Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Design for Complexity
Massimo Menichinelli
Open
Software Hardware
Research Social Innovation
Crowdsourcing Knowledge Economy
Technology
Peer-to-Peer
Design Community
Web 2.0
Platform
Community-based
Service
Co-creation
Enabler
Local
Product
Complexity Sustainability
Business
Methodology
Activity
Self-organization
Social Network Locality Participation
Institutions
openp2pdesign.org_1.1
Massimo Menichinelli
in English
in Italiano:
openp2pdesign.org
en Castellano:
openp2pdesign.org
openp2pdesign.org_1.1
in English
Massimo Menichinelli
Some Rights Reserved, 2008
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
A copy of this book and the Italian and Spanish versions can be downloaded here:
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/
http://www.scribd.com/people/view/98493
http://stores.lulu.com/openp2pdesign
info@openp2pdesign.org
http://www.openp2pdesign.org
EN
openp2pdesign.org_1.1
in English
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Table of Contents
Introduction 11
01 Design and Locality 13
02 Design and Community 15
03 Design, Community and Free Software / Open Source / Peer-to-Peer 17
04 Design and Complexity for Communities 21
05 Design and Complexity towards Sustainability 25
06 Open P2P Communities 31
06.01 An early definition of Open P2P Communities 31
06.02 A loose definition, between many classifications 34
06.03 An Open P2P Communities list (1.1) 37
06.04 Open P2P Communities and Participation 40
07 The activity of an Open P2P Community and Service Design 43
07.01 Activity of a community and Activity System 43
07.02 Activity and the structure of the Open Peer-to-Peer Communities 45
07.03 Open Peer-to-Peer Communities described with an Activity System 47
07.04 Activity Systems and Service Design 49
08 Open P2P Communities and the Platform 53
09 Open P2P Design: the designer as an enabler 59
10 First examples of an Open and P2P Design 63
10.01 Co-created Service Design: RED's Open Health 64
10.02 Open Design, Open Source Software and Open Hardware: Openmoko 70
10.03 Open Design and Open Hardware: VIA OpenBook 78
11 First guidelines for an Open P2P Design 85
11.01 Analysis 87
11.02 Concept 87
11.03 Parallel co-design / test / setting-up 87
11.04 Self-organization 89
12. Future development for Open P2P Design 95
12.01 Design and research directions 95
12.02 A research for a social knowledge discipline 97
Bibliography 105
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Introduction
This short book represents a summed up and multilingual
version of my thesis, and also as an introduction to the
openp2pdesign.org website (with its 1.1 version). My research
behind openp2pdesign.org, in fact, arose from my master
degree thesis that I developed from March 2005 to April 2006,
"Reti Collaborative. Il design per una auto-organizzazione
Open Peer-to-Peer" ("Collaborative Networks. Design for an
Open Peer-to-Peer self-organization"), with prof. Ezio Manzini
as a tutor at the Politecnico di Milano, Faculty of Design. This
research started from the relationship between design and
local dimension, through design for a community, and then
design and community-based organizational forms like Free
Software, Open Source, Peer-to-Peer and Web 2.0 (or, Open
Peer-to-Peer).
This thesis has represented a huge opportunity to observe a
phenomenon as the passage of Open Source and Peer-to-Peer
organizational forms from the field of IT and ICT to a much
broader number of fields, yet when the term Web 2.0 was in
his first months of life and YouTube had not yet become
famous. Therefore I had the opportunity to know these trends
and their opportunities at their birth, but I could also start to
think and understand how we could learn from them and use
them in the Design field.
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http://www.openp2pdesign.org/
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Design
Locality
01 Design and Locality
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/24
In the last 7-6 years, the design community has started
approaching the locality with growing interest. For the design
community, the locality is to be intended as the whole
characteristics of the territory where the project is developed
and directed to. The territory of users and designers too: the
territory of every stakeholder. Therefore, many initiatives have
been developed in Europe and in Italy, with the purpose of
redefining a relationship that (almost) have never been: the
relationship between Design and Locality.
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Sustainability EN
Design
Community
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http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/manzini/
2. Manzini E. (2006)
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Free Software
Open P2P Design
Communities Community
03 Design, Community and Free Open Source
Softwarehttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/11
/ Open Source / Peer-to-Peer Peer-to-Peer
Why should Design learn from Free Software, Open Source
and P2P how to relate to a community?
All these cases (inspired by, derived by, prior to Free Software,
Open Source and P2P communities) can be grouped (at least
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Free Software
Complexity Design
Service design
04 Design and Complexity for Open Source
Communities
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/12
Why Design should learn how to relate to Complexity?
