Hanajemen

Kala Varajerer oerasa| dar| oarasa Perarc|s |uro menaemenr yarg rer||||| arl| ser|
re|a|sara|ar dar rergalur. Varajerer oe|ur rer||||| del|r|s| yarg rapar dar d|ler|ra
secara ur|versa|. Vary Par|er Fo||el r|sa|rya rerdel|r|s||ar rarajerer seoaga| ser|
rerye|esa||ar pe|erjaar re|a|u| orarg |a|r. 0el|r|s| |r| oerarl| oarWa seorarg rarajer
oerlugas rergalur dar rergarar|ar orarg |a|r urlu| rercapa| lujuar orgar|sas|

R|c|y w.
0r|ll|r rerdel|r|s||ar rarajerer seoaga| seouar proses perercaraar pergorgar|sas|ar
perg|oord|ras|ar dar pergorlro|ar suroer daya urlu| rercapa| sasarar (oa|s) secara
ele|l|l dar eles|er. Ele|l|l oerarl| oarWa lujuar dapal d|capa| sesua| dergar perercaraar
sererlara el|s|er oerarl| oarWa lugas yarg ada d||a|sara|ar secara oerar lerorgar|s|r
dar sesua| dergar jadWa|.
9mo|og
Kala rarajerer rurg||r oerasa| dar| oarasa lla||a (151) mane|are yarg oerarl|
rergerda|||ar lerulararya rergerda|||ar |uda yarg oerasa| dar| oarasa |al|r manus
yarg oeral| largar. Kala |r| rerdapal pergarur dar| oarasa Perarc|s manee yarg
oerarl| |eper||||ar |uda (yarg oerasa| dar| 8arasa lrggr|s yarg oerarl| ser|
rergerda|||ar |uda) d|rara |sl||ar lrggr|s |r| juga oerasa| dar| oarasa lla||a. 8arasa
Prarc|s |a|u rergadops| |ala |r| dar| oarasa lrggr|s rerjad| menaemenr yarg rer|||||
arl| sen| me|aksanakan oan menarur
$ejarah Perkembangan ||mu Hanajemen
8arya| |esu||lar yarg lerjad| da|ar re|aca| sejarar rarajerer. Narur d||elaru| oarWa
||ru rarajerer le|ar ada seja| r|ouar larur yarg |a|u. la| |r| d|ou|l||ar dergar adarya
p|rar|da d| Ves|r. P|rar|da lerseoul d|oargur o|er |eo|r dar| 100.000 orarg se|ara 20
larur. P|rar|da 0|za la| a|ar oerras|| d|oargur j||a l|da| ada seseorarglarpa
reredu|||ar apa seoular urlu| rarajer |el||a |luyarg rerercara|ar apa yarg rarus
d||a|u|ar rergorgar|s|r rarus|a serla oarar oa|urya rer|rp|r dar rergarar|ar para
pe|erja dar rerega||ar pergerda||ar lerlerlu gura rerjar|r oarWa sega|a sesualurya
d||erja|ar sesua| rercara
P|rar|da d| Ves|r. Peroargurar p|rar|da |r| la| rurg||r ler|a|sara larpa adarya
seseorarg yarg rerercara|ar rergorgar|sas||ar dar rerggera|ar para pe|erja dar
rergorlro| peroargurarrya.
Pra|l||-pra|l|| rarajerer |a|rrya dapal d|sa|s||ar se|ara larur 1100-ar d| |ola veres|a
lla||a yarg |el||a |lu rerjad| pusal pere|oror|ar dar perdagargar d| sara. Perdudu|
veres|a rergeroarg|ar oerlu| aWa| perusaraar o|sr|s dar re|a|u|ar oarya| |eg|alar
yarg |az|r lerjad| d| orgar|sas| roderr saal |r|. 3eoaga| corlor d| gudarg serjala
veres|a |apa| perarg d||urcur|ar separjarg |ara| dar pada l|ap-l|ap perrerl|ar oarar
oa|u dar la|| |ayar d|laroar|ar |e |apa| lerseoul. la| |r| r|r|p dergar rode| ||r| pera||lar
(assemo|y ||ne) yarg d||eroarg|ar o|er lerry Ford urlu| rera||l roo||-roo||rya. 3e|a|r
||r| pera||lar lerseoul orarg veres|a rer||||| s|sler pery|rparar dar pergudargar urlu|
rerarlau |s|rya rarajerer suroer daya rarus|a urlu| rerge|o|a arg|alar |erja dar
s|sler a|urlars| urlu| re|aca| perdapalar dar o|aya.
