3053116

TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

----o0o----
NGUYN HNG GIANG
KHO ST MT S C TNH HA HC T
VN TRNG TIU TI HUYN PH QUC
TNH KIN GIANG
Lun vn tt nghip
Ngnh: KHOA HC T
Cn Th, 2009
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TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP V SINH HC NG DNG
B MN KHOA HC T V QUN L T AI
----o0o---Xc nhn ca B mn Khoa hc t v QL v ti:

KHO ST MT S C TNH HA HC T VN TRNG TIU
TI HUYN PH QUC-TNH KIN GIANG
Do sinh vin Nguyn Hng Giang lp Khoa Hc t 31 thuc B Mn Khoa

Hc t v Qun L t ai-Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh hc ng Dng-Trng
i Hc Cn Th thc hin t thng 1/2009 n thng 5/2009.
Xc nhn ca B mn: ....................................................................................
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nh gi: ........................................................................................................
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Cn Th, ngythngnm2009
B Mn
TRNG I HC CN TH
----o0o---Xc nhn ca Cn b hng dn v ti:


Hc t v Qun L t ai-Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh hc ng Dng-Trng
kin ca Cn b hng dn: ......................................................................
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Cn b hng dn
ii
TRNG I HC CN TH
----o0o---Hi ng bo co lun vn tt nghip chng nhn bo co tt nghip vi ti:


Hc t v Qun L t ai-Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh Hc ng Dng-Trng
Bi bo co c hi ng nh gi mc .............................................................
kin hi ng: ...............................................................................................
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Hi ng
iii
LI CAM OAN
&
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ca bn thn. Cc s liu,
kt qu trnh by trong lun vn ny l trung thc v cha tng c cng b trc
y.
Tc gi lun vn
Nguyn Hng Giang
iv
TIU S C NHN
&
H v tn : NGUYN HNG GIANG
Sinh ngy: 15/10/1986
Ni sinh: X Tam Phc, huyn Chu Thnh, Tnh Bn Tre.
Tn cha: NGUYN HNG NA
Tn m: HUNH TH SNG
Tt nghip Ph Thng Trung Hc ti Trng Trung Hc Ph Thng
Nguyn nh Chiu, huyn Th X, tnh Bn Tre nm 2004.
Trng tuyn vo ngnh Khoa Hc t, Khoa Nng Nghip Trng i
Hc Cn Th Trng i Hc Cn Th nm 2005.
LI CM T
&
Qua thi gian 4 nm hc tp, rn luyn v tin hnh ti. Lun vn tt nghip
ca em n nay hon thnh. t c kt qu nh hm nay, tt c l nh vo
cng n ca qu thy c trng i Hc Cn Th, c bit l qu thy c Khoa Nng
Nghipv Sinh Hc ng Dng, tn tnh truyn t nhng kin thc qu bu trong
sut thi giang hc ti trng i Hc. y s l nhng vn sng v cng quan trng,
l hnh trang tri thc gip em vng bc trong qu trnh cng tc v sau.
Em xin chn thnh gi li cm n n:
Qu thy c B mn Khoa Hc t v Qun L t ai, trng i Hc Cn
Th, nhng ngi trc tip ging dy v hng dn em trong trong sut thi gian
hc tp v rn luyn ti b mn.
Em xin chn thnh by t lng bit n su sc n c V Th Gng tn tnh
ch bo em trong sut thi gian thc hin ti cng nh thi gian hc tp ti khoa.
K s Phm Nguyn Minh Trung hng dn nhit tnh, cng nh ng gp
nhiu kin ti c hon thin hn.
Ch V Th Thu Trn, thy H Gia Xng cng tt c cc anh ch cn b phng l,
ha v sinh hc t B mn Khoa Hc t v Qun L t ai tn tnh gip v
to iu kin cho em hon thnh tt lun vn tt nghip.
C c vn hc tp Nguyn M Hoa ng vin em trong sut qu trnh hc tp
v lm lun vn tt nghip.
Con xin cm n gia nh ngun ng vin quan trng gip con hc tp v vn
ln trong cuc sng.
Cc bn lp Khoa Hc t 31 ng vin gip ti trong qu trnh hc tp v
thc hin lun vn.
Xin chc tt c qu Thy, C, Anh, Ch trong B mn Khoa Hc t & Qun L
t ai v cc bn lun thnh cng trong cuc sng.
Nguyn Hng Giang
vi
Nguyn Hng Giang, 2009. Kho st mt s c tnh ha hc t vn trng tiu ti huyn

Ph Quc, tnh Kin Giang
Lun vn tt nghip i hc, Khoa Nng Nghip & Sinh Hc ng Dng, Trng i Hc
Cn Th. Cn b hng dn: PGS.TS. V Th Gng.
__________________________________________________________________________
TM LC
Ph Quc c xem l vng trng im trng tiu ng bng sng Cu
Long vi din tch v sn lng lun ng v tr hng u khu vc. Tuy nhin,
nhng nm gn y nng sut tiu Ph Quc st gim ng k, c u hiu cho thy
do t ai b suy thoi nh hng n nng sut cy tiu. ti thc hin nhm
nh gi tng quan v ph nhiu t v hiu qu vic s dng phn hu c ca
nng dn trn t trng tiu Ph Quc.
Sau khi iu tra v kho st, chn ra 60 vn tiu ba x: Ca Dng, Ca
Cn v Bi Thm ca huyn Ph Quc theo bn tui cy tiu: di nm nm, t
5-10 nm, t 10-15 nm v t 15 nm tr ln, chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm c s dng
phn hu c v nhm t s dng phn hu c. Tin hnh khoan ly ngu nhin
mi vn theo hai tng t 0-20 cm v 20-40 cm v phn tch cc ch tiu pH, EC,
cht hu c, CEC, K, Ca, Mg, Na trao i v bo ha base c hai tng t,
ring m hu dng (NH4-, NO3-), ln hu dng, enzyme catalase ch phn tch
tng 0-20 cm.
Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng cc dng cht trong t y rt
ngho c bit l cht hu c, K+, Ca2+ trao i, CEC rt thp. Ring ch c trng
hp ln d tiu l mc cao. Cha thy hiu qu ci thin ph nhiu t so vi
vn t bn phn hu c, ch c hm lng Ca2+ trao i t c bn phn hu c l
cao hn t t bn phn hu c. Tuy nhin, i vi cy tiu th vic nng dn bn
phn hu c vi lng cao hn cho thy lm tng nng sut cy tiu.
Nh vy, c th nh gi tng quan l t trng tiu Ph Quc rt ngho
cht hu c v cc dng cht cn thit i vi cy trng, canh tc nh vy s
khng mang li hiu qu kinh t, v lu di lm cho t bc mu v mt kh nng
sn xut.
vii
DANH SCH HNH
Tn hnh
Trang
Hnh 1.1 Bn t nhin huyn o Ph Quc
Hnh 1.2 Bn t huyn o Ph Quc
Hnh 3 Nng sut cy tiu trn hai nhm t c bn hu c v t bn phn

hu c
31
viii
DANH SCH BNG
Tn bng
Trang
Bng 1.1 Hm lng mt s dng cht c trong mt tn ca cc loi

phn hu c
14
Bng 1.2 Thnh phn ha hc mt s loi phn chung (tnh theo %)
15
Bng 1.3 Liu lng phn bn cho mi gc tiu trong mt nm
19
Bng 3.1 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc trong t ca tt c

cc vn tiu kho st c hai tng t
26
Bng 3.2 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc t theo cc

tui ca cy tiu
28
Bng 3.3 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc trong t ca vn

tiu c bn phn hu c v t phn hu c c hai tng t
30
ix
MC LC
Xc nhn ca B mn Khoa hc t v QL ....................................................... i
Xc nhn ca Cn b hng dn ............................................................................. ii
Chng nhn bo co tt nghip ca hi ng ......................................................... iii
Li cam oan ......................................................................................................... iv
Tiu s c nhn ........................................................................................................v
Li cm t .............................................................................................................. vi
Tm lc .............................................................................................................. vii
Danh sch hnh................................................................................................... viii
Danh sch bng .................................................................................................... ix
Mc lc ...................................................................................................................x
M U .................................................................................................................1
CHNG 1 LC KHO TI LIU .................................................................. 2
1.1 C IM T NHIN VNG NGHIN CU ........................................... 2
1.1.1 iu kin t nhin v ti nguyn .................................................................... 2
1.1.1.1 V tr a l .................................................................................................. 2
1.1.1.2 a hnh ...................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1.3 Kh hu ....................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1.4 Ti nguyn t v ti nguyn nc .............................................................. 4
1.1.2 Hin trng canh tc cy tiu ti Huyn Ph Quc-Tnh Kin Giang ............... 6
1.2 CC C TNH HA HC T ................................................................ 7
1.2.1 pH t ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.2 EC .................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 CEC ............................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4 bo ha base ............................................................................................. 8
1.2.5 Cht hu c trong t ..................................................................................... 9
1.3 DINH DNG TRONG T ..................................................................... 10
1.3.1 m (N) ....................................................................................................... 10
1.3.2 Ln (P) ......................................................................................................... 10
1.3.3 Kali (K)........................................................................................................ 11
x
1.3.4 Calcium (Ca) ................................................................................................ 12

1.3.5 Magnesium (Mg) ......................................................................................... 12
1.4 PHN HU C ............................................................................................ 13
1.4.1 Phn chung................................................................................................. 14
1.4.2 Phn tm, phn c Ph Quc ..................................................................... 15
1.5 TNG QUAN V CY H TIU ............................................................... 16
1.5.1 c im thc vt hc cy h tiu ................................................................ 16
1.5.1.1 R: c 4 loi r chnh................................................................................. 16
1.5.1.2 Thn .......................................................................................................... 16
1.5.1.3 Cnh.......................................................................................................... 16
1.5.1.4 L .............................................................................................................. 17
1.5.1.5 Hoa, qu v ht ......................................................................................... 17
1.5.2 c tnh sinh hc ca cy h tiu ................................................................. 17
1.5.2.1 Nc ......................................................................................................... 17
1.5.2.2 t v dinh dng khong ........................................................................ 18
1.5.2.3 Nhit .................................................................................................... 18
1.5.2.4 nh sng ................................................................................................... 18
1.5.2.5 Gi ............................................................................................................ 18
1.5.3 Cy ging v thi v trng ........................................................................... 18
1.5.4 Phn bn cho cy tiu .................................................................................. 19
1.5.5 Cc loi su bnh chnh ca cy h tiu ....................................................... 19
1.5.5.1 Su hi tiu ............................................................................................... 19
1.5.5.2 Tuyn trng hi tiu .................................................................................. 20
1.5.5.3 Bnh hi tiu ............................................................................................. 20
1.6 S SUY THOI T AI........................................................................... 21
1.6.1 Suy thoi v mt vt l ................................................................................. 21
1.6.2 Suy thoi v mt ha hc ............................................................................. 21
1.6.3 S suy thoi v mt sinh hc ........................................................................ 22
1.6.4 Bin php ci thin s suy thoi t ............................................................. 22
CHNG 2 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ................. 23
2.1 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ................................................................ 23
2.1.1 Chn v tr thu mu t................................................................................. 23
2.1.2 Cch ly v x l mu t ............................................................................ 23
2.1.3 Phng php phn tch t ........................................................................... 23
xi
2.2 X L S LIU ........................................................................................... 24