3. Pizzocaro S. (2004)
4. Kuwabara K. (2000)
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5. Sangiorgi D. (2004)
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http://www.mediadigitali.polimi.it/ddd/ddd_07/numero/w_articoli/72_05_sangiorgi.pdf
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Complexity Design Open P2P
Communities
05 Design and Complexity towards Sustainability
Sustainability
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/13
Modernity
Why Design should learn how to relate to Complexity to
understand Sustainability?
6. Rullani E. (2002)
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7. Augé M. (1992)
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http://www.timboucher.com/journal/2006/11/05/texas-border-watch-website/
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http://www.theonion.com/content/news/chanel_develops_durable_low_cost
http://www.nextbillion.net/blogs/2007/01/23/bop-spoofed-by-the-onion
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Open Source EN
Peer-to-Peer
Web 2.0 Open P2P
Communities
06 Openhttp://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/37
P2P Communities Crowdsourcing
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/144
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Therefore, the main reason for the lack of Web 2.0 and
Crowdsourcing inside the thesis is mainly due for a temporal
factor. The interest towards the organizational forms and the
principles developed in the Free Software (and Open Source
and P2P) Communities was born end of the nineties.
However, we had to wait until 2003 for the first awareness of
this possibility, thanks to the Goetz’s article appeared on
Wired12. The organizational methodology of the Open Source
Communities are seen as the right infrastructure for a
knowledge economy, just as the assembly line had been for
the Fordist mass-production economy. The interest for Open
Source / Free Software / P2P organizational forms was born
therefore before the definition of Web 2.013.
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/neighbourhood_gardener/
http://www.terramadre2006.org/
Grameen Bank http://www.grameen-info.org/
Collaborative networks that improve their local dimension
Terra Madre / Slow Food http://www.slowfood.com/
Open Heatlh
Development Gateway
BBC’s Neighbourhood Gardener
The BBC iCan/Action Network
Self-Help Groups http://www.bbc.co.uk/actionnetwork/
Honey Bee network http://www.sristi.org/honeybee.html
Kiva http://www.kiva.org/
Collaborative networks that help other communities
Sustainable Everyday Project / EMUDE
The New Earth Fund http://www.newearth.info/
mySociety http://www.mysociety.org/
The Launchpad (Young foundation)
http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/3249
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http://www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/health/
possible types of participation: there are three ways in which
Open P2P Communities can self-organize. They can self-
organize with:
http://www.developmentgateway.org/
_a bottom-up participation: a community gather
independently to fix a common problem (for example: Amul).
The community forms in a bottom-up way;
_a top-down participation: a (public or private) service that
allows the formation of a community and bases on it its
operation is offered. Participants operate in order to fulfill the
enterprise's/local institution's goals/work (i.e. the participants
depend from the enterprise/local institution) (for example:
YouTube). The service is offered in a top-down way, and the
participants act consequently; http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/EMUDE/
_a marketplace participation: a (public or private) service that
allows the formation of a community is offered, and the
participants gather in the community. Participants behave
independently, forming relationships between each other in
order to develop their own goals/works (i.e. they behave
independently, in a true peer-to-peer way) (for example: BBC
Action Network). The service is delivered in a top-down way,
but the participants act in a bottom-up way within it.
http://launchpad.youngfoundation.org/
The fundamental point is: who takes the initiative and looks
for persons in order to form a community? And with which
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Activity Theory EN
Open P2P
Communities
07 The activity of an Open P2P Service Design
Community and Service Design
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/45
07.01 Activity of a community and Activity System
In order to completely understand the characteristics shared
by the Open Peer-to-Peer Communities, it is possible to use a
theory developed for the study of the human activities: the
Activity Theory. Once we understand the activities carried out
by the Open Peer-to-Peer Communities, we can understand
how they develop and behave, and the characteristics that
generate them, since they form from the development of one
or more activity. http://www.edu.helsinki.fi/activity/pages/chatanddwr/chat/
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mediating artifacts
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artifacts
artifacts
potentially
subject object shared object subject
object
rules rules
community division oflabor division oflabor community
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Activity Theory EN
Platform Open P2P
Communities
08 Open P2P Communities and the Service Design
Platform
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/106
What can we “design” in a community?
We cannot think about designing the relationships and the
complexity of a community (which are the features that make
it a community). The disciplines that traditionally have been
interested in communities (architecture, urban planning, web
design) are not oriented to design the relationships but the
characteristics that, once realized, enable and support the
birth and the development of the relationships. The necessary
infrastructure for the relationships, their platform.