0ar|e| wrer reroag| evo|us| per|||rar rarajerer da|ar erpal lase ya|lu per|||rar
aWa| era rarajerer sa|rs era rarus|a sos|a| dar era roderer.

Pemkran awa| manajemen
3eoe|ur aoad |e-20 lerjad| dua per|sl|Wa perl|rg da|ar ||ru rarajerer. Per|sl|Wa
perlara lerjad| pada larur 1ZZ |el||a Adar 3r|lr rerero|l|ar seouar do|lr|r e|oror|
||as|| %e wea|r ol har|on. 0a|ar ou|urya |lu |a rergeru|a|ar |eurggu|ar e|oror|s
yarg a|ar d|pero|er orgar|sas| dar| peroag|ar |erja (o|v|s|on ol |aoor) ya|lu per|rc|ar
pe|erjaar |e da|ar lugas-lugas yarg spes|l|| dar oeru|arg. 0ergar rerggura|ar |rduslr|
paor|| per|l| seoaga| corlor 3r|lr rergala|ar oarWa dergar sepu|ur orargras|rg-
ras|rg re|a|u|ar pe|erjaar |rususperusaraar per|l| dapal rergras|||ar |urarg |eo|r
18.000 per|l| da|ar serar|. A|ar lelap| j||a sel|ap orarg oe|erja serd|r| rerye|esa||ar
l|ap-l|ap oag|ar pe|erjaar sudar sargal reoal o||a rere|a rarpu rergras|||ar sepu|ur
per|l| serar|. 3r|lr rery|rpu||ar oarWa peroag|ar |erja dapal rer|rg|al|ar
produ|l|v|las dergar (1) rer|rg|alrya |elerarp||ar dar |ece|alar l|ap-l|ap pe|erja (2)
rergreral Wa|lu yarg lerouarg da|ar pergarl|ar lugas dar (3) rerc|pla|ar res|r dar
pereruar |a|r yarg dapal rergreral leraga |erja.
Per|sl|Wa perl|rg |edua yarg rerergarur| per|eroargar ||ru rarajerer ada|ar
Revo|us| lrduslr| d| lrggr|s. Revo|us| lrduslr| rerarda| d|ru|a|rya pergguraar res|r
rerggarl||ar leraga rarus|a yarg oera||oal pada p|rdarrya |eg|alar produ|s| dar|
rurar-rurar reruju lerpal |rusus yarg d|seoul paor||. Perp|rdarar |r| rerga||oal|ar
rarajer-rarajer |el||a |lu reroulur|ar leor| yarg dapal reroarlu rere|a rerara||ar
perr|rlaar rerasl||ar cu|uprya persed|aar oarar oa|u reroer||ar lugas |epada
oaWarar rergarar|ar |eg|alar serar|-rar| dar |a|r-|a|r ser|rgga ||ru rarajarer ru|a|
d||eroarg|ar o|er para ar||.

ra manajemen |mah
Era |r| d|larda| dergar oer|eroargar per|eroargar ||ru rarajerer dar| |a|argar
|rs|ryurseperl| lerry ToWre Freder|c| w|rs|oW Tay|or Freder|c| A. la|sey dar
larr|rglor Erersor Varajerer ||r|ar alau da|ar oarasa lrggr|s d|seoul sc|erl|l|c
raragererl d|popu|er|ar o|er Freder|c| w|rs|oW Tay|or da|ar ou|urya yarg oerjudu|
Pr|rc|p|es ol 3c|erl|l|c Varagererl pada larur 1911. 0a|ar ou|urya |lu Tay|or
rerdes|r|ps||ar rarajerer ||r|ar ada|ar pergguraar relode ||r|ar urlu| rererlu|ar
cara leroa|| da|ar rerye|esa||ar sualu pe|erjaar. 8eoerapa peru||s seperl| 3leprer
Rooo|rs rergarggap larur lero|lrya ou|u |r| seoaga| larur |ar|rya leor| rarajerer
roderr.
