SQL Tutorial

SQL Tutorial
Table of Contents
Introduction
SQL
Tables
Scalable SQL for Windows
Definition of Database
Tables used by Solomon IV
Reading the Reports
SQLScope
The Menu Bar
The View Option
Database in Use
Conventions Used in this Guide
Errors
Creating Tables
Importing Data
Retrieving All Data
Retrieving a Single Column
Retrieving Multiple Columns
Formatting Numbers
Ordering Rows
Displaying Rows in Descending Order
Ordering Multiple Columns
Retrieving Specific Rows
Multiple Conditions
Joining Tables
Updating Tables
Deleting Rows
Inserting Rows
Pervasive SQL
If you are interested in learning about Pervasive SQL, this is the site. Our
online tutorial provides a basic introduction to Pervasive SQL. It covers the
create, import, retrieve, order, update, delete, insert, and join commands.
Introduction
This tutorial is on Pervasive SQL, also known as Scalable SQL,

version 3.01 by Btrieve Technologies, Inc. It was developed for
users of Solomon IV version 2.0x; however, anyone using Scalable
SQL will find it useful. You will need a copy of Scalable SQL to
complete the exercises.
SQL
SQL -- pronounced sequel -- stands for Structured Query

Language. It is the language used to access Scalable SQL for
Windows data. With SQL, you can query your database in a variety
of ways, using English-like statements.
Tables
A table is a set of columns and rows. Each column is referred to as

a field. Each value in a field represents a single type of data. For
example, a table might have three fields: name, city, and state. The
table will consist of three columns: one for name, one for city, and
one for state. For every row in the table, the name field contains
the name, the city field contains the city, and the state field
contains the state.
Scalable SQL for Windows
Scalable SQL for Windows contains tables used to store, retrieve,

and modify data. As you enter data into Solomon IV, it is stored in
Scalable SQL tables. You can retrieve, add to, and modify that data
by using Scalable SQL for Windows.
Definition of Database
A database is a collection of related data. It can also be viewed as

a collection of related tables.
Tables Used by Solomon IV
To find a list of the tables used by Solomon IV, follow the steps
outlined below:
1. Log in to Solomon IV.

2. Click on Help on the Menu bar.
3. Click on Solomon Data Fields on the drop-down menu.
4. Click on Solomon IV Application Database Schema. You will
be presented with a screen that lists each module.
5. To see a list of the tables used by a particular module, click
on the module name.
6. Then to see a list of the fields in a specific table, click on the
table name. You will be presented with a report.
7. To print the report, click on Print.
Reading the Reports
SQL reports look similar to the ones shown here.
Vendor Training TrnVendor
Add1 String 30 Vendor street address
City String 30 Vendor city
CurrBal Float 8 Current outstanding balance
ExpAcc String 10 Expense account
Name String 30 Vendor name

State String 3 Vendor city
Vendid String 10 Vendor ID
AP Training Documents TrnAPDoc
CuryDocBal Float 8 Current document balance
DocDate Date 4 Date the document was

created
OpenDoc Logical 2 Is the document unpaid?
OrigDocAmt Float 8 Amount of the original

document
RefNbr String 10 Reference number
Vendid String 10 Vendor ID
The first column of the report lists field names. The second column
indicates field types. The third column indicates field lengths. The
fourth and final column provides a description of the field
contents.
The tables just described are similar to the ones used by Solomon
IV. We will create these tables later and use them in our exercises.
Field Type
Field types define the kind of data the field can contain. Scalable
SQL supports four major field types:
String
Numeric
Date and time
Boolean
String -- A string field stores characters. It can also store numbers;
however, a number cannot be used in mathematical calculations
unless it is first converted to a numeric. Scalable SQL supports the
following types of strings:
character
lstring1
zstring1
note1
lvar 1
Numeric -- A numeric field stores numbers. You can use the field to
perform mathematical calculations. Scalable SQL supports the
following types of numeric fields:
Decimal1
Float1
Integer1
Numeric1
Logical -- A logical field will accept one of only two specified

values. Examples are true or false and yes or no.
Date and time -- Date and time fields accept the date and time.
Length
The length column specifies the maximum number of characters

the field will accept.
SQLScope
SQLScope is the interface used to access and manipulate data

stored in a Scalable SQL for Windows database. The following
sections describe the interface.
1. To log in to SQLScope:
2. Open SQLScope.
3. In the Database Name field, enter the name of the database
you wish to open.
Note: For these exercises, use a test database.
4. Type Master in the User Name field.

5. If a password has been assigned, enter the password in the
Password field.
6. Click on Login.
The Menu Bar
The Menu bar is located at the top of the SQLScope screen. It

begins with the word File and continues with Edit, View, Settings,
Database, Run, Window, and Help. You use the menus to give
instructions to the software. To use a menu, you point with your
mouse at the menu option and click the left mouse button. A drop-
down menu will appear. To select an option, highlight the item on
the drop-down menu and press Enter. An ellipse after a menu item
signifies additional options; if you select that menu item, a dialog
box will appear.
The View Options
The View options on the Menu bar control how the SQL Scope
interface displays to the user. The Lists option displays table
names, field names, and templates. The Status Bar displays
messages and is located at the very bottom of the screen. Move To
buttons display to the left of the SQL text box; use Move To
buttons to move around your SQL text screen quickly. Run buttons
display to the right of the SQL text box; use Run buttons to run
your SQL statement. For these lessons, you should turn on all of
these options by following these instructions:
1. Click on View.
2. Click on any item that does not have a checkmark next to it.
Note: You might have to perform this process several times,
because only one option can be selected at a time. So click on
View and then click on any item that does not have a
checkmark next to it. Then click on View again and click on
any additional item that does not have a checkmark next to it.
Continue until all items are checked.
Database in Use
Directly below the Menu bar is the Database field. The name of the
current database is displayed in this field.
Tables
The Tables box lists all of the tables in the database. Clicking on a
table name will place the table name in the SQL text box.
Fields
The Fields box lists all of the fields in a particular table. Clicking
on a field name will place the field name in the SQL text box.
To see a list of the fields in a table:
1. Go to the Tables box.