CHNG 3 KT QU V THO LUN .......................................................... 25
3.1 TNG QUAN V CC C TNH NH HNG PH NHIU T
VNG NGHIN CU ........................................................................................ 25
3.1.1 c tnh ha hc t..................................................................................... 25
3.1.1.1 i vi tng t mt (0-20 cm) ................................................................. 25
3.1.1.2 i vi tng t 20-40 cm ......................................................................... 27
3.1.2 Hot ng ca enzyme catalase .................................................................... 27
3.2 NH GI MT S C TNH HA HC T THEO CC TUI
CA CY TIU ................................................................................................. 28
3.3 HIU QU PHN HU C TRN T TRNG TIU PH QUC 29
3.3.1 i vi ph nhiu t ............................................................................... 29
3.3.2 i vi nng sut cy tiu ............................................................................ 30
CHNG 4 KT LUN V NGH .............................................................. 32
4.1 KT LUN ................................................................................................... 32
4.2 NGH ....................................................................................................... 32
TI LIU THAM KHO .....................................................................................33
PH CHNG
xii
M U
Trong nhng nm gn y Vit Nam vn ln chim v tr s mt th gii
v xut khu h tiu, th trng xut khu hn 80 nc v lnh th, mi nm ng
gp hng trm triu USD vo kim ngch xut khu c nc. Vi lch s hn 100
nm trng tiu, Ph Quc c xem l ni cung cp tiu cht lng v gi tr kinh
t cao nht c nc. Tuy nhin gi tiu lun bin ng, lm cho ngi dn Ph
Quc lun lo s khng dm u t nhiu vo cy tiu dn n nng sut v din tch
cy tiu ngy mt gim i. Bn cnh , cng c du hiu cho thy nng sut tiu
gim i v iu kin t ai y b suy thoi do canh tc khng hp l lm
cho t ngy cng ngho kit dinh dng. Theo nhng s liu nghin cu gn y
ca Dng Minh Vin v ctv. (2007) v phn hu c vi sinh b bn ma thc hin
x Dng ng huyn Ph Quc th t y rt ngho dinh dng, khng th
cung cp y mt s dng cht cn thit cho cy trng. Vn t ra l phi
xc nh ph nhiu t v pht hin nhng dng cht thiu ht nh hng n
cy tiu tm hng khc phc nhm ci thin nng sut cy tiu, duy tr v nng
cao ph nhiu t. Xut pht t , ti Kho st mt s c tnh ha hc
t vn trng tiu ti huyn Ph Quc tnh Kin Giang c tin hnh nhm
nh gi s b mt s c t nh hng n nng sut cy tiu v hiu qu vic s
dng phn hu c ca nng dn trn t trng tiu Ph Quc. T , nh hng
nhng nghin cu tip theo c th a ra nhng bin php canh tc hp l gip
hn ch s suy thoi t, nng cao nng sut cy tiu v hiu qu kinh t cho ngh
trng cy tiu cng nh cc cy trng khc Ph Quc.
CHNG 1 LC KHO TI LIU

1.1 C IM T NHIN VNG NGHIN CU
1.1.1 iu kin t nhin v ti nguyn
1.1.1.1 V tr a l
Theo L Sm (1996), Ph Quc l huyn o ca tnh Kin Giang nm trong
vnh Thi Lan, pha Ty Nam ca Vit Nam, tri di t v : 9053 n 10028
v bc v kinh : 103049 n 104005 kinh ng, Ph Quc nm cch thnh
ph Rch Gi 120 Km v cch H Tin 45 km ng bin. Ph Quc l hn o ln
nht trong hai mi hai o ti y c tng din tch t nhin 593.05 km2, dn s t
nhin nm 2003 l 79.800 nghn ngi vi mt trung bnh l 135 ngi/km,
thp hn so vi mt trung bnh ca c nc 253 ngi/km (Theo Wikipedia).
Huyn o Ph Quc c 10 n v hnh chnh gm: th trn Dng ng, th
trn An Thi v cc x: Ca Cn, Ca Dng, Hm Ninh, Dng T, Hn Thm,
Bi Thm, Th Chu v Gnh Du. Vi v tr a l ring bit, li phn b trn mt
phm vi lnh hi rng ln, huyn Ph Quc c mt vai tr ht sc quan trng v an
ninh quc phng v pht trin kinh t x hi.
1.1.1.2 a hnh
Tt c cc o ca huyn Ph Quc c dng a hnh ch yu l i ni, theo
Nguyn Vy (1995) o Ph Quc c hnh tam gic, cnh y nm hng Bc,
nh dn li pha Nam. Nu tnh ng chim bay theo hng Bc-Nam th chiu
di ln nht ca o l 49 km. Ni rng nht trn o theo hng ng-Ty nm
khu vc Bc o vi chiu di l 27 km, chu vi ca o Ph Quc tng cng
khong 130 km. a hnh Ph Quc chy di t Nam n Bc o l chp chng 99
ngn ni i ln nh.
Vng Bc o c quy m din tch khong 40.000 ha, trn 70% din tch l
ni ( dc bnh qun 25-30 0), di 30% din tch l i thp dn theo hng t
Bc xung Nam v t ng sang Ty. Pha Bc c dy ni Bi i, dy ni Hm
Rng v dy ni Cho vi nh cao nht 382 m. Pha ng l dy ni ln nht Hm
Ninh to thnh hnh cnh cung ko di hn 30 km theo hng Bc-Nam, cao nht l
nh ni Cha 565 m, sn pha ng dc, sn pha Ty thoi hn, thp dn v
pha Dng ng, Ca Cn. Pha Ty ni thp dn v khng to thnh dy, trong
c mt s nh cao 100-200 m. Pha Nam c dy Dng ng v Sui vi
cc nh cao 100-150 m.
Vng Nam o c din tch khong 16.700 ha, bao gm nhiu ni thp xen
k cc di t tng i bng v thp dn theo hng t ng-Bc xung Ty-Nam
vi dc di 150. Trong mi vng xen k vi cc dy ni l cc trng bng rng
khong 400-500 ha, hin ang c s dng hoc c kh nng s dng cho sn xut
nng nghip.
Hnh 1.1 Bn t nhin huyn o Ph Quc
1.1.1.3 Kh hu
Ph Quc nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma mang tnh cht xch o,
nhng b chi phi mnh bi cc quy lut ca bin nn n ha hn so vi cc huyn
t lin. Nhit cao u trong nm (trung bnh 27,1 0C), thng 4 nng nht (nhit
trung bnh 28,3 0C) v thng 1 thp nht (nhit trung bnh 25,5 0C). Nng nhiu
(trung bnh 2.445 gi/ nm; 6,7 gi/ngy) (Ngun: nin gim thng k huyn Ph
Quc).
Ma l ngun sinh thy duy nht nn c ngha cc k quan trng i vi
sn xut v i sng ca o. Lng ma bnh qun hng nm khong 3.037mm
(khu vc Bc o c th t 4000 mm/nm) v phn b theo ma r rt. y l iu
kin thun li lm cho h sinh thi rng y thm phong ph v cng l iu kin
thun li cho sn xut nng nghip. Tuy nhin, do lng ma ln, cng vi a hnh
dc nn nc tp trung nhanh, ca sng rch hp v li b bi lp nn nc rt
khng kp gy ra tnh trng ngp l. L thng xut hin vo thng 8, thi gian
duy tr l t ba n nm ngy, i khi do nh hng ca thy triu l thot chm
lm cho thi gian ngp l lu hn.
1.1.1.4 Ti nguyn t v ti nguyn nc
Ph Quc l hn o c hnh thnh do hin tng nng ln ca lp v tri
t cch y hng triu nm. Nhng qu trnh ha hc v vt l xy ra lin tc, do
nh hng ca cc yu t trong thin nhin, cc loi b ph hy (phong ha) bin
thnh mu cht hay cn gi l t ci v sau cng vi thc vt, vi sinh vt to
thnh cc loi t. Bao quanh l bin nn mt s vng ven bin b nc mn xm
nhp v lu ngy hnh thnh nn loi t l t mn s vt v hu c, v cc khong
c hnh thnh ti ch. t Ph Quc hnh thnh v pht trin trn ct kt (sa
thch) c thnh phn c gii nh, nhiu ct, ngho st, ngho cht dinh dng, v
thnh phn ct kt ch yu ch l thch anh (oxit silic). V phong ha feralic c
thnh phn oxt st v oxt nhm tng ng nhau, khong vt st ch yu l
caolinit v haloizit ( nh Thun v Nguyn Vy, 1977). t Ph Quc gm c
by loi t chnh:
Din tch ln nht l loi t feralic vng xm trn sa thch vi 20.587 ha,
chim 35,47% tng din tch t nhin, phn b rng khp trn o, din tch
tng i ln cc x Dng T, Hm Ninh, An Thi v Ca Cn.
t sialic feralic xm trn sa thch c din tch 10.097 ha, chim 17,4% tng
din tch t nhin, phn b ch yu pha Bc o thuc Bi Thm, Gnh
Du.
t feralic vng trn sa thch c din tch l 2.86 ha chim 4,89% tng
din tch t nhin, ch yu thuc hai x Ca Dng v Ca Cn.
4
t feralic tr si :din tch 7.097 ha chim 12,23% tng din tch t nhin,
phn b ri rc Bc v Nam o k c cc hn nh.
t ct vng chim 17,42% tng din tch vi 10.107 ha, phn b dc theo
b bin pha Ty v mt phn nh pha ng Bc.
Mt din tch nh ven cc sng, rch ca o l t ph sa glay chua vi
khong 774 ha. Loi t cui cng l t mn s vt v hu c vi din tch
rt nh khong 458 ha. Phn cn li l din tch ni chim 10,47% tng
din tch t nhin.
Ngun: phn vin quy hoch rng II (1997)
Hnh 1.2 Bn t huyn o Ph Quc
V ti nguyn nc, o Ph Quc c h thng sng rch kh dy, mt

