering, but they will disappear then. If the rated power of the touch dimmer is not sufficient, it is possible to connect Power boosters. Information is given in chapter 1.4.4 power extension.
1.4.2.2 LV touch dimmer for conventional transformers It is also desired to control the brightness of LV halogen lamps, that are supplied by winded transformers. A LV touch dimmer can be used, that has been developed for this application. In its construction all basic ideas for dimming of inductive loads mentioned in chapter 1.4.1.2, are realized and it possesses all features and the comfortable operation of the touch dimmer, described in chapter 1.4.2.1. Explanations to the figure: Principle circuit of the touch dimmer The components D, R,CI and Z form the direct current supply of the control electronic. The control IC gives pulses of varying duration to the triac that are depending on the operation time of the attached key K. These firing pulses are extended in an additional circuit to avoid,
L N
K to further keys
Si
LV touch dimmer
Figure: Principle circuit of the LV touch dimmer that oscillations of the switching-on current will turn the triac off by means of high load impedances The components C and Dr serve for radio interference suppression of the device, the thermal switch Th turns the dimmer off in case of overheating and turns it on automatically if it is cooled down. By means of the path Rz/Cz, the control IC gets information about the triac's switching state. So the IC recognizes a possible mal-firing of the triac and generates new firing pulses. The LV touch dimmer contains the following additional circuits, compared with a touch dimmer for incandescent lamps: 1. The triac firing pulse supplied by the control IC is extended in time by the circuit block "Firing pulse extension" (see figure Principle circuit of the LV touch dimmer). This is necessary to guarantee the triac will not return to the blocking state again due to the delay time of the load current. This may be possible, if highly inductive transformers with small lamp load are switched-on. 2. An additional protection against thermal overload of the LV touch dimmer is reached by means of the bimetallic switch in the load current circuit, which turns the device off in case of overheating. It returns to its initial state, if it is cooled down. 3. As it is well known, transformers react with humming, heating and possibly with a damage on direct current portions in their primary current. This problem is prevented, since the control IC monitors the switching state of the triac and with it the current of the transformer by the circuit Rz and Cz (see figure Principle circuit of the LV touch dimmer). If a direct current portion is detected, the control IC tries to remove the direct current portion by new firings. If it is not successfully, the control IC turns off. So the lighting is switched-off. The dimmer can be set in operation by means of switching-off and switching-on then. The power of LV touch dimmers can be extended by Power boosters. Information can be read in chapter 1.4.4.
1.4.3 Remote control dimmer 1.4.3.1 IR-dimmer for incandescent lamps See general product description IR-dimmers
1.4.3.2 IR-LV-dimmers for conventional transformers see general product description IR-dimmers
mentioned in chapter 1.4.2.1, may occur also in IR-dimmers. They are influencing directly the control electronic of the dimmer and can not be suppressed by the IR receiver. In the same way all other possibilities and special features are applicable to the IR dimmer, that have been described to the touch dimmer (chapter 1.4.2.1), i.e. the connection of additional external push buttons, information about the kind of load. The range of an IR handheld transmitter is very depending from the place in relation to the receiver. The range is reduced by a radiation from the side or the receiver is mounted in the shadow of the furniture. In most cases even a signal transmission "round the corner" is enabled by means of the high sensitivity of the receiver. IR signals are often reflected intensively enough by the opposite walls. Working on the limit of the range, malfunctions may occur, but that does not indicate any defect in the product. A telegram has to be detected for a longer period of the transmission of a dimm command. If transmission gaps will exist in the limit range, the results are interruptions in the dimming operation and on/off switchings. By that, it can be explained, switching commands can be better transmitted, as they need an essential shorter transmission time. Similar effects are not known using IR-switches or IR-push buttons. These devices have either received or not received the command, so the switching command has to be repeated, if necessary. This is well known from the TV remote controls.
General product description of the IRdimmer: The touch dimmers for incandescent lamps and touch dimmers for LV-halogen lighting with conventional inductive transformers that are described in chapter 1.4.2.1 and 1.4.2.2, are offered as a variant, which allows the operation by an IR remote control. These variants are electrically and functionally not very differently, but the mounting plates of the remote controlled devices have 3 contact sockets in addition. They serve for the inserting of the contact pins of the IR receiver of the flush mounting devices (see chapter 1.7.3). So these IR-dimmers are composed of the respective IR-dimmer (Insertion for flush mounting) and the IR receiver for flush mounting devices, as shown in figure Modular assembly of the IR-dimmer. Both parts are plugged together, so that they form one unit. Before plugging-in the IR-receiver, the desired channel has to be set on its back, that is according to the key of the IR transmitter. The influences by means of centralized multiservice pulses (control pulses) which are
Memory switch Contact socketsBuchsen
Contact pins
Channel switch
8 76
ON OFF
Memory 1 2
5 4 3
Dimmer
Figure: Modular assembly of the IR-dimmer
IR receiver
1.4.4 Power extension General: The Power booster is an auxiliary device, that allows to increase the switched power of electronic or mechanical switches. It is similar to a relay. Using that, it is possible to switch a high load current I by a small control current i, as shown in the following figure.
L1 N
different times of the zero crossings of the load currents. When the current I flowing in the load L2 is just zero and the current is still flowing through L1, T2 switches-off for a short period, but then it is fired immediately again, because mains voltage is still applied to L1 and a gate current i is flowing. Even when T1 is switched-off shortly after that, T2 stays conductive for a complete current half wave, because a switching-off is only possible in a current zero-crossing. A fluorescent lamp will shine always brightly ( because L2 is permanently switched-on, respectively is always fired just after blocking), even if L1 is "dimmed". To avoid this unwanted operation state, a symmetrical separation has to be ensured in case of inductive loads (L1 = L2, that means cos 1 = cos 2). It is not allowed to connect the load wires of the dimmer and the Power booster . The reason is the short time delay of the dimmer and the Power booster when switching-on. The dimmer would be loaded with the total lamp load of the lighting installation for the time until the Power booster has fired. That is not allowed. The Power booster itself contains radio frequency suppression components. So the requirement of a "resistive basic load" is also applied to the Power booster ( see "Radio frequency suppression"). If a separate possibility of a switch-on and off of the Power booster load is desired, you have to note that the switch is fitted in the control circuit - that is the wire from the load terminal of the controlling device to the terminal 1 of the Power booster. In no case it is allowed to disconnect the load circuit. A corresponding switching-off is generally not possible, because the control conditions of the Power booster are disturbed.
1 i I
Figure: Principle of the Power booster We must enable fast switching (e.g. dimmer with 100 Hz) and have designed an electronic circuit, that is shown together with an electronic installation device ( dimmer or switch) in the figure Power booster with dimmer . The total load is separated into two partial loads, lamp 1 (L1) and lamp 2 (L2). As long as the triac T1 is blocked in the controlling device, no voltage is applied to L1. Consequently, no control current is flowing into the gate of T2. So L2 is switched-off. If T1 is fired and L1 is applied to the mains voltage, in this moment T2 is fired by means of i. L2 is switched with the same frequency as L1. The switching-off is performed by the triac features in the zero-crossing of the current I (see chap. 1.2.1 "Diode and triac"). The operation becomes critically, if the loads L1 and L2 will contain different cos , that means
L
Power booster
T1 1
T2
i Lamp 1 N
I Lamp 2
When using Power boosters, the dimmer must be connected always directly to a lamp load according to the dimmer specification, because a small load of the Power booster is not sufficient for faultless operation. Depending on the mains voltage and the chosen lamp, minor differences in brightness between the dimmer load and the load at the Power booster may occur The technical connection conditions of the power stations are limiting the connection without any application of phase-cut-on devices operating at one phase to 1700 W for incandescent lamps and to 3400 VA for fluorescent lamps. Using Power boosters, these limits may only be exceeded by an approval of the power stations.
The device has a built-in housing which is known from the TRONIC-transformer product range, and so it is well suitable to be pushed into false ceilings or to be surface mounted.
46
212
48,5
Figure: Housing LV recessed Power booster The power extension of each LV recessed Power booster is 600 W. This total power may not be exceeded. Attention ! You have to pay attention on the efficiency of the transformer when calculating the total power. The minimum load may not be smaller than 100 W/VA, because then flickering and malfunctions will occur. It is allowed to connect inductive transformers with toroidal core or Ecore, standard incandescent lamps, LV halogen lamps( max. 500 W) or a mixture of the loads specified above Large lighting installation with inductive transformers and standard incandescent lamps and LV halogen lamps can be controlled by up to 10 LV recessed Power boosters. But all Power boosters should be loaded equally, since differences in the brightness will appear. A softstart of the LV recessed Power booster of approx. 1-2 sec was necessary due to the electronic circuit. Because of that a small time delay in switching-on the lamps of the dimmer ( e.g. touch dimmer with softstart approx. 250 ms) and the lamps of the LV recessed Power booster is to be expected. Protective features of the device in case of critical operation conditions: Short circuit: Permanent disconnection by means of an electronic fuse. No fuse replacement is required. The short circuit has to be solved and the corresponding dimmer has to be switched-on again. Open circuit: The device is protected against open circuit. So the inductive transformers may be loaded as you like. You have to note the output voltage of the transformer to ensure a long lifetime of the lamps.
1.4.4.1 Power booster UP The Power booster UP serves for power extension of the dimmer for incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps by 600 W/VA. Dimmers for LV halogen lamps are not allowed to be connected since the Power booster UP is not designed for strongly inductive loads. To compensate minor, unavoidable unsymmetry of the inductive loads L1 and L2, the resistor in the Power booster is designed as a trimmer. So a delay in firing is adjustable and the re-firing of T2 is avoided. Both lamps L1 and L2 shine with the same brightness in case of a minor firing delay. If the trimmer is set to higher firing delay times (to correct higher unsymmetry), the lamp L2 is forced to be noticeable darker than L1. To avoid unsymmetry you should pay attention to same load distribution of the controlling device and the Power booster. You have to avoid the mixture of different lamp types.
1.4.4.2 LV-Recessed Power booster The LV-recessed Power booster was designed for the power extension of all LV phase-cut-on dimmers for conventional transformers. However, it is suitable to use it for the power extension of standard incandescent lamps, as this is an additional feature of the LV insertion in the Power booster. The operation principle of the used dimmer (turn knob, push button, remote control) is insignificant to the LV-recessed Power booster. But it is required to use dimmers operating with the cuton principle.
Overtemperature: Disconnection in case of thermal overload. An automatic re-start is expected after cooling. DC voltage parts: As conventional transformers may be destroyed by DC parts in its supply voltage, the LV recessed Power booster monitors the output voltage and regulates the DC parts. If they are not able to be regulated, the LV recessed Power booster switches-off. In this case you have to check the installation for a defect and after removing the defect, the installation may be set in operation.
L N
For LV dimmer and LV Power booster you have to use one phase. It is not allowed to exchange L and N at the Power booster. Otherwise malfunction will occur. One possible installation of the device is shown in figure Example of the LV recessed Power booster. The example presents a LV touch dimmer and an extension unit. The LV recessed Power booster is not suitable for a switching-free, as it does not galvanically separate the load in case of a the dimmer being switched-off.
Mains 230 V
Extension
1
LV touch dimmer
max. 500 W
1
max. 600 W
max. 600 W
L1N max. 10
Lighting installations with a load greater than 3500 W have to be separated to 2 circuits on one phase. The circuit breakers of these circuit have to be coupled mechanically to ensure a switching-free of voltage of all poles of the lighting installation, see figure Coupled MCBs used with Power boosters
HV-halogen lamps: Mixed load with specified kind of load without HV-halogen lamps: Mixed load with specified kind of load with HV-halogen lamps: Softstart: Short circuit proof:
Technical date: Rated voltage: Connecting load: stand. incandescent lamps: LV-halogen lamps with inductive transformer: 230 V AC Ambient temperature (Ta): Housing temperature (Tc): 100-600 W 100-500 VA
L1
L2
L3
N max.16A max.16A
I>
2 pole MCB-
I>
LV - Dimmer
LV Power booster
max. 500 W
max. 600 W
max. 600 W
max. 6500 W
max. 600 W
max. 600 W
L3
ind. transformers
L3
ind. transfomers
R1
L1
R3
L3
R4
L2 transformer
Triac
C1
R2 C3 C2 Mains
Dimmer
TRONIC-transformer
If the inductivities have been chosen too high, some resonance points are in the range of audibility (16 Hz - 16 kHz) and are registered as an unpleasant "humming". An attenuation of the oscillation according to the radio frequency suppression will be unsatisfactory because the input impedance of each transformer type is designed in a different way. Even if the interworking of dimmer and one transformer is designed very well, a connection of more transformers cause new conditions, which can lead to undesired resonances. The best way to avoid this problems is possible by means of the usage of a dimmer operating with the phase-cut-off principle. The following figure shows the differences of the two dimming principles.
i a) phase-cut-on
Electronic transformers of other manufacturers are also able to be connected, but we require to consult us previously. Not all types of transformers contain quality features, which are necessary for the interworking of dimmers and transformers, i.e. the radio frequency suppression or the protection against spikes may not be guaranteed. Attention: Inductive loads (50 Hz transformer) are not allowed to be connected! Conventional phase-cut-on dimmers are mainly not suitable for dimming of electronic transformers. Humming and flickering shall become evident. The reason should be explained by means of the figure Connection of a dimmer for incandescent lamps and a TRONIC transformer. The transformer contains an input network (R3, R4, L2, L3, C3), which is required for the radio frequency suppression. The same is evident for the output of the dimmer (R1, L1, C1, R2, C2). By means of the series circuit of the dimmer and transformer, these components form an oscillating circuit with different resonant frequencies, if switching-on with steep edge in a 50 Hz half wave. The changes in the amplitude of the operating voltage being generated by this lead to different firing and interruptions of the operating frequency and so to flickering of the lamps.
tz 10 ms
b) phase-cut-off
Figure: Timing diagram of the dimmer principles No current is flowing at the time tz in the phasecut-on dimmer. After this time a sudden switchon occurs, which leads to high voltage respectively current peaks. Because of this the above mentioned oscillations and additional interference voltages are created at each mains half wave. In the zero-crossing of the mains half wave it is switched-off. Triacs are used as these switches.
In contrast to this, a phase-cut-off dimmer is switched-on in the zero-crossing of the mains half wave and switched-off after the time tz. So it is possible to change the effective value of the lamp voltage and also of the brightness, at the switch-on moment no interference voltages can occur, because the voltage has the value zero. At the switch-off moment possible resonance points are heavily attenuated, because the total load of the transformer is effective. The switching-off is created by means of an extended edge, not suddenly Additional networks are not required for the suppression of inference voltages. The resonance points with the unpleasant humming respectively flickering phenomenons, which we are being afraid of, will not occur. TRONIC-dimmers operate with the phase-cut-off principle. They can be used for electronic transformers and for high voltage incandescent lamps. Inductive loads (conventional 50 Hz transformers) may not be connected to. Special features: Short circuit protection (without wire fuse): automatic restart after solving the short circuit, permanent disconnection until new switching-on at short circuits longer than 7 seconds less noisy operation (no suppression choke required) Overload protection, automatic load reduction Overtemperature protection Load limitation in case of the arc generation of lamps Softstart (gentle switch-off of lamps) Protection against mains spikes Radio frequency suppressed.
TRONICTransformer N
Halogen lamp
TRONICTransformer
Figure: TRONIC-dimmer: Principle circuit In the previous figure the principle circuit of a TRONIC-dimmer and the connection of an electronic transformer can be seen. Dimmer and transformer must be connected in series and several transformers may be operated in parallel. A field effect transistor (MOSFET) is used for the switching function. The control circuit serves for switching-on in the zero-crossing and for switching-off after the chosen time tz, see figure Timing diagram of the dimmer principles. The MOSFET and the control circuit need a DC voltage, which is provided by the rectifier bridge. To avoid an overloading of the dimmer, a temperature switch is connected before. It disconnects the dimmer from the mains in case of overload or overtemperature. Control circuit: The following figure shows the structure in blocks.
Switch-off delay
to the rectifier
Timing stage
Voltage supply
In the block MOSFET with control the switchingon and -off is ensured within each mains half wave. Additional components protect the MOSFET against overvoltage and spikes. The timing stage controls the MOSFET and supports the adjustment of the time tz by a potentiometer and with that it controls the brightness. The component that is mostly used is a monostable multivibrator (monoflop). The zero point detection serves for a correct switching-on in each half wave. A short circuit protection guarantees the switching-off in case of short-circuit or overload. A wire fuse is not necessary. The appearance of an arc in case of "burning-through" of the lamp filament is avoided by the current limitation. A gentle softstart will be generated automatically solving the short circuit, if the short circuit is not staying longer than 7 seconds. Otherwise the load is switched-off until the mains is disconnected. A switch-off delay prevents oscillations, which occur at switching-off and are visible as flickering. The block voltage supply supports all stages with the required voltages. Information: The adjusting regulation of the TRONIC-dimmer (which is accessible after removing the frame) shall not be adjusted! It designed to adjusted the zero point in the factory and can not be seen as the adjustment of the basic brightness in conventional dimmers
U
Mains voltage
U
Internal procedure
t
MOSFET on off on off
U
load voltage
Figure: Operating principle TRONIC-touch dimmer If the amount of the voltage ramp is zero, the MOSFET is switched-on. If the amount of the voltage ramp is equal to the amount of the generated DC voltage the MOSFET is switchedoff again. However, the user does not recognize the differences of the TRONIC-dimmer and the TRONIC-touch dimmer. Because the device contains a memory function, the switching-on onto max. brightness or onto the previously set brightness can be selected by a switch in the mounting plate of the flush mounted housing. So a previously chosen light scene can be immediately called again. Installations with several operating points can be realized by means of extension units. These are push buttons, which connects the mains voltage to the extension input "1" of the TRONIC touch dimmer, when the push button is pushed. The TRONIC touch dimmer analyses this pulse and responds with the corresponding switch or dimming procedures. Extension units contain the same amount of function as the push button of the dimmer itself. Commercially used push buttons or extension units of the type A from the switch program and remote IR-push buttons with permanent pulse may be used as extension units.
1.5.2 Dimmer with/for touch operation 1.5.2.1 TRONIC- touch dimmer (315 W) The TRONIC-touch dimmer operates by means of the principle of the TRONIC-dimmer described in chapter 1.5.1.1. However it is not operated by a rotary potentiometer, but by a push button. A short touch switches-on or off the lamps, a long touch causes continuos dimming. Because there is no turn potentiometer offered in this device, the internal timing stage is not designed by a monoflop, as it is described in chapter 1.5.1.1. A control IC generates pulses of different positions depending from the push button operation time and the pulses are transformed to a constant DC voltage. This constant DC voltage depending on the position of the pulses, is compared by the device with a voltage ramp controlled by the mains, see following figure.
1.5.2.2 TRONIC-recessed dimmer (700 W) We can realize circuits with TRONIC-dimmers up to a connected power of maximum 315 W in a flush-box due to the generated heat. The TRONIC-recessed dimmer was designed to be able to dimm power up to 700W with one device. The device has a built-in housing that is known from the TRONIC-transformers and in the installation, it is laid to the transformers into the false ceiling or it is surface mounted. The operation of the TRONIC-recessed dimmer is realized by the flush mounting extensions, which have been mentioned in the description of the TRONIC-touch dimmer. Short touch switch-on or off the connected lamps, long touches cause continuos dimming of the lamps. Additionally to the terminals phase, load and extension, the TRONIC-recessed dimmer contains four further terminals, which are marked as "control wires for Power boosters".
L N 1 L Memory ON OFF Control wires for power boosters
which is suitable to plug-in the IR receiver. By that means, after plugging-in the IR-receiver, it can be remote operated with the IR handheld transmitter as well as with the push button integrated in the IR-receiver. The operation is also possible with all kinds of extensions, mentioned in chapter 1.5.2.1. Since using this device, the dimmer and the IR-receiver have to be supplied with voltage, a neutral wire connection is required. Please note this, when installing the cables and wires.
1.5.4 Power extension 1.5.4.1 TRONIC-recessed Power booster (700 W) All mentioned phase-cut-off dimmers (TRONICdimmer, TRONIC-touch dimmer, IR-TRONICtouch dimmer, TRONIC-recessed dimmer) are able to be extended at each 700W by means of the use of TRONIC recessed Power booster! Also this TRONIC- recessed Power booster is suitable for laying into false ceilings or for surface mounting. In order to supply the dimming power of 700W, the power booster contains an own connection for phase and neutral conductor, as shown in the following figure.
L N
Figure: Circuit TRONIC recessed dimmer These are output terminals that are set to the potential of the load terminal, however they can not carry high currents. The load is not allowed to be connected directly, the device is then overloaded. These four terminals serve for the connection of the power boosters, since these will load the dimmer output only with a small power (less than 1 W). Also the TRONIC-recessed dimmer contains a selectable memory function. The corresponding memory switch is mounted in the cover of the housing, see figure Circuit TRONIC-recessed dimmer.
TRONIC-Dimmer
max.315 W
max.700 W
Figure: Circuit TRONIC-recessed Power booster Because the dimmer and the power booster can operate in synchronism, it is strongly required to connect both devices to one phase. The output of the dimmer being amplified must be connected to the control terminal "1". This control terminal "1" is high-resistive and loads the dimmer being controlled only with less than 1W.
1.5.3 Remote control dimmer 1.5.3.1 IR-TRONIC-touch dimmer (315 W) A special variant of the TRONIC touch dimmer, described in chapter 1.5.2.1, is the IR TRONIC touch dimmer. It contains the same amount of functions, however a modified mounting plate,
The power booster acts onto switching edges of the controlling dimmer by a corresponding regulation of its power output. The power that is necessary for this is taken from the mains. In figure Circuit TRONIC-recessed Power booster the circuit is shown once more. Because of the very small load of the dimmer by the power extensions, it is not possible to connect only Power boosters to the dimmer The rule is: At first load the dimmer with a fully loaded TRONIC-transformer, then connect the Power boosters. Up to 10 power booster may be connected to each TRONIC dimmer type. If we have a look on the circuit, the block structure can be identified in following figure:
N N L Supply voltage
Temperature
of the device is effective as described in chapter 1.5.3. When required, the TRONIC-recessed transformer can be switched-off, not depending on the dimmer. Then a switch (normally closed contact) has to be installed in the control wire from the dimmer to the Power booster, that means before input "1" of the Power booster. If it is opened, the Power booster does not get a control signal from the dimmer and the output of the power booster is switched-off reliably.
1.5.5
monitoring
Temp.
2 FETTransistors
Protection functions of TRONICdimmer Each system component of the TRONIC-light control system described in the chapter 1.5.1. 1.5.4. contains protection functions, which are realized by electronic and have been yet presented partly in block circuits: The electronic short circuit protection identifies from approx. twice the rated current on , that a short circuit has occurred in the load circuit and turns off the output in some microseconds, that is faster than all wire fuses. If the short circuit is solved within 7 seconds, the dimmer or the Power booster will restart automatically. The devices will be permanently switched-off at longer short circuit times. After solving the short circuit the dimmer must be switched-off and on, to operate again. All devices contain a temperature switch. If the danger of overheating occurs, the temperature switch turns off the device until it cools down. Then the re-switching-on is automatically active. By means of this features you are protected against defects that will create overtemperature and overload.
