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b
a
a=0 :
+ b 0 : phng trnh v nghim
+ b = 0 : phng trnh c nghim x ty
1.3 Bi tp
Bi 1:
Gii phng trnh
x a x b x c
1 1 1
+
+
= 2( + + ) (*)
bc
ac
ab
a b c
Ly VT-VP (*) c phn tch thnh
1
1
1
(x a b c)( +
+ )=0
bc ac ab
1
1
1
Nu
+
+
0 th phng trnh c nghim l : x = a + b + c
bc ac ab
1
1
1
+
+
= 0 th phng trnh trn ng vi mi x
bc ac ab
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
a+bx a+c x c +bx
4x
=1
+
+
+
c
b
a
a+b+c
Nu
b
2a
b
2a
Ch :
b
b +
v x1 =
th :
2a
2a
x1 < x 2 khi a > 0
Nu x1 =
1
ta quy v phng trnh bc hai 3y 2 21y + 30 = 0 gii ra ta c
x
5 13
nghim y = 2 v y = 5 t tm c nghim x =
6
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
1
1
1
1
=
+ 2
+ 2
2
x + 9x + 40 x + 11x + 30 x + 13x + 42 18
t y = 3x +
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
x + 4 x + 5 x + 5 x + 6 x + 6 x + 7 18
x 2 + 11x 26 = 0
Gii ra ta c nghim x = 13 v x = 2
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
(x a)(x b)
(x b)(x c)
(x a)(x c) 1
+
+
=
c(c a)(c b) a(a b)(a c) b(b a)(b c) x
Trong a, b,c l 3 s khc nhau v khc 0
(x a)(x b)
(x b)(x c)
(x a)(x c) 1
+
+
=0
c(c a)(c b) a(a b)(a c) b(b a)(b c) x
R rng ta thy a,b,c l 3 nghim phn bit ca phng trnh trn . Khi quy ng mu s
(k x 0 ) ,v tri phng trnh s l mt a thc khc 0 do phng trnh c khng
qu 3 nghim .Vy phng trnh cho c 3 nghim x1 = a,x 2 = b,x 3 = c
Bi 4:
a. Gi s x1, x 2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh x 2 ax+1=0 .Hy tnh
S7 = x17 + x 27 theo a
3 75
+
l nghim
5
3
3
5
,x 2 = 7
5
3
Theo Vi-et x1, x 2 l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 x + 1 = 0 m ta c
3 5
S7 = x17 + x 27 = a7 7a5 + 14a3 7a = +
5 3
b. t x1 =
x1 + x 2 + x 3 = a
x1x 2 + x 2 x 3 + x 3 x1 =
a
x1x 2 x 3 = a
a b + c d = 0 th x 0 = 1(**)
d
c
c
= ( )3 th x 0 = (***)
a
b
b
Sau tm a, b,c ta c th s dng php chia a thc hoc s dng s Horner hay
ng nht ha hai v tm
3.4.1 Bit mt h thc gia cc nghim th ta dng Vi-et
3.4.2 Dng hng ng thc bin i v phng trnh tch
3.5 Bi tp
Bi 1:
Gii phng trnh
x 3 + 2x 2 4x + 8 = 0 (1)
Gi s dng (***) gii ra ta c x = 2
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
x 3 3x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (2)
Gi s dng (*) ta thy x = 1 l nghim a thc v tri suy ra (2)
(x 1)(ax 2 + bx + c) = 0 .ng nht ha 2 v ta c
(x 1)(x 2 2x 1) = 0
Sau gii ra nghim
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
12x 3 + 14x 2 17x + 6 = 0
Bit phng trnh c 2 nghim m tch bng 1
9x 4 9x 3 52x 2 9x + 9 = 0
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
11
25
=1
2
x
(x + 5)2
iu kin x -5&x 0
t x + 5 = y 0 .Ta c x 2 = y 2 10y + 25
Thay vo phng trnh ta c
y 4 10y 3 + 39y 2 250y + 625 = 0 .Do y 0 nn ta c
25
25
(y 2 + 2 ) 10(y + ) + 39 = 0
y
y
z = 11
25
phng trnh tr thnh z 2 10z 11 = 0
y
z = 1
Nghim z = 1 loi v d thy | Z | 10
T tnh c y v x
Bi 4:
Gii phng trnh
4x 2
=5
x2 +
(x 2)2
iu kin x 2
t z = y +
2x 2 4x 2
x 2 2 4x 2
(x +
)
=5(
)
=5
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
Ta t y =
x2
y = 1
y 2 4y 5 = 0 1
y2 = 5
T ta tm c nghim x = 1 v x = 2
V. H i xng
5.1.1 H i xng loi 1:
L loi h phng trnh cha n x,y m khi ta hon v x v y th mi phng trnh ca h
khng thay i
5.1.2 Cch gii :
S = x + y
t
,bin i h cho v h vi hai n S,P
P = xy
Gii h tm S,P .