2. Highlight the table of interest.
3. Click on the >> icon.
4. The field names for the table you highlighted will appear in
the Field box.
Templates
The Templates box provides the syntax for commands. If you

forget the syntax for a particular command, click on the command
in the template field for a reminder. Refer to your Scalable SQL for
Windows manual for further information. The conventions used in
this guide are not the same as those used by Scalable SQL for
Windows.
Conventions Used in this Guide
This guide uses the following conventions to illustrate SQL

syntax.
Regular type Standard SQL clause.
Bold User-specified information.
Variable repeated three times Use as many variables as

needed.
... Use as many variables as

needed.
/ Use any one of the items

separated by the slash.
<> Item between brackets is

optional.
Errors
SQL consists of commands you type into the SQLScope text box.
If you receive an error message after entering a SQL command,
check your spelling and syntax.
1
Explanation of these terms is beyond the scope of this course.
Basic SQL Commands

If you need an introduction to basic SQL commands, this is the site. Our
free online SQL tutorial covers SQL syntax and is an excellent SQL
command reference. Take our tutorial and learn the SQL command
language.
Creating Tables
You must create your tables before you can enter data into them.
Use the Create Table command.
Syntax:
Create table tablename using filename

(fieldname fieldtype(length),
fieldname fieldtype(length),
fieldname fieldtype(length));
Explanation:
 Table names cannot exceed 20 characters.

 Table names must be unique within a database.
 Field names must be unique within a table.
 You may specify the data file to use. If you do not specify a
data file, Scalable SQL will create one, using a .dat
extension.
 The list of fields must be enclosed in parentheses.
 You must specify the field type.
Examples:
Char -- a character string
Float -- a number
Date -- a date field
Logical -- a logical field
 You must specify the field length.

 The field length must be enclosed in parentheses.
 You must separate field definitions with commas.
 You must end each SQL statement with a semicolon.
Example:
Create tables TrnVendor and TrnAPDoc. We will use these tables
in the exercises that follow:
1. In the SQL text box, type:
Create table TrnVendor using 'TVendor.dat'

(VendId char(10),
Name char(30),
Add1 char(30),
City char(30),
State char(3),
CurrBal float(8),
ExpAcct char(10));
Create table TrnAPDoc using 'TAPDoc.dat'

( VendId char(10),
RefNbr char(10),
DocDate date(4),
OrigDocAmt float(8),
CuryDocBal float(8),
OpenDoc logical(2));
2. Execute the commands. To create the first table, click on

First, the Run button located to the right of the SQL text
box.
3. You should receive the following message:
Scalable SQL informative status = -105. The

CREATE statement completed successfully.
4. Click on Next to create the second table.

Scalable SQL informative status = -105. The

CREATE statement completed successfully.
Click on Stop to return to the original screen.
SQL Database Tutorial

If you are looking for a SQL database tutorial, this is the site. Our free SQL
database tutorial makes learning SQL easy. We provide syntax and
examples for each SQL statement we cover. Our SQL tutorial is an excellent
SQL quick reference.
Importing Data
You can import data into SQLScope from another data source by
using the Insert command. Before completing the following
exercises, you must import data into the tables you created. The
example given in this section will step you through the process.
Syntax:
Insert into tablename

(fieldname, fieldname, fieldname)
Values
(@fieldname, @fieldname, @fieldname);
Explanation:
• Before you can import, you must create a data file in one of
the following formats:
o Btreive unformatted (.unf) -- File layout.
 Logical, date, and time fields are in binary format.
 Each row is preceded by its length, followed by a
comma.
 Each row is terminated with a carriage return.
o Standard Data Format (.sdf) -- File layout.
 All data is represented in ASCII characters.
 A comma is used to separate fields.
 Character fields are enclosed in double quotes.
o ASCII
 Each row is preceded by a comma or a space.
 Each field and each row is a specified length.
o DIF (.dif)
 Each file is made up of two sections: header and
data.
 Each row has a standard length.
 Each field has a standard length.
• The Values clause is used to specify substitution variables.
• Substitution variables must be preceded by an @ sign.
• Each field in the Insert statement must be in the same order
as the corresponding field in the data file.
To import data:
Choose Import from the File menu to open the Import dialog box.
1. In the File Type box, specify the type of file you want to
import.
2. In the Drive box, specify the appropriate drive.
3. In the Directories box, specify the appropriate directory.
4. In the File Name box, specify the name of the file from
which to import.
5. If you would like the process to run in the background
while you continue working, click on the Background
field.
6. Click on Import to begin the import process.
Example:
Import data into the TrnVendor and TrnAPDoc files.
1. Download the files:
Click here to download a zip.file

2. Type the following in the SQL text box:
Insert into TrnVendor

(Vendid, Name, Add1, City, State, CurrBal,
ExpAcct )
Values
(@Vendid, @Name, @Add1, @City, @State,
@CurrBal, @ExpAcct)
3. Click on File on the Menu bar.

4. Click on Import on the drop-down menu to open the
Import dialog box.
5. In the Drive box, specify the drive to which you
downloaded the files in step #1.
6. In the Directories box, specify the directory to which you
7. In the File Name field, type imvendor.sdf.
8. Click on Import.
Importing has completed.

Records: 30
10.Type the following in the SQL Text box:
Insert into TrnAPDoc

(Vendid, RefNbr, DocDate, OrigDocAmt,
CuryDocBal, OpenDoc)
Values
(@Vendid, @RefNbr, @DocDate, @OrigDocAmt,
@CuryDocBal, @OpenDoc)
1. Click on File on the Menu bar.

2. Click on Import on the drop-down menu to open the
Import dialog box.
3. In the Drive box, specify the drive to which you
4. In the Directories box, specify the directory to which you
5. In the File Name field, type imapdoc.sdf.
6. Click on Import.
Importing has completed.