0,42km/km2, tuy nhin do a hnh b chia ct mnh, lu vc cc sng sui hp nn
dng chy ngn, dc v c s chnh lch rt ln theo ma. Nc ngm tng nng
c khp o, lu lng tng i kh v cng l ngun nc chnh cung cp cho
sinh hot v sn xut nng nghip trn o.
1.1.2 Hin trng canh tc cy tiu ti Huyn Ph Quc-Tnh Kin Giang
c mnh danh l Vng Quc H Tiu, Ph Quc c din tch trng tiu
ln nht ng Bng Sng Cu Long v l ni trng tiu tp trung nht. Vi khong
thi gian hn mt trm nm canh tc h tiu Ph Quc tri qua nhng thng trm
khc nhau trong ngh trng tiu. Din tch trng tiu Ph Quc bin ng nhanh
chng theo chiu bin ng ca gi tiu trn th trng, c nhng lc din tch trng
tiu Ph Quc ln n gn 1.000ha (nm 2000), nhng sau bn nm do gi tiu
gim nn din tch gim xung ch cn 400ha, lc sn lng trung bnh ch t
khong 1kg/gc. n cui nm 2007 gi tiu bin ng, din tch trng tiu li
c khi phc nhanh chng v n thi im hin nay din tch tiu li gim hn
50% ch cn khong 471 ha tp trung ba x Ca Dng, Ca Cn v Bi thm,
cc x cn li v hai th trn u c trng ri rc (Ngun: Nhng thng trm ngh
trng tiu Ph Quc-website ca huyn Ph Quc).
Hin nay phn ln nng dn Ph Quc trng ging tiu a phng v
ging H Tin u c ngun gc t Campuchia hoc Indonexia. V k thut canh
tc, mc d tiu Ph Quc l thng hiu mnh trn th trng nhng ngh trng
tiu y vn ch l ngh truyn thng, phn ln nng dn sn xut theo kiu gia
nh nh l v k thut ch yu l bng kinh nghim bn thn v hc hi ln nhau:
Nhn ging: phn ln cc nh vn t nhn ging bng thn chnh ca nhng cy
tiu mt nm tui (khng nhn ging bng nhnh lng, nhnh c), nhnh ly t
thn chnh rt di t ba n bn lng.
Phn bn: do gi c th trng nn ngi nng dn khng quan tm n u t
chm sc, vic bn phn ngy cng gim dn ch yu l bn phn ha hc nh
NPK, DAPs dng phn hu c ngy cng t do gi phn qu cao, ngun phn
hu c chnh bn cho tiu l phn tm-c, phn b, phn di, tuy nhin a s
nng dn phn cha ng cch nn cng cha mang li hiu qu ng k. Mc d
c tp hun nhiu nhng nng dn vn khng s dng liu lng phn bn ng
nh khuyn co.
Ti nc: vic tc nc cng c b con quan tm rt nhiu. Hu ht 100%
nh vn thc hin cng tc ti tiu trong ma kh. Ngun nc chnh t cc
ging o. y cng l mt kh khn cho ngi dn v hin nay chi ph ti cho
tiu kh cao v vo ma kh thng xy ra tnh trng thiu nc (cc ging o b
6
cn), ma ny nhng vng t cao tiu thng thiu nc cht hng lat.
Cy nc: hu ht vn tiu u s dng cy nc cht. Trc y nc ny c ly
t cc cy g qu trong rng nh: cam xe, c chc, king kinghin nay cc vn
tiu trng mi u s dng nc ximng.
Chm sc: hu ht cc vn tiu u dn sch c, but v ct ta cn thn. Mt s
nh vn c trng xen trong vn tiu cc lai rau nh c, t, khoai mn to
cho b r n cn, t su bnh v t ngp ng trc kia nng dn thng gnh t xy
thu, do tiu thng thiu dinh dng v d b dch bnh. Hin nay do thay vo
bng cng tc bn phn chung, phn hu c v vun gc.
V su bnh: cng tc phng bnh cha c b con ch nhiu, nn dch bnh
thng xuyn xy ra. Mc d c tp hun nhng nng dn cng hay ty tin s
dng thuc bo v thc vt khng tun th theo nguyn tc, t c mt s su
bnh gy hi ng k cho cy tiu hng nm.
Nng sut v sn lng: do tp qun canh tc theo c truyn v nng dn cha
ng dng nhiu k thut trong canh tc nn nng sut khng cao, bnh qun 3,7 t/ha,
sn lng lng hng nm khong 1.500 tn.
(Theo L Th Thanh Kiu, Trm Khuyn nng huyn Ph Quc, ngun:
http://thvm.vn/News/Dac-san-Mieng-Ngon/Dac-san/Mien-Nam/Hat-tieu-Phu-quocdac-san-cua-dia-phuong/Show-7203/).
1.2 CC C TNH HA HC T
1.2.1 pH t
c nh ngha: pH = -log[H+] l i lng hin th hot tnh ca ion H+
trong mi trng t. Tu theo gi tr ca pH, n phn ng mc ra tri ca cc
cation kim v kim th do hin din cc ion st, nhm trong t. Theo thang nh
gi pH= 3-4 t rt chua; pH= 4-5 chua mnh; pH= 5-6 chua va; pH= 6-7 chua
nh; pH= 7 trung tnh; pH= 7-8 kim nh; pH= 8-9 kim trung bnh; pH= 9-10 kim
mnh; pH= 10-11 kim rt mnh (Brady, 1990). Theo Ng ngc Hng (2005) th
pH t bin ng trong khong t 3-11 ty theo loi t. pH t l ch tiu quan
trng trong vic nh gi nh hng trc tip hay gin tip n s pht trin ca cy
trng, vi sinh vt t, vn tc cc phn ng ho hc v sinh ho trong mi trng
t (Trn Kim Tnh, 2003).
1.2.2 EC
EC (electrical conductivity) l dn in ca dung dch t biu th trc
tip hay gin tip n nng mui ho tan trong t. Khng ch c t mn mi c
hm lng mui trong t cao m trong t phn cng c do tc ng ca acid vo

khong, nng mui cao c th gy c cho cy trng ( Th Thanh Ren, 1993).
n in l kh nng dn in ca dung dch t, l mt ch tiu dng
o lng dn in ca cc ion ho tan trong dung dch (Nguyn M Hoa, 1998).
Xc nh EC l xc nh dn in ca tng s mui ho tan bao gm cc cation
v anion tan trong nc sau: Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+; Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, HCO3-
Nc bin c EC = 26 mmho/cm, trong nc trung bnh thng c EC khong 1
mmho/cm, nc sng l c EC > 4 mmho/cm.
1.2.3 CEC
CEC (cation exchange capacity) l tng cation trao i c hp th trn b
mt keo t (Dierolfn v ctv., 2001). CEC thng c biu din bng n v
cmol(+)/kg hoc meq/100g. Theo V Th Gng v v ctv. (2004) kh nng hp th
cation ca t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh thnh phn khong st, hm lng
cht hu c, pH t, s pht trin ca t, tu thuc vo loi t m c tr s CEC
khc nhau, t ct c CEC thp, k n l t st, t hu c c CEC cao nht.
S thay i CEC v thnh phn cc ion ca tng loi t khc nhau rt ln t
1-100 meq/100g t. CEC <1 meq/100g tr s ny c ngha l rt km trong sn
xut v lng ion hp ph rt t khi vt cao hn lng ion c trong dung dch t
v nh vy tnh m ca t hu nh khng xy ra, tr s ny thng xut hin t
ct c hm lng hu c thp. Cc tr s CEC cao ch tm thy t ct c hm
lng rt cao Montmorillenite, Vermiculite hoc hm lng cht hu c cao (Trn
Kim Tnh, 2003).
pH v CEC c lin quan mt thit vi nhau, khi pH tng th CEC tng do mt
s keo t c in tch thay i s tch in m trong iu kin pH cao, do kh
nng hp ph cation cao. pH thp th kh nng trao i cation thp do cc keo t c
tch in thay i mang in tch dng. Dung tch hp th cation (CEC) ca t
cng cao chng t t c kh nng gi v trao i tt cc dng cht ( Th
Thanh Ren, 1993).
1.2.4 bo ha base
L phn trm base bo ha (tng lng ion kim Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+) chia
cho lng CEC pH = 7 ri nhn cho 100 (tnh bng n v %). Phn trm base
bo ha v pH c mi lin h vi nhau: phn trm base cao nu pH cao, phn trm
base bo ha l ch th v mu m ca t: t c ph nhiu cao nu phn trm
base bo ha ln hn 80% v km ph nhiu nu % base bo ha nh hn 50%
trong iu kin CEC cao (Nguyn M Hoa, 1998). t c bo ha base cao
th kh nng phng thch cc cation kim mnh, lm cho t c ph nhiu cao,

cung cp y cc dng cht cn thit cho cy trng.
1.2.5 Cht hu c trong t
Cht hu c l mt thnh phn c bn kt hp vi cc sn phm phong ha
t m to thnh t. Cht hu c l mt c trng phn bit t vi m
v l ngun nguyn liu to nn ph ca t. S lng v tnh cht ca cht
hu c quyt nh n nhiu tnh cht ha l v sinh hc ca t. (Nguyn Th
ng, Nguyn Th Hng, 1999).
Da v kh nng phn hy c th chia cht hu c trong t thnh hai thnh
phn chnh: thnh phn d phn hy v thnh phn a phn t mn kh phn hy.
Xt v mt ha hc, thnh phn cht hu c c 60-80% l humic acid v khng phi
humic acid chim 20-30%.
Cht hu c trong t ng vai tr quan trng i vi tt c cc tin trnh l,
ha, sinh hc ca t v cng l ch tiu quyt nh n ph nhiu ca t
(Wolgang Flaig, 1984). S bin i v chuyn ha cht hu c trong t l mt qu
trnh phc tp vi s tham gia trc tip cc vi sinh vt t v ca ng vt, khng
kh v nc. Tc phn hy cht hu c v khong ha cc thnh phn hu c
trong t c cu trc th nhanh hn t c cu trc mn (van Veen v Kuikman,
1990), v cht hu c v sinh khi ca vi sinh vt trong t c cu trc mn c
bo v v mt l tt hn (Verberne v ctv.,1990). Cht hu c c lin quan cht vi
m tng s trong t (Stevenson, 1982) nhng m hu dng li tng quan
khng cao vi cht hu c hoc m tng s trong t (Sims v ctv.,1967; cassman
v ctv., 1996). Cht hu c cn l nhn t tham gia tch cc vo vic chuyn ha ln
trong t t dng kh tiu sang dng d tiu hu dng cho cy trng (Nguyn Th
Thy v ctv., 1997) v cht hu c cn pht huy tc dng ca cc cht iu ha tng
trng sinh ra trong t (Hong Minh Chu, 1998).
Theo V Th Gng (2002) cht hu c trong t c xem l ngun quan
trng nht c bit c ngha n ph nhiu t v lin quan n rt nhiu tnh
cht khc ca t. cht hu c trong t l ngun cung cp v cung l ni lu tr
dinh dng trong t, cht hu c c tnh cht mang in tch do c kh nng trao
i ion, quan trng trong iu kin t c thnh phn st phong ha trong t nhit
i. Cht hu c c tnh cht vt l v ha hc c kh nng ci thin c tnh v l
ha v sinh hc t.
Tm li, cht hu c sau khi phn hy s cung cp cc cht dinh dng nh
N, P, K v cc khong vi lng, vitamin cht kch thch sinh trng cho cy trng.
Cht hu c vi thnh phn kh phn hy l mn cn gp phn lm gim dung
trng t, tng xp, tng cng cu trc t v lm tng tnh m ca t nh