Decoupling
Control
electronic
Figure: Principle circuit of the TRONIC-recessed Power booster The block "Voltage supply" shows the supply voltage that is required for the operation of the electronic independently on the sine wave of the mains. In the block "Decoupling" the output signal of the dimmer is taken nearly without power, it is attenuated and then it is led to the "Control electronic" for evaluation. The control electronic turns on one of the field effect transistors according to the applied mains half wave and sets the power output to the switching state, which is also applied to the control input "1". The temperature of the transistors is monitored by a temperature switch, which switches-off the supply voltage of the electronic, if a heat limit is exceeded and so the output of the device is blocked, until it is cooled down. If the current through the transistors exceeds the set values, the "short circuit protection" identifies it. The control electronic is blocked, the transistors are no more turned on and the output of the device is blocked. With that the behaviour
315 W - dimmer
IR-push but. Perman. pulse. IR-TRONIC-Touch dimmer Extension Type A
Perman. pulse.
max. 7315 W
IR-push but.
Perman. pulse.
max. 7700 W
flush area
1.5.6. TRONIC-Light control system If also a TRONIC-dimmer extension should be remote controlled, instead of a mechanical push button an IR push button with permanent pulse can be installed. It transforms at the same time the push button operation into 230 V output signals and so it takes the function of the mechanical extension. By means of the described TRONIC-dimmer, the TRONIC- recessed Power booster, the mechanical extensions and the IR-push button with permanent pulse, which form together the TRONIC light control system, complex light control system can be installed individually. 7700W (that means one TRONIC recessed dimmer with 10 TRONIC recessed power booster) are able to be controlled by one operating device. The figure Presentation of the TRONIC-light control system shows the possible combinations. Installing the devices, you have to pay attention that the dimmer and the following power boosters are connected to one phase. The correct installation can be taken from the following wiring diagrams.
Because you are able to connect a maximum power of 3680 W (16 A x 230 V = 3680 W) to 16 A miniature circuit breaker (MCB), a second MCB has to be installed, if this limit is exceeded. Installing a TRONIC-light control system, however both protection circuits are connected. If only one MCB is opened, the load is not consequently free of voltage, as it is seen in the figure MCBs in the Light control system This is the reason, that the MCBs used for TRONIC light control system must be replaced by a multiple MCB or must be coupled by a common operating bow to ensure a switching free of all poles. Please take note of the technical connection conditions of the regional power stations, if you install a TRONIC-Light control system. There are limitations for the connection of the maximum power without any application for devices per phase using phase-cut-on or phase-cut-off
L1 L2 L3 N max.16A max.16A
I>
I>
TRONIC-transformer
L3
TRONIC-transformer
L3
TRONIC-transformer
1.5.7 Instructions for installation TRONIC-dimmers and TRONIC-Power boosters are designed to be used with TRONICtransformers. The result is an optimum tuning. We guarantee apart from the dimming without problems the radio frequency suppression and the protection against spikes. Normally it is also possible to connect electronic transformers from other manufacturers. You have to check in each single case, if you comply with the three features (Dimming, radio frequency suppression, protection against mains spikes). Please, ask us.
Other manufacturers also give information. Up to now our experiences show, that many transformers are able to be dimmed. The operation without humming is impressing. And do not care about a fuse change! The features of this device are shouting for the usage as a dimmer for incandescent lamps. However inductive loads may not be connected. The zero point detection is not guaranteed because of the phase shift between voltage and current. The light flickering would be the result.
Installation of UP TRONIC-dimmer (flush): The installation rules for the UP TRONIC-dimmer (flush) and for the phase-cut-on dimmer is similar: Use in 2-way or 4-way circuits (TRONICdimmer) or the use of extensions (TRONICtouch dimmer or IR-touch dimmer) is possible Mounting in standard flush-box Rated power in an ambient temperature of 25C, installation in a solid stone or plaster wall, dimmer is installed as a single device
Installation of Recessed Dimmer: The installation rules are applicable for the TRONIC-recessed dimmer 700 W and the TRONIC-recessed power booster as for the TRONIC-transformer: Suitable for installations in false ceilings with minimum opening of 63mm and surface mounted applications. It is allowed to connect to the recessed devices: **: max. 4** 200 W TRONIC transformer max. 5** 150 W TRONIC transformer max. 7** 105 W TRONIC transformer max. 10 70 W TRONIC transformer max. 20 35 W TRONIC transformer however, the total lamp load may not exceed 315W any standard incandescent lamp or halogen lamp up to a total power of 700 W. Mixed operation of TRONIC-transformers of different power or of TRONIC-transformers with 230 V incandescent lamp or halogen lamp up to a maximum of 700 W total power.
If the conditions are different the normal information of power reduction is applicable: -10 % per 5C exceeding the ambient temperature of 25C -15 % for installation in wooden, false or hollow walls -10 % for external devices in multiple combination with dimmers -20 % for internal devices in multiple combination with dimmers.
It is allowed to connect to one UP-TRONICdimmer: *: max. 2* 200 W TRONIC transformer max. 3* 150 W TRONIC transformer max. 3 105 W TRONIC transformer max. 5* 70 W TRONIC transformer max. 9 35 W TRONIC transformer however, the total lamp load may not exceed 315W any standard incandescent lamp or halogen lamp up to a total power of 315 W max. 10 TRONIC-recessed Power booster Mixed operation of TRONIC transformers of different power or of TRONIC transformers with 230 V incandescent lamp or halogen lamp up to a maximum of 315 W total power.
The devices are operating up to an ambient temperature ta = max. 45 C. The housing temperature tc = max 70 C is reached in this case. The devices switch-off, if the temperatures are essentially exceeded, since overtemperature leads to device defects. Wiring plans of the TRONIC-Light control system can be taken from the following pages.
L N
2x1.5 mm
3 core 250 V cable, select the cross section according to the total load of power boosters. all (perhaps distribute on the cables)
2x1.5 mm
to further extensions
2x1.5 mm N *: If aTRONIC-dimmer with push/change switch is installed, replace the extensions by a 2-way 4-way switch! or 1 L TRONICrecessed Power booster
2x1.5 mm N N
L TRONIC-trans. 12 V 2x1.5 mm N
L N to further
TRONIC-transformers
LV area
Figure: Wiring diagram of the TRONIC Light control system with UP TRONIC-dimmer (flush)
L N
2x1.5 mm 3 core 250 V cable, select the cross section according to the total load of all power boosters (perhaps distribute on cables) and protect by a n-pole MCB L TRONIC-trans. 12 V N min 60** W, max 700 W
3x1.5 mm
1 TRONICrecessed dimmer
to further extensions
2x1.5 mm
4 terminals only for the further TRONIC recessed Power boosters to terminal "1" N TRONICNo connection of further TRONIC transformers possible!
1 recessed Power L booster
N 1 L
N N
L TRONIC-trans. 12 V 2x1.5 mm N
L N to further
TRONIC-transformers
LV area
Figure: Wiring diagram of the TRONIC Light control system with TRONIC-recessed dimmer
N 230 V ~ L
Electronic potentiometer
+ -
EVG
L N
1.6
In the lighting technology electronic ballasts are increasingly used for the operation of lamps (i.e. fluorescent lamps), which are equipped with an 1-10V control input. These electronic ballasts measure the voltage applied to the 10V control input, which lies in the range of approx. 1 - 10 V (because of that this control is also called 1-10 V interface). It sets the corresponding brightness of the lamps, If the 10V control inputs of several electronic ballasts are connected by means of one control wire, the voltage of the 10V control inputs can be adjusted. So the brightness of all lamps can be set by means of one potentiometer at one central place. Larger lighting installation can be realized by that means. The Electronic potentiometer for 10 V control input serves both for switching-on and -off the mains voltage of the electronic ballast and for the adjustment of the control voltage without troubles
N 230 V ~ L
L N + -
at the 10 V control input of the electronic ballast. It is analogously designed to the well-known dimmer construction with push button and rotary knob and can be installed in the standard flush switch box.
1.6.1 Principle operation Electronic ballasts with 10 V control input control the brightness of the connected lamps (i.e. fluorescent lamps) depending on the voltage applied to control input U ST (see figure Principle function of the 1-10V interface). For it, the electronic ballast supplies a constant current I ST from the control input , which is + flowing across the electronic potentiometer to the control input of the electronic ballast. - The voltage U ST, which is then set at the control input at and of the electronic ballast, is in + - direct proportion to the resistance of the electronic potentiometer.
Mains wire
Electronic ballast 1
IST2
L N + -
Electronic ballast 2
IST1
Control wire
Electronic potentiometer
+
If more than one electronic ballast should be controlled simultaneously, only the 10V control inputs are connected in parallel by means of one control wire (see figure: Wiring of the Electronic potentiometer). The sum of all constant currents from the 10 V control inputs I ST = I ST1 + I ST2 + .... are flowing through the Electronic potentiometer. So a common UST is set for all electronic ballast. By means of an exponential characteristic of the potentiometer it is achieved, that the angle position of the rotary knob will slightly change to certain brightness values, if the current I ST through the Electronic potentiometer is changed by, e.g. Switching of further electronic ballasts Retrofitting with other types of electronic ballasts or other measures
The maximum number of electronic ballast that can be controlled simultaneously is determined by the switching capacity of the mains switch and by the maximum allowed current flowing through the Electronic potentiometer (see 1.6.3. Circuit dimension). Since according to the VDE requirements, the dark position may not be mixed up with the mains disconnection of the electronic ballast, a minimum brightness is adjusted by means of a trimmer in the Electronic potentiometer after the installation of the lights. This brightness must be well visible by the human eye. If you are adjusting the minimum brightness, the rotary knob has to be fixed on its left limitation (see figure Electronic potentiometer). In case of an installation fault, mains voltage could be applied to the control inputs and + and the fine-wire fuse will trip. -
Figure: Electronic potentiometer 1. Use only electronic ballasts of one manufacturer. 2. Use only electronic ballasts with a unique power, e.g. 1 x 36 W or 2 x 36 W or 1 x 58 W or 2 x 58 W) 3. Use only fluorescent lamps of one manufacturer and one type. The 10 V control wire is galvanically separated from the mains and is not allowed to be wired to L and N. Information: The control function of the Electronic potentiometer is not supplied by the mains terminals. Because of this reason, it is possible to switch the supply of the electronic ballast by means of other electrical equipment, e.g. separate 2-way circuits. The Electronic potentiometer is then only used for the adjustment of the control wire. In this case the terminals L and N of the Electronic potentiometer are not connected.
1.6.2 Installation rules It is insignificant to the control function, if the connected electronic ballasts are designed for the operation of either one or two fluorescent lamps. The control behaviour of the electronic ballast depends on the manufacturer and the fluorescent lamps show a different behaviour depending from the type and the manufacturer. So, please note the following installation rules to achieve an optimum continuos firing and dimming behaviour of all connected lamps
1.6.3 Circuit dimension Unfortunately the amount of the constant currents IST supplied by the control inputs is different. . Each manufacturer offers Electronic ballasts with different current. Here are two examples: IST per HELVAR ballast: IST per SIEMENS ballast: max. 2,0 mA max. 0,8 mA
1.6.5 Technical data (The technical data have been up-to-date at the time publishing the chapters, but there might be changes in the meantime to follow the technical progress. This influences the products, and slight differences in the data may occur. The binding technical data can be taken from the manual delivered with the product.) max. control voltage UST max: 12 V min. control voltage UST min: 0,7 V max. control current IST : 40 mA max. switching capacity of the mains switch: 1380 VA ( 6 A) Fine-wire fuse: F 500 H 250
As the Electronic potentiometer can carry control currents IST up to 40 mA, it possible to control simultaneously 20 HELVAR ballasts 50 SIEMENS ballasts But you have to ensure, that the maximum switching capacity of the mains switch in the Electronic potentiometer of 1380 VA (6A) will not exceed. It can be tested by adding the power of all connected lamps and then the total power is multiplied by the factor 1.2, regarding the power losses of the electronic ballast and others. If the resulting total power exceeds 1380 VA, the mains voltage of the electronic ballasts must be switched with a separate relay, which is specified for the corresponding switching capacity.
1.6.4
Exchanging the mains terminals " and of " the Electronic potentiometer is insignificant, the function becomes still effective. Exchanging the control outputs and of the + - Electronic potentiometer, the lamps will remain in off-position or will shine very dark. The brightness can not be adjusted, however defects will not appear. Exchanging the mains inputs " and with the " control inputs and will damage the + - Electronic potentiometer. A danger of fire is avoided by the tripping of the fine-wire fuse.
1 2 3 4
A B C D
Key driver
Transmitting diodes
Key sensor
Keyboard
Transmit IC
1.7
1.7.1 IR-handheld transmitter The above figure shows the principle circuit of the 8channel handheld transmitter with a group switch. Each key in the keyboard is fixed to a signal by means of the IC output (called key driver). When a key of the keyboard is pressed, this signal is transferred to the IC input (called key sensor). The use of the key sensor input is depending on the position of the 8fold group switch. At each key stroke the transmit IC identifies, which key was pressed and knows the position of the 8fold group switch. The transmit IC then selects the telegram corresponding to the key stroke and to the switch position and the telegram is transmitted by means of the transmitting diodes. An oscillator circuit serves for the clock generation of the transmit IC, which is oscillating at 455 kHz. All pulses and breaks of a telegram are derived from this oscillation, as it is described in the chapter "The coding system" 4 batteries, type 1,5 V Micro, serve for the voltage supply of the handheld transmitter. They can be inserted into the back of the transmitter after removing the battery cover. In order to save the battery energy, the electronic falls into a standby mode, if no key is pressed. Only a very small current is required in that mode. So an additional on-off-switch is cancelled.
It is known, that switch and dimming command are different because of the differently long operation of the push button. The handheld transmitter must be able to generate the same commands. So it must be able to create short and long signals. The transmission of a telegram takes only a time of approx. 60-90 ms, as it is described in chapter 1.2.5.4. To achieve the required signal length, the telegrams of the key operation duration are repeated frequently. The receiver must be able to win back an equivalent continuos operation signal from this telegram sequence. If the IR-receiver, described in chapter 1.7.3, will be used, the 8fold group switch is to set on position "A". In this position only the address bit A3 to A5 are set in a way (see figure Complete telegram in chapter 1.2.5.4), the devices provided with IR-receivers will respond. The base of the 4channel handheld transmitter is the Principle circuit of IR-transmitter. The 8fold group switch is not available, you can imagine that the output of the keyboard is permanently fixed with the transmit IC's input A. The keyboard is designed only with the keys 1 to 4. The 4channel handheld transmitter can only make a distinction among 4 keys and sends only 4 different telegrams. But in many applications this is still sufficient.
1.7.2 IR-wall transmitter The electronic circuit of the wall transmitter is nearly similar to the circuit of the 4channel handheld transmitter. Thus, the Principle circuit of the IR-transmitter is also effective, but with minor changes: The 8fold group switch is cancelled, group A is fixed permanently. The keyboard contains the keys 1 to 4. Not 2, but 4 transmitting diodes are transmitting the telegram.
1.7.3
Preamplifier IC
Reiceiving diodes
The wall transmitter was designed to operate the receiver in the ceiling area. Thus, the radiated IRlight must reach a large area of the ceiling, seen from the mounting place of the wall transmitter. The 4 transmitting diodes are mounted in small angle to one another and upwards to reach a maximum radiation angle. The geometrical relations of the mounting place of the transmitter, the radiation angle IR-light and the mounting place of the receiver can be taken from the following picture:
1 MHz Oscillator
Figure: Principle circuit of an IR-receiver The IR receiving diodes are operating in reverse direction, as it is shown in the figure Principle circuit of an IR-receiver. A very small leakage current is flowing through the diode in the darkness, the so-called dark current. When IRlight hits the diode, it operates like a current source and supplies the following circuit with current. This feature is called "photo electric effect" or in short words: photo-effect. The diode generates current deviations, which correspond to the intensity of the IR-light In that way, the next amplifier receives current pulses that are in direct proportion to the arriving light. The preamplifier filters the 455 kHz carrier frequency and offers the telegram to its output without the carrier frequency. The intensity of the arriving 455 kHz signals vary, because it depends on the transmission distance and on the radiation angle. The preamplifier regulates the signal onto an amplitude of 4-5 V and transfers the telegram to the decoder. Now the telegram has an electric representation. If only one 455 kHz pulse is lost or added on the way to the preamplifier, at the output of the preamplifier the telegram is strongly damaged. The decoder recognizes a faulty telegram and it will not be evaluated. The decoder is a microprocessor with 1 MHz clock. The microprocessor senses the telegram supplied by the pre-amplifier, reads all 12 bit of the telegram, decodes the transmitted address and switches the decoder output into the active mode, corresponding to the address. The decoder contains 8 outputs and it is able to distinguish 8 different telegrams that have a difference in the bit A2-A0. It evaluates the address and sets one output.
A2
A1
45
Figure: IR-wall transmitter radiation You should pay attention, that the distance between the mounting place of the receiver and the wall of the transmitter (A2) is higher than the distance between the mounting place of the receiver and the ceiling (A1), because then the IRreceiver is not installed in the badly radiated area above the wall transmitter. The current supply is ensured by means of a 9V block battery.
40
The channel number of the receiver was set at the installation of the receiver. The connected loads should respond to this channel. For this purpose, the desired decoder output is switched to the load by means of the select switch S1 (see figure Principle circuit of an IR-receiver). The channel number corresponds to the key number of the transmitter. Thus it is ensured, that a load gets only a signal, if the corresponding key is pressed. If the transmit key is pressed, the switch command appears with a maximum delay of 100 ms at the receiver output because the complete telegram must be transmitted. This short delay is not noticed in current practice.
To be able to transmit also dimming commands, after the receipt of a telegram the decoder output is set as long as a next telegram is evaluated and this sets the decoder output furthermore. If no more telegrams with the same contents are arriving, the decoder output is reset. So, an output signal is generated which is continuos and in proportion to the key stroke of the transmitter. It is evaluated by means of the connected load. The receiver circuit is assembled in a unit and thus it can be used as a remote attachment for several full-electronic installation devices. It has always the same construction and different functions.
2. 2.1
visible
Infrared
3000 K
Passive infra-red motion detectors become more and more an element of a good electric installation in the private and commercial area. Motion detectors belong to the fully automatic installation devices, that means light sources will be switched-on, if a person enters the detection field and it will be switched-off again, if a person leaves the detection field (after a pre-set delay time). This switching-on demand respectively a convenient switching helps to save current. There is an essential benefit, if rooms are entered very often and for a short time. The possibilities of application are nearly unlimited: Switching on demand in passages, cellars, on lofts, backyards, garage drives, entrance areas on terraces in stockrooms on parking places and garages to achieve light effects in entrance halls and exhibitions Lighting of stairwells Access protection Detection of persons in elevators
1
300 K
10
Figure: Intensity of the heat radiation This fact is used to detect persons by means of pyroelectric IR-detectors that have a high sensivity at the infra-red long-wave range. The infra-red radiation behaves similarly to the visible light. It is able to be reflected and focused by lens. Lithium-tantalite crystals are the basis of such IR detectors. These crystals generate an electric voltage in case of heat changes (positive or negative temperature change). The voltage generated by the crystals is in the range of some V (V = millionth volt) and depends on following conditions: The intensity of the heat source (temperature and amount) The environment media (temperature, different moisture) The distance between the heat source and the IR sensor The moving motion and the moving direction of the heat source The sensivity of the PIR element (behaviour like a band-pass filter dependent on the frequency with a maximum at approx. 0.1 Hz) To suppress influences from the environment, two crystals in the sensor are connected antiparallel and unwanted switching is avoided.
optical filter FET
The body heat of a person which is moving in the surveillance field is detected as a heat difference. The infra-red sensors send a switch pulse to the electronic, a power stage connected afterwards closes the load circuit and switches-on the installed consuming device.
2.1.1 Light and sensor Explanation of the principle: Heat radiation that triggers a surveillance process, is in the infra-red range of the wave spectrum. The human body emits heat radiation in this range. Lamps (incandescent lamps, halogen lamps and discharging lamps) are designed to emit radiation in the visible range about 0.555 m, however they are also emitting an essential part of their radiation in the IR range. The infra-red spectrum starts above the visible light, from 0.780 m on. The wave length of this IR radiation is dependent on the temperature of the body. The heat radiation of the human being has its maximum in the infra-red range between 9 and 10 m.
D S
G
Sensor housing
When heat radiation hits the crystals, one crystal generates a positive and one crystal generates a negative voltage pulse. If heat changes occur at the same time and with the same intensity, they do not trigger a detection process, because they delete one another. Thus, the triggering is impossible by means of heat changes of the environment. Figure: Surveillance rays In case of fast moves the process is different. The lithiumtantalat crystals generate their pulses with a delay time corresponding to the created heat change. Both pulses are added to an alternating size with a high signal amplitude. This output signal is in proportion to the heat change, and it is used to trigger the detection process in the observers. The construction of the PIR-sensor / lens system that is used in surface mounting observers is covered by a protective foil. This foil is glued with the observer housing to be waterproof and the electronic is completely sealed against moisture. These observers are designed for a rough outdoor use and are weatherproof. They are according to protection degree IP 55 (splash water protected). A small air gap between the protective foil and the lens system prevents the steaming of the lens by means of condensation.
2.1.2 Construction of observers A metal housing contains the sensor crystals, which is fixed to ground potential. Thus, the crystals are protected against electrostatic discharge. The sensor element is covered by means of filter glass to reduce the surveillance area. This optical filter limits the analysed range to the medium infra-red of 7-14 m. A lens system is used in the observer to focus the IR energy on the sensor area. The lens system is called "Fresnel-lens" adapted from the inventor. They are formed to a lens group to get a wide angle (70,110,180,240) and to survey in different levels. The lens system has the task to concentrate the arriving heat radiation to the PIR-element by means of focusing. A sufficient sensivity is then achieved.
Protective foil
Lens system Figure: Weatherproof observer Further more the protective foil is designed as an UV-filter for the lens system, as UV-light may destroy the material of the lens system if it is shined intensively for a long time. So the lens system would not be transparent for the IRradiation.
Sensor element
Optical filter Sensor crystals
Lens
Figure: Ray focusing A surveillance field is designed which is detected by an enormous number of surveillance rays (surveillance fingers). The number of rays and the density of the detection is a direct feature of the response sensivity and of the quality of the PIR observer.
Dependence on the range by means of physical factors The range and so the area of the surveillance field of a PIR motion detector depends on various physical factors. The change of one of these factors results in reduction or even enlarging of the range in some cases. Thus, it is of great importance before installation, that you have an idea about the area that should be detected. Please, think about the most suitable observers (70, 110, 180 or 240), select the fitting place and note the following physical conditions.