Records: 50
SQL Select
SQL select statements are used to retrieve data from SQL databases. Take
our free online SQL tutorial and learn SQL. Among the many commands we
teach you are the SQL commands used to select and order data contained
in a SQL database.
Retrieving All Data
Select statements are used to retrieve data from SQL tables. The
Select statement illustrated below retrieves all of the columns and
rows from the named table.
Syntax:
Select *
from tablename;
Explanation:
 A Select statement is a SQL statement that begins with the

word "select."
 Select statements are used to retrieve data from SQL tables.
 An asterisk after the word "select" means retrieve all fields
(columns).
 The name of the table from which you are retrieving data is
specified in the From clause.
 Use a semicolon to signify the end of a SQL statement.
Example:
Retrieve all of the data from the TrnVendor table.
Select *
from TrnVendor;
2. Execute the command by clicking on First, the Run

button located to the right of the SQL text box. The
results will display on the screen.
3. Use the horizontal scroll bar to move across the screen.
The fields in the Vendor table will display alphabetically.
Use the vertical scroll bar to move up and down the
screen.
4. Click on Stop to return to the original screen.
Results:
VendId Name Add1 City State CurrBal ExpAcct

TV001 Wet Off 66 Keep Toledo OH 1.31300E+001 7230
Towels Dry Way
TV002 The Games 85 Warren NY 4.53170E+002 4110
All Here Olympic
Drive
TV003 BedMakers 97 Chicago IL 5.00000E+002 4120
Linen Comfort
Zone
TV004 Bed Room 4 Hide A Mercer NJ 3.21700E+002 6080
Furniture, Way
Inc.
TV005 Ray Block 90 Detroit MI 1.00123E+003 7230
Sunscreen
Blvd.
TV006 Mosquito No 99 Park Ridge NJ 9.67240E+002 6510
Bite Repellent
Way
TV007 Spot Out 77 Sunset Detroit MI 1.60654E+003 6500
Strip
TV008 Big Tree 44 Broad Monroe NY 3.42980E+002 4110
Landscaping Street
TV009 Hit the Deck 42 Deck Toledo OH 2.34500E+001 4030
Lane
TV010 The Soda 101 Fizz Orlando FL 0.00000E+000 4110
Factory Up Blvd.
TV011 The 1 Trim Mercer NJ -1.09230E+002 7230
Freelance Way
TV012 Paper 80 Pulp New York NY 6.17000E+002 6080
People Fiction
Drive
TV013 Softer 44 User Monroe NY 9.87367E+003 7230
Software Friendly
Dr.
TV014 Counter 26 Shelf Toledo OH 4.28900E+001 6510
Productive Street
TV015 No Waste 5819 Park Ridge NY 1.72098E+003 6500
Disposal Street
Road
TV016 Music Maker 54 Note Chicago IL 4.10914E+003 4110
Street
TV017 Food Four 67 Janice Freeport MA 6.42980E+002 4110
Blvd.
TV018 Computer 10 Electric Youngstown WA 3.45090E+002 7230
Bytes Dog Street
TV019 Bayshore 6479 Bay Bayshore CA 4.98050E+002 4110
Consulting Drive
TV020 BayCon 1 Tutorial Burlington NJ 5.10000E+001 4120
Group Lane
TV021 Cooperative 101 Dallas TX 2.00000E+001 6080
Operatives Systems
Go
TV022 Legal 77 Service Houston TX 3.21516E+003 7230
Lookup Blvd.
TV023 World Wide 11 Freeport MA 7.71060E+002 6510
Learning U Boyardee
Drive
TV024 Enterprise 98 New Freeport MA 1.23498E+003 6500
Transport Worlds
Blvd.
TV025 Against the 54 All Orlando FL 6.47200E+001 4110
Tide Detergent
Way
TV026 Clampett Oil 4268 Dallas TX 0.00000E+000 4030
Jethro
Blvd.
TV027 Narrow Nest 23 Toledo OH 1.60900E+003 4110
Georgia
Drive
TV028 Distant 1917 Chicago IL 2.69800E+001 7230
Horizons Douglas
Way
TV029 Paltry Play 1818 Chicago IL 1.00000E+003 6080
Johnson
Blvd.
TV030 Make Shift 4 Holiday Chicago IL 1.79323E+003 7230
Tilts Way
SQL Language
The SQL language is used to access data. With SQL, you can query your
database in a variety of ways, using English-like statements. Learning SQL
is easy. Our online tutorial teaches you SQL commands.
Retrieving a Single Column
You can use SQL to retrieve a single column of data.
Syntax:
Select fieldname
from tablename;
Explanation:
 Instead of an asterisk, the name of the field is specified in

the Select clause.
 Field names are not case-sensitive. You can type field
names in uppercase or lowercase letters.
Example:
Retrieve the vendor name from each record:
Select Name
from TrnVendor;
2. Click on First, the Run button located to the right of the

SQL text box. The results will display on the screen.
3. Use the vertical scroll bar to move up and down the
screen.
Results:
Name
Wet Off Towels
The Games All Here
BedMakers Linen
Bed Room Furniture, Inc.
Ray Block
Mosquito No Bite
Spot Out
Big Tree Landscaping
Hit the Deck
The Soda Factory
The Freelance
Paper People
Softer Software
Counter Productive
No Waste Disposal
Music Maker
Food Four
Computer Bytes
Bayshore Consulting
BayCon Group
Cooperative Operatives
Legal Lookup
World Wide Learning U
Enterprise Transport
Against the Tide
Clampett Oil
Narrow Nest
Distant Horizons
Paltry Play
Make Shift Tilts
Learn SQL
Want to learn SQL? Our free online SQL tutorial teaches you the SQL
commands you need to query your SQL database. We provide examples of
SQL syntax so you can learn SQL quickly. Our SQL tutorial is a great SQL
command reference.
Retrieving Multiple Columns
You can use SQL to retrieve multiple columns.
Syntax:
Select fieldname, fieldname, fieldname

from tablename;
Explanation:
 When retrieving multiple columns, specify each field

name.
 A comma must separate field names.
 The columns will display in the order you select them.
 Numbers display in scientific notation.
Example:
Retrieve the vendor ID, name, and current balance for each
record:
Select VendId, Name, CurrBal

from TrnVendor;
2. Execute the command by clicking on First, the Run

3. Use the vertical scroll bar to move up and down the
screen.
4. Click on Stop to return to the original screen
Results:
VendId Name CurrBal

