A Bifurcation In an Unsteady 3D Fluid Flow Found Using the Ergodic Quotient

Marko Budii and Igor Mezi, UC Santa Barbara, USA

{mbudisic,mezic}@engr.ucsb.edu Abstract. We compute the ergodic quotient of a simulated flow and extract macroscopic coherent structures. Tracking changes in coherent structures reveals an unknown bifurcation.

UNSTEADY HILLS VORTEX IN 3D

Hills Vortex Perturbation div = 0

ERGODIC QUOTIENT
Averaging:

C O N S T R U C T I O N

1 f (x) = lim T T

observable

measure preserving flow

T 0

2R sin R 2Rz z = 1 4R z 2 + z sin sin 2t 2R c 2 cos 2R

Swirl Small perturbation

(R, z, ) R+ R T

f t (x)dt

c=>0
Unperturbed: Hamiltonian system at at each slice = const. R KAM behavior at small perturba tion (Vaidya, Mezi, Submitted to Physica D, 2011)

x M compact
fk (x) = exp(ik x)
Ergodic Quotient

Observables: continuous functions on the state space.

F (x) = [fk (x)]kZd

State Space
0.15 0.1 0.05
f(1,1) (x)

Large perturbation

c=>0
Poincar map at perturbation period elliptic core (red): descendant of the circle of fixed points at zero-perturbation spiral island (blue): predecessor is the homoclinic connecting saddles at R = 0 ?

g (x)

l (Zd )

0 Averaged observables 0.05

R
f (x)

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.2

z
0.15

All trajectories in an ergodic set map to the same point. Averaging is robust, even in chaotic regimes. Intrinsic Coordinates: Diffusion Modes

0.15

0.1

0.05 0 f(5,1) (x)

0.05

0.1

0.15 0.1 0.05 0

0.05 0.1

0.15 0.2 0.2

G E O M E T R Y
V I S U A L I Z A T I O N

Extrinsic Coordinates: Averaged Functions

Structural changes: The spiral island replaces the initial core.

= 0.280

= 0.3495

g (x)
Diffusion Maps

2 (x)

f (x)
0.1 0.05 0 f(5,1) (x) 0.05 0.1 0.15

1 (x)
= 0.3510

0.15

ambient space: negative-index Sobolev space [Mathew 10] Diffusion Maps extracts intrinsic coordinates [Coifman 06] Ergodic Quotient State Space k-means clustering

= 0.3528

2 (x)

Conclusions:

1 (x)

level set plotting

Ergodic quotient is useful for discovering unknown features New bifurcation uncovered, seemingly consistent with a saddle-node collision mechanism for periodic sets Similar phenomenon seen in 1:2 resonances for Hamiltonian systems, e.g., spring-pendulum oscillator [Broer 03]
Funded by: United States Office of Naval Research United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research

filaments correspond to ergodic sets of similar behavior euclidean clustering, e.g., k-means, can be used due to properties of diffusion distance

M. Budii, I. Mezi, Geometry of the Ergodic Quotient Reveals Coherent Features in Flows, Submitted to Physica D, 2011.