c tnh keo ca cht mn.
1.3 DINH DNG TRONG T
1.3.1 m (N)
Mengel v Kirkby (1987) cho rng m l dinh dng chnh, l thnh phn
quan trng ca nhiu hp cht cn thit ca cy trng. m l thnh phn chnh ca
tt c cc amino acid to nn protein, anzyme m cc hp cht ny kim sot ton
b tin trnh sinh hc bn trong cy. m gi chc nng chnh trong thnh phn cu
trc trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca thc vt. Trn hu ht cc loi t bn phn
N gip gia tng s tng trng ca cy c bit l s pht trin thn l. Cy c
cung cp N y , thn l v chi pht trin tt, b r pht trin cn i hn so vi
cy thiu N (Ken, 2001).
m trong t thng hai dng chnh l v c v hu c:
m hu c: cht hu c trong t ch yu cha m dng amino acid t 20-40%,
cc hp cht vng (cc acid nucleic) chim khong 5% v purin, pirimidin c bn
chim t hn 1% m trong lp t mt. Qu trnh khong ha m hu c thnh
NH4+ l tin trnh chnh trong t ngp nc, qu trnh ny chu nh hng ca
nhiu yu t mi trng v cc c tnh l ha ca t (De Datta, 1987).
m v c: m v c trong t c cc dng sau: N2O, NO2, NO, NH3, NH4+, NO3-,
NO2-. Trong , c ba dng sau dng ion c tm thy trong dung dch t:NH4+
trao i, NH4+ ha tan trong dung dch t v NH4+ c nh (De Datta, 1987).
Theo Ng Ngc Hng v ctv. (2004) hu ht m trong t dng hu c.
Dng ny chim vo khong 95% tng s m. Cht hu c trong t thng cha
khong 5% m. Do hm lng cht hu c trong t cao thng i i vi giu
m tng s trong t.
Thng thng m dng amonium trao i v ho tan trong dung dch t,
nitrite v nitrate chim t hn 2% tng s m trong t (Brady v Well, 1999).
m NH4+, NO3- v NO2- c to thnh t s phn hy ho kh ca cc hp cht
hu c trong t hoc t phn bn. Tuy c hm lng nh nhng rt cn thit i
vi cy trng cho thy lng m tng s v hu dng c tch ly trong t l kt
qu ca lng cht hu c tch ly trong t nhiu hn t vic bn m.
1.3.2 Ln (P)
Theo Johnston (2000) ln l nguyn t thit yu cho tt c cc sinh vt sng,
tuy nhin nguyn t ln trong t khng hin din hnh thc n nh trong t
nhin m n lun lun hnh thc lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc vi hnh thc
10
phc tp. i vi cy trng ln c vai tr quan trng trong vic tao nng lng bin
dng, hin din trong cc men iu khin cc phn ng ha hc trong vic kt hp
cc nguyn t khc to nn cu trc thc vt. Ln cn tm thy trong cc nucleic
acid cc cu trc DNA v RNA mang v vn chuyn thng tin di truyn iu
khin cc hot ng sng, trong cc chc nng ny quan trng nht l sn xut
protein v cc vitamin thit yu (Khasawneh v ctv., 1985).
Trong t ln tng s chia lm hai dng l hu c v v c (khong). T l
ny ph thuc vo s hnh thnh v iu kin t, ln hu c thng chim khong
t 20-80% ln tng s. Hm lng ln khong gia tng theo su phu din t,
trong khi hm lng cht hu c cao nht tng mt (Tisdale v Nelsson, 1975).
Hm lng ln hu dng trong t rt thp, trn t phn ln b cm gi do
phn ng vi Fe, Al v cc hydroxite ca chng to ra nhng cht kt ta m cy
trng khng s dng c. hu dng ca ln ph thuc vo pH t (ti ho t
5,5-7,0), t iu kin oxy ha b c nh nhiu hn t iu kin kh (Nguyn
Xun C, 1992; Th Thanh Ren, 1999).
Theo L Vn Cn (1978) s c nh ln xy ra rt nhanh nng ln thp
v ty thuc vo c tnh ca t. Nhn chung kh nng hp ph ca ln rt cao, c
khong 80% lng ln a vo c hp ph nng a vo thp di 100 ppm.
cc nng a vo cao trn 100 ppm, tuy kh nng hp ph vn mc cao
nhng t cng ch c kh nng hp ph di 70% lng ln a vo. Khi nng
dung dch l 300 ppm th t ch c kh nng hp ph khong 40% lng ln a
vo. Nng ln a vo cng ln th s khc bit ny cng th hin r hn
(Nguyn Xun C, 2001). Theo Garrison (1989) trong t giu Ca th ln c kt
ta thnh dng Dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) v chuyn dn sang dng
Octacalcium phosphate (Ca 8H2(PO4)6.5H2O) v dn chuyn sang dng
hydroyapatipe Ca 10(OH)2(PO4)6.
1.3.3 Kali (K)
Kali l nguyn t a lng rt quan trng i vi s sinh trng ca cy
trng sau m v ln. Kali l cht duy tr p sut thm thu ca t bo. Trong cy
kali gi nhiu vai tr sinh l quan trng l cht hot ha enzyme tham gia tng hp
protein, vn chuyn carbohydrate, kim sot tnh thm v pH ca mng t bo
(Evans v Wildes, 1971). Ngoi ra kali cn c vai tr iu ha s bc thot hi
nc ca cy thng qua c ch ng m kh khu, ng ha nitrate, lm tng tc
ngm nc ca nguyn sinh cht, gip cy chu hn, chu rt hn (Humble v Hsiao,
1970).
Theo Th Thanh Ren (2003) hm lng kali trung bnh l 1,2% v
thng tn ti 4 dng chnh l: kali trong dung dch t, kali trao i, kali khng
11
trao i v khong kali. Kali trao i v kali trong dung dch t l dng hu dng
i vi cy, chim t l rt nh (1-2%) ca kali tng s. Kali khng hu dng gm
kali khng trao i v khong kali chim 80-98%). Hm lng kali tng s trong
t ty thuc vo thnh phn khong ca mu cht v mc phong ha ca cc
khong cha kali trong qu trnh hnh thnh t. t c cha cc loi mica, trng
khong cha hm lng kali tng s cao. t ct cha ch yu l thch anh trong
thnh phn khong nn c hm lng kali tng s v hm lng kali hu dng thp
(Ng Ngc Hng v ctv., 2004).
Nhng nghin cu ca Nguyn Bo V (1998) cho thy rng sau nhiu nm
canh tc thng khng bn hay bn khng lng kali b cy trng ly i. Trong
khi lng kali trao i trong t khng cung cp cho cy trng nn kali
gia hai phin st c phng thch ra dng d hu dng hn, t tr nn thiu kali,
khi bn kali vo dn n s hp thu mnh b p vo nhng v tr trn gy nn
s c nh kali. Trn t ph sa v ng bng c kh nng hp th kali rt cao sau
khi c bn (Dobermann v ctv.,1995).
S thiu ht kali c th phc hi qua mt ch bn phn hp l phn KCl
hoc K2SO4, tuy nhin t ph sa mn, mn hoc t vi th cung cp kali vo
t i khi khng hiu qu hoc chm phc hi. Phn chung l loi phn giu kali
cho nn t c bn phn chung th phn kali th hin hiu lc s khng r (L
Vn Cn, 1978).
1.3.4 Calcium (Ca)
Calcium rt cn thit cho s tng trng ca cy trng, hm lng trong cy
thay i khong 0,1-0,5% trng lng kh, ty thuc vo iu kin sinh trng,
loi cy trng v c quan ca cy (Ng Ngc Hng v ctv., 2004).
Theo Ng Ngc Hng v ctv. (2004) nng Ca ca b mt tri t vo
khong 3,64%, hm lng Ca thay theo loi t: t ct c hm lng rt thp, t
kim c cacbonate calci t do c hm lng Ca bin ng t 0,7-1,5%, cc loi t
phong ha mnh cha Ca t hn vo khong t 0,1-0,3%. Ca hin din trong t
di dng khong nguyn sinh nh anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), pyroxenes (augite) v
amphiboles (hornblende), cc cht biotite, epdote, apatite v borosilicate. Calcite
(CaCO3) thng l ngun gc ch yu ca Ca trong cc loi t. Dolomit cng c
th hin din cng vi calcite.Ca trong t c th b mt i do thot thy, c cc
vi sinh vt hp thu, c hp thu xung quanh cc phn t st hoc ti kt ta di
dng hp cht Ca th sinh.
12
1.3.5 Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium l thnh phn cu to dip lc t, trong l Mg chim khong 1520% (Cowan v ctv., 1982). Mg nh hng n s chuyn ha CO2 v lin quan
dn s to ng, tinh bt. Nhiu enzyme xc tc cc phn ng tng hp protein v
bin dng nng lng cn c s hin din ca Mg (Wunderlich, 1978).
Theo Ng Ngc Hng v ctv. (2004) hm lng Mg trong t bin thin t
0,1-3,0%, Mg c hm lng thp trn cc loi t ct th v cao trn cc loi t c
sa cu mn (c th t 4%). Mg hu dng cho cy trng di dng trao i hoc ha
tan trong nc. S hp thu Mg ty thuc vo nng Mg hin din trong t, pH
t, mc bo ha Mg, s hin din ca cc cation trao i v s hin din ca
khong st. Mg trao i thng chim t 4-20% ca cc cation trao i trong t
nhng trong cc loi t hnh thnh t serpentine, hm lng Mg trao i trong
t c th cao hn Ca. Mc gii hn bo ha ca Mg trong cc loi t cn thit cho
s sinh trng ti ho ca cy c quan h gn vi khong trn. Thng thng tr s
Mg bo ha da trn c tnh ca t, cy trng v cc yu t khc. Trong hu ht
cc trng hp Mg bo ha khng ln hn 10%.
Hng nm lng Mg ra tri trn cc loi t vo khong t 20-40 kg
MgO/ha/nm. t c sa cu nh d mt Mg hn t c sa cu mn, bn nhiu KCl
thng lm gim t l Mg trong cy, v vy cn ch xy dng ch bn phn,
nht l cy c nhu cu kali cao (Ng Ngc Hng v ctv., 2004).
1.4 PHN HU C
Phn hu c l tn gi chung ca cho cc loi phn c sn xut t cc vt
liu hu c nh cc d tha thc vt, rm r, phn sc vt, phn chung, phn rc
v phn xanh (Ng Ngc Hng v ctv., 2004). Phn hu c c nh gi ch yu
da vo hm lng cht hu c (%) hoc cht mn c trong phn. Mc d nn cng
nghip ha trn th gii ngy cng pht trin nhng phn hu c ng vai tr l
ngun phn qu khng nhng lm tng nng sut cy trng m cn lm tng hiu
lc ca phn ha hc, ci to v nng cao ph ca t.
Theo L Vn Tri (2002) phn hu c lun cha cc cht dinh dng cn
thit cho cy trng nh: m, ln, kali, natri, magi v cc nguyn t vi lng khc
nhng hm lng khng cao, y l mt u im m khng c mt loi phn ha
hc no c c. Ngoi ra, n cn cung cp cht mn lm cho cu trc t ngy
cng tt hn nh t ti xp gip cho b r pht trin nhanh hn, hn ch bc hi
nc, chng xi mn.
13
L Vn Khoa v ctv. (1996) cho rng: cht hu c trc ht l ngun cht

dinh dng i vi thc vt tt c cc nguyn t a v vi lng cng vi phn
chung thm nhp vo t cho nn phn ny cng c gi l phn ton phn.
Bng 1.1 Hm lng mt s dng cht c trong mt tn ca cc loi phn hu c
N
P2O5
K2O
CaO
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
Phn chung ngu va
5,0
2,5
6,0
7,0
Nc phn chung
2,5
0,6
3,6
0,6
Than bn tng trn (m 70%)
3,0
0,3
0,3
0,9
Than bn tng di (m 70%)
9,0
1,2
0,6
1,2
Rc ri
6,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
Phn hu c
Ngun: ha hc nng nghip, L Vn Khoa (1996)
Theo V Hu Ym (1995) cho rng: phn hu c khi bn vo t khi phn

gii s cung cp thm cht khong lm phong ph thm thnh phn thc n cho cy
v sau khi mn ha lm tng kh nng trao i ca t.
Vic trn cht hu c vo trong t lm tng n nh kt cu t (V Hu
Ym, 1995), gip lm ti xp t hn, do hot ha ca vi sinh vt t v to lp
ph b mt cho t (Hong Minh Chu, 1998). Phn hu c nh hng n tun
hon nc trong t lm cho nc ngm vo t thun li hn, kh nng gi nc
ca mt t cao hn, vic bc hi mt t t i. Bn cnh cht hu c cn hn ch
ng vn b mt (V Hu Ym, 1995)
Phn hu c l mi trng thch hp cho vi sinh vt sng v pht trin. Phn
chung c nh hng n vi sinh vt c nh m, t c bn nhiu phn chung
lm gia tng hiu qu c nh m, s lng vi sinh vt tng ln lm kh nng
khong ha m cng tng ln. B sung phn hu c vo t lm tng mt s vi
sinh vt trong t, gip t c cu trc tt hn (V Th Gng v ctv., 2004).
1.4.1 Phn chung
nh ngha: phn chung l mt hn hp phn gia sc, gia cm vi xc b thc vt.
Phn cha 3 cht dinh dng c bn l N, P, K cn thit cho tt c cc loi cy
trng. Ngoi ra phn cn cha nhiu nguyn t vi lng nh B, Cu, Mn, Mo v
14
nhng cht kch thch sinh trng nh: auxin, heteroauxin, cc loi vitamin nh B,
C (V Hu Ym, 1995; L Vn Khoa v ctv., 1996)
Thnh phn: theo L Vn Cn (1978) trong phn chung ti c nhng cht ging
nh ca l cy: xenlul, hemixenlul, lignin, nhiu loi acid hu c, ng v mt
t pentoza, cht protein v hp cht bo..
Bng 1.2 Thnh phn ha hc mt s loi phn chung (tnh theo %)
Cc loi phn chung (c n rm r)
Cc cht
Tru B
Nga La
Heo
D Cu
Nc
77,30
71,30
72,40
64,60
CHC
20,30
25,40
25,00
31,80
Nts
0,45
0,58
0,65
0,83
Nprotein
0,28
0,35
Namoniac
0,14
0,19
0,20
P2O5
0,23
0,28
0,19
0,23
K2O
0,5
0,63
0,60
0,67
CaO
0,4
0,21
0,18
0,33
MgO
0,11
0,14
0,09
0,18
SO3
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,15
Cl
0,10
0,04
0,17
0,17
SiO2
0,85
0,77
0,08
1,47
R 2 O3
0,05
0,11
0,07
0,24
Ngun: L vn Cn (1978)
1.4.2 Phn tm, phn c Ph Quc

y l nhng ph phm t tm, c v tp phm t vic co, li c ca
ngi dn i bin Ph Quc. Tm sau khi c ly i phn tht, sn phm cn li l
u tm s c em chung vi phn c v phn chung trc khi bn cho cy.
Phn c c s dng y l nhng loi c tp, sn phm cn li sau cng
ca ngi dn i bin sau khi c thu la phn c thc phm. Phn tm c rt giu
m hu c, vitamin, bn vo tng cng dng cht cho cy, gip cho t ti
15
xp, tng mt s vi sinh vt trong t, ko di tui th cy trng