TV001 Wet Off Towels 1.31300E+001
TV002 The Games All Here 4.53170E+002
TV003 BedMakers Linen 5.00000E+002
TV004 Bed Room Furniture, Inc. 3.21700E+002
TV005 Ray Block 1.00123E+003
TV006 Mosquito No Bite 9.67240E+002
TV007 Spot Out 1.60654E+003
TV008 Big Tree Landscaping 3.42980E+002
TV009 Hit the Deck 2.34500E+001
TV010 The Soda Factory 0.00000E+000
TV011 The Freelance -1.09230E+002
TV012 Paper People 6.17000E+002
TV013 Softer Software 9.87367E+003
TV014 Counter Productive 4.28900E+001
TV015 No Waste Disposal 1.72098E+003
TV016 Music Maker 4.10914E+003
TV017 Food Four 6.42980E+002
TV018 Computer Bytes 3.45090E+002
TV019 Bayshore Consulting 4.98050E+002
TV020 BayCon Group 5.10000E+001
TV021 Cooperative Operatives 2.00000E+001
TV022 Legal Lookup 3.21516E+003
TV023 World Wide Learning U 7.71060E+002
TV024 Enterprise Transport 1.23498E+003
TV025 Against the Tide 6.47200E+001
TV026 Clampet Oil 0.00000E+000
TV027 Narrow Nest 1.60900E+003
TV028 Distant Horizons 2.69800E+001
TV029 Paltry Play 1.00000E+003
TV030 Make Shift Tilts 1.79323E+003
Learning SQL
Learning SQL is easy. Our free online SQL tutorial teaches you the SQL
commands you need. We provide examples of SQL syntax so you can learn
SQL quickly. Our SQL tutorial is a great SQL command reference.
Formatting Numbers
By default, Scalable SQL displays numbers using scientific

notation. To change the format, you must add a mask.
Syntax:
Select fieldname<mask>, fieldname<mask>,

fieldname<mask>
from tablename;
Explanation:
 Number masks tell SQL how to display numbers.

 The symbols in the table below define the format mask.
 Enclose number masks in brackets.
Number Masks
9 Display number.
Z Display number, drop leading

zeros.
+ Display a plus in front of

positive numbers.
Display a negative in front of
negative numbers.
- Display a negative in front of

negative numbers.
Display nothing in front of
positive numbers.
() Display negative numbers

enclosed in parentheses.
. Display decimal point.
$ Display dollar sign.
, Use comma to separate

thousands.
Example:
Retrieve the vendor ID, name, and current balance for all vendors.
Format the current balance:
Select VendId, Name, CurrBal

[($Z,ZZZ,ZZZ.99)]
from TrnVendor;
2. Execute the statement by clicking on First, the Run
Results:
VendId Name CurrBal
TV001 Wet Off Towels $13.13
TV002 The Games All Here $453.17
TV003 BedMakers Linen $500.00
TV004 Bed Room Furniture, Inc. $321.70
TV005 Ray Block $1,001.23
TV006 Mosquito No Bite $967.24
TV007 Spot Out $1,606.54
TV008 Big Tree Landscaping $342.98
TV009 Hit the Deck $23.45
TV010 The Soda Factory $0.00
TV011 The Freelance ($109.23)
TV012 Paper People $617.00
TV013 Softer Software $9,873.67
TV014 Counter Productive $42.89
TV015 No Waste Disposal $1,720.98
TV016 Music Maker $4,109.14
TV017 Food Four $642.98
TV018 Computer Bytes $345.09
TV019 Bayshore Consulting $498.05
TV020 BayCon Group $51.00
TV021 Cooperative Operatives $20.00
TV022 Legal Lookup $3,215.16
TV023 World Wide Learning U $771.06
TV024 Enterprise Transport $1,234.98
TV025 Against the Tide $64.72
TV026 Clampett Oil $0.00
TV027 Narrow Nest $1,609.00
TV028 Distant Horizons $26.98
TV029 Paltry Play $1,000.00
TV030 Make Shift Tilts $1,793.23
SQL Tutor
Looking for a SQL tutor? Our free online SQL tutorial teaches you SQL. We
provide examples of SQL syntax so you can learn SQL quickly. Our SQL
tutorial is also a great SQL command reference.
Ordering Rows
Data is stored in Scalable SQL in no particular sequence. If you

want to see your data displayed in sequence, you must add an
Order By clause to your Select statement.
Syntax:
Select */fieldname<mask> ...

from tablename
order by fieldname;
Explanation:
 The Order By clause tells SQL you want the specified

fields displayed in ascending order (ordered from A to Z, 1
to 100).
Example:
Retrieve the city, vendor Id, and name from the TrnVendor table.
Order your data by city:
1. In the SQL text box type:
Select City, VendId, Name

from TrnVendor
order by City;
2. Execute the SQL statement.

Results:
City VendId Name

Bayshore TV019 Bayshore Consulting
Burlington TV020 BayCon Group
Chicago TV003 BedMakers Linen
Chicago TV016 Music Maker
Chicago TV028 Distant Horizons
Chicago TV029 Paltry Play
Chicago TV030 Make Shift Tilts
Dallas TV021 Cooperative Operatives
Dallas TV026 Clampett Oil
Detroit TV005 Ray Block
Detroit TV007 Spot Out
Freeport TV017 Food Four
Freeport TV023 World Wide Learning U
Freeport TV024 Enterprise Transport
Houston TV022 Legal Lookup
Mercer TV004 Bed Room Furniture, Inc.
Mercer TV011 The Freelance
Monroe TV008 Big Tree Landscaping
Monroe TV013 Softer Software
New York TV012 Paper People
Orlando TV010 The Soda Factory
Orlando TV025 Against the Tide
Park Ridge TV006 Mosquito No Bite
Park Ridge TV015 No Waste Disposal
Toledo TV001 Wet Off Towels
Toledo TV009 Hit the Deck
Toledo TV014 Counter Productive
Toledo TV027 Narrow Nest
Warren TV002 The Games All Here
Youngstown TV018 Computer Bytes
SQL Quick Reference

Looking for a SQL quick reference? Our free online SQL tutorial provides
examples of SQL commands and SQL syntax. Bookmark our site and use
our SQL tutorial as a SQL quick reference.
Displaying Rows in Descending Order
If you would like to see fields displayed in descending order,

follow the field name with "desc" in the Order By clause.
Syntax:
Select */fieldname ...