2.1.3
2.1.3.1 Fitting height, sensor inclination, terrain The PIR motion detectors "watch" through the optical lens from the fitting place towards the bottom. The longest ray hit the ground at given fitting height not inclined sensor head flat terrain
The sensors transfer maximum voltage pulses to the electronic, which ensures the detection of the motion. In the figure a person moves from the surveillance ray (1) to the surveillance ray (2). A person is detected, when he is leaving the ray (1) and when he is entering the ray (2).
at the rated range. This so-defined range is published in the technical documentations of observers. Deviations from the above listed parameters lead to a change of the range: Range higher lower X Fitting height X Fitting height Sensor turned up X Sensor turned down X Falling terrain X Steep terrain X Parameter
1.
2.
2.1.3.3 Detection at the range limits At first a person is detected at the feet, if he enters a surveillance field due to the optical adjustment of the surveillance rays. The temperature difference between the body and the environment is an essential term to achieve a good detection. If the temperature difference entering the surveillance field has no sufficient amount, the person has to walk closer to observer. That means, the range is reduced.
2.1.3.2 Motion direction The observer electronic detects a change of heat, when entering or leaving the surveillance ray. In the worst case a person moves directly onto the observer in one surveillance ray (radial motion direction). Doing this, only minimum voltage pulses are generated due to the small temperature changes. This does not lead to a detection in each case and the lamps are not switched-on. In the figure a person moves onto the observer in the surveillance ray (1). You have to calculate a range reduction by means of this motion direction.
Rain
Figure: Reduction of the heat energy The human heat radiation is transmitted to the sensor using the media air. So environmental influences as, e.g. fog, snow or rain (absorption of the heat radiation) will affect the range. In addition, on cold days heat-isolated clothes are worn and thus the radiated heat energy is essentially reduced. By means of this influences, the heat radiation is worse transmitted to the sensor, the range is reduced.
1.
2.
Figure: Worst case of motion direction The optimum motion direction is a crosswise motion to the observer (tangential motion direction).
2.1.3.5 Summary: Depending on the inclination of the sensor head the terrain (steep or flat) the fitting height the current temperature of the person (depending on the clothes) the current ground temperature in the surveillance field
the current ground moisture (rain, snow, fog) the motion direction of the person
In the figure you can see a real observer application with reduced and increased ranges:
Active range
Rated range
2.1.4 Function of the observer The observer has the task to translate a detected motion into a switch command. Following requirements are present to realize a switching: in case of detection, as well as in the pre-set delay time, the "On-state" shall be stored. the switching-on shall depend on the ambient brightness. This is achieved by an integrated twilight switch. the light shall be able to be switched manually In most cases the detected motion has to be converted to a switching-on a light. So the PIR signal has to be amplified to control a power switch (relay or triac). While switching-on, the consumers are supplied with mains voltage by means of the power switch. The load contact of a relay, used in high-quality observers, is built of material that is resistant against burn-up. Contact material is used, e.g. silver-tin-oxide alloys. High currents can be
switched by means of such contact material. A high resistance is guaranteed against short circuits in the connected consumers. Another requirement to a powerful PIR observer is, light should only be switched-on, if the brightness is falling below a minimum value (twilight switch). The measured quantity of the brightness is the illuminance in lux. The dependence of the switch process on the ambient brightness is realized by means of a light depending resistor (LDR). Such a photo-resistor is high-resistive in the nonilluminated state. Its so-called dark resistance is up to some megaohms. If the illumination increases, the electric resistance is falling to 1/1000 of the dark resistance. By means of electronic components the current through this resistor is measured and it is compared with the pre-set desired value of the twilight switch (lux tuner). If the desired value is reached or exceeded, the motion detector is active and a motion is converted into a "switchon the light".
R MOHM
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 E LUX
The twilight switch of indoor observers (e.g. flush mounting observer) should be provided with an additional sensivity delay (hysteresis). In the indoor area the flush-boxes are mounted in a fitting height of approx. 1.1 m and so it may happen, that the brightness sensor gets dark by means of a shadow of a body who is moving across. To avoid a switching in case of a sufficient room illumination, an electronic delay time was realized. It ignores short dark phases and a faulty switching is extensively excluded. The observers operate in a retriggering mode during the switch-on process, that means each new motion in the surveillance area starts the switch-on time again. Thus, the consumer stays in on-state for a pre-set time (potentiometer time), although the person has left the surveillance field.
Figure: LDR characteristic The range of regulation of the twilight switch is designed, that a switching at daylight and a switching at the twilight is continuously adjustable. It is sensible to note, that the upper brightness range (between 10-80 lux) supports a wide range of regulation at the lux tuner. Brightness with values more than 80 lux appear at the daylight mode, so the twilight switch is not active, then the light is switched independently on the brightness, if motion is detected.
2.1.5
To get a better knowledge about the function of a PIR motion detector, the electronic circuit is shown by means of the flowing figure and in a block structure:
Sensor head
IR rays 1 PIR sensor 2 Filter 3 Amplifier
Threshold detection
Brightness sensor
LUX
13
&
>1
&
Brightness adjustment
12 Release
Power unit
Figure: Principle circuit
1. PIR sensor elements. The sensors generate an alternating voltage of some V, when heat changes have been detected. 2. Filter circuit. Slow processes are filtered. Unwanted switching is avoided by means of temperature changes of the nature (e.g. leaf moved by wind) 3. The signal of the PIR sensor is amplified by operation amplifiers for a further evaluation. 4. The threshold detection stage gives a defined High level to the output, if the limit is exceeded. Otherwise a Low level (low voltage) is given. 5. The brightness sensor is realized by means of a light sensitive resistor. This component changes its resistance depending on the received light density. 6. The brightness is adjusted in the power unit. If the brightness falls below the pre-set value, this component applies an H-level to the input of the following AND gate. 7. AND logic. An H-level is only generated, if the brightness is fallen below the pre-set minimum value and the threshold value has exceeded a defined value. 8. OR logic. The OR logic is connected to the mains failure 9. detection and to the current supply 10 This enables 10.to switch the load circuit also, if no motion was detected orthe minimum brightness was not reached ( manual operation). This stage gives a H-level (switch command) to the output, if a H-level is applied to or . 11.The input of the timing stage forms another AND gate. So a H from and a H from the release stage is required for starting the timing stage. The timer is realized by means of a 14stage frequency divider and sets the switch-on time (time tuner) of the lamp load. 12.The release stage blocks the timing stage for a short time after the switching-off to suppress an oscillating before the next switching-on (locking time). 13.The switching stage closes the load circuit. The power switch is designed as a relay or as a triac .It is depending on the observer type.
2.1.6 Influence on the observer by means of the switched lamp As above described, PIR motion detectors switch electrical consumer depending on the heat difference in the surveillance field. In many cases lighting is switched. Lamps take the energy from the mains and, e.g. standard incandescent lamps, emit a high part of energy as heat. If such a lamp is fitted in the surveillance field of the observer, the observer can detect a negative change of heat in the case of switching-off . The lamp is cooling down at this moment and the observer switches again. To avoid this, the observers are provided with a locking time. This locking time turns the device into the inactive mode after a switching-off for approx. 3 sec. Only after that time a motion can be detected again. By means of this circuit a problem of re-switching-on is extensively excluded. Observers, single devices or devices in parallel, that have not detected a motion ( in the figure device ), are not locked respectively the locking time of 3 seconds is over.
2 1
Figure: Re-switching-on If the lighting is switched-off, a new switching-on can appear. The reason is, the lamps are detected (cooling down and with that a heat change appears) or the lamps heat is reflected or the distance between the observer and the lamp is too small. Observers are provided with a twilight sensor. Thus, it is possible to switch the lamps depending on the ambient temperature. In many cases a switching of the lamps and a detection of the motion is only desired at the beginning of the twilight. If in this case the light of the switched lamp shines onto other observers, the brightness sensor will detect a sufficient illuminance and the device does not evaluates the motion. In the following figure the device is active, measures a sufficient ambient brightness and the detected motions will not switch the lamp.
of the body ( face and hands ) emit sufficient heat rays to trigger a switching-on. If we think about that, we understand, those heat sources with small energy nearby also have to be detected. Observers are able to trigger a circuit, if animals or warm and cold air currents enter the surveillance field (heating, air-conditioning, ventilation etc.). Thus, observers as a component of an alarm system trigger in case of an unwanted detection and a fault alarm would be occur. Devices being suitable for alarm systems have a contact against sabotage. In case of disconnection, it turns the device on and an alarm is set. Furthermore important features are a protection against drilling and a VdS approval (Verein deutscher Sachversicherer) to integrate an observer into an alarm system. We can summarize, that a PIR motion detector is able to frighten an 'undesired visitor' by means of the surprise light switching. But safety is not supported, as it is required in combination with an alarm system.
2.1.7
Observer (Motion detector)suitable for alarm systems? Passive infra-red motion detectors are suitable for automatic switching-on and -off various light sources and for switching on demand and for switching for convenience. As described in the above chapters, at first not the human motion, but the heat change in the surveillance field is detected. Sensors, being sensitive on very small heat changes, are able to detect human motion high distance away (up to 16 m). Because of the clothes, only some parts
2.2
Single observers are devices that form a complete unit. All required components are built in one housing. Single devices contain a sensor head, (sensor crystals, lens system) and an isolated power unit (power supply, operating elements, power switch). The observer 70, 110, 180/10, 180/16 and 240 are single devices for surface mounting.
The surveillance field is being separated into 5 fan-shaped areas. If the Observer is mounted in height of 2.40 m and the adjustment is on maximum range, the width of the surveillance field is approx. 11 m and the depth is approx. 8 m.
2,4 m
min. max.
2.2.1 Observer 70 The Observer 70 is designed for mounting on a flat wall and contains an adjustment of the range in 3 levels. This is realized by moving the sensor in relation to the lens. The 'surveillance rays' leave the Observer with a variable angle of inclination.
Observer 70 Move direction
~11 m
~8 m
Figure:
minimum
medium range
maximum
Figure:
If moving, the housing snaps into three positions notches: Notch top: Notch center: Notch bottom: maximum range medium range minimum range
N
DISTANCE
2.2.1.1 Test setting The observer 70 contains a test setting to adapt it quickly to the local conditions, even at daylight. The minimum switch-on time is approx. 10 seconds. The brightness tuner is set to the symbol 'sun'.
3min
Test 1min
L
5min 10sec
max. min.
Figure: Position notches in Observer 70 Through this the maximum range can be adapted individually to the local conditions
2.2.2 Observer 110 The rated range of the Observer 110 is defined on a mounting height of 2.50 m on a vertical wall. The inclination of the observer head is 14 to achieve the rated range.
Electronic relays act very sensitively on small energizing currents. If an electronic relay is connected to the Observer 110, it may happen that the relay triggers although the contact is opened. A mechanical relay should be always used to avoid these disturbances. If other Observers 110 are connected in parallel you should note, that the capactive leakage currents are added. They can permanently hold a mechanical relay. If you use the following relay, you may connect 4 Observer 110 in parallel: Schupa relay type Schupa built-in types NFR-4 s/220 NSH 21 and NSH 22
Figure: Presentation Surveillance field Observer 110 The surveillance field is separated into 3 surveillance levels to achieve the best dense detection. In the following picture, these levels are illustrated in a diagram:
25m
If an incandescent lamp 15 Watt is connected in parallel to the relay coil of the mechanical relay, you may operate up to 10 Observers in parallel.
16m
Figure: Top view Surveillance levels Observer 110 Three levels are defined as follows: Close range: from Intermediate range: from approx. Extended range: from approx.
16m
2.2.2.3 Set of blinds Observer 110 It is possible to limit the surveillance range of the Observer 110. The supplied blinds limit the angle of surveillance from 110 to 90, 60 or 25. Possible sources of interferences may be eliminated by means of these specific measures.
2.2.2.4 Test setting After installing the Observer 110, the sensor head should be tilt into the best position to achieve the desired surveillance field. By walking through the surveillance field and changing the sensor head inclination, it is possible to adjust individually the surveillance radius. The Observer 110 provides a separate tuner for the test setting. In the test setting mode the twilight switch has no function and the switch-on time is independent on the setting "time". It is limited to approx. 1 second. So there is a possibility to adapt the Observer 110 to the local conditions by means of moving and stopping in the surveillance field (the Observer switches-off after approx. 1 sec).
2.2.2.2 Spark absorber Malfunctions may be created, if inductive loads are switched. To exclude this, the contacts of the Observer 110 are bridged by a series circuit with capacitor and varistor. When the contacts are opened, these components lead a leakage current (approx. 0.8 mA), which also flows through the connected load.
2.2.3 Observer 180/10 A semi-circular surveillance field of the Observer 180/10 consists of 3 levels. If the Observer 180/10 is fitted in a height of 2.40 m and the angle of inclination is 0, then the width of the surveillance field is approx. 20 m and the depth is approx. 10 m.
2.2.3.2 Test setting The test setting of the Observer 180/10 is started by adjusting the time tuner to minimum time (approx. 6 sec) and adjusting the brightness tuner to maximum brightness (approx. 80 lux = day operation).
2.2.4 Observer 180/16 The Observer 180/16 has a dense, semi-circular surveillance field of approx. 16x32 m and 3 levels. Figure: Surveillance field Observer 180/10
20m
Figure: Surveillance field Observer 180/16
10m
Figure: Top view Surveillance levels Observer 180/10
The size of the surveillance field is defined by the lens geometry and a range of 16 meters is realized. This distance is effective in the total semi-circular area.
Three levels are defined as follows: Close range: from Intermediate range: from approx. Extended range from approx.
10m 6m
32m
16m
Figure: Top view Surveillance levels Observer 180/16 If the Observer 180/16 is mounted in a height of 2.40 m and the sensor head is not tilt 3 surveillance levels are effective: Close range: from Intermediate range: from approx. Extended range: from approx.
Figure: Dimensions Surveillance levels The Observer 180/10 is designed for mounting on a flat house wall and is a low-cost alternative, if a high range or switching capacity is not required.
2.2.3.1 Limitation of the surveillance field If required, the angle of surveillance can be reduced by means of using the blinds. Potential
16m
9m
3m 2,4m
Close range: from Intermediate range: from approx. Extended range: from approx.
Figure: Dimensions Surveillance field Two PIR sensors in the Observer 180/16 detect the heat radiation. Due to its semi-circular surveillance field the Observer 180/16 is suitable to be fitted onto flat walls. A dense surveillance field is formed which closes with the house wall. If motions appear behind the mounted Observer these are not detected due to the angle of surveillance of 180. Undesired switchings are excluded, if heat radiation of the mounted wall itself is detected.
In the close range a special guard against attempts to crawl under the ray is realized.
16m 9m 1m 2,4m
Figure: Dimensions Surveillance levels Two PIR sensors are in operation, which are mounted on the printed wire board. Motions directly underneath the Observer are detected by means of an optic, which is being turned to the bottom. That is the so-called 'guard against attempts to crawl under the ray'. Also this opening of the guard against attempts to crawl under the ray is equipped with a lens system that is described in chapter 2.1.2.
2.2.5
Observer 240
Figure: Surveillance field Observer 240 The size of the surveillance field is 22m x 20m.
2.2.5.1 Sensivity setting A special feature of the Observer 240 is the possibility to adjust the sensivity according to the inclination of the sensor head. If the Observer 240 is inclined to reduce the range, you are able to attenuate respectively reduce the sensitivity by means of a potentiometer.
22m
20m
16m
Figure: Adaptation of range / sensivity Figure: Top view surveillance field Observer 240 If the Observer 240 is mounted in a height of 2.40 m and the sensor head is not tilt, 3 surveillance levels are effective: This is achieved by increasing the required switch level in the threshold detection stage (see chapter 2.1,5). Higher heat changes are necessary at reduced sensivity to trigger a detection process in the threshold stage.
In the close range a super-sensitive triggering is avoided using a tilt sensor. Smallest heat changes are not detected, they are created by little animals or moving branches.
To exclude the extended range the lower blind lamella are cut out. : unmonitored area : monitored area
2.2.5.2 Push-on blinds The push-on blinds supplied with the Observer 180/10 and Observer 240 can be used to eliminate sources of interferences by limiting the angle of surveillance. For that purpose the blinds are cut out and pushed onto the sensor head. The Observer 240 has an additional blind for the guard against attempts to crawl under the ray. With that, interference sources close to the house can be excluded from the surveillance field.
2 1
Figure: Cutting out the blinds An example with an Observer 180/16 for excluding lateral sources of interferences: : unmonitored area : monitored area
2.2.5.3 Test settings The single units 180/16 and 240 are equipped with a test system. A switch-on process (that means, the set brightness value is falling below the threshold level and a heat source is detected in the surveillance field) is being indicated at the housing of the Observer by means of a burning glow lamp. The burning of the glow lamp is tantamount to the switching of the power relay. The switching process is visible without connected the lamps and the Observer can be adjusted to the desired monitoring area. It is sensible to set the minimum switch-on time(approx. 4 sec) and the day operation (maximum brightness) by means of the 2 potentiometers.
1 2
Figure:
2.3
The Observer 180 UP attachments and inserts are components of the modular system. They can be combined to build a complete Observer 180 UP. Indoor observers may be assembled according to the individual requirements. Each flush-insert can be installed in a 58mm flush-box and can be combined with an attachment. Depending on the requirements devices can be assembled that may have differences in: the allowed load to be connected, the convenience of operation, the number and type of extensions, the performance of the surveillance field, the installation height the protection class and the program of the covers. . Observer Insert with triac
Thus, an attractive solution can be found for almost every possible local condition or installation situation. The possible combinations of the components of the modular system Observer 180 UP are presented in the following table. Inserts and attachments are marked with a colour dot. You may only combine the devices with same colour dot. Specific problems will occur, if devices will be combined, that have not been designed for a common operation (see table). The components of the inserts or attachments will not be damage in the case of a wrong combination. l marked with red dot marked with blue dot no operation in this combination
Extension insert
System insert
Lx S - +
1,10 m
! false ! No operating combination ! Attachment transmits no signal to the system power unit
Standard attachm.
Standard device with factory settings and extension input. For different loads (see specification)
1,10 m
! false ! No operating combination ! Attachment transmits no signal to the system power unit
Comfort attachm.
2,20 m
Comfort device with individual settings and extension input. For different loads (see specification) ! false ! No operating combination !! Load switches permanently on
1,10 m
System attachm.
2,20 m
no attachm.
2.3.1 Usage Observers 180 UP are ideal to use if a load would be switched depending on the demand and on motion. In a high number of cases the indoor lighting is switched. No matter which combination of insert and attachment has been chosen, there are two differently designed surveillance fields for the Observer 180 UP. So a good solution is offered for many applications. The light switches are normally installed in a height of 1.10 m in existing buildings. If the Observer 180 UP will be retrofitted, the surveillance field of the Observer 180 UP must be adapted to this conditions. Persons should be detected correctly and pets normally should not be detected. Possible interferences should be kept as small as possible just at the planning phase. In public buildings and commercial plants Observers are often mounted in the entrances on the walls. The installation height differs very clearly from this of a normal light switch. To guarantee an ideal detection, the surveillance field must be designed differently to the application described above. The heart of every attachment is a doublesensor, a PIR sensor with two 'windows'. The entered radiation is reflected directly to the sensor system by means of a mirror system. Only other Fresnel lens are fitted in front of the sensor system (see chap. 2.1.4) to realize two different versions of surveillance fields. Thus, IR rays arriving from other directions are lead to the mirror system.
1,1 m
10 m
Figure: Top view Surveillance field Version 1 Installation height 1.10m A detection, e.g. in the face area would not be possible with a fan only in the direction to bottom, if the observer is installed in a height of 1.10 m (standard height of flush-boxes) and so a correct detection can not be guaranteed in all cases (see also chap. 2.1.1 Light and sensor).
12 m
2.3.1.1 Version 1: Surveillance field for an installation height 1.10 m The surveillance field is separated into two levels that are adjusted in an angle of 5 out of the horizontal line. If the observer is installed in a height of 1.10 m, the size of the surveillance field is 10 m x 12 m. It is possible to design a typical indoor Observer only by means of the upper surveillance fan.
2.3.1.2 Version 2: Surveillance field for an installation height 2.20 m The surveillance field is similar to the Observers for outdoor use. Installing in a height of 2.20 m, a field with a depth and width of 12 m and with two levels is detected. The close range has a distance of approx. 4.50 m.
2,2 m
1,1 m
12 m
2.3.1.3 Waterproof construction It is planned to extend the modular system Observer 180 UP by a waterproof variant, which will comply to protection degree IP 44. The Observer is then able to be installed in wet rooms, e.g. bathrooms.
4,5 m 12 m
Figure: Top view Surveillance field Version 2 Installation height 2.20m No upper surveillance fan is existing and this is different to the version described before. Because of this reason, it possible to allow other installation heights and to permit also outdoor applications. By this, it is avoided that the PIR sensors are destroyed by means of the energy of direct sun radiation. The surveillance field and the range will change depending on the installation height. In the following figure the installation in a height of 1.10m is presented.
1,1 m
2.3.2 Insert with triac The flush mounting insert with triac is designed as a two wire device and it can replace a conventional on/off-switch or a 2-way or 4-way switch, also if the neutral is not available.
Figure: Triac insert The insert with triac can be installed at any place in a given installation. The remaining switches are replaced by normally-closed (NC) contacts. Pushing them, the circuit will be interrupted and the load is then manually switched. The number of the NC contacts in the circuit is not limited. In detail, it is a series circuit with any number of NC contacts and an insert with triac. The device is suitable for resistive loads (standard incandescent lamps 400 W and HV halogen lamp up to 200 W) with a minimum load of 40 W.
6m
2,25 m 6m
Figure: Top view Surveillance field Version 2 Installation height 1.10m The differences to the above described version appear transparently in the following figure, both levels are adjusted to the bottom.
2,2 m 1,1 m
If several switches of a given 4-way circuit are to be replaced, the devices may be connected in parallel. However, a minimum load of 40 W is required per insert, that means the minimum load for 3 inserts is 120 W. This is necessary, since all three Observers can be switched-on at the same time. In this case every Observer needs its "own" minimum load of 40 W. The maximum connected load will not be increased due to the connection in parallel. The maximum brightness of a triac-switch is less than that brightness switched in a circuit by a mechanical switch. The value of a triac-switch is 92% due to the necessary remaining phase-cuton of 2 ms.
Figure: Sectioned illustration Surveillance field Version 2 with different installation heights
2.3.3 Insert with relay contact If higher loads will be switched and active extensions will be connected, the flush mounting insert with relay contact will meet these requirements. The device is designed in 3-wiretechnology (neutral connection is required). It has an extension control input `1` . Active extensions (see chapter 2.3.6.2) and/or IR- extension push buttons and conventional push buttons (normallyopened) may be connected to this terminal.
Just using of the Observer 180 UP, it is possible that the shadow of a walking person covers the LDR in the device, because the Observers are installed in the height of the light switches. A trigger delay is realized in the attachment to avoid, that a short dark time of the brightness together with a motion in front of the sensor will cause a faulty switching, although the brightness is sufficient.