(http://www.khoahocphothong.com.vn).
1.5 TNG QUAN V CY H TIU
H tiu (Piper Nigrum) thuc h Piperacees l mt loi dy leo, sng lu, c
ngun gc t min ng n . H tiu l la cy trng leo bm trn gi th, nu
khng c cy tr h tiu b trn mt t, trong trng hp c cy tr h tiu c th
b ln cao n 10 m nh nhng r bm mc thnh chm mi mt (Trn Minh
Gim v Nguyn Vn Vn, 1969).
1.5.1 c im thc vt hc cy h tiu
1.5.1.1 R: c 4 loi r chnh
R cc: ch c khi trng tiu bng ht, sau khi gieo phi ht pht trin m su vo
t, c th n su 2-2,5 m.
R ci: r ci pht trin t hom tiu (nu trng bng hom), mi hom c t 3-6 r ci.
Sau mt nm trng r ci c th n su ti 2m.
R ph: mc ra t r ci v mc thnh tng chm mang nhiu lng ht, tp trung
nhiu su 15-40 cm, nhim v ht nc v dng cht nui c cy tiu. y l
loi r quan trng nht ca cy tiu trong sinh trng v pht trin.
R bm: mc t cc t chnh hoc cnh ca cy tiu, bm vo tr, vch , c
nhim v l gi cho cy tiu vng chc v vic hp th ch yu l thm thu
(Nguyn An Dng, 2004).
1.5.1.2 Thn
H tiu l loi cy thn tho, dng b leo c nhiu nhnh, thn cnh trn,
phn t, l loi thn tng trng nhanh (c th tng t 5-7 cm/ngy). Cu to thn
tiu gm nhiu b mch libe mc c kch thc ln c kh nng vn chuyn lng
nc v mui khong ln t t ln thn. Thn h tiu c mu nht (non) n
nu xm, nu xanh, xanh l cy m (Lu c Nim, 2001).
1.5.1.3 Cnh
Cnh qu: l nhng cnh mang qu mc ra t cc mm ca nch l ca thn chnh
nhng cy tiu ln hn mt tui, gc phn cnh ln hn 450, cc t cnh qu
khng c r bm.Cnh ny ngn hn cnh vt, lng ngn, khc khuu v thng
mc cnh cp hai, nu ly cnh ny nhn ging th rt mau cho qu nhng tui th
ngn, mau ci, nng sut thp, cy con pht trin chm, khng leo, khng b bm.
16
Cnh ln: mc b t gc ra, thng b trn mt t, cnh lng di t 1-3m, lng

di. Trong sn xut ngi ta thng ct b n i v n thng c lm hom.
Cnh vt: mc ra t mm nch l nhng cy tiu nh hn mt tui v mc
thng hp vi thn chnh mt gc nh hn 450. Cnh cy pht trin rt mnh, nu
em cnh ny lm hom th cy tiu chm ra hoa nhng tui th ko di hn khong
20-30 nm (Lu c Nim, 2001).
1.5.1.4 L
Thuc nhm l n, hnh tri tim, mc cch cung l di t 2-3 cm ty thuc
vo ging. Trn phin l c 3-5 cp gn hnh vng cung nm i nhau, c phn ph
phn nhnh. Mt trn xanh m v bng lng hn mt di ty thuc vo ging,
iu kin thi tit v ch chm sc.
1.5.1.5 Hoa, qu v ht
Hoa: theo Lu c Nim (2001) hoa mc thnh tng gi trn cnh qu, i din
vi l. Gi di 7-12 cm, trung bnh c t 20-60 hoa, sp xp theo hnh xon c, di
mi hoa c mt l bc nh nhng rng rt sm kh thy. H tiu trng thng c
hoa lng tnh. Hoa tiu thng c mu vng hoc xanh nht gm ba cnh hoa, 2-4
nhy c, bao phn c hai ngn. Ht phn trn v rt nh, i sng rt ngn (2-3
ngy). Bu nhy gm mt bu non c mt ngn v cha mt ti non (qu tiu ch
c mt hat).
Qu: mang mt ht c dng hnh cu, ng knh 4-8 mm thay i theo ging, iu
kin sinh thi v chm sc. Thi gian t lc hoa n n qu chn ko di 7-10 thng,
trong : xut hin hoa v th phn t 1-1,5 thng; th phn n qu pht trin tt l
3-4,5 thng; qu pht trin ti a n chn t 2-3 thng (Lu c Nim, 2001).
Ht: Cu to bi hai lp, bn ngoi gm c v ht, bn trong cha phi nh v cc
phi.
1.5.2 c tnh sinh hc ca cy h tiu
1.5.2.1 Nc
y l yu t quan trng hng u khi trng h tiu, giai on ra tn cy
rt cn nc, cn m b r ban u pht trin. Trng tiu mun m bo nng
sut cao th phi thng xuyn ti dm cho tiu (1-2 ln/thng), cn cn c vo
long ma m tnh ton lng nc ti nhiu hay t.
Lng ma thch hp l t 2.000-3.000 mm/nm, lng ma ti thiu l
1.800 mm.Cy h tiu c th chu c ma kh nhng khng qu ba thng (giai
on chn). Tiu cn ma kh ngn ra hoa ng lot v chn tp trung (Nguyn
17
An Dng, 2004). m khng kh thch hp cho th phn ca hoa tiu l 75-90%,

m t t 70-85%, tt nht l t 75-80%.
1.5.2.2 t v dinh dng khong
Tiu c th sinh trng v pht trin trn nhiu loi t khc nhau t st
nng n ct pha st nhng l tng nht l t bazan, t ph sa mi bi v t
i ti xp, thot nc tt. t phi c tng canh tc su trn 80-100 cm, mc thy
cp su cch mt t 2m, thnh phn c gii ca t nh; c hm lng m trn
1,5%, t l C/N = 10-20, pH tt nht t 5,6-6,7 dc t 3-200 b tr theo ng
ng mc; tiu khng chu c mn qu 3% (Lu c Nim, 2001). Ngoi ra
theo Trn Vn Ha (1999) t phi c nhiu cht hu c, t c kh nng thot
nc tt v gi nc cao, khng b ngp ng trong ma ma, nhim mn trong ma
nng, trong vng 1m tr li khng c cng.
1.5.2.3 Nhit
H tiu c ngun gc t nhit i nn i hi kh hu nng, m, nhit tt
nht l 25-270. Nu nhit trn 400C hoc di 100C th nh hng xu n sinh
trng v pht trin ca cy tiu.
1.5.2.4 nh sng
H tiu l loi cy thch bng rm mc nht nh, cy chu bng rm
lc cn nh, khi cy bt u tng trng th khng cn bng rm nhiu nn cn ct
ta bt dn nh sng lt vo.
1.5.2.5 Gi
H tiu k gi ln lm ng ngn, cy th phn km. Do phi chn gi
i vi nhng vng gi nhiu, gi cn lm s bc hi nc t v cy tng ln
lm vn tiu thiu nc.
1.5.3 Cy ging v thi v trng
Trng tiu cn phi b ra mt lng vn rt ln vi thi gian di, do nn
trng nhng ging c tim nng nng sut cao v hn ch su bnh. Hin nay
nc ta c nhiu ging tiu c phm cht tt, nng sut cao nh: tiu S, tiu Qung
Tr, tiu Ph Quc, tiu H Tin, tiu Lc Ninh, tiu t ( min ng Nam
B)...v mt s ging tiu nhp t Campuchia, Indonexia c kh nng khng c
mt s bnh nht nh.
Cy tiu thng c trng mi vo khong thng 5-6 dng lch (u ma
ma), khong cch trng l 1,7 m x 1,7 m hoc 1,8 m x 1,8 m ty vng. Thi gian
thu hoch tiu thng t thng 12-4 m lch cao im thng 2-3 m lch.
18
1.5.4 Phn bn cho cy tiu

Tiu l cy trng lu nm, do cn c mt ch phn bn thch hp ngay
t khi mi trng cy c dinh dng, pht trin nhanh, khe mnh, cho nng
sut cao v chng chu c cc loi su bnh (Nguyn An Dng, 2004). Lu c
Nim (2001) cho rng liu lng bn phn cho tiu ph thuc rt nhiu yu t: t
ai, thi tit, kh hu, ging tiu, tp qun canh tc,...liu lng phn thng p
dng trong mt nm cc vng trng tiu nmg sut cao nh sau:
Bng 1.3 Liu lng phn bn cho mi gc tiu trong mt nm
Loi phn bn
Tui cy
Phn hu c
Ur
Super ln
Chlorua kali
(kg/gc)
(g/gc)
(g/gc)
(g/gc)
Nm th nht
10-15
150
250
100
Nm th hai
15
200
300
120
15-20
400
300
250
Nm th ba tr i
Ngun: Lu c Nim (2001)
Ngoi ra theo Lu c Nim (2001) th cng cn thit phi bn vi v phn

vi lng cho cy. Bn vi lm gim chua gip gia tng s hot ng ca h vi
sinh vt c ch trong t, lm cho t ti xp, cung cp tt dinh dng cho cy, v
c tc dng hn ch s xm nhp gy hi ca nm v tuyn trng. Ngoi ra, vi
cng l ngun cung cp calci rt tt cho cy. Cn phn vi lng th nhm hn ch
rng hoa, qu non, tng nng sut, phm cht qu.
1.5.5 Cc loi su bnh chnh ca cy h tiu
Theo Lu c Nim (2001) th c cc loi su bnh chnh gy hi tiu sau y:
1.5.5.1 Su hi tiu
Ry (Elasmongna tus nepalensis): thng np mt di l ht nha ca l non v
gi bng.
Rp sp hay rp dnh (Pseudococcussp): thng bm vo cc t, gi bng hoc
gi qu v mt di l ht nha lm l v qu b kh, l c mu xanh vng khng
u, cy ci cc, suy nhc. i vi r rp sp chch ht nha lm r khng hot
ng c, ngoi ra sau khi rp tn cng mt thi gian th cc loi nm b hng
bm vo lm en l v gi qu.
19
Mi (Coptotemessp): gy hi gc v r lm cho cy lc u b bin vng sau