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artifacts
subject object
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Open P2P Complexity EN
Communities Enabler
Linux
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Open Hardware Business/Service Community-based Services EN
Open Source Free Software Mobile
Service Design
examples of an Open and P2P Co-creation
10 First http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/162
Design Product Design
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/172
http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/173
In order to see how an Open P2P methodology has real and
especially topical potentials for application, we can point out
some first cases of design projects based on strategies of Technology
openness and user involvement in the project and usage stage
of the product/service offered . These projects are the Open
Health project developed by the design team RED (the first in
chronological order, and even today one of the most
innovative), the Openmoko mobile and the VIA OpenBook
subnotebook. These three cases offer first reflections and
attempts of Co-created Service Design, Open Design and Open
Hardware initiatives: cases that share openness of the project
through peer-to-peer dynamics and community building.
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http://www.designcouncil.info/RED/
10.01 Co-created Service Design: RED's Open Health
Open Health is one of the first example of P2P-inspired
Design. After a careful reflection, Hilary Cottam and Charles
Leadbeater developed this experimental project of reform of
public services within the RED design unit of the British
Design Council, which, during its lifetime, proposed new
approaches to economic and social problems through
innovative uses of design.
During its existence, RED eveloped its projects explicitly
relying on the principles developed by the movement of Open
Source software, i.e. developing concepts very rapidly and
making them questionable even outside the division.
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www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/publications/publicationscontainer/me2_story.pdf
The RED design team developed a service based on two
approaches to resolve the problem. The first concerns the
development of a set of cards (Agenda cards) that patients and
physicians use during their meetings to improve their
communication, because patients are not always able to
communicate their feelings about diabetes. The advantage of
cards is the easy and short prototyping and testing time, using
the feedback of the participants to direct the further
development of the project.
The second approach consists in a consulting service called
Me2Coach Service, where people with a long experience of
living with the disease play the role of coaches of people
affected by the problem only recently, who knows what
changes are to be undertaken but are not quite willing to act
yet. The coaches, with their long experience, provide valuable
advices outside the public health service, thus constituting a
not hierarchical service where participants are at the same
level and have the same problems: on a peer-to-peer basis.
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http://www.openmoko.com/
http://www.guixe.com/exhibitions/2003_mtks-lisboa/index.html
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http://www.openmoko.com/products-neo-base-00-stdkit.html
open source software that he can apply to products too, but
in substance this is not Open Design.
http://www.fic.com.tw/
The Openmoko initiative (in its first incarnation, Neo1973,
produced by FIC) is so important because the adoption of the
Open Source philosophy is not an experiment but a real
initiative. We have gone beyond the stage of inspiration and
experimentation for Open Design, to a stage where it is put
into practice by big companies too. Of course,
experimentation is not over and should be pursued further,
but now we are talking about a product that the general
public will see in stores and that is in competition with the
most expected product of the moment, the Apple iPhone.
And this referring to the freedom that this choice of opening
may give the user, just like the philosophy of the Free
Software: "If you can’t open it, you don’t own it. Our first key
unlocked the software, unleashing the community to recraft the
code. Now, we free the case and share the keys to Industrial
Design. Developers who want to re-craft the case are set free".
http://www.openmoko.com
It is by no coincidence that we can buy an advanced version,
bearing all that is needed to open and edit the phone,
enabling its hacking in order to customize and learn from it at
the same time. The distribution of the design files is therefore
a logical consequence; the files (IGES, STEP, ProE), have been
published under a Creative Commons ShareAlike license.
http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Neo1973
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Technologies
10.03 Open Design and Open Hardware: VIA OpenBook
After the first example of a real Open Design mass product, we
have now another example like this, showing us how Open
Business strategies are already understood and spread now.
VIA Technologies, the world's largest independent
manufacturer of motherboard chipsets, from Taiwan,
published the CAD files of his last product: VIA OpenBook.
http://www.viaopenbook.com
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Participation
Complexity EN
Self-organization Open P2P Enabler
Communities Platform
Design
11 First guidelines for an Open P2P
Methodology
Design http://www.openp2pdesign.org/blog/archives/108
Social Network
Unlike a traditional, linear, design process, Open Peer-to-Peer Analysis
Design is non-linear and characterized by multiple parallell
processes because of the large number of agents and their Community
interactions. An Open Peer-to-Peer design process thus
provides the basis for developing more parallel projects, an
ecosystem of designer agents with a memetic evolution of
the projects that are more “suitable” to the community,
whose selection will lead to better results.