2.3.5 Comfort attachment The functionality of the comfort attachment is as equal as the standard attachment. In addition it is possible to set some features individually. These are in detail: Adjustment of the brightness threshold value:
Figure: Insert with relay contacts This insert, too, can be installed instead of existing Off- and 2-way switches, if the neutral is found in the flush-box. A connection in parallel is possible, but not sensible because the desired functionality can be achieved more comfortable, safer and even cheaper by using an active extension. The power switch in this flush mounting insert is a relay contact. It provides the complete voltage to the lamp. In addition to standard incandescent lamps and HV halogen lamps (up to 1000W), conventional and TRONIC transformers (up to 750 VA), also fluorescent lamps or motors may be connected.
The brightness threshold value can be changed continuously in the range of approx. 3-80 lux by means of a potentiometer in the attachment. The setting of the potentiometer to the marking "sun" (= 80 lux) means daylight operation. The lighting is switched independent on the ambient brightness, if motion is detected. This is sensible in situations, when the sensor is lighted up directly by means of other light, e.g. lighting close to the Observer or windows, but the area to be lighted is always in the dark, far away from the flush mounting Observer. Again, in the test mode a setting onto daylight operation is convenient.
2.3.4 Standard attachment The standard attachment may be combined with an insert with triac and relay contacts. The attachment evaluates the ambient brightness by means of a LDR (light dependent resistor, see chapter 2.1.4). If a motion is detected and the value is falling below the factory setting of approx. 10 lux, the attachment sends a signal to the insert and the connected load is switched-on. The minimum switch-on time is also set to approx. 2 minutes in the factory. However, the minimum switch-on time is reset by each new motion and is running again (retriggering). If there is a permanent motion in the surveillance range, the light will remain on. The threshold value of the brightness of 10 lux is no more relevant, if the lighting is switched once, since the ambient brightness has be changed anyway by means of the switched lighting.
Figure: Adjustment of the brightness threshold value Adjustment of the minimum switching-on time: The minimum switch-on time can be adjusted from approx. 10 sec to 10 min by means of a potentiometer. With that, it is possible to reduce the switching-on time of the lighting to a minimum, e.g. in short passages. Then the lighting is not longer in operation, as it is necessary. If the Observer controls a lavatory lighting or a ventilator, the switching-on time has to be increased essentially. It is recommended to set the test setting on 10 seconds at setting-up.
10 min 5 min
10 sec 1 min
extension input "1" of the insert with relay contacts. Suitable extensions are: Conventional push buttons with normally-open contacts (non-lighted), IR-push buttons with permanent pulse 40 VA, IR-extension push buttons 4fold Eb, and, of course, the active Observer 180 UP extension, which is composed of the extension insert and a system attachment (see the following chapter) An extension does not switch a load, it only sends a pulse to the main station. The main station is able to identify whether the pulse is sent by a passive (e.g. conv. push button) or active extension (see figure Principle circuit Extension identification) If a pulse of a passive extension is identified, the main station is switching independently on the ambient brightness. A signal of an active Observer 180 UP extension is linked to an AND in the attachment, so that the load is only switched, when the brightness is below the threshold value of the attachment. Using this both extension types, the lighting is switched-on for the time that has been set in the attachment.
Figure: Adjustment of the minimum switch-on time Adjustment of the sensivity: The sensivity can be reduced from 100% to approx. 20%. So an adaptation to the room condition is possible. Very often flush mounting Observers are used in small passages and corridors that have a width of only 2 m. It is not required to operate the device with the 100% sensivity. In this case it may happen, that processes are unintentionally detected. These processes are, e.g. heat reflection from light walls, walls with glasses or mirrors or perhaps they are created by the lighting switched by the Observer itself. A LV lighting contains a very high red light part, which is perhaps recognized as a heat change. The time constants of the cooling of the lamps are in the range of seconds. The reduction of the sensitivity gives a possibility to attenuate this interferences.
Figure: Adjustment of the sensitivity Operation mode switch: By means of the operation mode switch the Observer can be set into Permanent-Off, Permanent-ON or Automatic operation. The Automatic operation can be locked to avoid a switching-on or -off by mistake. Permanent light is useful for works as cleaning or renovation. Switching the light frequently would be felt troublesome. If the switching on demand should be disabled (e.g. light effects during presentations) you can meet this request by using the operation mode switch.
2.3.6.1 Why active extensions? You may not agree immediately to the necessity of active extensions, though at the first sight the same functionality can be achieved by switching Observers in parallel. But some arguments shall quickly display the transparency and show the advantages using active extensions instead of connecting Observers in parallel. Besides the financial advantages using the extension insert instead of an insert with triac or with relay contacts, there are also very well reasons due to the functions. So only, e.g. a combination of the main station and the extension support the evaluation of one sole brightness value. The brightness value is exclusively evaluated in the attachment of the main station and it is independent on the ambient brightness at the extensions. Connecting in parallel, the brightness evaluation is active in every device. Then it may happen that a light situation occurs which is different at every device. Although every device has the same set brightness threshold value, one device can be active while the others are still locked.
2.3.6 Operation with extensions A switch respectively main station is created by combining an insert with relay contacts with a standard or comfort attachment. Any desired number of extensions may be connected to the
A synchronisation of the threshold values is almost impossible due to the component tolerances in addition. Furthermore, it is possible that one device detecting motion switches-on the light and then the other devices in the lighted area are locked. Of course, the other devices identify a "Bright" and do not switch. The locking time was integrated to exclude a sudden re-switching of the lighting because of the detection of heat reflection (see chapter 2.1.5. Principle circuit Release). In parallel circuits, the locking time that is realized in the insert with triac and with relay
N N
contacts is only active in that device, that switched the light. All other devices connected in parallel are not locked. In chapter 2.1.6 these possible problems are described in detail. These problems do not occur due to the interworking of the main station and the extensions. The active extensions send only a signal, if a motion is detected. Brightness evaluation, switch-on time and locking time are realized exclusively in the main station.
Th1
D1
R2 U0 D2 Extension input R3 OK Signal to the attachment: No insert Active ins. Passive ins. R4
Figure: Principle circuit Extension identification If the Observer is in steady state (no extension signal is existing), only one sine half wave is applied to the optocoupler OK by means of the diode D1 and the resistors R2 and R3. A 50 Hz square signal occurs at the output of the OK with a duty cycle of 1:1. The thyristor Th1 is in on-state, if a signal arrives from the active extension. The positive half wave applied to OK by D1 is added to a complete sine wave by means of Th1 and R1. If the push button is pressed, the applied half wave is lead by D2 and the push button to ground. Practically the OK is shorted and has a low-signal, for the time the push button is pressed. The minimum time of a correct identification at the extension insert of the attachment is 200 msec. The three minimum signals are possible for the support of the attachment. There, they are calculated by means of an integrator. The passive extension generates a Low-signal, the active one generates a High-signal. If the extension is not active, a signal between High and Low is formed from the 50 Hz rectangular signal. A window comparator evaluates the signals. It activates either no output or the output of the passive extension depending on the input signal. The main station recognizes the kind of output signal and then it knows the type of attachment.
2.3.6.2 Extension insert The extension insert is designed to control actively the insert with relays, it can not be used as a single device. The devices are connected to the neutral conductor and to that phase conductor to which the insert with relay is also connected to. The signalling pulse is transferred to the main station by means of the connection to the extension terminal `1`. It is possible to connect any desired number of active extensions in parallel.
You are able to adapt the range to the local conditions by means of the sensivity adjustment (1). This is similar to the comfort attachment. The previous model of the system attachment had not the implemention this feature.
Figure: Sensivity adjustment of the extension attachment The ambient brightness is detected, but it is not evaluated, if you use the combination with the extension insert. A pulse serves to control the extension insert or system insert. This is the sensor signal, which is applied for the time of detection.
2.3.6.3 Attachment for the insert (System attachment) The system attachment is used as the attachment for the extension insert.
2.4
Observer system
Everywhere the Observer system is ideal to use in, when the local conditions make several PIR sensors necessary and one common load has to be switched. The difference to the single device described in chapter 2.2 is the device construction. The Observer system consists of two separate components. These are the system sensors detecting the heat radiation and the system power unit processing the switching commands. Up to 8 system sensors can be connected to one channel of the system power unit by means of simple connection technology
2.4.1 System power units The centre of an Observer system installation is the system power unit, which is available in different constructions. Besides a variant for surface mounting (AP), a variant for fitting into distribution boards (REG) is existing and they contain one channel (to install maximum 8 sensors) or two channels (to install maximum 2 x 8 sensors)
2.4.1.1 System power unit AP (surface mounting) The 1-channel surface mounting version is very suitable for the easy retrofitting of existing installations. For this purpose, it is recommended to install it near to the lamp that will be switched. So, the mains wires are as a short as possible, and the system sensors can be controlled by means of the fine wire JY-(ST)-Y (or similar) which is easy to fit (see chapter 2.4.3) The power unit has a green control lamp, which informs about the switching state of the device, even if no load is applied. The switched lamp may be not installed in the visible area of the user - however an operation test is possible at any time.
Figure: System overview The use of the Observer system offers extensive advantages: Financial advantage, if more than two single system sensors are connected and compared with two single devices connected in parallel. Functional advantage, i.e. brightness evaluation by means of one reference sensor Reduced expenditure of installation by using a wire with small cross-section up to 8 system sensor switch one common load it is possible to combine weather-proof outdoor Observers and flush mounting indoor Observer Easy to maintain and to change by means of one only time and brightness adjustment for up to 8 system sensors Small, discreet system sensors by means of a separate power unit with high switching capacity Additional safety by the supply of low voltage The power unit may be installed 'invisibly' in the distribution board (REG)
LU
. .
Figure: System power unit AP, illustrated with opened connection area
2.4.1.2 System power unit REG 1-channel The power unit REG 1-channel contains a potential-isolated contact, which switches the control circuit and the load circuit. The control circuit is connected to the mains by means of the terminals 'L1' and 'N'. A normally-open contact is realized for the load terminal at the terminals '4' and '1'. If the control and the load circuit are to be supplied by one phase, an isolated wire jumper between the terminals 'L1' and '4' must be installed. This wire jumper must have a minimum cross-section of 1.5 mm 2 due to the high switching capacity up to 2500 W. The potentialisolated contact is also suitable for low voltage.
N c
80
S- + Lx
10
1
a
In this case, the wire jumper is not allowed to be installed, the contact can be connected separately. This device, too, indicates the switching state of the relay contact by means of a LED. So, a quick test of the Observer system installation is possible.
1. System sensor 180/16 The surveillance field is similar to the Observer 180/16, described in chapter 2.2.4. The system sensor 180/16 contains a LED, which indicates detections. The real switching procedure (dependent on the brightness) is displayed in the system power unit. 2. System sensor 240 Also this device contains the surveillance field that is known from the Observer 240 and which is described in chapter 2.2.5. The indication of a surveillance process is similar to the system sensor 180/16. 3. System sensor 180 UP The system sensor 180 UP is composed of two components, which are used in the modular system Observer 180 UP: the system insert and the system attachment. According to all Observer 180 UP attachments, two versions with different surveillance fields exist (see chapter 2.3.1).
L1
15
L1
80
Lx S
- +
2.4.1.2 System power unit REG 2-channel The 2-channel power unit REG contains two relay contacts, which operate independently from one another and both have a separate adjustment of the minimum switching-on time and the brightness threshold value. You are able to connect up to 8 sensors (see chapter above). Each channel has a LED that indicates the switching of the load. Channel 1 is connected to potential, e.g. the device is connected to that phase, and by means of that phase, the load of channel 1 is also switched. Channel 2 is designed to switch any desired phase by means of a potential-isolated contact. It not allowed to use low voltage, because the device does not follow the requirements of the minimum contact gaps. This results from the small housing (2 channels in on housing).
N L1
Lx S - +
Figure: System insert Up to 8 sensors per channel of a system power unit may be combined, independently on their construction and their surveillance field.
L2
2.4.3 Connection The installation work is small, as a 4-core wire with a small cross-section is used to connect the system sensors to the system power unit. We recommend using the telephone wire JY-(ST)-Y 2x2x0.6 or JY-(ST)-Y 2x2x0.8, which is well known in the telephone installation. The sensors are switched in parallel and a starshaped, a line-shaped wiring or a mixture of these may be used.
80
80
Lx 1 S 1
Lx 2 S 2
It is important, that the Lx-terminal is connected only to one sensor per power unit (in the following figures it is marked with an "x")
2.4.2 System sensors Three different system sensors comply with almost all requirements:
x
L N +
S Lx
S Lx Lxo
S Lx Lxo
1 max. 100 m 2
x
+
S Lx Lxo
L N
S Lx
S Lx Lxo
8
+
S Lx Lxo
S Lx Lxo
max. 8
mx 8 a.
Figure. Connection of system devices This allows the user to adjust the brightness threshold value of the whole system by one reference sensor. The brightness signal Lx of the reference sensor is transferred to the system power unit by means of the terminal Lxo of the other system sensors. The terminal Lxo has no connection to the electronic and only serves for distribution. By that means, a simple and quick installation is guaranteed. This terminal is not available in the Observer 180 UP system, due to the small construction. Pay attention to the reference sensor. It may not be fitted in the shadow of plants or walls. The voltage drop on the wire should be small to guarantee a faultless operation. For that in the case of a star-shaped installation, keep a maximum length of 100m between the power system unit and each system sensor. So, there are 8 system sensors allowed and each is connected with a wire of 100m length to the power unit.
max. 100 m 1
2.4.4 Set-up of the Observer system All variants of the power unit have an adjustment for the brightness threshold value and the minimum switching-on time. While setting-up the Observer system, it is recommended to set the installed power unit to the minimum time and maximum brightness (day operation). This is similar to all set-ups of PIR Observer. For this purpose, all necessary sensors are connected one after another. The function and settings are tested by walking. The surface mounting (AP) sensors have a LED in the lower part of the housing, which indicates a detection by flashing. A test by walking is also possible without any connected load. Additionally the test-LED, which is integrated in the system power unit, shows the switching state of the relay contact, independently on the load. If all sensors are mounted and adjusted according to their detection area, the adjustment potentiometers are set to the desired time and brightness. Then the system is in operation.
2.4.5
2
N L1 L1 4 Lx S - + 1
Principle construction of the Observer system The power unit is the centre of an Observer system installation. Loads, mostly lighting, are switched, and the system sensors are supplied with voltage by means of this device. A direct voltage of 15 V is used, which can be taken from the terminals '+' and '-' of the system power unit. An additional safety is guaranteed by means of this small supply voltage, as the system sensors are separated from the mains. Moreover the power unit evaluates the analogue signal (approx. 5.8 V bright to 8.5 V dark) of the ambient brightness, which is applied to the Lxterminal by a sensor. The threshold value can be adjusted to approx. 3 - 80 Lux, using the potentiometer.
Figure: Star-shaped wiring In the case of a line-shaped wiring, the maximum length of the wire between the system power unit and the final system sensor may not exceed 100m.
The switching signal of the connected sensors is transferred to the power unit by means of the 'Sterminals'. The power unit evaluates the detection process. The mains voltage of the power unit and the signal wires of the system sensors (Lx and S) are not allowed to be installed in one common cable. A coupling of the switching procedure onto the signal wires would result. Functional faults and undesired switching of the installation would be generated.
We can summarize: All connected sensors have only the task to detect reliably motion and to transmit this to the power unit. In addition, one sensor only transmits the brightness value. The potentiometers for the brightness threshold and the minimum switching-on time can be found in the power unit. It supplies the sensors, links the motion signals in a logic and switches the connected load for the adjusted time.
2.5
The technical data, described here, have been up-to-date, when the Electronic Handbook was published. We reserve the right to change the technical data and so, the technical data are no mores valid in case of changes, which serve the technical progress. As the technical data are always up-to-date in the operating instructions, which are delivered with the product, in important cases the operating instruction should be taken for decision.
Technical data
Supply voltage Power consumption Ambient temperature Switching capacity Incandescent lamps HV halogen lamps LV halogen lamps conv. transformers TRONIC transformer Fluorescent lamps not compensated parallel compensated lead-lag circuit Starting current Switching time Brightness sensor Brightness value continuously adjustable Sensivity reduction Recommended fitting height Surveillance levels Close range Intermediate range Extended range Size of the surveillance field
Observer 70
230 V, 50 Hz approx. 1.1 W -25 C / +55 C 1000 W 1000 W 750 VA 750 W 500 VA 400 VA (47F) 1000 VA approx. 10 sec to approx. 5 min LDR yes --2.4 m 5 adjustable 8 m x 11 m
Observer 110
230V, 50 Hz approx.1.3 W -35C / +50C 2200 W 1000 W ----------max. 16 A approx.12 sec to approx. 12 min LDR yes --2.5 m 3 0 m to approx.0.5 m 0.5 m to approx.5 m 5 m to approx.16 m 25 m x 16 m
Observer 180/10
230V, 50 Hz approx.1.1 W -25C / +50C 1000 W 500 W ----------max. 20 A approx. 4 sec to approx. 15 min LDR yes --2.4 m 3 0 m to approx.3 m 3 m to approx.6 m 6 m to approx.10 m 20 m x 10 m
Observer 180/16
230V, 50 Hz approx.1.1 W -25C / +55C 2500 W 2500 W ----1200 VA 920 VA 2400 VA max. 20 A approx. 4 sec to approx. 15 min LDR yes --2.4 m 3 0 m to approx.3 m 3 m to approx.9 m 9 m to approx.16 m 32 m x 16 m
Observer 240
230V, 50 Hz approx.1.1 W -25C / +55C 2500 W 2500 W ----1200 VA 920 VA 2400 VA max. 20 A approx. 4 sec to approx. 15 min LDR yes yes 2.4 m 3 0 m to approx.1 m 1 m to approx.9 m 9 m to approx.16 m 20 m x 22 m
2,4 m
min. max.
~11 m
~8 m
~8 m
22m
25m
~11 m
20m
32m
16m
10m
16m
20m
16m
Technical data
Supply voltage Power consumption Ambient temperature Switching capacity Incandescent lamps HV halogen lamps LV halogen lamps conv. transformers TRONIC transformer Fluorescent lamps not compensated parallel compensated lead-lag circuit Starting current Switching time Brightness sensor Brightness value continuously adjustable Sensivity reduction Recommended fitting height Surveillance levels Close range Intermediate range Extended range Size of the surveillance field
Power unit AP
AC 230 V, 50 Hz 1.1 W -25 C / +55 C
2500 W 2500 W ----1200 VA 920 VA 2400 VA max. 20 A approx. 4 sec to approx. 15 min --yes -------------
2500 W 2500 W ----1200 VA 920 VA 2400 VA max. 20 A approx. 4 sec to approx. 15 min --yes -------------
2500 W 2500 W ----1200 VA 920 VA 2400 VA max. 20 A approx. 4 sec to approx. 15 min --yes -------------
---
---
---
22m
32m
16m
20m
16m
Technical data
Supply voltage Power consumption Ambient temperature Switching capacity
Extension insert
AC 230 V, 50 Hz -25 C / +55 C operation only with insert with relay contacts ------------------------1.1 m
System insert
DC 15 V -25 C / +55 C operation only with system power unit ------------------------1.1 m
Incandescent lamps HV halogen lamps LV halogen lamps conv. transformers TRONIC transformer Fluorescent lamps not compensated parallel compensated lead-lag circuit Starting current Switching time Brightness sensor Brightness value continuously adjustable Sensivity reduction Recommended fitting height Surveillance levels Close range Intermediate range Extended range Size of the surveillance field
---------
---------
---
---
---
---
Technical data
Supply voltage Power consumption Ambient temperature Switching capacity Incandescent lamps HV halogen lamps LV halogen lamps conv. transformers TRONIC transformer Fluorescent lamps not compensated parallel compensated lead-lag circuit Starting current Switching time Brightness sensor Brightness value continuously adjustable Sensivity reduction Recommended fitting height Surveillance levels Close range Intermediate range Extended range Size of the surveillance field
Standard attachment
by the insert -25 C / +55 C ----------------approx. 2 min (permanent) LDR approx. 10 Lux (permanent) --1.1 m 2 ------10 m x 12 m ---------
Comfort attachment
by the insert
System attachment
by the insert
----------------LDR ---
--------approx. 10 sec. to approx. 10 min. LDR yes, approx. 3 - 80 Lux + day operation yes approx. 100 - 20% 1.1 m 2 ------10 m x 12 m
--1.1 m 2 ------10 m x 12 m
10 m
12 m
10 m
12 m
10 m
12 m
12 m
12 m
10 m
10 m
10 m
12 m
3.
Devices with automatic time functions Electronic Controller for shutter and blinds
3.1
3.1.1 General Increasingly mechanical push buttons and switches are replaced by electronic controls that operate motor driven shutter, blinds and moving doors to get the advantage of a comfortable automatic operation. These electronic controls are programmable and switch automatically the drives at desired times. Additionally a manual operation is possible. As motors contain an own switch input for every direction, the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds has also two switch outputs, one for the function "UP" and one for the function "DOWN". It is shown in the figures Block structure Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds and Connection diagram Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds (see chapter 3.1.4). The Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds has always the task to switch "ON", either the function "UP" or the function "DOWN". The move is interrupted immediately at manual stop, otherwise it is interrupted by the limit switch. The controller switches-off itself after 2 minutes, to prevent damages by means of jammed shutter. The switching-"OFF" always happens in that way, independently on the program.
At present, the following convenience is offered: Display of the current time, weekday and the summertime respectively wintertime, Manual operation is possible at any time, Automatic Mode Automatic Mode combined with random generator, Automatic Mode combined with Astro Mode Automatic Mode combined with random generator and Astro Mode. The manual operation has priority, the desired function is executed independently on the program. In the Automatic modes switching is executed at the daytimes and weekdays, which are programmed before by the user. The programmed switch times will vary, when the random generator is switched-on. The random generator calculates a time, by which the programmed switch times will be varied. By means of the then arbitrary executed shutter moves, a presence of person is simulated and possible undesired visitors are frightened. The Astro Mode adapts the programmed switch times to the sunrise and sunset, to reach an execution of the switch times at the time of the beginning day's or ending day's brightness. Thus an often re-programming is cancelled by means of the different sunrises and sunsets in the year. If Astro Mode and Random Mode are activated, switch times are adapted to the times of the relevant sunrise and sunset. Detailed descriptions of the operation modes can be seen in chapter 3.1.6.3
UP
Relay Relay
Microprocessor
Keyboard
3.1.2 Principles of function: The principle function of the device is visible in the figure Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds . The signal processing is digital. The control electronic contains a microprocessor with three different memory types, which are described as following: 1. Internal processor ROM (Read Only Memory): The program, which has been created for the microprocessor by the developer, is stored in this memory in the factory. Afterwards the contents of the memory can not be changed anymore. It is read by the microprocessor permanently and is executed. So the function of the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds is defined. The ROM stores its contents also in case of a voltage loss. 2. Internal processor RAM (Random Access Memory): The processor stores all data in this memory which are generated during operation, e.g. the current time that is always changing. The RAM contents is deleted by means of a voltage loss at the processor component. 3. External processor EEPROM (Electrical Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory): The EEPROM combines the features of the RAM and ROM. The processor can both read and write, and stores all information. In the case of an unlimited voltage loss, the processor writes the switch times into this memory that are defined by the user. In every case, they are stored until a reprogramming. By means of the keyboard the user enters directly the command to the processor. The data are processed depending on the program in the ROM. The speed of the processor is defined by a clock circuit, which oscillates in the range of approx. 4 MHz. The current time is not calculated from this clock circuit. A high-precise clock quartz is available, which oscillates exactly 32.768 times per second. When the user has entered once the current time, the processor determines permanently the new current time by means of evaluation of the input signal of the clock quartz. The processor always compares the current time with the switch time, programmed by the user. If they match, the processor switches the relays in the power unit by means of a driver stage, which is used to amplify the signal. Thus a coil of
the connected shutter or blind motor is applied to voltage, and the corresponding move is executed. A liquid crystal display LCD is used for displaying. The processor directly drives the segments. The power supply supplies all components with voltage. An auxiliary power supply supports the voltage supply of the electronic in case of short mains failures. So, the processor can hold its most important internal functions and a loss of RAM data is prevented. This auxiliary supply can be ensured in principle by means of a buffer accumulator or buffer capacitor. Both methods have advantages. An accumulator saves the data for longer times (some months), but it has a short lifetime and it requires more space. For this reason, a buffer capacitor is implemented in the device described here. It saves the data in the range of hours (maximum time = 2 hours), it needs no maintenance and less space. As longer mains failures occur extreme rarely, a data saving against loss for 2 hours is very absolutely sufficient
3.1.3 Technical construction: The Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds contains of the two following modular parts: 1. Power unit with relay technology, able to be mounted in a standard flush-box or a surface housing. 2. Control electronic with microprocessor and peripheral components, which is pushed onto the power unit. The control circuit is free of maintenance. The controller is equipped with 9 memory switch time registers free programmable for one "UP" and one "DOWN" time each. For execution, these times can be assigned to any desired combination of weekdays Existing mechanical switches may be replaced, if the neutral conductor is available in the flushbox.