chuyn sang ho v rng dn, lu ngy cy tiu c th cht.
Su c thn (Lophobaris piperis): su non gy hi thn v cnh, b trng thnh
cn nhng l nh cun chm bng lm rng bng hoc ph c chm qu non
lm chm qu b rng trc khi chn, qu chuyn sang mu thm nu.
Cn trng cn ph l v qu non: l b cnh cng Apogonica rauca ph hoi
v m, ban ngy trn k l hoc di t.
B xt li (Elasmoguathus nepalensis): sng c hoc n np mt di l tiu
chch ht l non v bng lm cho bng rng hng lot gim t l u qu ca cy.
1.5.5.2 Tuyn trng hi tiu
Hin nay Vit Nam pht hin hn 20 loi tuyn trng c th gy hi
cc hnh thc v mc khc nhau.
1.5.5.3 Bnh hi tiu
Bnh tiu in: nguyn nhn do mt qun bnh v dinh dng hay do cc loi cn
trng chch ht nha v siu vi trng (virus) gy nn l cho l b bin dng, nh i
v ngn khng pht trin c, cy tng trng rt chm.
Bnh thi r, rng t: do nm Phytopthora hoc Fusaium hoc Rhizoctonia c
th xm nhp bt c ch no gc, thn v r, to thnh vt bin mu v t, chng
thng kt hp vi nhau cng tn cng lm cho cy cht nhanh.
Bnh thn th (Colletrotrichumgloeosporioides): y l bnh ph bin trn l tt
c cc vng trng tiu v mi giai on sinh trng ca cy tiu, bnh c th ly
sang bng lm ht mi tng b kh en, lp, thi hoc ly sang dy cnh lm tho
t, rng cnh.
Bnh en l (Lasiodiplodia theobrro mac): bnh ph bin cc vng trng tiu,
gy hi trn l v nm bnh c th gy hi trn cnh lm t thn nu en, rng n
t ngon xung, lam tn cy tiu trng xc x, tr tri.
Bnh m l: bnh lm ton l ho vng, gy hi t nhng l di gc v lan dn
ln nhng tng gia.
Bnh kh vn (Rhizotonia solanni): bnh xut hin trn nhng cy tiu um tm,
rm rp, bnh pht trin t mt t leo ln cy nn thng thy bnh phn tn l
di gc, bnh ly lan rt nhanh.
Bnh g l (to Cephalenros mycoides): bnh xut hin ch yu trn nhng l tiu
gi pha gc, nhng ni rm rp, thiu nh sng. i khi cng thy vt g c trn
20
dy, cnh v chm qu, chm qu b g trng xu m, ht lp nh hng ti nng

sut thu hoch.
1.6 S SUY THOI T AI
1.6.1 Suy thoi v mt vt l
S nn d: do tin trnh t nhin hoc do tc ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh
canh tc lm thay i mt s c tnh t nh hng n thong kh, ch m,
kh nng thot nc, trnh trng dinh dng; gii hn su hot ng ca h
thng r cy trng v tc ng n chu trnh vn chuyn vt cht.
S ng vn v kt cng: l s kt cng ca t trong sut thi gian t b kh
cho n khi c bo ha nc tr li (t rt cng khi kh v khng c cu trc).
Nguyn nhn l do tnh cht ca t, do tc ng ca qu trnh canh tc lm gim
hm lng cht hu c, tc ng ca ma v nc ti. ng vn v kt cng lm
gim thong kh, kh nng thot nc trong t, nh hng n s ny mm ca
ht v s pht trin ca cy trng.
S ng thy v ym kh: thng xy ra vng c v lng cao, hay b ngp lt,
bm ti nhiu trong canh tc, h thng thot nc km t lm cho t b ln b
ln, lm cho t tch t mt vi nguyn t ha hc trn b mt hoc lm gia tng
hm lng mt s nguyn t n ngng gy c (Al, Fe, Mn) v lm thay i
s cn bng ca qun th vi sinh vt trong t.
S xi mn: l tin trnh mt i lp t mt mu m (cht hu c v dinh dng)
v bi lng cc v tr khng mong mun. Hu qu ca n l lm gim su tng
canh tc, mt dn cht liu t, lm gim ph nhiu, gim kh nng kim gi
dinh dng v nc ca t. Ngoi ra, nhng vt liu xi mn bi lng ao h,
sng rch s lm gim kh nng cha nc, d gy l lt v gy nhim cc v tr
bi lng.
1.6.2 Suy thoi v mt ha hc
S suy gim dinh dng trong t: L Vn Khoa (2004) cho rng s suy gim
dinh dng trong t l hu qu ca vic s dng t khng thch hp (nh tng
vng quay ca t nhng khng c bin php bi dng hoc ci to t), hoc kt
qu t qu trnh hnh thnh t (trm tch ph sa c ngun dng liu km) v do s
ra tri mnh trong cc vng c v lng ln hay ch ti tiu khng hp l.
Qu trnh ny lm nh hng rt lng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng
v nht l nng sut v cht lng cy trng.
S chua ha t: chua ca t do nng H+ trong dung dch t l chnh
(Nguyn Vy v Trn Khi, 1978), s chua ha l s tch ly nng H+ cao trong
21
t. S chua ha t do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra, c th do cc acid c trong

khng kh theo nc ma vo t hoc ngun phn bn gy chua tch t lu ngy,
do cc acid hu c tit ra t r cy v do s hnh thnh v pht trin t phn. pH
t thp gy hi trc tip n cy trng v nh hng gin tip thng qua lng
Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+ (V Th Gng, 2006), nh hng n vi sinh vt t, tc phn
ng ha hc v sinh hc xy ra trong t, lm gim hu dng ca dng cht
(Ca, P b c nh bi Al3+, Fe3+) cng nh hiu qu phn bn, ngoi ra lng H2S
cao cng gy c cho cy. Ngoi ra, mn ha v sodic ha cng l hai qu trnh lm
cho t b suy thoi nh hng ng k n cy trng.
1.6.3 S suy thoi v mt sinh hc
S suy thoi v mt sinh hc l s mt dn cht hu c, gim lng cacbon
sinh hc, s km hot ng v km a dng ca qun th vi sinh vt t (L Vn
Khoa, 2004). Trong t vi sinh vt c vai tr rt quan trng v n c th phn gii
cc cht thi trong hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi, n c th phn
hy cc c cht trong t, khong ha cht hu c thnh nhng cht hu dng cho
cy trng. Nhng trong qu trnh sinh hot v sn xut suy gim ng k h sinh vt
ny. Bn cnh nguyn nhn do iu kin sng nh: thc n, m , nhit , ngun
thc n th thay i h thi lm nh hng n vi sinh vt v n rt nhy cm vi
mi trng, hoc mi trng t tch ly cc c cht: thuc tr su, phn bn, cc
cht nhim v c v hu c cng nh hng n h vi sinh vt t.
1.6.4 Bin php ci thin s suy thoi t
S suy thoi t ai phn ln nguyn nhn l do tc ng ca con ngi nn trc
tin con ngi ph hn ch ti thiu nhng hot ng sn xut lm suy thoi t v
phi c bin php qun l, kim sot, v s dng ph hp nhm khai thc hiu qu
ngun ti nguyn t theo hng bn vng. ci thin s suy thoi th hin nay c
rt nhiu cch nh p dng cc k thut lm t, lun canh cy trng, bn phn v
c hp l v bin php mang li hiu qu lu di l bn phn hu c cho t.
Syers v Crasswell (1995) cho rng tnh bn vng ca h thng sn xut nng
nghip l thuc vo vic duy tr, d tr cht hu c trong t mc ti thiu cn
thit bo v t v duy tr sn lng cy trng.
22
CHNG 2 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1.1 Chn v tr thu mu t
Da vo nin gim thng k ca huyn Ph Quc, s liu ca y ban nhn dn
huyn Ph Quc v phng vn h nng dn trng tiu trn 3 x Ca Dng, Ca
Cn v Bi Thm. Kho st v chn 60 vn bn tui cy tiu: di nm nm,
t 5-10 nm, t 10-15 nm v t 15 nm tr ln, chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm c s
dng phn hu c v nhm t s dng phn hu c.
2.1.2 Cch ly v x l mu t
Mu t c thu mt ln sau khi h tiu thu hoch, dng khoan ly hon ton
ngu nhin 5-6 im mi vn theo hai su: t 0-20 cm v t 20-40 cm, sau
trn u theo tng su mang ngay v phng th nghim, kh t nhin, loi b
rc, nghin mn qua ry 2 mm v 0,5 mm. Tin hnh phn tch nh sau: cc ch tiu
pH, EC, cht hu c, CEC, K, Ca, Mg, Na trao i v bo ha base c phn
tch c hai tng t, ring m hu dng (NH4-, NO3-), ln hu dng v enzyme
catalase ch phn tch tng 0-20 cm.
2.1.3 Phng php phn tch t
pH v EC ln lt c o bng pH k v EC k theo t l t:nc l 1:2,5.
Cht hu c: xc nh %C hu c theo phng php Wallkley- Black, trn nguyn
tc oxy ha cht hu c bng K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng H 2SO4 m c, sau
chun lng d K2Cr2O7 bng FeSO4 0.5N vi cht ch th mu l
diphenylamine.
CEC: xc nh theo phng php BaCl 2 khng m vi dung dch trch l BaCl2
0,1M, chun lng Mg2+ d bng dung dch EDTA 0,05M vi cht ch th mu
l hn hp eriochrome Black, Hydroxylamine-HCl pha trong ethanol 96% sau khi
thay th Ba2+ trn phc h hp thu t bng Mg2+.
Cation trao i K, Ca, Mg, Na: o bng my hp thu nguyn t vi dung dch
trch mu t l BaCl2 0,1M nh sau: K v Na cht che l acidified cesium chloride,
bc sng tng ng l 589 nm v 766 nm; Ca v Mg cht che l acidified
lathanum solution, bc sng tng ng l 422,7 nm v 285,2 nm.
Ln hu dng: xc nh bng phng php Olsen, dung dch trch l NaHCO3
0,5M pH 8,5 vi t l t:dung mi l 1:20, cht ch th mu l 4-Nitrophenol.
23
Hm lng m ammonium (NH4+): ion NH4+ trong dung dch s phn ng vi

phenol di s hin din ca hypochlorite, ion trong mi trng kim cho ra
indophenol c mu xanh. Hm lng NH4+ c trch t t vi dung dch KCl 2M
c xc nh bng cch o cng mu trn my quang ph ti bc sng 640
nm.
Hm lng m nitrate (NO3-): nitrate trong mu c kh hon ton bi
hydrazine sulfate n nitrite v sau c xc nh bi phn ng diazotizationcoupling. Hm lng NO3- c xc nh bng cch o cng mu trn my
quang ph ti bc sng 543 nm.
Enzyme catalase: xc nh bng phng php Beck (1971),t c vi dung
dch buffer phosphate (Disodium hydrogen phosphate+Kali dihydrogen phosphate)
0.2M pH l 6.8 trong thi gian 30 pht. Trong sut thi gian , mu t c
khuy bng h thng khuy t, sau xc nh th tch oxy c bng h thng th
nghim Scheibler khi thm H 2O2 3% v trong ba pht nhit phng.
2.2 X L S LIU
S liu s c x l bng EXCELL, sau phn tch thng k theo phng php
T-test bng chng trnh MSTATC v phn tch ANOVA bng phn mm
MINITAB
24
CHNG 3 KT QU V THO LUN