lerry 0arll yarg perrar oe|erja oersara Tay|or d| V|dva|e 3lee| Corpary rerggagas
|de oarWa serarusrya seorarg rarpu rardor reroer| perd|d||ar |epada |aryaWarrya
urlu| oers|lal raj|r (|nousrr|ous ) dar |ooperal|l. la juga rerdesa|r seouar gral|| urlu|
reroarlu rarajerer yarg d|seoul seoaga| 0arll crarl yarg d|gura|ar urlu| rerarcarg
dar rergorlro| pe|erjaar.
Varajerer ||r|ar |erud|ar d||eroarg|ar |eo|r jaur o|er pasargar suar|-|slr| Frar| dar
L||||ar 0||orelr. Ke|uarga 0||orelr oerras|| rerc|pla|ar m|oromor|on yarg dapal rercalal
sel|ap gera|ar yarg d||a|u|ar o|er pe|erja dar |ararya Wa|lu yarg d|rao|s|ar urlu|
re|a|u|ar sel|ap gera|ar lerseoul.
Era |r| juga d|larda| dergar rad|rrya leor| adr|r|slral|l ya|lu leor| rergera| apa yarg
d||a|u|ar o|er para rarajer dar oaga|rara cara reroerlu| pra|l|| rarajerer yarg
oa||.Pada aWa| aoad |e-20 seorarg |rduslr|aWar Perarc|s oerrara lerry Fayo|
rergaju|ar gagasar ||ra lurgs| ulara rarajerer: rerarcarg rergorgar|sas|
rerer|rlar rergoord|ras| dar rergerda|||ar. 0agasar Fayo| |lu |erud|ar ru|a|
d|gura|ar seoaga| |erarg|a |erja ou|u ajar ||ru rarajerer pada perlergarar larur
1950 dar lerus oer|argsurg r|rgga se|ararg.3e|a|r |lu lerry Fayo| juga rergagas 11
pr|rs|p rarajerer yarg rerupa|ar dasar-dasar dar r||a| yarg rerjad| |rl| dar|
|eoerras||ar seouar rarajerer.
3uroargar perl|rg |a|rrya dalarg dar| ar|| sos||og| Jerrar Vax weoer. weoer
rerggaroar|ar sualu l|pe |dea| orgar|sas| yarg d|seoul seoaga| o|ro|ras|oerlu|
orgar|sas| yarg d|c|r||ar o|er peroag|ar |erja r|erar|| yarg d|del|r|s||ar dergar je|as
peralurar dar |elelapar yarg r|rc| dar sejur|ar ruourgar yarg |rpersora|. Narur
weoer reryadar| oarWa oerlu| o|ro|ras| yarg |dea| |lu l|da| ada da|ar rea||la. 0|a
rerggaroar|ar l|pe orgar|sas| lerseoul dergar ra|sud rerjad||arrya seoaga| |ardasar
urlu| oerleor| lerlarg oaga|rara pe|erjaar dapal d||a|u|ar da|ar |e|orpo| oesar.
Teor|rya lerseoul rerjad| corlor desa|r slru|lura| oag| oarya| orgar|sas| oesar se|ararg
|r|.