3.1.4 Fitting and installation: 1. Connect and fit the power unit according to figure Connection diagram Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds .
2. Push the frame with the control electronic module onto the power unit and snap into position.
Power unit (Flush mouting insert) Control electronic (Attachment module)
During this time, the internal buffer capacitor is charged, to ensure the data saving. If the capacitor is loaded, the display, described in chapter 3.1.6.1, is showing: Weekday: Monday, (Mark next to the weekday abbreviation "Mo") Time: 00:00, (Presentation in the main display) Season: Wintertime, (Symbol: Skier is shown) Calendar week: 1, (readable in the main display, after the first operation) Operation mode: Manual. (Dot over the text "Manuell")
If the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds should not react on any key stroke (due to a false operation), pull of the attachment unit for minimum 30 seconds. Thus, a reset of the internal microprocessor is ensured. The programmed data are not affected. The programming is realized by means of the keys. Please note the operating instructions in special cases. It is recommended to create a table as shown on this page, before entering many different switch times at different weekdays. To simplify the set-up of the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds, two switch times are preprogrammed ex works (switch time 1 and switch time 2). At any time the user may change them individually. Switch time 1: mon-fri
Figure: Connection diagram Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds Attention, information about safety: The Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds is designed for automatic operation of window shutter or blinds. If it is used for other purposes creating danger (e.g. moving doors), the user has to exclude this danger by means of installing additional safety measures (e.g. light barriers).
AUF AB
7.00 h 22.00 h
UP DOWN
8.30 h 22.00 h
UP DOWN
3.1.5 Initial set-up: After applying the mains voltage for the first time, the activation of the LCD takes up to 60 seconds.
Activating the Automatic Mode, the Random generator and/or the Astro Mode, the corresponding symbols will appear in the display.
08.30
22.00
Fri
Sat X
Sun X
3.1.6 Operation 3.1.6.1 Display and operation elements Adjust calendarweek Summer-/wintertime adjustment UP Switch time no. DOWN Manual mode Automatic mode on
Manuell Auto Zufall Astro
Adjust weekday
Woche Tag
Adjust time
Prog
Random mode on
Astro mode on
Man/Auto
UP
Einstellen Enter
Enter
3.1.6.2 Programming Transition to setting mode: Touch key Einstellen (1.), then touch the key Enter within 2 seconds (2.). Now the Controller is in the mode for adjusting the current time, and the desired switch times can be programmed. In general it is mentioned: Chosen values must be confirmed by Enter, as only by operating the Enter-key the values are written into the memory.
The setting mode will automatically be left, if no key stroke is detected within 5 minutes. The device switches into the previous operation mode (Normal mode). By means of key Einstellen the setting mode can be left at any time. If values have been changed before leaving the setting mode, but they have not been confirmed by Enter, they will not be stored in the memory.
Man/Auto
1.
Einstellen
2.
Enter
Please, see calendar for the current calendarweek (KW), as this date may vary from year to year by few days. For further explanation see figures Times of sunrise and Times of sunset in chapter 3.1.6.3 Setting the present weekday: The dot is moved forward to "Tag" (day), the mark at the right display margin is flashing and indicates the weekday. Set the weekday by key or . Confirm with Enter.
Figure: Calling the setting mode Setting of summertime/wintertime: In the display a dot appears under the symbol , the adjusted symbol flashes. Set summertime/wintertime by key or . Confirm the selection by Enter.
Woche Tag Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Manuell Auto Zufall Astro
Woche
Tag
Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So
Manuell
Auto
Zufall
Astro
Man/Auto Man/Auto
Enter
Figure: Setting of summertime/wintertime Setting the present calendarweek The dot is moved forward to "Woche" (week), the adjusted calendarweek flashes. Set the calendarweek by key or . For rapid motion press the key for approx. 3 seconds. Confirm with Enter
Woche Tag Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Manuell Auto Zufall Astro
Figure: Setting the weekday Setting the present time: The dot is moved forward to " ", the time flashes. Set the present time with key or . For rapid motion press the key for approx. 3 seconds. Confirm the setting with Enter
Woche
Tag
Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So
Manuell
Auto
Zufall
Astro
Man/Auto Man/Auto
Enter
Calling a switch time number: The dot is moved forward to "Prog", the symbol for "Auf" (Up) time 1 flashes. Calling further switch time numbers with or . For changing the "Auf" (Up) or "Ab" (Down) time of a switch time number, confirm with Enter .
Programming the "Ab" (down) time: The "Ab" (Down) time of the corresponding switch time number flashes and can be changed by pressing or . For rapid motion press the key for approx. 3 seconds. Confirm the "Ab" (Down) time with Enter .
Woche
Tag
Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So
Woche
Tag
Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So
Manuell
Auto
Zufall
Astro
Manuell
Auto
Zufall
Astro
Man/Auto
Man/Auto
Einstellen
Enter
Einstellen
Enter
Figure: Setting the switch time number If the switch time of any desired switch time number is changed or set, the programmed switch times of all other switch times remain unaffected. They must not be entered again. Note a time of 2 minutes between all programmed shutter movements! . Programming of the "Auf" (Up) time: The "Auf" (Up) time of the corresponding switch time number flashes and can be changed by pressing or . For rapid motion press the key for approx. 3 seconds. Confirm the "Auf" (Up) time with Enter
Figure: Programming the "Ab" (Down) time Programming the weekdays: If no day is active, the weekdays Mo (Monday), Mi (Wednesday), Fr (Friday), So (Sunday) flash in exchange with Di (Tuesday), Do (Thursday), Sa (Saturday). No execution of the corresponding switch times is effected! But when days are active, these flash continuously. The switch time is executed on these days. The settings are stored with Enter without a change, with the key an alteration of the set weekday is started.
Tag
Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So
Manuell
Auto
Zufall
Astro
If the alteration of the set weekdays is started by means of the key , the flashing mark moves forward to Mo (Monday). Pressing Enter, programs the day (it is indicated permanently), leaves the day out (after that it is indicated no more). Afterwards the flashing mark moves a day further. When So (Sunday) is programmed or left out, the next switch time can be programmed. In case of programming errors of the previous switch time, this can be re-called by means of the key . If no further switch times will be programmed, the setting can be interrupted by Einstellen. An automatic interruption occurs after switch time 9. After an interruption the normal time appears, as the device falls back into the previous operation mode (normal mode).
3.1.6.3 Types of operation Manual Mode: The dot indicates "Manuell" (Manual). The shutter can be moved up or down by touching the keys or . The relevant symbol appears in the display. When the keys or are being pressed for approx. 3s, the function is started after releasing the key. This function is left after 2 minutes or by touching any key. A change of the position of the lamellas is possible by touching the keys or (Touch operation
Tag
Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So
Manuell
Auto
Zufall
Astro
Figure: Operation mode "Manuell" (Manual) Using this operation mode, programmed switch times will not be executed. Automatic Mode:
Figure: Programming the weekdays Checking the set dates: Touch Einstellen (Adjustment), then touch the key Enter within 2s. Now the device is in the Setting mode again. A further touching on key Enter shows all dates without altering them. By reaching the first switch time number, a quick check of switch times is possible by pressing or . An interruption of the checking is always possible by pressing the key Einstellen or automatically after 5 minutes without any keystroke. Deleting of switch times If programmed switch times shall be deleted, the corresponding weekdays must be deleted. For that, all weekdays are left out by touching the key , when programming the weekdays (see "Programming of weekdays).The switch-on and switch-off times remain, but they will not be executed.
You are able to change between Manual Mode and the previous set Automatic Mode by the key Man/Auto. By pushing the key Enter after Man/Auto within 2 s, the random generator and/or the Astro Mode can be selected by the key or Confirm selection with Enter. Now the selected mode is started and the switch times will be executed according to the programming.
Woche
Tag
Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So
Manuell
Auto
Zufall
Astro
With it, it is reached, for example that shutters and blinds are opened at the beginning of the day's brightness, but not before the morning's "getting-up time" that is set by the user program. Additionally shutter and blinds will be closed at the end of the day's brightness, but no later than the "sleeping time" that is set by the user program. Note: If Astro Mode is started, do not program more than a maximum of one pair of switch times (i.e. 1 UP, 1 DOWN) per half day (morning/afternoon), as switching times of different switching time numbers within one half day may delete themselves. Example of an Astro Mode: An UP-time (AUF) is programmed at 6.30 h and the Astro Mode is started. This time is exactly executed in the calendarweeks 12 - 42, as the sun has risen at this time. In the remaining calendarweeks the sun rises later. In this period the shutter is opened at the times, which are stored permanently in the memory. CW 2: executed UP time: 8.30 h CW 9: executed UP time: 7.20 h CW 44: executed UP time: 7.00 h By means of the activated Astro Mode, it is prevented, that the blinds will be open before sunrise. A programmed DOWN-time of 19.10 h is adapted similarly: The programmed command (DOWN at 19.10) is exactly executed in the calendarweek 16-36, as the sunset has not appeared (day's brightness). The sunset starts earlier in the remaining weeks of the year and the blind moves down according to the permanently stored times. CW 2: executed DOWN time: 16.30 h CW 9: executed DOWN time: 17.50 h CW 44: executed DOWN time: 18.10 h Note: If it is required to move shutters and blinds in the whole year according to the astronomical calendar, the user has to set only one switch time, which is in the darkness in the whole year, e.g. switch time "UP" =2.00 h, switch time "DOWN = 23.00 h
Man/Auto
Einstellen
Enter
Figure: Selecting the operation modes Random generator: The programmed times will vary up to 15 minutes, if the random generator is switched to the Automatic Mode. With that, all switch times of the day will be changed to the same random time to avoid an overlapping of the shutter movements. Example: A random time of + 8 minutes has been determined for the present day. A switch time programmed at 7.00 h will be executed at 7.08 h. A switching at 22.00 is programmed at the same day. It will be executed later with 8 minutes, i.e. at 22.08 h. The reason is, that two switch times that follow just one after another (interval less than 15 minutes) shall not overlap. A presence of persons can be simulated in that mode, if the home is not occupied. Astro Mode: If blinds are requested to be opened at sunrise (SA) and to be closed at sunset (SU). In this case the programmed switch times in the Automatic Mode have to be adapted continuously to the astronomical calendar. By starting the Astro Mode, switch times programmed within the dark period in the morning are executed at sun rise (SA). Switch times programmed within the dark period of the evening are executed at sunset (SA). For that purpose all times of sunset and sunrise are stored permanently in the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds (see figures Times of sunrise and Times of sunset in chapter 3.1.6.3) Switch times programmed within the brightness of a day remain unchanged by the Astro Mode.
4 5 6 7 8 9 Time 10
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Darkness 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Calendarweek
Summertime 10
Wintertime 21
Summertime 22
20
21
19
20
18
19
17
18
16
17
16
Combination of Random and Astro Mode: If Random Mode and Astro Mode are activated, switching times are adapted to the corresponding times of sunrise and sunset and varied with a random time of up to 15 minutes. Programming over the days Normally a shutter or blind is moved up once per day and moved down once per day. Some times an additional movement is desired at lunchtime. By that it is always required to use a combination of one UP and one DOWN programming in the weekday. That is the reason, the Controller offers a combination of one UP and one DOWN time (e.g.1 and 1 ) and only allows one weekday for both switch times. In some rare cases it can be appear, that for this both connected movements different weekdays are required. Example: A company wishes to use a roll-up gate by means of the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds. (Attention: Note the information about safety in chapter 3.1.4. If the connected load of
the gate motor exceeds 1000 VA, relays are required for switching, see chapter 3.1.6.4) The shift operation is working continuously from Monday to Friday continuously, the roll-up gate has to be closed at the weekend from Friday evening 22.00 h to Monday morning 6.00 h. In this case the common weekdays of the two connected switch times are objectionable. But this problem can be solved: If a DOWN-command is programmed before an UP-command, the DOWN-command is ineffective, when the roll-up gate has been moved down before. In this example the Controller has to be programmed as in follows: 1 : 06.00 h 1 : 05.55 h 2 : 21.55 h 2 : 22.00 h 1 / activate on Monday. (1 is before 1 !) 2 / activate for Friday
The following program is then executed: The roll-up gate is moved up during the working period.
On Friday at 21.55 h (end of the working week) an UP-command is generated, but is ineffective, as the roll-up gate is already in the UP-position and no current is flowing by means of the final switches. At 22.00 h a DOWN-command is executed correctly. The roll-up gate is now closed. The next command is a DOWN-command on Monday morning at 5.55 h. But it is not executed, because the roll-up gate is in the DOWNposition. Again the final switches prevent the current flow in the motor. On Monday morning at 6.00 h the next UPcommand is then correctly executed and the rollup gate is moving up correctly. On the next Friday the cycle will be repeated. The programming over the days is also possible with the Electronic timer, described in chapter 2 and it is probably used more frequently.
The switching power used in the shutter and blind circuit can be calculated in the following: Switch-on power of all contactors + power of all motors = total power. This power may not exceed the maximum power of the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds (see technical data). Formula: + = Example: You have to control 6 motors at the same time. Every motor has a power of P = 100 VA. Contactors with 4 normally-open contacts each are used. Switch-on power per contactor: P = 20 VA. Used contactors: Upwards: totally 6 contacts = 2 contactors (each witch 4 contacts) Downward: totally 6 contacts = 2 contactors (each witch 4 contacts) Calculation of the power: Upwards: P = 6 x 100 VA + 2 x 20 VA = 640 VA Downwards: P = 6 x 100 VA + 2 x 20 VA = 640 VA The power of 100 VA per Controller is allowed, as is complies with the requirement.
L N N L
3.1.6.4 Connection of several motors in parallel The control is designed for the connection of on motor. If several motors are connected in parallel, in the switching moment back-voltages can occur which could danger the motors. Thus, every motor has to be separated by means of relays or contactors. Each single motor must be switched-off by means of final switches. The maximum move time of approx. 2 minutes is guaranteed by the control of the contactors/relay. The contactors and relays, respectively the recommended circuit (Figures Control of several motors (variant 1 and 2), have to be selected according to the maximum switching power, which is required by the motors.
L N N L
K1
K2
K1
K2
K1 K2
M1
M2
K1
K2
K1
K2
Figure: Control of several motors, variant 2 The motors are directly supplied by the mains. Referring to the Controller, the power consumption is more favourable, as the power of the motor is not effective.
K1 K2
M1
M2
Installation of Separating relays As very often a simultaneous control of several motors is required, but the installation of contactor circuits in distribution boards is too enormous, small separating relays have been developed. These relays fit "at site" in the flushbox or distributing box. They take over the task to separate several shutter motors of up to 3 - 5 A each and serve the possibility, to realize single and central control circuits. At time different types of separating relays are offered with the following connections: a) for 1 motor and central control b) for 1 motor, central control and single control c) for 2 motors, central control and single control
The figure Application example with Separating relays shows a possible application of the separating relay type b. With it, you can select, whether you install manual or electronic operation elements for the central or single circuit. Normally Separating relays address a higher priority to the commands of a central circuit than to the commands of the single circuit, due to its internal construction. This is necessary to prevent dangerous situations (short circuits), if the central and single control are operating at the same moment.
Central control
Woche Tag Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Manuel l Auto Zufall Astro
Single control
Single control
Single control
Man/Auto
Einstelle n
Enter
3 2 3
Mains
3
Seperating relay
4
Seperating relay
Seperating - relay
M1
M2
M3
3.2
Electronic Timer
3.2.1 General The Electronic Timer serves for the automatic switching-on and off of electrical consumers, which are supplied with voltage by means of the mains terminals. It is possible to use an Electronic Timer in various situations. Firstly, it can be named every kind of lighting control. But also other consumers, i.e. pumps of water fountains may be controlled by Electronic Timers, if the connected load will not exceed 1000VA or contactors are installed for higher power. The Electronic Timer is very similar to the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds described in chapter 1. Only the five following differences come into effect: 1. The Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds has two switch outputs with one relay each to control the two shutter motor inputs. The Electronic Timer contains only one switch output to switch-on and -off the supply voltage of the consumer. The figure Block structure of the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds in chapter 3.1.1 applies also to the Electronic Timer, if you mentally delete one of the two drawn relays. 2. In the Automatic Mode the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds always switches-on at the programmed times, either the function "UP or the function"DOWN" is executed. The switching-off is executed after 2 minutes automatically or by means of the motor final switches. Against it, the Electronic Timer switches-on the consumer at programmed times and switches-off, i.e. the operation time of the consumer is defined by the Electronic Timer. 3. The minimum time interval of 2 minutes between two switch times is required using the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds, but is cancelled in the Electronic Timer. The Electronic Timer can be programmed with time intervals of 1 minute.
4. The keys for manual operation are marked with for "UP" or "DOWN" on the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds. If the keys are shortly touched, the lamellas of the blinds can be adjusted. A longer touch causes the moving up or down of the blinds. If the touch time is longer than 3 seconds, the function is locked and the blinds move to its final position, although the key is released. In this mode the blind movement can be stopped by means of pressing any desired key The keys for manual operation are marked with "EIN" (ON) and "AUS" (OFF) on the Electronic Timer . A difference in the operation of touch and permanent mode has not been realized because it is not requested. 5. The Astro Mode of Electronic Timer operates in the opposite to the Astro Mode of the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds. All programmed switch times that are in the bright time of the morning of day, will be executed just at the time of the sunrise. Programmed switch times that are in the bright time of the evening of day, will be really executed at the time of the sunset. Reason: Normally an Electronic Timer switches- on a load (e.g. lighting) at the beginning of the darkness and it switches-off later in the night. This can only be achieved by means of an inverted Astro Mode compared with the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds.
Adjust calendarweek Summer-/wintertime adjustment ON Switch time no. OFF Manual mode Automatic On
Adjust weekday
Woche Tag
Adjust time
Prog
ON
OFF
Manuell Auto Zufall Astro
R a n d o m m o d e Astro mode On On
EIN ON
Man/Auto
AUS
Einstellen
Enter
Selection of adjustment mode Figure: Display and operation elements of Electronic Timer The programming is similar to the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds: It means: UP () = ON DOWN () = OFF The remaining functions and features are identical with those of the Electronic Controller for Shutter and Blinds, so the chapters 1.3 Technical construction 1.4 Fitting and installation (For wiring, please see chapter 3.2.2) 1.5 Initial set-up 1.6 Operation 1.6.2 Programming 1.6.3 Types of operation 1.6.4 Programming the days are applied to the Electronic Timer and the function of the Electronic Timer have not to be described separately. Nevertheless, the programming over days is explained by an example which is specially thought for the Electronic Timer: Example for programming over days: An outdoor lighting of the home shall be daily switched-on in the evening at 20.00 hand switched-off in the next morning at 6.00 h due to safety reasons. A possible programming looks like the following example: 1 1
Enter
2 2
20.00 h 19.59 h activate Mo (mon),Di(tue),Mi(wed), Do(thu),Fr(fri),Sa(sat), So(sun). (1 is earlier than 1 !) 05.59 h 06.00 h activate Mo (mon),Di(tue),Mi(wed), Do(thu),Fr(fri),Sa(sat), So(sun).
The following switching procedure is then created: At daytime the lighting is switched-off. At 19.59 h the Timer executes an OFF-command. It has no effect, because the installation is already switched-off. At 20.00 h the Timer executes an ON-command, and the lighting is switched-on. In the next morning at 5.59 h the Timer executes an ON-command, but it has no effect, as the lighting is already switched-on. At 6.00 h the Timer executes an OFF-command, the lighting is switched-off. With it, the requested switching behaviour is achieved. But note, that a mixture of programming over days and the manual switching-on and off may create undesired states by means of overlapping switch times. Referring to the above example, if the lighting is switched-on at 19.00 h during the active program, a dark phase will occur from 19.50 h to 20.00 h.
3.2.2 Installation: Use the following wiring diagram to connect the Electronic Timer:
L1 N
Attention, information about safety: The Electronic Timer is designed for the automatic switching of lighting. If it is used for other purposes creating danger (i.e. heating or cooking devices), the user has to exclude this danger by means of installing additional safety measures.
max. 1000VA
3.3
The operation which is described in chapter 3.1.6 can be explained by means of graphical presentation, as it shown on the next pages.
The graphic is suitable for those users, which have learned the operation of the Controller and only need some small information to program the Controller without problems.
START
Einstellen Enter
PROGRAMMIERUNG
(within 2 sec.) Finish program: Einstellen
alter
Summer/ wintertime
confirm Enter
alter
confirm Enter
Finish program :
Einstellen
alter
Present weekday
confirm Enter
Finish program :
Einstellen
alter
Present time
confirm Enter
(next page)
confirm Enter
alter
UP-time
confirm Enter
alter
DOWN-time
confirm Enter
Switch weekday
alter
confirm Enter
3.4
Technical data
more valid in case of changes. As the technical data are always up-to-date in the operating instructions, which are delivered with the product, in important cases the operating instruction should be taken for decision.