3.1 TNG QUAN V CC C TNH NH HNG PH NHIU T
VNG NGHIN CU
3.1.1 c tnh ha hc t
3.1.1.1 i vi tng t mt (0-20 cm)
V pH v EC: kt qu phn tch bng 3.1 cng cho thy EC ca t ba
a im kho st l rt thp khng nh hng n cy trng. Cn pH t theo
Brady (1990) l chua va, so vi cc loi t lip vn trn t ph sa th gi tr pH
ny l kh hn. Tuy nhin, theo Lu c Nim (2001) th pH ti ho cho cy tiu l
t 5,6-6,7 do cn c bin php ci thin pH t nh bn vi va lm tng pH
t va cung cp thm lng calcium cho t.
Cht hu c: kt qu bng 3.1 cho thy hm lng cht hu c mc
ngho (2,23%), iu ny ph hp vi nghin cu trc y ca V Th Gng v
ctv. (2004), trn t lip vn lu nm thng ngho cht hu c. i vi loi t
ngho st nh Ph Quc th rt l bt li v cht hu c ng vai tr c bit quan
trng trong vic gi m t, tng ngun tch in m cho t v lin kt cc ht
t li tng bn cho t hn ch ra tri do ma v nc ti.
Kh nng hp ph cation: theo thang nh gi (bng 3.1) CEC mc rt
thp, kt qu ny thp hn rt nhiu so vi t lip vn trng chm chm (14,2
meq/100g) v su ring (12,9 meq/100g) Ch Lch, Bn Tre (H Vn Thit,
2006). t ngho st v cht hu c s ko theo CEC cng rt thp v keo st v
cht hu c ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic to ra ngun tch in m to nn
kh nng hp ph cation cho t. Ngun phn hu c Ph Quc rt t v gi thnh
cao nn ngi dn vn cn thi quen s dng phn ha hc nhiu hn lm t ngy
cng ngho cht hu c, nh hng n nhiu c tnh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc t.
Kali trao i: kt qu bng 3.1 cho thy hm lng kali trao i l rt thp.
t Ph Quc hnh thnh v pht trin trn nn kt (sa thch) nn rt ngho st,
m st l ngun cung cp kali quan trng cho t nn t y ngho kali. Ph
Quc th khng c ngun kali t ph sa nn cn phi ch trng cung cp kali cho
t t phn v c, nn s dung phn chung l tt nht v n rt giu kali v l phn
hu c nn cn gip ci thin nhiu c tnh t.
Ca, Mg trao i: theo thang nh gi tng ng th c Ca, Mg trao i u
mc thp. Cng trn t lip vn nhng trn loi t ph sa Cn Th theo
nghin cu ca Th Thanh Ren v ctv. (1998) hm lng Ca trao i l mc
25
trung bnh (7 meq/100g) v Mg trao i l mc cao (2,04 meq/100g). T cho

thy t Ph Quc c hm lng Ca, Mg trao i rt thp.
Bng 3.1 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc trong t ca tt c cc vn
tiu kho st c hai tng t
Ch tiu
Tng 0-20 cm
K+ trao i, meq/100g(1)
0,089
( 0,04)
0,122
( 0,12)
Na + trao i, meq/100g(2)
0,057
( 0,04)
0,069
( 0,03)
Ca2+ trao i, meq/100g(3)
0,795
( 0,57)
0,835
( 0,62)
Mg2+ trao i, meq/100g(3)
0,294
( 0,19)
0,336
( 0,21)
CEC, meq/100g(4)
3,30
( 1,36)
3,34
( 1,36)
Base bo ha, %(2)
39,37
(5)
5,03
pH, H2O
EC, S/cm(6)
91,98
(7)
2,23
CHC, %
( 0,41)
( 96,10)
( 0,74)
42,87 ( 19,78)
4,98
( 0,39)
98,15
( 89,2)
2,46
( 0,74)
( 63,98)
4,83
( 1,95)
(2)
7,32
( 7,91)
Ch s ca enzyme catalase
0,969
( 0,173)
(8)
P d tiu, mgP/kg
+
(9)
NH4 , mg/kg
NO3 , mg/kg
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
( 16,39)
Tng 20-40 cm
53,90
Da theo thang nh gi ca Kyuma (1976)

Da theo thang nh gi ca Agricultural Compendium (1989)
Da theo thang nh gi ca E.S. Max, J,Hart & R.G Steven (1999)
Da theo thang nh gi ca Landon (1984)
Da theo thang nh gi ca Washington University-tree Fruit research & Extention center (2001)
Da theo thang nh gi ca Western Agricultural Laboratories (2002)
Da theo thang nh gi ca I.V. Chiurin (1972)
Da theo thang nh gi ca Orgeon state univercity extension service (2004)
Da theo thang nh gi ca Chiurin v Konnova
Na+ trao i: Na khng phi l yu t dinh dng ca cy trng nhng hm

lng Na nh hng ti cc yu t dinh dng ca cy trng. Trong t nu t l
Na+/CEC cao s nh hng xu n cy trng. Bng 3.1 cho thy hm lng Na+ rt
thp khng gy tr ngi n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy tiu.
Phn trm base bo ha: theo thang nh gi th s liu bng 3.1 cho thy
phn trm base bo ha trn t trng tiu kho st l thp (39,37%). Kt qu ny
ph hp vi nghin cu ca Trn Vn Chnh v ctv. (2006) t i ni thng c
phn trm base bo ha thp (thng nh hn 50%).
26
P d tiu ( phng php Olsen): bng 3.1 cho thy hm lng P d tiu l
mc rt cao theo thang nh gi. iu ny cng ng vi nghin cu ca Dng
Minh Vin v ctv. (2007) trn t trng tiu ti Ph Quc. Gii thch cho trng
hp ny l kh nng bn qu nhiu phn ln ca mt s nng dn lm gia tng ng
k nng ln trong t (kt qu iu tra cho thy a s nng dn bn P cao hn
khuyn co rt nhiu, trong khi N v K th cn thp hn khuyn co). Kt qu phn
tch c mt s vn hm lng P d tiu ln hn 200 mgP/kg, vic hm lng P d
tiu trong t cao trong khi cc dng cht khc vn cn thp c th dn n mt
cn bng dinh dng trong t, y cng c th l nguyn nhn lm cho nng sut
cy tiu khng cao.
m d tiu (NH4+ v NO3-): kt qu phn tch bng 3.1 cho thy NH4+
trong t rt thp (4,83 mg/kg), hm lng NO3- mc thp (7,32 mg/kg) theo cc
thang nh gi tng ng, m dng NO3- chim u th hn. So vi nghin cu ca
Nguyn Th Kim Hng (2008) trn t lip vn trng chm chm ti Bn Tre,
hm lng NO3- gn 100 mg/kg cho thy hm lng m NO3- t lip trng tiu
Ph Quc l rt thp.
3.1.1.2 i vi tng t 20-40 cm
Kt qu bng 3.1 cho thy cc c tnh ha hc tng 20-40 cm khng sai
khc nhiu so vi tng 0-20 cm. Khng thy khc bit ngha gia hai tng t,
nhng theo thang nh gi th phn trm base bo ha tng t 20-40 cm mc
trung bnh. Mt im cng cn ch na l c bn cation trao i tng t 20-40
cm u c khuynh hng cao hn tng mt trong khi CEC th khng thay i, iu
ny cho thy tng t mt cng c du hiu ca s ra tri cht dinh dng. Do
, cn phi ch n bin php ti tiu, s xi mn, ra tri v i vi loi t c
hm lng st v cht hu c thp nh vy kh c th lu gi c cc cation base.
3.1.2 Hot ng ca enzyme catalase
Kt qu phn tch enzyme catalase trong 32 mu t cho thy ch s enzyme
bin ng trong khong t 0,7 n 1,3 v khng c khc bit ngha gia hai nhm
t c s dng phn hu c v t s dng phn hu c. Bng 3.1 cho thy ch s
trung bnh ca enzyme catalase trong t l 0,969, theo nghin cu ca L Th
Thanh Chi (2008) trn loi t xm bc mu Mc Ha-Long An th trong iu
kin ch bn phn v c theo khuyn co ch s enzyme catalase l 4,21 v khi bn
phn hu c th ch s ny ln ti 12,97. T , cho thy hot ng ca
enzyme catalase a im kho st l rt thp (thp hn loi t c xem l bc
mu). Nguyn nhn, hm lng cht hu c trong t thp, s dng phn bn nng
dc nhiu lm nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Catalase l mt enzyme
ni bo c tng hp t cc vi sinh vt ho kh, c tc dng loi b c cht trong
27
t bo, hot ng enzyme catalase c mi tng quan thun vi hm lng cacbon

hu c trong t, sinh khi ca vi sinh vt t v tng quan thun vi hot ng
enzyme dehidrogenase, amidase, Glucosidase v esterase. Do , cng hot
ng ca enzyme Catalase c xem nh biu th hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong
t (M.Brzezinska v ctv., 2005).
3.2 NH GI MT S C TNH HA HC T THEO CC TUI
CA CY TIU
Bng 3.2 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc t theo cc tui ca cy tiu
Ch tiu
Tui cy
(nm)
Tng 0-20 cm
<5
5-10
>15
<5
5-10
0,085
0,090
0,093
0,101
0,119
0,157
0,108
0,067
0,056
0,057
0,060
0,045
0,065
0,075
0,076
0,077
Ca2+ trao i,
meq/100g
0,791ab
0,645b
0,966a
0,766ab
0,709AB
0,852AB
1,207A
0,483B
Mg2+ trao i,
meq/100g
0,362
0,220
0,275
0,251
0,327
0,323
0,402
0,301
CEC,
meq/100g
3,30
3,21
3,42
3,00
3,17
3,42
3,58
3,61
Base bo
ha, %
40,02
35,11
42,87
42,49
41,90AB
40,95AB
53,23A
27,04B
pH (H2O)
5,09
4,95
5,01
5,14
5,04
4,92
5,06
4,88
112,6a
63,6b
80,8ab
68,8ab
107,9
96,3
86,3
143,7
CHC, %
2,27
2,19
2,28
1,95
2,52
2,54
2,24
2,41
P d tiu,
mgP/kg
53,72
62,99
56,63
33,25
NH4+, mg/kg
4,65
4,57
5,48
4,77
NO3-, mg/kg
9,45a
6,80ab
5,15b
5,65ab
K+ trao i,
meq/100g
Na + trao i,
meq/100g
EC, (S/cm)
10-15
Tng 20-40 cm
28
10-15
>15
Bng 3.2 cho thy c hai tng t, hu ht cc c tnh ha hc gia cc

tui cy l khng khc bit ngha thng k, ch c mt vi khc bit hm lng
Ca2+ trao i hai tng t, EC, m NO3- tng t mt v phn trm base bo
ha tng 20-40 cm. Nhn chung cc khc bit ny khng theo mt quy lut, tng
quan nht nh no vi tui cy. Nguyn nhn, do gi tiu lun bin ng m
ngi dn thng ch quan tm chm sc cy khi gi tiu tng cao, n khi gi tiu
rt xung thp th b i hoc rt t chm sc, lng phn bn cng khc nhau ty
theo nm, theo v nn lm cho c tnh t rt bt n. Mt khc, do c mi nm
nng dn li ph ln mt lip mt lp t mi nn tnh cht tng t lun thay i.
3.3 HIU QU PHN HU C TRN T TRNG TIU PH QUC
3.3.1 i vi ph nhiu t
Da vo kt qu phn tch v thng k c bng 3.2 cho thy hu ht cc
ch tiu khng khc bit c ngha v mt thng k c hai tng t tr hm lng
Ca2+ trao i tng 0-20 cm. iu ny cng ph hp vi nghin cu ca Dng
Minh Vin v ctv. (2007) v phn hu c vi sinh b bn ma trn t trng tiu ti
th trn Dng ng, huyn Ph Quc, sau mt nm th nghim cng kt lun
rng cha thy hiu qu phn hu c trong vic ci thin c tnh ha hc t.
Tuy cha khc bit ngha nhng trung bnh hm lng P d tiu cc
vn tiu t bn phn hu c c khuynh hng cao hn so vi cc vn c bn
phn hu c v c hai u mc kh cao. Kt qu iu tra cho thy nng dn u
bn P cao hn khuyn co nhng i vi nhng vn t bn phn hu c do thy
nng sut thp nn nng dn ch trng bn phn v c nhiu hn (kt qu iu tra
cho thy ch yu l phn DAP, NPK) ci thin nng sut m khng c kt qu,
c nh vy v lu di lm cho lng ln trong t tng ln ng k. a s h t ch
trng n vic cung cp K, Ca, Mg tr li cho t nn vn khng ci thin c
nng sut. Cng phi thy rng khi c bn phn hu c ph nhiu t c xu
hng c ci thin, r rng nu nh gi c th trn tng s liu trong bng 3.2
th c mt s ch tiu t c bn phn hu c l cao hn nh K+, Mg2+ trao i,
CEC, phn trm base bo ha, NO3-, pH, nhng khng nhiu lm nn khng khc
bit v ngha thng k.
Gii thch cho nhng kt qu ny l do lng phn hu c bn cn t (t 3-4
tn/ha) m nng dn thng bn phn hu c c trn ln vi t nn khi tnh ra
lng phn hu c nguyn cht l rt t. Mc khc, nng dn phn cha ng
cch v thi gian ly mu t qu xa thi gian bn phn, phn no dng cht khi
khong ha c cy trng thu ht. Ngoi ra do mu t c ly trn nhiu loi
t khc nhau lm cho s liu c lch chun rt ln nn kh thy c s khc
bit v mt thng k hm lng dng cht c trong hai nhm t c bn phn hu
29
c v t bn phn hu c cng nh s khc bit v dng cht gia hai tng t. Do