Per|eroargar se|arjulrya lerjad| pada larur 1910-ar |el||a Palr|c| 8|ac|ell re|ar|r|ar
||ru r|sel operas| yarg rerupa|ar |oro|ras| dar| leor| slal|sl||a dergar leor|
r||roe|oror|. R|sel operas| ser|rg d||era| dergar 3a|rs Varajerer rercooa
perde|alar sa|rs urlu| rerye|esa||ar rasa|ar da|ar rarajerer |rususrya d| o|darg
|og|sl|| dar operas|. Pada larur 191 Peler F. 0ruc|erser|rg d|seoul seoaga| 8apa|
l|ru Varajererrerero|l|ar sa|ar salu ou|u pa||rg aWa| lerlarg rarajerer lerapar:
Korsep Korporas| (onoepr ol re orporar|on). 8u|u |r| rurcu| alas |de A|lred 3|oar
(cra|rrar dar| 0erera| Volors) yarg rerugas|ar pere||l|ar lerlarg orgar|sas|

ra manusa sosa|
Era rarus|a sos|a| d|larda| dergar |ar|rrya rarzao per||a|u (oeav|ora| sooo|) da|ar
per|||rar rarajerer d| a|r|r era rarajerer ||r|ar. Varzao per||a|u l|da| rerdapal|ar
perga|uar |uas sarpa| larur 1930-ar. Kala||s ulara dar| |e|ar|rar rarzao per||a|u
ada|ar serarg|a|ar slud| pere||l|ar yarg d||era| seoaga| e|sper|rer laWlrrore.
E|sper|rer laWlrrore d||a|u|ar pada larur 1920-ar r|rgga 1930-ar d| Paor|| laWlrrore
r|||| weslerr E|eclr|c Corpary wor|s d| C|cero l||ero|s.Kaj|ar |r| aWa|rya oerlujuar
rerpe|ajar| pergarur oeroaga| racar l|rg|al pererargar |arpu lerradap produ|l|v|las
|erja. las|| |aj|ar rerg|rd||as||ar oarWa lerryala |rserl|l seperl| jaoalar |ara jar |erja
per|ode |sl|raral raupur upar |eo|r sed|||l pergarurrya lerradap oulpul pe|erja
d|oard|rg|ar dergar le|arar |e|orpo| perer|raar |e|orpo| serla rasa arar yarg
reryerla|rya. Pere||l| rery|rpu||ar oarWa rorra-rorra sos|a| alau slardar |e|orpo|
rerupa|ar pererlu ulara per||a|u |erja |rd|v|du.
Korlr|ous| |a|rrya dalarg dar| Vary Par|er Fo||el. Fo||ell (188-1933) yarg rerdapal|ar
perd|d||ar d| o|darg l||osol| dar ||ru po||l|| rerjad| ler|era| sele|ar rerero|l|ar ou|u
oerjudu| rear|ve Exper|enoe pada larur 1921. Fo||el rergaju|ar sualu l||os|l| o|sr|s yarg
rergulara|ar |rlegras| seoaga| cara urlu| rergurarg| |orl||| larpa |orpror| alau
dor|ras|. Fo||el juga percaya oarWa lugas seorarg per|rp|r ada|ar urlu| rererlu|ar
lujuar orgar|sas| dar rerg|rlegras||arrya dergar lujuar |rd|v|du dar lujuar |e|orpo|.
0ergar |ala |a|r |a oerp|||r oarWa orgar|sas| rarus d|dasar|ar pada el||a |e|orpo|
dar|pada |rd|v|dua||sre. 0ergar der|||ar rarajer dar |aryaWar serarusrya rerardarg
d|r| rere|a seoaga| r|lra ou|ar |aWar.
Pada larur 1938 Cresler 8arrard (188-191) reru||s ou|u oerjudu| %e Funor|ons ol
re Exeour|ve yarg rerggaroar|ar seouar leor| orgar|sas| da|ar rarg|a urlu|
rerargsarg orarg |a|r rerer||sa s|lal s|sler |operas|. Ve||ral peroedaar arlara rol|l
pr|oad| dar orgar|sas| 8arrard rerje|as|ar d||oloror| ele|l|l-el|s|er.