The technical data, described here, have been up-to-date, when the Electronic Handbook was published. We receive the right to change the technical data and, the technical data are no
Parameter: Rated voltage: Rated load: Time-keeping quality: Operation reserve: Switch times: Shortest period between switch times: Random Generator: Astro Mode: Relay output: Switch pulse duration: Connection: Self consumption: Fuse: Ambient temperature:
Electronic Controller for Shutter Electronic Timer: and Blinds : 230 V +6%, -10%, 50Hz Neutral conductor required ! max. 1 Motor 1000 VA max. 1000 VA 1 min./month approx. 2 hours 9 "UP"- and "DOWN"-times each 2 minutes between two 1 minute between two movements switching operations max. 15 min. internal memory for the times of sunrise and sunset 2 NOC 1 NOC approx.. 2 minutes programmable by the user 2 screw clamps for max. 2.5 mm < 2W T 6.3A / 250 D -10C to + 40C
4. 4.1
4.2 Principle
It was the aim to design transformers as small and compact as possible and this was achieved by following realization: The volume (V) of a wound transformer is reverse proportional to the frequency (f) of the transformed voltage: V~1/f Following that, a high-frequency voltage can be transformed by a smaller transformer, if the same conditions are effective. To it, before the transformation the 50 Hz mains voltage has to be transformed into an alternating voltage with high frequency. That is simply solved by "cutting" the mains voltage periodically with a high frequency. Electronic switches are used for that. We are calling them electronic transformer/ switch power supplies (SNT) or abbreviated "TRONIC-transformers", to distinguish from the conventional transformers or power supplies. In the figure Principle of electronic transformers the switch power supply is illustrated schematically. The 50 Hz mains voltage is rectified. In the following the direct current converter "cuts" the voltage with a high frequency of approx. 40 kHz. This is done by electronic switches, which interrupt rhythmically the voltage supply of the load. The ON-time and the OFF-time are fixed to the values. Thus, the duty cycle is 1:1. A high rectangular voltage is offered behind the converter, which has been set onto the desired value by the transformer. Low-voltage halogen lamps can be operated either by DC or by AC voltage. TRONICtransformers offer an output alternating voltage with a RMS-value of U = 11.7 V. The frequency is approx. 40 kHz.
More and more in modern light architecture lightings with low-voltage lamps are used. These lamps require an operating voltage of 12 V (some need 24 V) and are offered with an electrical power from 5 W to 100 W. The 230 V voltage has to be transformed to 12 V to supply the lamps with power by the mains. Transformers support this. These should supply mostly more lamps, so that they are designed for powers between 50 W and 500W (in steps). Conventional iron core transformers with 50 Hz are installed for these powers. In the power range up to 200 W electronic transformers are increasingly used due to several advantages. Main advantages are: low-noise operation electronic short circuit protection, e.g. never change a fuse again! after solving the short circuit automatic restart protection against overload softstart with no peaks ensures a longer lamp lifetime overtemperature protection, automatic power reduction protection against open circuit high efficiency less weight and compact construction able to be repaired able to be dimmed by means of TRONIC dimmer of the TRONIC Lighting control system e.g. low-noise dimming of loads up to 7.7 kW by means of one push button! operation at 230 V DC voltage (emergency installations) complying to all protection function is possible with special devices.
Mains Rectifier
Lamps
Converter
Transformer
UN
UB
Ua
t 50 Hz 100 Hz
t 40 kHz
t 40 kHz
Overtemperature protection
Rectifier Mains Fuse RFI Suppression Overvoltage protection Converter Halogen lamps
4.3
Specification of TRONICtransformers
4.3.1 Block circuit In the figure TRONIC-transformer, block circuit, the following function blocks are presented: Fuse: It is often designed as a fuse-resistor in TRONIC-transformers. It protects the installation, if faults will occur in the TRONICtransformer. If the primary current increases to an inadmissible value by means of a component failure, it disconnects the transformer from the mains. Short-circuits or overloads have no effects on the TRONIC-transformer, as this is regulated by the protection against short-circuits. Radio frequency suppression: The block RFI suppression consists of a L-Cnetwork, and serves for the attenuation of the mains interferences, which are generated at any switching process. So they are also generated by the TRONIC-transformer and the RFI suppression removes those parts from the mains that are caused by the switching frequency and by their harmonics on the transformer operating voltage .
Rectifier: The rectifier transfers the mains voltage into pulsing direct voltage. There is no respectively a small filtering, the voltage can be seen in the figure Principle of electronic transformers. Thus a dimming without external dimmer respectively a regulation of the overtemperature is possible. After each half wave the circuit has to be fired again, the well-known principle of the phase-cuton dimmer is applied. The realization of the circuit is roughly drawn up in the figure Basic circuit of the TRONIC-transformer (details see at the point Converter) Overvoltage protection: A varistor in parallel to the rectifier supports the protection against mains transients. Converter: The DC voltage (exacter: the frequency pulsing with 100Hz) is transformed to a high frequency rectangular voltage and to 12 V. It is built as a "Half-bridge flow converter". The naming half-bridge is referring to the position of the electronic switches (transistors T1/T2) in the figure Basic circuit TRONIC-transformer. The second half-bridge is formed by the two capacitors Cs. If the capacitors are replaced by transistors, a full-bridge is designed.
Converter
R D 230 V~ C Di
T1
Cs
Tr
T2 UB
Cs
"Flow" is referring to the energy transfer to the load in the conductive phase of the switching transistors. In contrast to that, a "Block converter" transfers the energy to the load in its nonconductive phase. In this process the energy has to be stored in an inductance. The complex control circuit is not shown in the figure Basic circuit of the TRONIC-transformer. It controls alternatively the switching of T1 and T2. Operation of the converter: By means of the resistor R, the capacitor C is charged up to the turn-on value of the diac DI. Then the diac is turned-on, and it switches-on the transistor and the converter. The time constant T = R x C determines the time tz and, with it, the lamp brightness. If R is designed as a potentiometer, a dimming is possible. In the practical realization R is divided. One component is a temperature dependent resistor (PTC = resistor with Positive Temperature Coefficient) and this serves for the overtemperature regulation (Block Overtemperature protection in the figure TRONIC-transformer, block circuit) The value of R and the time constant increase due to temperature rises in case of overload or inadmissible ambient temperatures. The time becomes longer, the output voltage is reduced. So the temperature values in the transformer are stabled and an overheating is countered. The regulation is a proportional regulation. Simply described: The converter is a self-oscillating circuit, which offers a high-frequency (HF) rectangular voltage. The switch frequency lies above the hear limit (16 kHz), so no acoustic is occurring. The transformer transforms the voltage to the required value. It also serves for the galvanic separation of the primary and the secondary side (Test voltage: Peak 4240 V) and for the protection against electrical shock. Short circuit protection: In case of a short-circuit of the lamps the transformer and the mains are protected by an internal electronic protection circuit and the output is switched-off within fewer milliseconds. This is why a wire-fuse is not required. If a short-circuit appears, the charging of the capacitor is avoided by an additional circuit. The diac does not turn-on, the converter can not oscillate. The short-circuit current only flows a short time and a damage of the components is excluded. After solving the short-circuit, an automatic re-start is effective.
Overtemperature protection: Overtemperatures occur by means of exceeding the permissible ambient temperature or by means of an overload. The TRONIC-transformers contain an overtemperatur protection. The temperature existing in the transformer is controlled by a regulation circuit and the power output is automatically reduced from a given limit on. This power regulation leads to a heat level in the TRONIC-transformer and prevents a defect of the device by means of overvoltage temperature. The connected LV-lamps are turned to a reduced brightness in this state. If this automatic reduction of the lamps' brightness is recognized, a lower ambient temperature or a reduced load should be realized. Thus the original brightness of the lamps and a relieving of the transformer is achieved. A detailed description was given under "Converter".
t tZ 10 ms
Ua
25 s
Figure: Output voltage of the TRONICtransformer The amount of the RMS value is decisive to select the main data of the lamp (see figure Voltage dependence of the lamp data). Usually the value is selected which is laid down at 11.5 V to 12.0 V in case of the rated load of the transformer and at the nominal mains voltage. The light efficacy is reduced in fact, but the lamp's lifetime increases, e.g. at 11.5 V to approx. 170 %. The TRONIC-transformer offers an output voltage of 11.7 V. The voltage is proportional to the mains voltage deviations.
Halogen lamp
140 130 L P I 120 110 100 I 80 60 P L 40 30 25 11,4 12,0 12,6 U [V] 13,2
o, L / Lo
90
80
70 10,8
Figure: Voltage dependence of the lamp data Load driftings have fewer influences. A reduction of the load of 50% increases the output voltage to approx. 3%. A minimum load has to be determined due to this influences. The rated volt age is not exceeded and so the lamp "lives" longer. A further requirement to the minimum load is the safety against open circuit operation of the TRONIC-transformer. Underload may lead to flickering. Measuring the output voltage: The output voltage is to measure only by means of especially selected instruments! The mobile Fluke 8060A is a suitable instrument, easy to use in comparison to the instruments only used in laboratories. A rough measurement is the correlation measurement of the illuminance of the same lamp supplied by a known DC or 50 Hz AC supply. The transformer has to operate in its load range. Measuring: The illuminance of a lamp connected to a trans former is detected by a luxmeter, additional light is avoided. The value is registered. In the following, the lamp is to be supplied by a variable DC power supply. The arrangement of the lamp and the luxmeter is not changed. The DC voltage is adjusted up to the value that is corresponding to the lux-value. The DC value is registered. It is identical to the RMS-value of the HF-voltage. In the actual practise, it is sufficient to test the burning of the lamp by means of a test lamp (U = 12 V, power in the allowed range of the transformer).
4.3.3 Secondary wire Harmonics (numeral multiple of the switch frequency) may be radiated as electromagnetic waves. This is the reason the length of the lamp wire may not exceed 2m to guarantee the radio frequency suppression. That is required by the VDE if an approval is given and it is the user's advantage. The correct wiring is shown in the following figure.
c)
a)
Mains
TRONIC-trans.
Mains
TRONIC-trans.
b)
Mains
d)
TRONIC-tarns.
Mains
TRONIC-trans.
The secondary wire of several lamps should be laid far away as possible from the mains wires.
1,2
LV halogen lamps
You have to pay attention on the flowing current and the allowed voltage drop (brightness reduction), when selecting the secondary wire. As electronic transformers operate with a frequency of approx. 40 kHz, the voltage drop is not only depending on the wire length, wire crosssection and conductivity of the wire material, but also on the kind of cabling (e.g. two-core wire, twisted single core wire, single core in a ring ). Additionally the current is not flowing equally in the cross-section, it is shifted from the wire center to the wire surface (Skin effect). These facts have been taken into account in the following Information about selection of the secondary wire: The wire length required by the VDE may not exceed a maximum of 2 m. Please select the wire cross-section adapted to the lamp power from the following table. Lamp power per wire 60 W 65 - 105 W 110 - 150 W Cross- sections 1.0 mm 1.5 mm 2.5 mm
30
The power according to the table has to be separated on several wires, if a lamp power of more than 150 W per TRONIC-transformer is connected. Some transformers contain multiple terminals and in fact, they should be used. A two-core wiring causes a smaller voltage drop than an out-going and a back-coming single-core wire. However, if single core wires have to be installed, they should be twisted to minimize the voltage drop. Separating the wire at the transformer's terminals (instead separating at the lamps), reduces the voltage drop furthermore, when the same wire cross-section is installed, see Wiring of TRONIC-transformer . A 6-way distributor is offered to achieve the optimum distribution.
4.3.4 Switch-on behaviour Cold lamps have a very low resistance. If the transformer is switched-on, at the moment of a high voltage, a high current will flow for a certain time. The switch-on current of incandescent lamps rises up to ten times of the rated current. The switch-on time is determined to 40 ms. Halogen lamps have a switch-on time up to 300 ms and switch-on currents up to 10 times of the rated current. The figure Switch-on behaviour of transformers shows the differences of the RMS-currents, if a LV-halogen lamp is switched-on by means of a 50 Hz transformer and a TRONIC-transformer. You can see, that the LV-halogen lamp is loaded with an essentially higher current connected to a 50 Hz transformer than using a TRONICtransformer
I RMS
Figure: Switch-on behaviour of transformers This start being gentle to lamps is achieved by means of a delayed switching-on of the converter. This switch-on behaviour (also called "softstart") guarantees a long life time of the connected lamps. The delay time, which is effective by the softstart when the lamp starts burning, may be up to maximum 2 seconds. It depends on the loading
The relation of voltage drop and reduction of the luminous flux can be seen in the figure R eduction of the luminous flux of lamps
of the transformer, the used lamp type, the feature of the installed network and on the use of a TRONIC-dimmer.It is hardly to recognize in normal installations.
Connecting TRONIC-transformers together It is only allowed to connect the TRONICtransformers in parallel on the primary side, e.g. for a dimmer installation, see figure Connecting TRONIC-transformer together. It is not sensible to connect them in series. On the secondary side a connection neither in parallel nor in series is allowed!
TRONIC-trans. Mains TRONICDimmer TRONIC-trans.
4.3.5
If you want to check whether the transformer is overheated under certain mounting conditions, the generated overtemperature at permanent operation (2-3h) must be measured. The measure point is the hottest point on the transformer housing (and not the transformer's environment). That one is marked by a small round point and signed as Tc-point (Tc = Temperature Case) with the corresponding, maximum allowed temperature. If the temperature stays below the specified allowed limit also in permanent operation, the transformer is operating under specified conditions. In such case, an evaluation of the ambient temperature is no more necessary.
TRONIC-trans.
4.3.7 Dimmer operation A dimmer may be pre-connected on the primary side of the transformer to control the brightness. One dimmer can control several transformers. The sum of the transformers' power shall not exceed the allowed dimmer power. Normally conventional "phase-cut-on" dimmers are not suitable for dimming electronic transformers. Often humming or flickering of the light may occur. This is the reason to use "phase-cut-off" dimmer, the TRONIC-dimmer. Use only Tronic-dimmer for dimming TRONICtransformers. For details, see chapter 1.
Mains
TRONICDimmer
TRONIC-trans.
4.3.6 Installation Transformers operate with low acoustic noise. Nevertheless, they should be mounted on a nonvibrating base, so no resonances may occur. Transformers, marked with the MM-sign, are allowed to be fitted into wooden furniture, as they create only small temperature in case of a defect and create no danger of fire. Therefore, no special requirements on the mounting base are set referring to the danger of fire. But minimum requirements are set to meet reliably this feature. A certain size of the mounting room is necessary. The minimum distances between the transformer and the ambient can be taken from the drawing of the operating instructions:
4.3.8 Operation at DC-voltage Buildings that need a continuous, non-interrupted power supply, e.g. hospitals, are often installed with emergency power plants. In case of mains failure, those devices supply the installation with a DC current of 230 V, to guarantee an emergency operation. The electrical devices of this installation have to operate with both 230 V AC as 230 V DC The design of the electronic transformer ensures an operation at 230 V DC in principle, as the devices contain a rectifier circuit in the input (see chapter 4.2). The output voltage would have a constant frequency of approx. 40 kHz and a constant amplitude. Such an operation is not allowed (except SNT 200), because the protection features of the device are only effective in the AC operation (short circuit protection, overtemperature protection and overload protection). These devices need internally the pulsing DC voltage, which is only offered by the 230V AC
[ mm ]
Protection functions have been realized, when the TRONIC-transformer SNT 200 was designed. This transformer does need the internal pulsing direct voltage and is suitable for the installation in DC networks. Complying to all protection functions, this device can be installed in networks with 230V DC, as shown in the figure TRONICtransformer in emergency power plants. As dimmers are not able to be operated at direct current DC, however the TRONIC-transformer SNT 200 is only dimmable in AC networks.
L 230 V N
Emergency power plant +
230 V
Batteries
230 V
Figure: TRONIC-transformer in emergency power plants
Switch process ON
ind. load
false !
correct !
t t
OFF
ON
TRONIC-trans.
OFF
4.4
inductive loads, but TRONIC-transformers and inductive loads should be connected to separate phases. An improvement of the situation just appears, if the various consumers are switched at different times, see figure Switching of mixed installation at different times. If it is ensured (e.g. by means of time delay switches) that inductive loads are only switched, when the TRONIC-transformers are switched-off and separated galvanically, mains spikes will not arrive at the TRONICtransformer directly. The overvoltage protection module (chapter 6.4.2) contains also a varistor, a voltage dependent resistor, which is low-resistive in case of a high-voltage pulse and shorts this pulse (detailed information about the varistor, see chapter 6.3.2 ). A clean area is built up behind the module. Up to 10 TRONIC-transformers can be protected by using the module (see following figure).
The mains voltage has a value of 230 V with a tolerance +6% and -10%. If inductive loads (e.g. conventional ballasts of fluorescent lamps or high pressure mercury lamps) are switched in the mains, overvoltage pulses (so-called "spikes") are generated. These occur only at tiny fractions of a second, but voltage values rise up to 1000V. TRONIC-dimmer and TRONIC-transformer are resistant against these mains spikes according to EN 61047 and EN 61000-4-4/5. In these standards an immunity of the device is required against mains spikes of 1000 V between L and N and mains spikes of 2500 between L/N and PE This immunity against overvoltage is achieved by means of a varistor in the input stage of the transformer, as shown in chapter 4.3.1. If the values of the mains spikes exceed this limits, damage of the devices are no more excluded. This is the reason, TRONIC-transformer should not be operated in one common load circuit with
L N
L N
The module should be installed as close as possible to the transformer, to ensure the optimum effect. If a TRONIC- dimmer is installed, the overvoltage protection module has not to be installed in front of the TRONICtransformer or the TRONIC-transformers, but in front of the TRONIC-dimmer to protect also the TRONIC-dimmer. Moreover the installation between dimmer and transformer would create an additional danger, as the mains spike is applied with its total amount to the dimmer only. Mains spikes can be inductively coupled from one wire to another. This is the reason to avoid the parallel cabling of the protected wire and the non-protected wire. The effect of the module would be reduced, see figure Wire installation using the overvoltage protection module. The discharge capacity of the overvoltage protection module is not sufficient in case of severe overvoltages (direct lightning strike or similar events). The varistor of the overvoltage protection module can be destroyed. Then an integrated temperature switch disconnects the module permanently from the mains. An effective protection against such events can only be achieved by installing a basic protection in the
wrong !
main distribution board and a medium-level protection in the sub-distribution board (see chapter 6.5). In this context, the overvoltage protection module can be classified as a part of the detailed protection, see figure Overvoltage protection module, one component of a protection concept
MD
correct !
Coupling of spikes
Coupling of spikes
e.g. duct
e.g.duct
5.
Current guard for control of low voltage rope and pole systems
By means of the availability of the low voltage lamps the lighting designer was able to create attractive, non-isolated power feeders in rope and pole systems. A dangerous current through the human body is not possible, if the blank power feeders are touched, as the voltage is at the low level of 12 V and the system is isolated from the mains. Inductive transformers are often installed due to the long secondary wire of this lighting systems which are normally longer than 2 meters.
DIN VDE 0100 Part 559. It is designed for the primary side of conventional transformers, as the load conditions in the lamp circuit can be transferred to the primary side of the transformer and two advantages exist compared with the secondary side: 1. In case of failure a current less than 20 times must be switched-off. 2. The current guard may be installed at that place, where it can be operated conveniently.
L1 12 V 230 V~ N
5.1
The danger appears, if the transformer or the current feeders are overheated by means of the connection of too many lamps or by means of a short-circuit in the lamp circuit. Even a metallic coat hanger can generate a short-circuit, if it is hung on the non-isolated current feeders. Electronic protection circuits have been developed to avoid the danger and they are monitoring the power of the lamp circuit. They switch-off the lamp circuit, if the power is altering from a specified value. In the draft standards DIN VDE 0100 Part 559 (Installation standard) and 0711 Part 500 (Lamp standard) these protection devices have been required for low voltage lightings with multiple pole, non-isolated power feedings. The protection device has to switch-off the lamp circuit in case of power changes of more than 30W in the lamp circuit according to the draft standard DIN VDE 0100 Part 559 A2. It is also required to switch-off the lamp circuit at reduced load (-30W). This results of the potential danger appearing, if a low voltage lamp fails and the not used power flows away from the protection device across a dangerous path. It is also possible that the a single low voltage halogen lamp is connected, this fails and the user believes, the installation is switched-off and a current path was opened with non-flammable material.
300 W 250 W 200 W 150 W 100 W 50 W
Reset
5.2.1
Function
The current guard switches-off permanently the lamp circuit of the installation at shortcircuit, overload and reduced load. The current guard is installed between mains and transformer (see figure Current guard). Mains voltage deviations are detected and compensated by the current guard. They do not influence the switching behaviour of the current guard. If the current guard is adjusted, the adjusted total power of the lighting system (see chapter 5.2.2) may exceed the total lamp power a little bit, because the current guard also monitors the power losses of the transformer and the wires. That does not cause any disadvantages. If soft-iron E-cores are used, the value of the lamp load should lie in the range of the rated
5.2
Current guard
The current guard developed by INSTA is a protection device according to draft standard
power of the transformer to guarantee an optimum switching of the current guard. The reason is, if transformers with soft-iron E-core are only loaded with a small load, it is not possible to transfer exactly the conditions of the secondary side to the primary side. The current guard is a protection device for the secondary current circuit. In case of a short-circuit between current guard and transformer on the primary side, the current guard is switched-off permanently by means of a safety resistor, however this has to be repaired in the factory.
operates after the adjustment time of 1.6 seconds. It detects, if the values of the current measurement (6) and the values of the voltage measurement (7) will change into an opposite direction. It transmits a value to the evaluation stages (8-10), which are proportional to the load variation. If the measured load variation is within the range P = + 5 W to + 25 W, the evaluation stage (8) triggers by turning-on the LED 1. If a reduced load of P = - 5 W to - 25 W is detected, the evaluation stage (9) sets the LED 2. If the load variation should exceed the tolerance P = 25 W, the contact K is opened permanently by the evaluation stage (10) and the relay stage (3), and the load circuit is switchedoff. After solving of the load variation or after adjusting the current guard onto a new load value, the lighting can put into operation by means of the reset key or by means of switchingoff and -on the mains by a light switch. Connecting the current guard, the line (L) and the neutral conductor (N) of the transformer are led through the current guard.
K
Trans.
Explanations of the Principle circuit Current guard: The switching-on of the mains and the reset key (1) have the same function: They reset the adjustment stage (2), i.e. the adjustment time of 1.6 sec starts and the relay closes the contact K (3) and lets the current flow to the transformer and the lamps. If a short-circuit should exist in the lamp circuit during this initial phase, the short-circuit detection (4) will quickly disconnect the lamp circuit. The comparator (5), which has been adjusted to the lamp load by means of a potentiometer,
L 230 V N Rmeas (7)
(8) Voltage measurement (Compensation of main deviations) Operating functions (5) Load variation >+ 5W (9) Comparator (6) (10) Current measurements Load variation > +/- 25W
Load variation >- 5W
LED1
LED2
Sart-up function
(4) K open Short-circuit detection (Priority 2) (1) Initial/Reset function Adjustment stage (Priority 1) (2) K close
5.2.2
5.2.3
Determine the total power before adjusting and pre-select on the scale. If the value does not fit, it is switched-off within 1.6 seconds. Start by the RESET key. When the preselected value is correct, continue with the fine adjustment. The potentiometer has to be turned into the direction of the shining LED until both LEDs switch-off (center of the window). Now the device reacts onto load variations of 25 W After the tripping of the current guard, you have to search the reason for the fault (e.g. reduced load by means of a lamp defect) and remove it. Re-start by using the RESET key or by switching-off and on the installation.