Vi mi cp (S,P) th x v y l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
x 2 Sx + P = 0( = S2 4P)
x + y + 1 + 1 = 5
x
y
Bi 2:
Gii h phng trnh
x 3 + y 3 = 1(1)
4
4
x + y = 1(2)
T (2) ta c | x | 1 v | y | 1
Nu | x | 1 th t (1) suy ra y 0 ,tng t ta c x 0
Nu 0 < x < 1 th x 3 > x 4 ,y 3 > y 4 .V l!
Vy ch c th x = 0, y = 1 hoc x = 1, y = 0
Bi 3:
Gii h phng trnh
1
1
+ 2 = 2
y
x
1 + 2 1 = 2
y
x
VI. H ng cp bc hai
6.1 Dng :
2
2
ax + bxy + cy = d
2
2
a'x + b ' xy + c ' y = d'
Bi 2:
Gii h phng trnh
3x 2 2xy = 160
2
2
x 3xy 2y = 8
Bi 3:
Gii h phng trnh
x 2 + 2xy 3y 2 = 0
x | x | + y | y |= 2
1
x x = 2y
y = 2z
y
1
z = 2x
z
H ny thot nhn ta thy y l h hon v vng quay nhng vi nhng cch nh gi
thng thng th ta khng th tm nghim bi ton ny c .Bi ny c gii nh sau :
t x = cot g , (0, ),
2
Ta thu c 2y = cot g tg = 2cot g2
Suy ra z = cot g4 x = cot g8
k
Ta nhn c cot g = cot g8 =
7
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c cc nghim sau
2
4
= x = cot g ,y = cot g ,z = cot g
7
7
7
7
2
2
4
8
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
3
3
6
12
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
4
4
8
16
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
5
5
10
20
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
6
6
12
24
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
4x 4 2+ x
+
2 4 x + 4 2x = 4
3
3
iu kin 0 x 2
Phng trnh vit li
4
x + 4 x + 4 2x =
x + 2x 4 x + 2(2 x) 4 (2 x) + 2x
+
+
3
3
3
a+4b+4c =
S dng BT
4
a + 2b 4 b + 2c 4 c + 2a
+
+
3
3
3
Ta suy ra
x + 2x 4 x + 2(2 x) 4 (2 x) + 2x
+
+
3
3
3
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 2 x x = 1
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
4
x + 4 x + 4 2x
4x 3 + 3x = 2
Xt f(x) = 4x 3 + 3x 2
f '(x) = 12x 2 + 3 > 0 suy ra f(x) ng bin ,suy ra phng trnh c duy nht mt
nghim
1
1
t x = (t ) , t > 0
2
t
Thay vo phng trnh ta nhn c
1
t3 3 = 4
t
3
t X = t > 0 ta c
X = 2 + 5
X2 4X 1 = 0
X = 2 5(L)
T ta tnh c t sau tnh c
1
1
)
x = (3 2 + 5
3
2
2+ 5
Bi 4:
Gii phng trnh
4x 3 3x
16x 4 12x + 1
t x = cos , [0, ], ta c sin5 = cos3
1 x2 =
2
x = 2 3y
n y th cng vic hon ton n gin
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
x3 + 1 = 2 3 2x 1
2x + 1 = ay + b vi a, b l hng s .Ta c :
2
4x 12x + ay + b + 5 = 0
2 2
2
a y + 2aby 2x + b 1 = 0
Xc nh a,b sao cho h trn l h i xng loi 2 tc l :
a = 2
a2 2ab 2 b2 1
=
=
=
4 12 a
b+5
b = 3
Vy ta t 2x + 1 = 2y + 3 0 ta thu c h i xng
2
2x 6x y + 4 = 0
2
2y 6y x + 4 = 0
(x y)(2x + 2y 5) = 0
2
2x 6x y + 4 = 0
n y th vic gii phng trnh hon ton mang tnh th tc
Bi 4:
Gii phng trnh
4x + 9
7x 2 + 7x =
28
Bi 5:
Gii phng trnh
5 x + 1 + 2x 2 + x + 3 = 1
Bi 6:
Gii phng trnh
3
25 + x 2 + 3 = 3
Bi 7:
Gii phng trnh
(x + 2) x 2 x 20 = 6x + 20