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During the design process and at its end, the community will
self-organize modifying the project if necessary, as far as
possible; it is this ability to self-organize and improve the local
conditions that makes the communities alive and interesting.
Participation in this design process is open and equal, but is
also governed by two principles: self-selection and reputation,
which give place to different levels of participation in the
various design phases, according to the possession of
knowledge needed in each project phase. The different phases
of the design process, therefore, require different levels of
participation and therefore commitment and visibility of the
participants. These different levels give place to different
typical phases (similar to some phases of the community of
practice) of the life of the communities: potential, coalescing,
stable, self-organization and expansion, decline (picture 13).
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11.01 Analysis
The project begins with an analysis of the participants, in
order to understand the existing and therefore usable
resources, limitations, critical points. Through the analysis,
the designers begin to know the participants, prefiguring
which features the community’s activity could have in the
future. The objective of this phase is to define the objectives
and the strategy on which the concept of the community’s
activity will be build. The analysis, carried out through
ethnographic investigation and social networks analysis, will
cover the platform, the characteristics of the individual
participants if possible, as well as existing activities.
11.02 Concept
Once the analysis of the participants, of their activities and
their social networks is done, a first concept of the
community’s activity (and its platform) is developed. The
designers then develop an initial version (we might say the
0.0.1 version) of the project of the activity/platform, formalized
in the community source code.
10.03 Parallel co-design / test / setting-up
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11.04 Self-organization
After the first “stable version” (1.0.0) of the source code is
reached, the community will be largely formed: during the
simulation / activity new social relationships will have formed.
A stable version of the source code means that it can be
“compiled” (ie, done) and used by anyone without the
possibility of critical errors. At this stage, therefore, the
community is able to carry out the activity and self-organize
without the contribution of the designer: if his role was that
of a facilitator (enabler), now the community is able to act
successfully alone.
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energy and
visibility
self-organization
individual participants
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communities networks
single communities
time
stable version
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co-design
participation
level
analysis concept concept
design communication
none
indirect
consultative
shared
control
total
control
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co-design
co-design / test
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And then, what are the future opportunities and directions for
the application and study of these design guidelines?
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html
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Design Research EN
Bottom of the Pyramid Innovation
Design Methodology Local Services Business/Service
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http://www.designcouncil.info/mt/RED/health/
With the shift from local government to governance, local
institutions are becoming facilitators of participation (of both
civil society and the economy sector). In particular, Charles
Leadbeater and Hilary Cottam23 and the Demos think-tank ,
for example, are moving in this direction.
Fields of application of this attitude and its organizational
forms are therefore wide; the attention to the “social side”
has two advantages. The first is that we work in an
environment suitable for the introduction of this attitude (for
the affinity to the participatory and collaborative dimension,
and the need to solve real unaddressed problems). The second
consists in the possibility of studying the social dimension of
an Open Peer-to-Peer project, something this context can offer
http://www.demos.co.uk/projects/participativepublicservices/overview
more than others.
There are many critical aspects in the relationship between
design and the Open Peer-to-Peer attitude that could be
studied. Here there are the most important ones:
http://www.demos.co.uk/projects/userledservicedesigninlocalauthorities/overview
How can design relate with the Open Peer-to-Peer attitude?
The Open Peer-to-Peer attitude is a recent and evolving one,
and brings with it new values and new strategies; therefore it
is necessary to study this attitude in depth, and also study
how the discipline of design can relate to it.
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And then how the role of the designer, the design process and
the object of the project change.
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Bibliography
105
http://www.dis.polimi.it/manzini-papers/06.01.06-Creative-communites-
collaborative-networks-distributed-economies.doc
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Mulgan G., Steinberg T., Salem O., (2005), Wide Open. Open
source methods and their future potential, Demos, London
http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/wideopen
Nakakoji K., Yamamoto Y., Nishinaka Y., Kishida K., Ye Y.,
(2002), Evolution Patterns of Open-Source Software Systems
and Communities, Proceedings of International Workshop on
Principles of Software Evolution, ACM Press, New York,
http://www.kid.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kumiyo/mypapers/IWPSE2002.pdf
Pacenti E., (1992/93), Il design dei servizi, Tesi di laurea, rel.
Ezio Manzini ; co-rel. Emmanuele Villani, Politecnico di Milano
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di), complessità e distretti industriali: dinamiche, modelli, casi
reali, Il Mulino, Bologna
Sangiorgi D., (2004), Design dei servizi come design dei sistemi
di attività : la teoria dell’attività applicata alla progettazione
dei servizi, Tesi di dottorato di ricerca in Disegno Industriale,
XV ciclo
http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/watson.pdf
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