Combination of dimmer or TRONICtransformer An operation of dimmers and current guard in one circuit leads to malfunctions, as the dimmer operation causes power variations in the load circuit. A combined operation of the current guard and a TRONIC-transformer in the same circuit must not be planned, as the TRONIC-transformer contains its own protection components. But it can be installed, if a deviation of 25 W from the rated value is required.
Recommendation: The lamp current alters after a certain time after switching-on due to the physics of the lamp. That's why the adjustment should be tested after one minute. When one LED shines again, a readjustment is to be executed in the direction of the shining LED.
6.
An essential step to smaller solutions has been achieved in the innovation of new fluorescent tubes. The new miniature fluorescent lamps, marked as "FM" (fluorescent miniature) or also "T2" have only a tube diameter of 7 mm and a lamp power of 6W-13W! Since the lamps possess additionally excellent values of efficacy and brilliance, besides of their interesting size, new application fields and possibilities for an economic and lighting with effects can be realized in display cases, shop windows and shelves, furniture, galleries and party rooms.
80
6.1
The basic principle of the fluorescent lamps have been described in chapter 1.4.1.3 and can be read again there. The best available luminescent material is used manufacturing a FM-lamp to meet the high requirements. These so-called three-band luminescent materials stand for a high efficiacy, good colour rendering property and a small loss of luminous flux. Similar to all other fluorescent lamps, FM-lamps emit also a small, non-critical radiation in the UVrange and this is approx. 60-80 microwatt per lumen. This is also the same value of incandescent lamps. This low UV-portions are totally harmless to the user in normal use. The radiation only rises up to 1/15 of the value of a sunburn measured after 8 h and 1000 lx. But you should pay attention on the fact, that FM-lamps with cover should be installed, if very lightsensitive, valuable exhibits are lighted, e.g. pictures in museums, to avoid the bleaching of the colours. The features of the miniature fluorescent lamp are dependent on the temperature, similar to all other fluorescent lamps. So both, the colour temperature of the emitted light (see figure Colour temperature of the FM-lamp) and the emitted luminous flux (with that the brightness of the lamp) are varying depending on the ambient temperature (see figure Luminous flux of the FMlamp).
The most important features are summarised in the following: 6, 8, 11, 13 W Warm DELUX 183-830 White DELUX 184-840 further under consideration Colour temperature: 3000K (WWX) 4000K (CWX) Colour rendering property: Level 1B Lamp length: 218 - 523 mm Luminous flux: 310 - 860 lm Efficiacy: 52- 67 lm / W MTBF: 8000 h Lampholder system : W4.3 Operating system: Electronic ballast with pre-heating and safety switch-off Wattage: Colour temperature:
At present, the lamps are not suitable for dimming, independent on the Electronic ballast.
6.2
6.3
Device variants:
Operation principle: After switching-on the Electronic ballast starts the ignition process of the lamp. At first the electrodes of the lamp are pre-heated to achieve a softstart (gentle to the lamps) to ensure a long lamp lifetime. The pre-heating phase takes about 0.5...1 second. Afterwards the output voltage which is set ot the mains potential, is increased. It may reach values of a few 100 Vpp, in case of a lamp defect maximum 1500 Vpp. If the lamp is started, the output voltage breaks down to the burning voltage of 50 to 180 Vrms, dependent on the lamp type and mains voltage. The steady-state is then reached. Overtemperature of the lamp, lamp ageing, "false starts", too large current in the lamp or broken filaments are dangerous operating conditions, which will result in a lamp overheating and with it, the mercury-filled glass tube would melt. These dangerous conditions are detected at the output of the Electronic ballast by means of the voltage and current values. The Electronic ballast switches-off the current through the luminaire, just before damages may appear. The lamp circuit is not galvanically isolated and mains potential is still staying at the lampholders in the switch-of state. The lamp can be started again by means of exchanging the lamp and by a short interruption (minimum 1 second) of the power supply of Electronic ballast . The normal operation is then running. The output voltage is not a safety extra low voltage (SELV), but a voltage on mains potential. During the start-up phase, it may rise to an ignition voltage of 1500 Vpp The installation on the lamp side (lampholders and wires) must be isolated according to that. Current-carrying parts are not allowed to be touched, to avoid an electrical shock.
8 variants of the Electronic ballast for Miniature Fluorescent lamps are offered. These variants consist of 4 wattage levels 6W, 8W, 11W and 13W and of the two housings ,a cubic and a cylindrical one. They have hardly no differences referring to its electrical circuit. But they are tuned to the specific wattage in operation and with it, the electronic has designed slightly different. The Electronic ballast for Miniature Fluorescent lamps are designed for use in operation with one single lamp of one wattage The wiring of the Electronic ballast for Miniature Fluorescent lamps is shown in the following figure:
L N S L Electronic ballast for ML N
Lamp / tube miniature
AC 230 V ~
Figure: Wiring of the cubic Electronic ballast for Miniature Fluorescent lamps
grey
L N AC 230 V ~
Figure: Wiring of the cylindrical Electronic ballast for Miniature Fluorescent lamps
The cubic housing: It consists of polycarbonat , which may be PC recycled. As you can see in the figure Cubic housing Electronic ballast ML, the housing may be installed by means of both the screw holes on the housing bottom and the screw holes on the housing side. The pull-relief on the mains side is designed to ensure the effective relief of round wires. If flatwires of the type H05VV-F 2x0,75 shall be relieved from pull, break the clamping-insert moulded at the pull-relief cap
Flat wire
Completely assembled lampholders with singleisolated wires are often offered by lamp holder manufacturer. But they are only allowed to be installed in lamps and devices of the protection class I, because the lamp wires lead high voltage. An Electronic ballast FM is offered to enable e.g. the mounting in false ceilings or furniture, that is equipped with a double-isolated FMmounting rail and the lamp wires. Applications according to the VDE standards are possible without these wires by means of this set.
Break
Figure: Insert at the cubic housing and fit it into the housing bottom and then insert the flat wire. At the lamp side, a round wire H05VV-F 4x0,75 or two single wires H05 VV H2-F 2x0,75 mounted on side are recommended for effective pull-relief. The clamping-insert is not used for that.
Figure: FM-lamp set The pull-relief caps must be closed by means of two screws. You have to meet the following minimum distances to prevent an overheating of the Electronic ballast ML in its mounting surrounding:
10
5 66,
78,5
20 20 Figure: Minimum distances cubic Electronic ballast ML
3,6
20
Figure: Cylindrical housing Electronic ballast ML The cylindrical housing: The cubic Electronic ballast ML may not fit into filigree lamps due to its length, as the lamp only provides space in the lamp foot. Here the cylindrical Electronic ballast ML is a wise alternative: It is designed for lamps of protection class I or for SELV devices (Safety Extra Low Voltage). Following that, an installation in false ceilings or furniture is not possible
6.4
Technical data:
(The technical data , described here, have been up-to-date, when the Electronic Handbook was published. We reserve the right to change the technical data serving the technical progress and, the technical data are no more valid in case of changes. As the technical data are always up-to-date in the operating instructions, which are delivered with the product, in important cases the operating instruction should be taken for decision.). Abbreviation EVG (german: Elektronische Vorschaltgert) = Electronic ballast Parameter: Number of lamps per EVG Rated voltage (AC): Rated voltage (DC): Start-up current: Ambient temperature ta: Housing temperature tc: Housing dimensions: Length of the output wiring: Connection technology EVG/ML 8W EVG/ML 11W EVG/ML 13W 1x 8W 1x 11W 1x 13W 230 V, 50 Hz 230 V not permitted max. 8 A (Select mains switch according to it) 50 C 75 C see figures in the description max. 1m Cubic housing: Pull-relief for an effective relief of the mains side Round wire e.g.: H05VV-F 2x0,75 Flat wire e.g.: H05VV-H2-F2x0,75 lamp side Round wire e.g.: H05VV-F 4x0,75 Flat wire e.g.: H05 VV H2-F 2x0,75 Screw terminals for maximum cross-section of 2.5 mm 2 Cylindrical housing: assembled with connection wires Protective measure: Cubic housing: Protection insulation, protection class II Cylindrical housing: Covered construction for built-in lamps EVG/ML 6W 1x 6W
no - Overtemperature of the lamp - Lamp ageing - False start-ups of the lamp - To high pin current - Defect of the filament Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Switching-off of the input side in fault condition
EMC-tested accord. to EN 61047 EN 61000-4-2/4/5/11 EN 55015 Short-circuit proof Open-circuit proof RFI suppressed Protection against fire:
7.
Overvoltages in the mains are a subject which is often underestimated and often it is not well known. Before describing the devices for the detailed protection more precisely, we will illustrate more clearly the complexity of the subject. For this reason, it is explained in the next chapters, which sources of overvoltages are existing and which problems may occur by them.
For that, the most essential measures are, e.g. a complete equipotential bonding system and the building and room shielding, and all parts of the installation are connected to the equipotential bonding rail. All wires, all supply and information system wires as well as metal tube wires, are incorporated indirectly.
Equipotential bonding rail
Aerial Sewage pipe Water pipe Gas pipe
7.1
General
Cable TV Foundation earth MC Telecommunication wire Heating pipe Heating pipe
In trade and industry and even at home, we are concerned by damages that are created by overvoltages in the mains network, as the applications of electronic devices are increasing. These overvoltages are often generated by direct or distant lightning strikes, electrostatic discharges or by switching operations of nonresistive consumers.
Mains connection
Figure: Complete equipotential bonding system Protective devices are classified into the two classes, protective devices for energy technology and protective devices for information technology corresponding to their task. A lightning arrester must be suitable to discharge lightning currents of 200 kA, and a surge arrester serves only for a relatively small surge current. In approximation, it can be assumed, that the lightning current is distributed according to the following figure.
100 % Roof conductor
7.1.1
In the last years it was found by means of thundery strikes, that electronic installations and devices being up to 1.5 km away from the lightning strike are endangered. The reason is, overvoltages arrive at the installation by means of both travelling waves and induced voltages. In the private area device damages caused by overvoltages are often felt annoying and expensive, but in industrial area such damages can result in very serious consequences. A total loss of data and a total defect of the computer system are important to the existence of the concerned company But by means of modern technology, it is possible to install an effective protection against overvoltages of all kinds. Therefore a so-called "external lightning protection" is required, which shall prevent major damages in and at the building by means of fire or mechanical destruction. The "internal lightning protection" extends the protection against overvoltage damages by reducing the disturbing quantity to a value that the installation may withstand.
50 % 50 %
Earthing system
Figure: Distribution of lightning current In that, 50% of the current are flowing to the earthing system, and the remaining 50% are distributed to the connected supply systems. In the worst case (a power supply network with L and PEN conductor) a load of 50 kA per conductor can appear.
7.1.2
Overvoltages due to electrostatic discharge In comparison with the problems by lightning strikes, which are external influences, the electrostatic discharges are generated in the concerned installation or room itself. The causes of electrostatic discharge are fitted carpets, clothes, shoes and others. In this process, voltages are generated up to 20 kV.
The figure shows, that a pulse of approx. 1700V is created and a short oscillation is effective due to the existing wire capacities and inductances. This mains overvoltage or mains spikes are spread to all directions within the electrical installation and only in some cases, the cause is absolutely found as a short-circuit
If a body, being charged, touches a surface, which has a conductive connection to the earth, the body is discharged immediately. The occurring currents (in the range of A) are very small and do not engage humans and animals. But the electrical shock is felt unpleasantly. Although electronic devices and the wires in the surroundings or PCB (Printed Wire Board) wires can be damaged by the flowing discharging current. Even flash-overs can appear. Computer systems and the information technology networks are endangered Especially
Figure: Transient overvoltages Very often the causes of overvoltages are not easy to be found. By testing, it can be found in some cases, what device is responsible to the occurring spikes. The normal procedure is to connect a voltage recorder and to switch the devices one by another. The corresponding device may be found then. The exact length and amount of the spikes can be determined in the installation only very approximately. Values measured by voltage recorders can not be reproduced and the recorders very often present values above the current loading of the installation. The transient can be added at any time onto the mains voltage and they can have different length and amount and with that different energy contents. The power supply network also influences the spreading of the transients. The internal resistance of the mains is mainly responsible, how the spike spreads out in the installation. Transients are attenuated very high by means of "very hard mains network", i.e. a mains network with very low internal resistance. The distance to the transformer station, supplying the consumer, defines if either a hard mains network or a soft mains network exists.
7.1.3
Overvoltages due to electromagnetic pulses Overvoltages, also called transients, are created by switching processes within the installation and can reach enormous values. The tripping pulse of a 10A fuse is shown in the following figure:
U U = 1700 V
7.2
In order to plan the installation with a sufficient protection, it must be ascertain, which values of overvoltages will appear. Two mains groups are defined due to its causes.
7.2.1 External overvoltages External overvoltages are defined as influences, which are caused outside of the protected system, and they reach the system by means of the connection wires, or they are created by inductive or capacitive coupling of the system. The definition includes the galvanic coupling with high voltage potential, disturbances on the wires and lightning strikes. The wave form, amplitude and frequency are not, or only insufficiently known in the most cases. Thus, a mathematical calculation of the overvoltage protection is hardly to achieve. This is the reason, the test standards are applied and the components are complying with them. We have to take into account an oversized calculation to achieve a reliable protection.
7.2.3 Test pulses Overvoltage protective devices are classified in different classes, due to their capabilities and usage, and thus test standards exist in every class. Devices of the class Basic protection and Medium-level protection are tested by essentially higher criterias as devices of the class Detailed protection. This allows to describe the protective function of the devices by means of comparable data. The wave form (8/20) s of the important test curve is shown in the following diagram. This wave form is used to specify also the technical data of the discharge current. The total amount of the current is dependent on the installation place of the protective device.
100 I (%) 90
50
7.2.2 Internal overvoltages Internal overvoltages are defined as influences, which are caused inside the protected system. The definition includes again galvanic couplings with high potential level (e.g. mains and low voltage wires), electrostatic flash-over, switching of inductive consumers as well as inductive and capacitive couplings. The maximum occurring overvoltages of the internal overvoltages can be calculated by means of "worst case conditions", and even be ascertained by a test. Although the installed protective devices must comply with special testing standards.
10 0 8 20 t (s)
Diagram:
7.3
Terminal Electrode
Ignition aid
Various components can be used for overvoltage protection depending on the purpose and the required features. For this purpose very often gas-filled arresters, varistors, suppressor diodes or a combination of them are used. The behaviour of the components is described in details in the following chapters.
Electrode
Activating compound
7.3.1 Gas-filled arresters Gas arresters, also called spark gaps or gas-filled arrester, are very high-resistive (in the range of M) in the non-ignited state. In the conductive state, they have a short-circuit with a remaining voltage of approx. 10V. Gas-filled arresters are classified in voltage categories. The response time of the 700V type is shown in the following diagram. It is visible, that the gas-filled arrester is ignited after approx. =0.7 s.
V
1000 kV 1 s
800
700 V
600
400
Figure: Characteristic HB of a gas-filled arrester Gas-filled arresters are suitable for a wide range of applications, which start from the Basic protection to the Detailed protection. A disadvantage is the relatively high ignition voltage and their response time.
200 0,2
0,2
0,4
0,6 0,8
1,0
0,7
200
Diagram: Response time of a gas-filled arrester The internal construction of the gas-filled arrester and its characteristic is shown in the following figures.
7.3.2 Varistors (VDR-resistors) Varistors are semiconductor devices, that resistance change from a very high value to a very low value and the behaviour is independent on the direction.
I/A
To understand the function of a varistor, a model with diodes can help. The areas touching the zinc oxide grains form micro varistors, that have a characteristic of a symmetric Zener-diode with a reverse voltage of approx. 3.5 V.
V
100 200 300 U/V
-1 -2 -3
3,5 V 100 A
Figure: Characteristic of a varistor The name is derived from the wording variable resistor. Very often the abbreviation VDR resistor appears which is deviated from voltage dependent resistor. The varistor is connected in parallel to the electronic being protected and in case of a rising voltage, it forms a low-resistive shunt and prevents a further rise of the transient. By means of the extraordinary current capacity and its very fast response time (< 25 nsec), it is the almost perfect protective element. The varistor reaches its limit value in a short time (see diagram Response time of a varistor) and is faster, but its discharge capacity is less than a gas-filled arrester.
V
1000 800 600 320 V 400 200
10 bis 50 m
Figure: Detailed illustration of varistor The electrical behaviour of the varistor is given by means of switching these z-diodes in parallel and in series: If the height of the layer with the zinc oxide grains is increased, the protective level is also increased (series-circuit), if the cross-section of the layer with the zinc oxide grains is increased, the discharge capacity is increased (parallel-circuit). Increasing the volume of layer with the zinc oxide grains, increases the capacity of the energy absorption (series and parallel circuit). Varistors with several characteristic data can be manufactured by varying the quantities. Varistors are classified by means of the operating voltage: If the voltage is 1.5 times exceeding, that leads to the melting of the zinc oxide grains. A remaining change of the features appears, as the number of the Z-diodes is reduced by means of the melting. The protective level of the varistor is decreasing continuously, and perhaps, an increased current is flowing at normal operation voltage, which destroys the varistor by thermal heat. In extreme cases, the varistor can explode at very high voltages. Consequently, it is often used with fuses or in encapsulated housings.
maximum operating peak- voltage (230 V + 10% = 253 V) s 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
320 V 400
-0,4 -0,2
Diagram: Response time of a varistor Structure: The component exists of sintered zinc oxide grains, which are smelted in coat of epoxy.
Terminals Sintered zinc oxide grains
Electrodes
Epoxy
7.3.3 Suppressor diodes Suppressor diodes (e.g. Transil-diodes) are semiconductor devices, that show a similar behaviour as the Z-diodes. The peak reverse voltage U RM of a diode has to be higher or as equal as the operating voltage of the circuit to be protected. The current increases in avalanches by means of the diode connected in parallel and in reverse direction, when the voltage exceeds only slightly. This effect is called avalancheeffect. Suppressor diodes are thus called
avalanche-diodes. The response times are in the range of some nsec (nano second = thousand millionth second)
7.3.4
Combination of arc-filled arrester and varistor Very often a combination of varistor and gasfilled arrester is used for overvoltage limitation. These components complement each other together perfectly in some applications. When a load with a transient is occurring in a series circuit of these components, the following voltages are effective:
V 1 s
kV
URM URM U
1000
In ignition mode
Diagram: Characteristic of a suppressor diode The characteristic of the bi-directional suppressor diode is shown, i.e. a voltage limitation is effective in both directions. They are designed to discharge high transient voltages. A disadvantage is the relatively high price and a reduced ability to discharge energy. The main application is the protection of devices, electronic assemblies and expensive components. Suppressor diodes can be classified as a detailed protection, built in the device.
Gas-filled arrester
0 0 0,02
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8 0,7
1,0
1,2
Varistor in function
Varistor
7.4
7.4.2
The components, described in the above chapters, are used in the devices for the Detailed protection. They are already installed in the electronic assemblies to protect the high-grade and sensitive components as well as in devices that are designed for an additional overvoltage protection. All devices, described in the chapter below, are suitable for the overvoltage protection according to the chapter 7. They are not suitable for the attenuation of static and excessive voltages, e.g. the false installation of a product to two outer conductors (L1 and L2 400 V) instead to L and N with 230 V. They are also not suitable, to carry increased voltages in a mains line due to an incorrect installed neutral conductor shift within the ThreePhase-Network. The components will be destroyed by means of permanently excessive operating overvoltage.
TRONIC-overvoltage protection module In larger installations fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps (e.g. High pressure sodium or mercury lamps), conventional wound transformers and other inductive components are installed apart from other electronic components. Such installations are also called mixed installations. Switching-on and off of such loads, high-energy pulses (spikes) may be created, and the overvoltage protection circuit (according to VDE 0712/25) is not sufficient which is integrated in the electronic components. If it is not possible to reduce this internal overvoltages to a tolerable quantity by means of the installations measures, shown in the figures 4.4 and 7.7, TRONIC overvoltage protection modules may be installed for the reduction of the mains spikes. The overvoltage protection module contains a varistor, i.e. a voltage dependent resistor, which is low-resistive to impulse with high-voltage and it shorts them (see chapter 7.3.2). In addition, the varistor in the module is thermally monitored by means of a temperature switch and is disconnected from the mains in severe situations. Thus, it is ensured, that the varistor does not explode suddenly. L (N)
7.4.1
Protection against overvoltage built in the devices Almost all electronic devices of the home installation are equipped with overvoltage protection components or circuits. On the one hand, this may be a Z-diode or suppressor diode to protect one single semiconductor component that is more sensitive than others. On the other hand, it may be an especially designed circuit with several protective devices, to achieve a "total device protection". Many causes of interferences are prevented at the beginning of the design and manufacturing of electronic components by means of meeting the valid standards (VDE, EC-standards, IEC test specifications), Consequently, for example, all TRONIC-transformer contain a spike protection according to DIN VDE 0712 Part 25 / EN 61047. For further information, see chapter 4.4, overvoltage protection in low voltage installations. Nevertheless in many cases, it is necessary to install additional protective measures, because the loads by overvoltages in an installation exceed the values, which are specified in the standard. Each protection, built in the device, is classified as a Detailed protection and is not able to discharge pulses with high energy.
N (L) Principle circuit: Overvoltage protection The module is destroyed after a switching of the temperature switch, can not be repaired and has to be replaced by a new one. Today, no damages of the module are known which have been generated by means of switching processes, described above. It is designed as a built-in device and may be fitted into distribution boxes as well as to the terminals of the device, being protected, i.e. in the false ceiling. We have given up the integration of indication lamps, as they would not be visible in these installations. The module is connected in parallel and as close as possible to the components being protected. In chapter 4.4 some information has been described for the installation of these modules.
7.4.3
Socket outlet with surge voltage protection and acoustic signal The outlet, type flush-mounting (UP), contains a circuit that removes the surge voltage from the connected devices. This is technically realized by means of voltage dependent resistors, e.g. varistors or gas-filled arresters.
58-mm box Cover frame 230 V
7.4.4 Line filter with surge protection High sensitive electronic devices may not be only interfered or destroyed by mains spikes, but also by means of high frequency. Examples are data processing systems, medical equipment, highgrade components of the video or audio area, control, measurement and regulation installations etc. Example 1: Switching of an air-type contactor
U
Overvoltage peaks up to 750 V
Indications
Outlet cover
f > 3 kHz
The socket outlet reduces the surge voltage, occurring in short times, to a tolerable quantity of the electronic device. The connected loads are protected against damages by means of this. Function: The operating mode of the varistors is detected by means of a temperature control, and in case of exceeding the limits, the temperature switch disconnects the branch being protected. In severe cases the protection circuit is not in operation. As the power supply of the device is not disconnected in these cases, this mode has to be indicated. The function mode is visible by means of two indication lamps. The green lamp indicates, that mains voltage is applied to the protective circuit. When the red indication lamp is brightening, the temperature switch has been triggered and the surge protection is no more effective. An acoustic signal is sounding. As a result of this, the user is informed about the failing of the surge protection, although the socket outlet is not visible. The acoustic warning signal may be switched-off by removing the plug from the socket outlet. It is required to replace the outlet immediately. These facts are obvious from the following principle circuit.