from tablename
order by fieldname <desc> ...
Explanation:
 By default, the Order By clause tells SQL you want the

field displayed in ascending order.
 Typing "desc" after the field name in the Order By clause
tells SQL you want the data in the field displayed in
descending order (Z to A, 100 to 1).
Example:
Retrieve the city, vendor ID, and name from the TrnVendor table.
Order your data by city in descending order:
Select City, VendId, Name

from TrnVendor
order by City desc;
Results
City VendId Name

Youngstown TV018 Computer Bytes
Warren TV002 The Games All Here
Toledo TV027 Narrow Nest
Toledo TV014 Counter Productive
Toledo TV009 Hit the Deck
Toledo TV001 Wet Off Towels
Park Ridge TV015 No Waste Disposal
Park Ridge TV006 Mosquito No Bite
Orlando TV025 Against the Tide
Orlando TV010 The Soda Factory
New York TV012 Paper People
Monroe TV013 Softer Software
Monroe TV008 Big Tree Landscaping
Mercer TV011 The Freelance
Mercer TV004 Bed Room Furniture, Inc.
Houston TV022 Legal Lookup
Freeport TV024 Enterprise Transport
Freeport TV023 World Wide Learning U
Freeport TV017 Food Four
Detroit TV007 Spot Out
Detroit TV005 Ray Block
Dallas TV026 Clampett Oil
Dallas TV021 Cooperative Operatives
Chicago TV030 Make Shift Tilts
Chicago TV029 Paltry Play
Chicago TV028 Distant Horizons
Chicago TV016 Music Maker
Chicago TV003 BedMakers Linen
Burlington TV020 BayCon Group
Bayshore TV019 Bayshore Consulting
SQL Language Reference

Looking for a SQL language reference? Our free online SQL tutorial
provides examples of SQL commands and SQL syntax. Bookmark our site
and use our SQL tutorial as a SQL language reference.
Ordering Multiple Columns
When ordering your data, you can have multiple sort levels. For
example, you can order your data by city and then by name within
the city.
Syntax:
Select fieldname, fieldname, fieldname

from tablename
order by fieldname <desc>, fieldname <desc>,
fieldname <desc>
Explanation:
 By default, the Order By clause orders the specified fields

in ascending order.
 Typing "desc" after a field name in the Order By clause
tells SQL you want the data in the specified field displayed
in descending order (Z to A, 100 to 1).
 The first field name specified is the primary sort order, the
second field name specified is the secondary sort order, and
so on ...
Example:
Retrieve the city, name, and vendor ID from the TrnVendor table.
Order your data by city and then by name within city:
Select City, Name, VendId

from TrnVendor
order by City, Name;

Results
City Name VendId

Bayshore Bayshore Consulting TV019
Burlington BayCon Group TV020
Chicago BedMakers Linen TV003
Chicago Distant Horizons TV028
Chicago Make Shift Tilts TV030
Chicago Music Maker TV016
Chicago Paltry Play TV029
Dallas Clampett Oil TV026
Dallas Cooperative Operatives TV021
Detroit Ray Block TV005
Detroit Spot Out TV007
Freeport Enterprise Transport TV024
Freeport Food Four TV017
Freeport World Wide Learning U TV023
Houston Legal Lookup TV022
Mercer Bed Room Furniture, Inc. TV004
Mercer The Freelance TV011
Monroe Big Tree Landscaping TV008
Monroe Softer Software TV013
New York Paper People TV012
Orlando Against the Tide TV025
Orlando The Soda Factory TV010
Park Ridge Mosquito No Bite TV006
Park Ridge No Waste Disposal TV015
Toledo Counter Productive TV014
Toledo Hit the Deck TV009
Toledo Narrow Nest TV027
Toledo Wet Off Towels TV001
Warren The Games All Here TV002
Youngstown Computer Bytes TV018
SQL Command Reference

Looking for a SQL command reference? Our free online SQL tutorial
provides examples of SQL commands and SQL syntax. Bookmark our site
and use our SQL tutorial as a SQL command reference.
Retrieving Specific Rows
So far, you have been retrieving all of the rows in the table. You
can, however, specify which rows you wish to retrieve. For
example, you could retrieve only those vendors who are in
Chicago.
Syntax:
Select */fieldname ...

from tablename
where fieldname =/!=/<>/>/>=/</<=/in/not
in/between/not between/begins with/contains/not
contains/ is null/is not null/like/not/like value
order by fieldname <desc>...
Explanation:
 You can use any of the following logical operators in your

Where clause to restrict the rows you retrieve.
Logical Operators
= Equal to
!= or <> Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to

in Equal to any item in a list
not in Not equal to any item in a list
between Between two values,

greater than or equal to one and
less than or equal to the other
not between Not between two values
begins with Begins with specified value
contains Contains specified value
not contains Does not contain specified value
is null Is blank
is not null Is not blank
like Like a specified pattern.

% means any series of
characters.
_ means any single character.
not like Not like a specified pattern.

% means any series of
characters.
_ means many single character.
 In the Where clause, when referring to variables in

character fields, you must enclose the values in single
quotes.
Example:
where City = 'Chicago'
 Variables that refer to numeric fields should not be

enclosed in quotes.
Example:
where CurrBal > 1200
Examples:
Retrieve all vendors located in Chicago.

from TrnVendor
where City = 'Chicago';'
Results:
City Name VendId

Chicago BedMakers Linen TV003
Chicago Music Maker TV016
Chicago Distant Horizons TV028
Chicago Paltry Play TV029
Chicago Make Shift Tilts TV030
Retrieve all vendors who are not located in Chicago. Order the
results by city.

from TrnVendor
where City <> 'Chicago'
order by City;