cn tin hnh thm nhng th nghim trn tng loi t, phn tch mu t, mu
cy v c mu phn thy r c hiu qu phn hu c trn t trng cy h tiu
Ph Quc.
Bng 3.3 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc trong t ca vn tiu c bn
phn hu c v t phn hu c c hai tng t
Tng 0-20 cm
Tng 20-40 cm
Ch tiu
t bn phn
hu c
C bn
phn hu c
t bn phn
hu c
K+ trao i, meq/100g
0,088
0,090
0,092
0,135
Na + trao i, meq/100g
0,050
0,058
0,073
0,071
Ca2+ trao i, meq/100g
0,597(*)
0,860(*)
0,910
0,850
Mg2+ trao i, meq/100g
0,266
0,303
0,290
0,367
CEC, meq/100g
3,05
3,36
3,41
3,36
Base bo ha, %
35,05
41,00
40,80
44,88
pH (H2O)
4,98
5,06
4,93
5,03
EC, (S/cm)
70,6
94,1
82,44
109,0
CHC, %
2,48
2,14
2,45
2,45
75.32
44,34
NH4+, mg/kg
4,82
4,85
NO3-, mg/kg
5,56
7,98
P d tiu, mgP/kg
C bn phn
hu c
(*) khc bit v mt thng k (T-TEST) mc ngha 5%, cn li l khng khc bit mc 5%
3.3.2 i vi nng sut cy tiu

Qua kt qu iu tra v phng vn nng dn cho thy cc vn t bn phn
hu c nng sut vn thp hn c bn phn hu c (hnh 3). T cho thy tuy
hm lng dng cht phn tch c trong t trng tiu c bn phn hu c v t
bn phn hu c l khng c khc bit ngha thng k nhng r rng n vn c
hiu qu i vi cy tiu. Mc d cha khc bit ngha nhng lng dng cht
chnh lch nh loi t c bn phn hu c so vi t t bn phn hu c cng
30
lm cho cy tiu pht trin u n, cn i hn, thu ht dng cht tt hn dn

n nng sut cao hn. Cng c th do phn hu c khong ha cung cp cho
cy mt lng nguyn t vi lng no (do ti khng c phn tch cc yu t
vi lng nn khng th a ra kt lun chnh xc v l do ny). Ngoi ra, cn
nguyn nhn cng rt quan trng na l c th do bn phn hu c vo t lm
cc c tnh vt l v sinh hc t khc nh hng n sinh trng v pht trin
ca cy tiu. Do , cn phi nghin cu thm v cc yu t vi lng, cc c tnh
vt l v sinh hc t thy c hiu qu ca phn hu c v a ra khuyn co
s dng hp l gip nng cao nng sut cy tiu v hiu qu kinh t cho ngi dn
trng tiu Ph Quc.
3,0
1,86a
Nng sut (kg/gc)
2,5
2,0
1,5
0,84b
1,0
0,5
0,0
t bn phn hu c
c phn hu c
Loi t
Hnh 3 Nng sut cy tiu trn hai nhm t c bn hu c v t bn phn hu c
31
CHNG 4 KT LUN V NGH

4.1 KT LUN
T nhng kt qu c th trn ba x trng im trng tiu Ph Quc, c th a ra
nhng kt lun chung cho hin trng t ai Ph Quc nh sau:
y l vng t c ph nhiu mc ngho. Ch EC v Na+ trao i mc
thp cha nh hng n cy trng, cn li a s cc ch tiu nh ch s ca
enzyme catalase, m hu dng (NH4+, NO3-), cation trao i K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
trao i, CEC, phn trm base bo ha, cht hu c, pH mc rt thp hoc
thp nh hng n sinh trng v pht trin ca cy tiu. Ring hm lng P
d tiu trong t thuc nhm giu P nu tip tc bn ln vi lng cao c th
gy mt cn bng dinh dng so vi cc dng cht khc.
Dinh dng tng t mt c khuynh hng b ra tri cc dng cht trong
t.
S dng phn hu c theo k thut ca nng dn cha gip ci thin ph
nhiu t. Tuy nhin, nng dn bn phn hu c vi lng cao gip ci thin
c nng sut cy tiu.
4.2 NGH
Cn phn tch thm cc yu t vi lng, c tnh vt l v sinh hc t, phn
tch c mu t, mu cy v mu phn thy r nh hng ca phn hu c
i loi t y.
Khuyn khch nng dn s dng phn hu c thay cho phn v c. Cn tin
hnh nhng th nghim c th v phn hu c trn tng loi t Ph Quc
khuyn co nng dn phn hu c ng cch, bn phn hu c vi liu lng
hp l v ng cch tng nng sut cy tiu, duy tr v nng cao ph nhiu
cho t.
Cn c bin php khuyn co nng dn bn phn hp l nhm cung cp
dng cht cn thit cho cy trng, trnh bn bn phn d tha v tng hiu qu
kinh t cho ngi dn.C chnh sch tp cho nng dn c thi quen s dng
phn hu c bn cho cy trng thay cho phn ha hc.
32
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36
PH CHNG
Thang nh gi hm lng K+ trao i trong t, meq/100g t (Kyuma, 1976)
K trao i (meq/100g t)
nh gi
< 0,125
Rt thp
0,126-0,250
Thp
0,251-0,650
Trung bnh
0,651-1,300
Kh
>1,301
Giu
Thang nh gi hm lng Na trao i trong t, meq/100g t Agricultural

Compendium (1989)
Na+ trao i (meq/100g t)
nh gi
<0,1
Rt thp
0,1-0,3
Thp
0,3-0,7
Trung bnh
0,7-2,0
Cao
>2,0
Rt cao
Thang nh gi hm lng Ca trao i trong t theo E.S. Marx.J.Hart & R.G

Steven (1999)
meqCa2+/100g t
nh gi
<5
Thp
5-10
Trung bnh
>10
Cao
Thang nh gi hm lng Mg trao i theo E.S. Marx.J.Hart & R.G Steven (1999)
meqMg2+/100g t
nh gi
<0.5
Thp
0,5-1,5
Trung bnh
>1,5
Cao
Thang nh gi t hm lng CEC trong t theo Landon (1984)

CEC (cmol(+)/kg)
nh gi
<5
Rt thp
5-15
Thp
15-25
Trung bnh
25-40
Cao
>40
Rt cao
Thang nh gi bo ha base trong t theo Agricultural Compendium (1989)

%
nh gi
<20
Rt thp
21-40
Thp
41-60
Trung bnh
61-80
Cao
81-100
Rt cao
Thang nh gi chua hin ti ca t, t l t:nc l 1:2,5 (Washington

University-tree Fruit research & Extention center, 2001)
pH
chua ca t
<5,0
Thp (low)
6,0-7,5
Ti ho (optimal)
>7,5
Cao (high)
Thang nh gi dn in EC, mS/cm theo Western Agricultural Laboratories

(2002)
EC
nh hng n cy trng
<0,4
Khng gii hn nng sut
0,4-0,8
Khng nh hng n cy trng
0,81-1,20
Mt s cy trng c nng sut gim
1,21-1,60
Nng sut phn ln cy trng b hn ch
1,61-3,20
Ch mt s cy trng mi chu ng c
>3,3
Ch mt vi loi cy trng
Thang nh gi cht hu c trong t, theo I.V. Chiurin (1972)

Cht hu c trong t ( %)
nh gi
<1,0
Rt ngho
1,1-3,0
Ngho
3,1-5,0
Trung bnh
5,1-8,0
Kh
>8,1
Giu
Thang nh gi hm lng ln d tiu trong t, phng php Olsen (Orgeon state

univercity extension service, 2004)
P (mgP/kg)
nh gi
<10
Thp
10-20
Trung bnh
20-40
Cao
>40
Rt cao
Thang nh gi hm lng NO3- trong t theo Agricultural Compendium (1989)

NO3- (mg/kg)
nh gi
<15
Rt thp
5-15
Thp
15-25
Trung bnh
25-35
Kh cao
35-50
Cao
>50
Rt cao
Thang nh gi hm lng NH4+ theo Chiurin v Kononova

NH4+ (mg/100g)
nh gi
<4
Ngho
4-8
Trung bnh
>8
Giu

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TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

NGUYN HNG GIANG

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----o0o---Xc nhn ca B mn Khoa hc t v QL v ti:

Do sinh vin Nguyn Hng Giang lp Khoa Hc t 31 thuc B Mn Khoa

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Do sinh vin Nguyn Hng Giang lp Khoa Hc t 31 thuc B Mn Khoa

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----o0o---Hi ng bo co lun vn tt nghip chng nhn bo co tt nghip vi ti:

KHO ST MT S C TNH HA HC T VN TRNG TIU

Do sinh vin Nguyn Hng Giang lp Khoa Hc t 31 thuc B Mn Khoa

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Nguyn Hng Giang

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Nguyn Hng Giang, 2009. Kho st mt s c tnh ha hc t vn trng tiu ti huyn

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DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1.1 Bn t nhin huyn o Ph Quc

Hnh 1.2 Bn t huyn o Ph Quc

Hnh 3 Nng sut cy tiu trn hai nhm t c bn hu c v t bn phn

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DANH SCH BNG

Bng 1.1 Hm lng mt s dng cht c trong mt tn ca cc loi

Bng 1.2 Thnh phn ha hc mt s loi phn chung (tnh theo %)

Bng 1.3 Liu lng phn bn cho mi gc tiu trong mt nm

Bng 3.1 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc trong t ca tt c

Bng 3.2 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc t theo cc

Bng 3.3 Trung bnh hm lng cc ch tiu ha hc trong t ca vn

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1.3.4 Calcium (Ca) ................................................................................................ 12

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2.2 X L S LIU ........................................................................................... 24

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CHNG 1 LC KHO TI LIU

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Hnh 1.1 Bn t nhin huyn o Ph Quc

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Ngun: phn vin quy hoch rng II (1997)

Hnh 1.2 Bn t huyn o Ph Quc

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V ti nguyn nc, o Ph Quc c h thng sng rch kh dy, mt

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hm lng mui trong t cao m trong t phn cng c do tc ng ca acid vo

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th kh nng phng thch cc cation kim mnh, lm cho t c ph nhiu cao,

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trng t, tng xp, tng cng cu trc t v lm tng tnh m ca t nh

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1.3.5 Magnesium (Mg)

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L Vn Khoa v ctv. (1996) cho rng: cht hu c trc ht l ngun cht

Phn chung ngu va

Than bn tng trn (m 70%)

Than bn tng di (m 70%)