L
Indication RED
Ueff = 230V
Sine (50Hz)
Diagram: Switching of an air-type contactor Surges of approx. 750 V may occur by means of a switching air-type contactor. Also oscillations with frequencies > 3 kHz appear. Example 2: Switching-off of a fluorescent lamp. 36 W, unbalanced
U Overvoltage peaks up to 3 kV
t up to 600 V U f
PE
Indication GREEN
N
not protected protected
MHz
Figure: Principle circuit Surge protection socket outlet with acoustic signal Chap.: 7.4 Page: 2
Unbalanced fluorescent lamps at first cause a small re-oscillation and then a high transient pulse, which then is changing into a high frequency re-oscillation of approx. 8 MHz. The transient voltage peaks have to be discharged by means of the overvoltage protection in both cases and the following highfrequency have to be attenuated by a HF-filter. The device offering these both functions is the Line filter, that is designed as a mobile device. It is pre-connected to the device being protected. The part overvoltage protection is operating according to the principles described in chapter 7.4.3. The varistors used are thermally monitored and disconnected from the mains in case of overloading. However, the device still remains in function. Additionally a filter is integrated, that attenuates the high-frequency interferences. It affects symmetrical and asymmetrical interferences.
Non-protected area (input
Schuko plug
Schuko outlet
Figure: Line filter Symmetrical interferences voltages occur between all conductors carrying current, asymmetrical interferences occur between each conductor carrying current and the earth potential. The principle circuit is shown in the following figure.
Protected area (output)
L
Indication RED
Indication GREEN
PE
N
Figure: Principle circuit of the Line filter In the diagram shown below, the principle transmission characteristic of the filter is shown. With it, the interferences are suppressed, which are effective in the TV and Audio range. The attenuation is presented in logarithmic scale. An attenuation of 10 is equal to 20 dB and 60 dB is equal to an attenuation of 1000. Replacing the fuse: Pull off the fuse holder at the side of the housing and replace the fine-wire fuse T 10/250 D. Please note, that only devices can be connected to the Line filter which have a maximum rated current of 10 A. The integrated lamps indicate: GREEN on: Device in operation GREEN off: Mains fuse has tripped or mains voltage fails RED on: Temperature fuse of the overvoltage protection has triggered, the protective device has to be replaced.
100 a / dB
80
60
sym.
40
asym.
20
7.5
Graduated protection
7.6
Insulation measurement
To achieve a comprehensive overvoltage protection in a building, it is sensible, to reduce the overvoltage pulses in stages by means of grading the protective components. The devices limiting the overvoltage, are connected according to the reduced limitation voltage and the energy absorption. Consequently, high energy transient voltages, which are coupled into the power supply network, are discharged when entering the installation (basic protection). This category includes the complete equipotential bonding and discharge sections. This basic protection is used in the transformer station and in the main distribution board. A further attenuation of the transients is realized in the sub-distribution board. We call that medium-level protection, and very often gasfilled arresters and varistors are used. For completion of the overvoltage protection the detailed protection is defined according to the sensivity against overvoltages of the devices being protected. The detailed protection includes devices, e.g. the overvoltage protection socket outlet, the Line filter and the TRONIC overvoltage protection module. The effect is realized because the device being protected is connected in parallel to the overvoltage protection circuit. A symbolic presentation of the graduated protection is shown in the following figure:
Overland long-distance cable Transformer of the electricity board Main distribution board Sub-distribution board Socket outlet
VDE 0100, Part 600, requires an insulation measurement of the installation and in parallel, it gives information about possibly wrong measurements due to the protection devices connected. They distort the measured values due to it components limiting the voltage. You have to note in general: In case of insulation measurements in an installation, always disconnect all overvoltage protection devices. Otherwise the test voltage is limited by the protection components, and wrong measurements will be carried out. If overvoltage protection devices should remain by mistake in the installation, they will not be damaged by means of the small currents. This disconnection applies to all devices, which have integrated overvoltage protection components, for example, TRONIC-transformers that contain a varistor in its input circuit. A galvanic separation is ensured by a commercially used installation switches. That is not affecting a touch-dimmer. It has to be disconnected from the mains.
Basic
Medium-level
Detailed protection
7.7
The kind of installation has an essential influence onto the overvoltage stress of every consumer. The coupling of transient can be reduced enormously by means of suitable measures.
7.7.1 Coupling of transients In general, the wires protected against overvoltage should be as short as possible. Protected (overvoltage reducing) wires should not be laid in a parallel or in bundles, e.g. in a common wiring channel. Such an installation creates the danger of new coupling of transients (see also chapter 4.4) In order to show the possibilities of coupling transients, some examples are illustrated in the following figures. Example 1:
230 V
Figure: Coupling to opposite lying walls A coupling of overvoltages can not be excluded, if wires are lying side by side behind the socket outlet.
not protected
Example 3: A weak point, not able to be controlled, is the coupling of transient in multiple portable sockets as transients can be coupled into the leads due to its position. An overvoltage protection socket outlet has to be fitted generally in the multiple portable sockets. (see figures Unfavourable / favourable use of an overvoltage protection socket outlet)
230 V
230 V
Coupling
supposed to be protected
Unfavourable position of the lead
Figure: Possible coupling Example 2: If high surges occur, even a coupling from one wall to another is possible without any trouble. In this example the data processing system is protected, but not the wire on the backside. The transients spread into both directions of the mains wire.
Coupling
Here wrong !
230 V
A general solution is not possible, but an enormous attenuation takes place, if overvoltage protection socket outlets are installed.
A
B A
230 V
Coupling
230 V
E
230 V
C
230 V
Here correct !
A B C D E F Attenuation by means of the wire length and the built-in overvoltage protection components
7.7.2 Propagation of transients If a fuse trips under load, a short circuit pulse is created which is added to the mains voltage (see chapter 7.1.3). The propagation is effective in all directions. The pulse is less attenuated by means of the wire length respectively the coupling of the parallel lying wires.
A B B A
7.8
Technical data:
(The technical data, described here, have been up-to-date, when the Electronic Handbook was published. We reserve the right to change the technical data serving the technical progress and, the technical data are no more valid in case of changes. As the technical data are always up-to-date in the operating instructions, which are delivered with the product, in important cases the operating instruction should be taken for decision.). Overvoltage protection module Rated voltage: Rated discharge current I SN (8/20) s: Max. discharge surge current iSmax (8/20) s: Remaining voltage at I S (1 kA): Operating temperature: Terminals: Installation: Protection capacity: 230 V / 50 Hz 1 kA (100x)
4.5 kA (1x) approx. 1000 V -25 to +80 C flexible 1.5 mm 2 , 80 mm long in parallel to the protected device or operating circuit 1 module for approx. 5 -10 TRONIC-transformers in each circuit
Socket outlet with surge voltage protection and acoustic signal Rated voltage: Rated current: Temperature fuse: Rated discharge current iSN (8/20) s: Max. discharge surge current iSmax (8/20) s: Protective level: 230 V / 50 Hz 16 A Disconnection of the protection component at overload 2,5 kA
5 kA (1x) 1.2 kV between L and N 1.5 kV L/N and PE D -20 to +60C 58 mm flush-box, wiring channels, etc. replacing the existing socket outlet in front of the consumer being protected
Device in operation Mains voltage fails Temperature fuse of the overvoltage protection has been triggered (replace protection device), remove the mains plug for switching-off the acoustic signal triggered
Line filter with over voltage protection Rated voltage: Rated current: Fine-wire fuse: Rated discharge current iSN (8/20) s: 230 V / 50 Hz 10 A T 10 / 250 D, DIN 41571 T3 2.5 kA 6.5 kA (1x)
Max. discharge surge current: i Smax (8/20) s: Protection level: Class of requirements: Max. leakage discharge current: Climatic class: Operating temperature: RFI suppression filter: Indications GREEN on: GREEN off: RED on + acoustic signal: 1 kV D
0.5 mA according to DIN 40 040, HPF -20 to +40C according to VDE 0565 T3
Device in operation Mains voltage fails Temperature fuse of the overvoltage protection has been triggered (replace protection device), remove the mains plug for switching-off the acoustic signal triggered
1.2 Phase-cut-on control dimmer 1.2.1 Dimmer with rotary knob 1.2.1.1 Dimmer with rotary on/off switch or push switch 1.2.1.2 Dimmer with push switch 1.2.1.2.1 Dimmer for incandescent lamps and LV dimmer for conventional transformer 1.2.1.2.2 Dimmer for fluorescent lamps 1.2.1.2.3 Speed regulator 1.2.2 Dimmer with touch operation 1.2.3 Remote control dimmer 1.2.4 Power extensions 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 Chapter 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 Phase-cut-off-control dimmer for TRONIC-transformers Dimmer with rotary on/off switch : TRONIC-Dimmer Dimmer with/for touch operation: TRONIC-touch dimmerand TRONIC-recessed dimmer Remote control dimmer: IR-TRONIC-touch dimmer Power extension: TRONIC-light control system Electronic potentiometer for 10 V control input Observer Observer for surface m ounting Observer for flush mounting Observer system
DEVICES WITH AUTOMATIC TIME FUNCTION Electronic controller for shutter and blinds Electronic Timer
Chapter 4.
ELECTRONIC TRANSFORMER
Chapter 5.
CURRENT GUARD
Chapter 6.
Supplement: 0 Page: 1
1. 1.1
1.1.1
Mains 230 V
Mains 230 V
Mains 230 V
Supplement: 1 Page: 1
Mains 230 V
1 N
L N
Load
Mains 230 V
Extension type A or mechanical switch
1 N
1
Only for illuminated extensions
L N
Load
1 N
To further extensions
Supplement: 1 Page: 2
Power unit N L
1 2 3 4
max. 10 m
Supplement: 1 Page: 3
1.1.2
L N
Push buttons
Mains 230 V Load IR-main unit, e.g. IR-push button Receiver Extension, e.g. type A mech. push-button
1 1
IR-extension Receiver
IR-push button with permanent pulse 1 N
max. 10 m
IR-receiver
Assignment of mains to any push button output
Device 3 e.g. dimmer for conv. transformers Load Device 2 e.g. TRONIC-recessed dimmer Load
Supplement: 1 Page: 4
Brown
White
max. 10 m
Green
Yellow
IR-receiver
Attention: All devices of the same load circuit,e.g. dimmers, power boosters and extensions (flush mounting) have to be connected to the same load!
IR- extension push button 4channel Eb, example of a circuit with a manual extension
Supplement: 1 Page: 5
1.2
Phase-cut-on dimmer
1.2.1 Dimmer with rotary knob 1.2.1.1 Dimmer with rotary on/off switch or push switch
L N Dimmer
Mains 230 V
Rotary-off dimmer, suitable only for incandescent lamps, 2-way or 4-way switch circuits not possible
1.2.1.2 Dimmer with push switch 1.2.1.2.1 Dimmer for incandescent lamps and LV dimmer for conventional transformers
Permitted load type (x = permitted): Conventional HV halogen Incandescent transformer lamp lamp
HVHalogen
Fluorescent lamp
Bal.
L N
Load
Supplement: 1 Page: 6
Mains 230 V
Mains 230 V
Supplement: 1 Page: 7
Permitted load type (x = permitted): Conventional HV halogen Incandescent transformer lamp lamp
HVHalogen
Fluorescent lamp
Bal.
3 8
To further lamps
4
L 1 Adjustment of the basic brightness (potentiometer) N PE 2 Basic load (Incandescent lamp 25 W) 3 Ballast 4 Heating transformer 5 38 mm lamp without starter 6 Ignition support (When required, connect earth wire according to the selection list for lamps) 7 Clip for earthing the ignition support 8 Compensation capacitor 9 Earth wire depending on the fluorescent lamp type
RFI class N is only achieved with lamps, that are pre-wired for the brightness control and comply RFI class N.
L N PE
3 8
2-way switch P
To further lamps
4
Supplement: 1 Page: 8
L N PE
3 8
4-way switch
2
2-way switch
To further lamps
4
3 8
To further lamps
4
Power booster
1
L N PE
2
1
3 8 4 3 8 4
To further lamps 9 7 6 5
To further lamps
To further lamps 5 6 7 9
Supplement: 1 Page: 9
L N
5 6 7 8 1 2 Electronic 3 ballast 4 Dimmer for fluorescent lamps Filter
1 2
To further lamps
Dimmer circuit for fluorescent lamps with 26 mm diameter and electronic ballast
2-way and 4-way switch circuit according to the connection of fluorescent lamps with unsymmetrical ballast
Mains 230 V
Supplement: 1 Page: 10
1.2.2
Dimmer with touch operation Permitted load type (x = permitted): Conventional HV halogen Incandescent transformer lamp lamp
HVHalogen
Fluorescent lamp
Bal.
Touch dimmer for incandescent lamps LV touch dimmer for conv. transformers
Mains 230 V
Touch key
On/off circuit
L N Load Memory Touch dimmer
1
Wire C is necessary only in case touch dimmer extension shall be illuminated. (Not for TRONIC-touch dimmer)
Supplement: 1 Page: 11
1.2.3
Remote control dimmer Dimmer type TRONICtransfomer Permitted load type (x = permitted): Conventional HV halogen Incandescent transformer lamp lamp
HVHalogen
Fluorescent lamp
Bal.
IR-touch dimmer for incandesent lamps IR-LV- touch dimmer for conv. transformers
x x
Mains 230 V
Mains 230 V
Operation with one extension for IR-touch dimmer and IR-LV-touch dimmer (Function is equal to 2-way switch circuit)
L N Load IR-touch dimmer Receiver Dimmer Memory
1
Mains 230 V
Operation with two extensions for IR-touch dimmer and IR-LV-touch dimmer (Function is equal to 4-way switch circuit)
Supplement: 1 Page: 12
1.2.4
Power extension
L N Power booster
Mains 230 V
L N Power booster
All heating transformers must be connected to the terminal of the dimmer
Netz 230 V
Resistive basic load
L N
Mains 230 V
Extension
1
LV-touch dimmer
max. 500 W
1
max. 600 W
max. 600 W
L1N max. 10
LV-recessed Power booster 600W Example in connection with LV-touch dimmer and extension
Supplement: 1 Page: 13
L1
L2
L3
N max.16A max.16A
I>
2 pole MCB-
I>
LV - Dimmer
LV Power booster
max. 500 W
max. 600 W
max. 600 W
max. 6500 W
max. 600 W
max. 600 W
L3
ind. transformers
L3
ind. transfomers
Supplement: 1 Page: 14
1.3
Fluorescent lamp
Bal.
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
1.3.1
Mains 230 V
Supplement: 1 Page: 15
1.3.2
Dimmer with touch operation or for touch operation: TRONIC-touch dimmer and TRONIC-recessed dimmer
Mains 230 V
Touch key
Supplement: 1 Page: 16
L N
Mains 230 V
Memory
Load
1
max. 700 W
1.3.3
Memory
L N
IR-TRONIC touch dimmer
Load
Supplement: 1 Page: 17
L N
IR-TRONIC touch dimmer
1.3.4
L N
TRONIC dimmer
Mains 230 V
Load
max.315 W
N 1
Load
max. 700 W
Load
max. 700 W
L1N
max. 10
Supplement: 1 Page: 18
L N
2x1.5 mm
3 core 250 V cable, select the cross section according to the total load of power boosters. all (perhaps distribute on the cables)
2x1.5 mm
to further extensions
2x1.5 mm N *: If aTRONIC-dimmer with push/change switch is installed, replace the extensions by a 2-way 4-way switch! or 1 L TRONICrecessed Power booster
2x1.5 mm N N
L TRONIC-trans. 12 V 2x1.5 mm N
L N to further
TRONIC-transformers
LV area
Wiring diagram of the TRONIC Light control system with UP TRONIC-dimmer (flush)
L N
2x1.5 mm 3 core 250 V cable, select the cross section according to the total load of all power boosters (perhaps distribute on cables) and protect by a n-pole MCB L TRONIC-trans. 12 V N min 60** W, max 700 W
3x1.5 mm
1 TRONICrecessed dimmer
to further extensions
2x1.5 mm
4 terminals only for the further TRONIC recessed Power boosters to terminal "1" N TRONICNo connection of further TRONIC transformers possible!
1 recessed Power L booster
N 1 L
N N
L TRONIC-trans. 12 V 2x1.5 mm N
L N to further
TRONIC-transformers
LV area
Wiring diagram of the TRONIC Light control system with TRONIC-recessed dimmer
Supplement: 1 Page: 19
L1 L2 L3 N max.16A max.16A
I>
I>
TRONIC-transformer
L3
TRONIC-transformer
L3
TRONIC-transformer
Supplement: 1 Page: 20
1.4
Electronic ballast + -
Electronic ballast + -
Electronic potentiometer + -
Electronic ballast + -
Electronic ballast + -
max. 40 mA
Supplement: 1 Page: 21
2. 2.1
L N
Observers in parallel circuit Observer in a 2-way switch circuit: (One automatic and one manual switch) T = Push button, break contact. Manual operation triggers a switch cycle.
L N N S2 S1 S1 S2 L L N
Observer with automatic and manual operation: S1+S2 = open: all off; S1 closed, S2 closed: automatic operation; S1+S2 closed: permanent light Switching off the observer: The observer is switched-on again, if switch S1 is activated. S1 does not trigger the observer .
L N L N
T N L
Observer in a 4-way switch circuit: (2 automatic and one manual switch) T = Push button, break contact.
Observer in parallel connection with a staircase lighting switch or time pulse relay
Supplement: 2 Page: 1
2.2
Observer for flush mounting (Modular system with inserts and attachments)
L N
L N
S
1 N
Insert with relay contacts in basic circuit: S switches-off the Observer. If switching-on, a switch-on cycle is initiated, independent on the brightness.
L N
Insert with triac in basic circuit: S switches-off the Observer. If switching-on, a switch-on cycle is initiated, independent on the brightness.
L N
Inserts with relay contacts and manual extensions (normally close contacts)
L N
Parallel connection of inserts with triac: More favourable: Select insert with relay contact + extension insert for this application.
L N
1 N
1 N
Combination of an insert with triac and several manual push buttons (normally close contact). You can select any the connection sequence. Important: Switch always the live wire and connect the lamp to the neutral wire
Example of a circuit: Combination of insert with relay contacts (1) and an active extension (2) and a manual (passive) extension (3)
Supplement: 2 Page: 2
2.3
Observer system
Lx S - +
All wiring diagrams of the single observers presented in 2.1 are suitable to be used for the Observer system power unit (surface mounting) on the mains side.
L N
S Lx
Lx S - +
S Lx Lxo
x
+
S Lx Lxo
2 Lx S - +
S Lx Lxo
max. 8
System sensors (surface mounting) connected in a line: Only one Lx of the system sensors shall be connected to the power unit!
System sensors (flush mounting) connected in a line: Only one Lx of the system sensors shall be connected to the power unit (A)!
Lx S - +
x
+
S Lx Lxo
L N
S Lx
Lx S - +
S Lx Lxo
Lx S - +
S Lx Lxo
max. 8
System sensors (surface mounting) connected in a star: Only one Lx of the system sensors shall be connected to the power unit!
System sensors (flush mounting) connected in a star: Only one Lx of the system sensors shall be connected to the power unit (A)!
Supplement: 2 Page: 3
max. 100 m
Lx S - +
1
2
N L1 L1 4 Lx S - + 1
S 1
Maximum length of the system sensor wire (Valid for all flush and surface mounting devices!)
Lx S - +
L N
A
L1
L1 4
Tricky circuitsin the Observer system: Opening switch S1, only system sensor 1 is disconnected . Activating push button T1(normally open), triggers a switch cycle, independent on the brightness("manual system sensor")
80
Lx S - +
L N
S Lx
L N +
S LX Lxo
L1
L1 4
S Lx
80
Lx S - +
NOT PERMITTED! A system sensor (flush or surface mounting) is not allowed to be connected to several system power units.
Observer system power unit REG 1 channel combined with time switch
L N 1
1 max. 100 m 2
L1
L1 4
80
Lx S - +
Maximum length of the system sensor length wire. (Valid for all flush and surface mounting devices!)
Observer system power unit REG 1channel: Potential-isolated contact is connected to Low voltage. Connect point (1) and point (2) to the Low voltage load circuit.
Supplement: 2 Page: 4
L N
L1
L1 4
N L1
L2
80
Lx S - +
1
80 80
Last
Lx 1 S 1
Lx 2 S 2
Observer system power unit REG 1channel: All wiring diagrams of the single observers presented in 2.1 may be used for the Observer system power unit (surface mounting) on the mains side, if: A: An isolated wire bridge(1.5mm 2) is inserted according to the drawing B: Terminal is connected as the load 1 terminal (arrow showing out) of the single Observer
L N
Observer system power unit REG 2channel: Both channels switch (max. 16 system-sensors) a common load (max. 2500 W).
L N
1
N
L1
L2
80
80
Lx 1 S 1
+ Lx 2 S 2
N L1
L2
Lx 1 S 1
Lx 2 S 2
Observer system power unit REG 2channel: Potential isolated contact of the second channel is combined with a time switch. Note the specification of the load of the time switch!
L N
Observer system power unit REG 2channel: Operation at the same phase
L1 L2 N
80
80
S
N L1 L2
L1
L2
80 80
Lx 1 S 1
80 80
Lx 2 S 2
Lx 1 S 1
Lx 2 S 2
Observer system power unit REG 2channel: S disconnects channel 2 and does not effect channel 1. No automatic re-switching-on, if the contact is closed. All wiring diagrams of the single observers presented in 2.1 may be used for channel 1 of the Observer system power unit 2channel on the mains side Attention: After a mains failure at channel 1, both channels are activated for one cycle.
Supplement: 2 Page: 5
3. 3.1
Devices with automatic functions Electronic control for shutter and blinds
L1 N max. 1 Motor 1000VA
K1
K2
AUF AB
K1
K2
K1 K2
M1
M2
K1
K2
K1
K2
K1 K2
M1
M2
Supplement: 3 Page: 1
Central control
Woche Tag Prog Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So Manuel l Auto Zufall Astro
Single control
Single control
Single control
Man/Auto
Einstelle n
Enter
3 2 3
Mains
3
Separating relay
4
Separating relay
Separating relay
M1
M2
M3
3.2
Electronic timer
L1 N
max. 1000VA
Supplement: 3 Page: 2
4.
Electronic transformers
L N
AC 230 V ~
AC 12 V ~
AC 230 V ~
AC 230 V ~
L N
L N
AC 230 V ~
AC 12 V ~
Overvoltage protection module TRONIC- TRONICDimmer transformer
AC 12 V ~
AC 12 V ~
L N
L N
L N L N L N
L N
L N
Supplement: 4 Page: 1
5.
Current Guard
L1 12 V 230 V~ N
Reset
Supplement: 5 Page: 1
6.
EVG/ML
grey
Lampe / lamp / tube miniatur
EVG/ML
L N AC 230 V ~
white
Supplement: 6 Page: 1
Supplement: 6 Page: 2
Supplement: 6 Page: 3
Supplement: 6 Page: 4