Results:
City Name VendId

Bayshore Bayshore Consulting TV019
Burlington BayCon Group TV020
Dallas Cooperative Operatives TV021
Dallas Clampett Oil TV026
Detroit Ray Block TV005
Detroit Spot Out TV007
Freeport Food Four TV017
Freeport World Wide Learning U TV023
Freeport Enterprise Transport TV024
Houston Legal Lookup TV022
Monroe Big Tree Landscaping TV008
Monroe Softer Software TV013
Orlando The Soda Factory TV010
Orlando Against the Tide TV025
Toledo Wet Off Towels TV001
Toledo Hit the Deck TV009
Toledo Counter Productive TV014
Toledo Narrow Nest TV027
Warren The Games All Here TV002
Youngstown Computer Bytes TV018
Retrieve all vendors in Mercer, New York, or Park Ridge.

from TrnVendor
where City in ( 'Mercer', 'New York', 'Park
Ridge')
order by City;
Results:
City Name VendId

Retrieve all vendors whose names begin with "Co."
Select Name, City, VendId

from TrnVendor
where Name begins with 'Co'
order by Name;
Results:
Name City VendId

Computer Bytes Youngstown TV018
Cooperative Operatives Dallas TV021
Counter Productive Toledo TV014
Retrieve all vendors whose city ends with the letters "do."
Select Name, City, VendId

from TrnVendor
where City like '%do'
order by City;
Results:
Name City VendId

The Soda Factory Orlando TV010
Against the Tide Orlando TV025
Wet Off Towels Toledo TV001
Hit the Deck Toledo TV009
Counter Productive Toledo TV014
Narrow Nest Toledo TV027
Retrieve all vendors with a current balance between 500 and 1000
dollars.
Select VendId, Name, CurrBal [ZZ,ZZZ.99]

from TrnVendor
where CurrBal between 500 and 1000
order by CurrBal;
Results:
VendId Name CurrBal

TV003 BedMakers Linen 500
TV012 Paper People 617
TV017 Food Four 642.98
TV023 World Wide Learning U 771.06
TV006 Mosquito No Bite 967.24
TV029 Paltry Play 1,000
SQL Syntax
Need help with your SQL syntax? Our free online SQL tutorial provides
examples of SQL commands and SQL syntax. Bookmark our site, learn
SQL, and use our SQL tutorial as a SQL command reference.
Multiple Conditions
You can add multiple criteria to your Where clauses by using "and"
or "or."
Syntax:
Select */fieldname<mask> ...

from tablename ...
where fieldname =/!=/<> ... value
and/or
fieldname =/!=/<>... value
and/or
fieldname =/!=/<> ... value
order by fieldname <desc> ...
Explanation:
 The and tells SQL to retrieve the record if both conditions

are met.
 The or tells SQL to retrieve the record if either condition is
met.
 The or is less restrictive and retrieves more records.
 If multiple ands and ors are used, the ands are evaluated
first, and then the ors.
 Use parentheses to change precedence (the order of
evaluation).
Examples:
Retrieve all vendors who are located in Chicago and have a

current balance over 1,500 dollars. Order the results by current
balance.
Select Name, City, CurrBal [-ZZ,ZZZ.99]

from TrnVendor
and CurrBal > 1500
order by CurrBal;
Results:
Name City CurrBal

Make Shift Tilts Chicago 1,793.23
Music Maker Chicago 4,109.14
Retrieve all vendors who are located in Chicago or who have a

current balance over 1,500 dollars.
Select Name, City, CurrBal [-ZZ,ZZZ.99]

from TrnVendor
or CurrBal > 1500
order by CurrBal;
Name City CurrBal
Distant Horizons Chicago 26.98
BedMakers Linen Chicago 500.00
Paltry Play Chicago 1,000.00
Spot Out Detroit 1,606.54
Narrow Nest Toledo 1,609.00
No Waste Disposal Park Ridge 1,720.98
Make Shift Tilts Chicago 1,793.23
Legal Lookup Houston 3,215.16
Music Maker Chicago 4,109.14
Softer Software Monroe 9,873.67
The next two SQL statements use exactly the same syntax except
that the order of precedence is different (note parentheses in
second example).
Retrieve all vendors from Chicago whose expense account is 4110

or any vendor with a current balance over 1200.
Select City, CurrBal [-ZZZ,ZZZ.99], ExpAcct

from TrnVendor
and ExpAcct = '4110'
or CurrBal < 1200
order by City, ExpAcct;

City CurrBal ExpAcct
Bayshore 498.05 4110
Burlington 51.00 4120
Chicago 4,109.14 4110
Chicago 500.00 4120
Chicago 1,000.00 6080
Chicago 26.98 7230
Dallas 0.00 4030
Dallas 20.00 6080
Detroit 1,001.23 7230
Freeport 642.98 4110
Freeport 771.06 6510
Mercer 321.70 6080
Mercer -109.23 7230
Monroe 342.98 4110
New York 617.00 6080
Orlando 0.00 4110
Orlando 64.72 4110
Park Ridge 967.24 6510
Toledo 23.45 4030
Toledo 42.89 6510
Toledo 13.13 7230
Warren 453.17 4110
Youngstown 345.09 7230
Retrieve all vendors whose expense account is 4110 or who have a

current balance over 1200. The vendor must be located in
Chicago.
Select City, CurrBal [-ZZZ,ZZZ.99], ExpAcct

from Vendor
and (ExpAcct = '4110'
or CurrBal > 1200)
order by City, ExpAcct;
Results:
City CurrBal ExpAcct

Chicago 0.00 4030
Chicago 4,135.24 4110
Chicago 1,309.95 4110
Chicago 100.00 6010
Chicago 500.00 6040
Chicago 47.00 7010
Chicago 106.00 7190
SQL Join
The SQL join command is used to join two or more tables. At times you
may need to join two or more tables to retrieve the information you need
from your SQL database. Our online SQL tutorial covers joining tables and
much more.
Joining Tables
So far, you have worked exclusively with a single table -- the TrnVendor table. You might have
noticed that each module within Solomon IV consists of several tables. Within the Accounts
Payable module, you will find the following tables: APAdjust, APDoc, APHist, APRefNbr, APSetup,
APTran, and Vendor. Each table contains specific information. At times, you might need to join
two or more tables to retrieve the information you need. For example, if you look at the TrnAPDoc
table, you will see that it contains the vendor ID; however, it does not contain the vendor name. If,
when retrieving information from the APDoc table, you want to see the vendor name, you have to
join the TrnVendor table to the TrnAPDoc table.
Syntax:
Select */tablename.fieldname<mask> ...

from tablename <alias>, tablename <alias>, tablename <alias>
where tablename.fieldname = tablename.fieldname
and
tablename.fieldname = tablename.fieldname
and
tablename.fieldname = tablename.fieldname
order by fieldname <desc>...
Explanation:
 When you join two or more tables, a good idea is to precede the field names with the
table names. This is not mandatory unless the same field name is found in more than
one table.
 If you precede the field name with a table name, place a period between the two
names. For example, tablename.fieldname.
 You must specify which fields are being joined.
 If you do not specify which fields are being joined, the result is what is commonly
referred to as a "Cartesian join" in which all rows in the first table are joined with all
rows in the second table.
 You can give each table name an alias, or alternative table name. When you assign
an alias, you can then refer to the table by using its alias.
Examples:
Retrieve the vendor ID, the vendor name, and the original document amount from the TrnAPDoc
and TrnVendor tables.
Select TrnAPDoc.VendId, TrnVendor.Name,

TrnAPDoc.OrigDocAmt [-ZZZZZZ.99]
from TrnAPDoc, TrnVendor
where TrnAPDoc.VendId = TrnVendor.VendId;
Results:
TrnAPDoc.VendId TrnVendor.Name TrnAPDoc.OrigDocAmt

TV020 BayCon Group 542.98
TV019 Bayshore Consulting 237.60
TV018 Computer Bytes 55.50
TV016 Music Maker 55.50
TV015 No Waste Disposal 55.50
TV014 Counter Productive 100.00
TV013 Softer Software 355.00
TV012 Paper People 55.50
TV001 Wet Off Towels 55.50
TV010 The Soda Factory 55.50
TV009 Hit the Deck 55.50
TV008 Big Tree Landscaping 55.50
TV007 Spot Out 55.50
TV005 Ray Block 625.00
TV004 Bed Room Furniture, 55.50
Inc.
TV003 BedMakers Linen 55.50
TV002 The Games All Here 55.50
TV029 Paltry Play 987.78
TV028 Distant Horizons 789.00
TV027 Narrow Nest 893.22
TV026 Clampett Oil 1250.50
TV024 Enterprise Transport 652.00
TV021 Cooperative Operatives 549.06
TV004 Bed Room Furniture, 3600.00
Inc.
Retrieve the vendor ID, vendor name, and the original document amount from the TrnAPDoc and
TrnVendor tables, using a table alias.
Select a.VendId, b.Name,

a.OrigDocAmt [-ZZZZZZ.99]
from TrnAPDoc a, TrnVendor b
where a.VendId = b.VendId;
Results:
a.VendId b.Name a.OrigDocAmt

TV004 Bed Room Furniture, Inc. 55.50
TV029 Paltry Play 987.78
TV028 Distant Horizons 789.00
TV027 Narrow Nest 893.22
TV026 Clampett Oil 1250.50
TV024 Enterprise Transport 652.00
TV021 Cooperative Operatives 549.06
TV004 Bed Room Furniture, Inc. 3600.00
Retrieve the vendor ID, vendor name, reference number, and original document amount from the
APDoc and Vendor tables for Vendor V00104. Order the results by RefNbr.
Select TrnAPDoc.VendId, TrnVendor.Name, TrnAPDoc.RefNbr,

TrnAPDoc.OrigDocAmt [-ZZZZZZ.99]
from TrnAPDoc, TrnVendor
where TrnAPDoc.VendId = TrnVendor.VendId
and
TrnAPdoc.VendId = 'TV004'
order by TrnAPDoc.RefNbr;

Results:
TrnAPDoc.VendId TrnVendor.Name TrnAPDoc.RefNbr TrnAPDoc.OrigDocAmt

TV004 Bed Room 000222 55.50
Furniture, Inc.
TV004 Bed Room 000551 3600.00
Furniture, Inc.
SQL Update
The SQL update command is used to change data in your SQL database. If
you are unsure of SQL syntax or you just need help with SQL commands,
this is the site. Our online tutorial covers many SQL commands.
Updating Tables
So far, you have looked at several different ways to retrieve and

review your data. In this section, you will learn how to update your
data. In the following two sections, you will learn about deleting
and inserting rows. When you update, delete, and insert, you
change the data -- you should perform these operations very
cautiously. Before performing any of these operations on a
production database, make sure your data is backed up and use
the Start Transaction command. If you use the Start Transaction
command, all of your changes are temporary until you commit
your work and can be rolled back . If you have issued the Start
Transaction command, you can undo your changes simply by
typing "rollback work."
NOTE: The exercises that follow should not be performed on a

production database. Use a test or trial database.
Syntax:
Start transaction;
Update tablename
set fieldname = value
where fieldname = value;
Rollback work;
Commit work;
Explanation:
 Issue a Start Transaction command before updating your

table. This will allow you to roll back the changes, if
necessary. If you do not issue a Start Transaction
command, you will not be able the roll back your work.
 If you find that you have updated a row in error, execute
the Rollback Work command.
 When you are satisfied with your changes, issue the
Commit Work command.
 Use a Where clause to specify which rows will be
updated. If you do not include a Where clause, all rows
will be updated.
 Remember to end each command with a semicolon.
Example:
Change the name of vendor "TV001" to Genie R. Corp., and then

roll back the change. Then change the name of vendor "TV001" to
Vanix and commit your work.
1. To start the transaction, type:
Start transaction;
2. Note the current vendor name, and type:

Select VendId, Name
from TrnVendor
where VendId = 'TV001';
3. To update the vendor name, type:
Update TrnVendor
Set Name = 'Genie R Corp.'
Where VendId = 'TV001';
4. To check the vendor name to see that it has changed,

type:
Select VendId, Name

from TrnVendor
5. To roll back the change, type:
Rollback work;
6. To check the vendor name to see that it has reverted to

the original, type:
Select VendId, Name

from TrnVendor
7. To update the vendor name, type:
Update TrnVendor
Set Name = 'Vanix'
8. To check the vendor name to see that it has changed,

type:
Select VendId, Name
from TrnVendor
9. To commit the change, type:
Commit work;
Note: You can run multiple SQL statements at the same time, as in
the following example.
To run all of the SQL statements in the previous exercise, type all
of the commands in the SQL text box as shown here. Then click on
First to execute the first statement and Next to execute each
subsequent statement.
Start transaction;
Select VendId, Name
from TrnVendor
Update TrnVendor
Set Name = 'Genie R Corp.'
Select VendId, Name
from TrnVendor
Rollback work;
Select VendId, Name
from TrnVendor
Update TrnVendor
Set Name = 'Vanix Corp.'
Select VendId, Name
from TrnVendor
SQL Statement
Need help with your SQL statements? Our SQL tutorial provides the help
you need to learn SQL. It covers the create, import, retrieve, order, update,
delete, insert, and join SQL commands.
Deleting Rows
You can use Scalable SQL to delete rows of data.
Syntax:
Delete from tablename

where fieldname =/<>/ ... value
and/or ...
fieldname =/<>/ ... value
and/or
fieldname =/<>/ ... value
Explanation:
 If you do not include a Where clause, all of the rows in

the table will be deleted.
 Every table has a primary key -- a field or combination of
fields that uniquely identify each row in the table. VendId
is the primary key for the vendor table. Each vendor is
uniquely identified by the vendor Id. RefNbr is the primary
key for APDoc.
 If you want to delete a single row of data, you can refer to
the row in the Where clause by using the primary key.
 When deleting data, use the Start Transaction command so
that any errors can be rolled back.
 Use the Rollback Work command to undo changes.
 Use the Commit Work command to finalize changes.
Examples:
Delete vendor TV011 by executing the following commands.
1. To view the record, type:
Select *
from TrnVendor
Start transaction;
3. To delete the record, type:
Delete from TrnVendor

where VendId = 'TV011 ';
4. To check to make sure the records have been deleted,

type:
Select *
from TrnVendor
5. To roll back the deletion, type:
Rollback work;
Delete all vendors with a current balance over 2000 dollars.
1. To view the records, type:
Select Name, CurrBal [-ZZZ,ZZZ.99]

from TrnVendor
where CurrBal > 2000;

Start transaction;
3. To delete the records, type:
Delete from TrnVendor

4. To check to make sure the records have been deleted,

type:
Select Name, CurrBal [-ZZZ,ZZZ.99]

from TrnVendor
5. To roll back the deletion, type:
Rollback work;
SQL Insert
The SQL insert command is used to insert data into your SQL database.
Our SQL tutorial teaches you SQL commands. It covers the insert, create,
join,� import, retrieve, order, update, and delete commands.
Inserting Rows
You can insert new rows into a table by using Scalable SQL.
Syntax:
Insert into tablename ( fieldname, fieldname,

fieldname)
values ( value, value, value);
Explanation:
 When inserting data, use the Start Transaction command so
that any errors can be rolled back.
 You must specify the values to be inserted.
 When performing an insert, enclose character values in
single quotes.
 Do not enclose numeric values in single quotes.
 Use the Rollback Work command to undo changes.
 Use the Commit Work command to finalize changes.
Example:
Insert the following vendor into the TrnVendor table.
Vendor Id: TV055

Name: Party Games
Address: PO Box 136
City: Chicago
State: IL
Current Balance: 2498.62
Start transaction;
2. To insert the records, type:
Insert into TrnVendor (VendId, Name, Addr1,

City, State,
CurrBal )
values ( 'TV055', 'Party Games', 'PO Box 136',
'Chicago', 'IL', 2498.62);
3. To view the record, type:
Select VendId, Name, Addr1, City, State, CurrBal

[-ZZZ,ZZZ.99]
from TrnVendor
4. To roll back your work, type:
Rollback work;
Reference:
http://baycongroup.com/tocsql.htm

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SQL Tutorial

This tutorial is on Pervasive SQL, also known as Scalable SQL,

SQL -- pronounced sequel -- stands for Structured Query

A table is a set of columns and rows. Each column is referred to as

Scalable SQL for Windows contains tables used to store, retrieve,

A database is a collection of related data. It can also be viewed as

1. Log in to Solomon IV.

SQL reports look similar to the ones shown here.

Vendor Training TrnVendor

Add1 String 30 Vendor street address

City String 30 Vendor city

CurrBal Float 8 Current outstanding balance

ExpAcc String 10 Expense account

Name String 30 Vendor name

Vendid String 10 Vendor ID

AP Training Documents TrnAPDoc

CuryDocBal Float 8 Current document balance

DocDate Date 4 Date the document was

OpenDoc Logical 2 Is the document unpaid?

OrigDocAmt Float 8 Amount of the original

RefNbr String 10 Reference number

Vendid String 10 Vendor ID

Logical -- A logical field will accept one of only two specified

The length column specifies the maximum number of characters

SQLScope is the interface used to access and manipulate data

Note: For these exercises, use a test database.

4. Type Master in the User Name field.

The Menu bar is located at the top of the SQLScope screen. It

To see a list of the fields in a table:

1. Go to the Tables box.

The Templates box provides the syntax for commands. If you

This guide uses the following conventions to illustrate SQL

Regular type Standard SQL clause.

Bold User-specified information.

Variable repeated three times Use as many variables as

... Use as many variables as

/ Use any one of the items

<> Item between brackets is

Basic SQL Commands

Create table tablename using filename

 Table names cannot exceed 20 characters.

 You must specify the field length.

1. In the SQL text box, type:

Create table TrnVendor using 'TVendor.dat'

Create table TrnAPDoc using 'TAPDoc.dat'

2. Execute the commands. To create the first table, click on

Scalable SQL informative status = -105. The

4. Click on Next to create the second table.

Scalable SQL informative status = -105. The

SQL Database Tutorial

Insert into tablename

Import data into the TrnVendor and TrnAPDoc files.

1. Download the files:

Click here to download a zip.file

Insert into TrnVendor

3. Click on File on the Menu bar.

Importing has completed.

10.Type the following in the SQL Text box:

Insert into TrnAPDoc

1. Click on File on the Menu bar.

Importing has completed.

Retrieving All Data

 A Select statement is a SQL statement that begins with the