Verurul 8arrard ele|l|v|las oer|a|lar dergar percapa|ar lujuar dar el|s|ers| ada|ar
sejaur rara rol|l-rol|l |rd|v|du dapal lerpuas|ar. 0|a rerardarg orgar|sas| lorra|
seoaga| s|sler lerpadu d| rara |erjasara lujuar oersara dar |orur||as| rerupa|ar
e|erer ur|versa| sererlara pada orgar|sas| |rlorra| |orur||as| |e|orpa|ar dar
pere||raraar perasaar rarga d|r| |eo|r d|ulara|ar. 8arrard juga rergeroarg|ar leor|
perer|raar olor|las d|dasar|ar pada gagasar oarWa oos rarya rer||||| |eWerargar
j||a oaWarar rerer|ra olor|las |lu.

ra moderen
Era roderer d|larda| dergar rad|rrya |orsep rarajerer |ua||las lola| (rora| qua||ry
manaemenrT0V) d| aoad |e-20 yarg d|per|era||ar o|er oeoerapa guru rarajerer
yarg pa||rg ler|era| d| arlararya w. EdWards 0er|rg (1900-1993) ard Josepr Jurar
(|ar|r 1901).
0er|rg orarg Arer||a d|arggap seoaga| 8apa| Korlro| Kua||las d| Jeparg.0er|rg
oerperdapal oarWa |eoarya|ar perrasa|arar da|ar |ua||las ou|ar oerasa| dar|
|esa|arar pe|erja re|a|r|ar s|slerrya. la rere|ar|ar perl|rgrya rer|rgal|ar |ua||las
dergar rergaju|ar leor| ||ra |arg|ar rea|s| oerarla|. la oerperdapal o||a |ua||las dapal
d|l|rg|al|ar (1) o|aya a|ar oer|urarg |arera oer|urargrya o|aya peroa||ar sed|||lrya
|esa|arar r|r|rrya perurdaar dar perarlaalar yarg |eo|r oa|| alas Wa|lu dar
raler|a|; (2) produ|l|v|las rer|rg|al; (3) rar|el srare rer|rg|al |arera per|rg|alar
|ua||las dar rarga; (1) prol|lao|||las perusaraar per|rg|al ser|rgga dapal oerlarar da|ar
o|sr|s; (5) jur|ar pe|erjaar rer|rg|al. 0er|rg rergeroarg|ar 11 po|r rercara urlu|
rer|rg|as pergajararrya lerlarg per|rg|alar |ua||las.
Korlr|ous| |edua dalarg dar| Josepr Jurar. la reryala|ar oarWa 80 perser cacal
d|seoao|ar |arera la|lor-la|lor yarg seoerarrya dapal d||orlro| o|er rarajerer. la
reruju| pada pr|rs|p parelo. 0ar| leor|rya |a rergeroarg|ar lr||og| rarajerer yarg
rerasu||ar perercaraar |orlro| dar per|rg|alar |ua||las. Jurar rergusu||ar
rarajerer urlu| rer|||r salu area yarg rerga|ar| |orlro| |ua||las yarg ouru|. Area
lerseoul |erud|ar d|ara||s|s |erud|ar d|oual so|us| dar d||rp|ererlas||ar.
%eor manajemen
Hanajemen |mah
Varajerer ||r|ar |erud|ar d||eroarg|ar |eo|r jaur o|er pasargar suar|-|slr| Frar| dar
L||||ar 0||orelr. Ke|uarga 0||orelr oerras|| rerc|pla|ar r|crorol|or yarg dapal rercalal
sel|ap gera|ar yarg d||a|u|ar o|er pe|erja dar |ararya Wa|lu yarg d|rao|s|ar urlu|
re|a|u|ar sel|ap gera|ar lerseoul.0era|ar yarg s|a-s|a yarg |upul dar| pergaralar rala
le|arjarg dapal d||derl|l||as| dergar a|al |r| urlu| |erud|ar d|r||arg|ar. Ke|uarga 0||orelr
juga reryusur s|era ||as|l||as| urlu| reroer| rara lujur oe|as gera|ar largar dasar
(seperl| rercar| rerggerggar reregarg) yarg rere|a seoul Trero||gs (dar| rara
|e|uarga rere|a 0||orelr yarg d|eja leroa||| dergar rurul r lelap). 3|era lerseoul
rerurg||r|ar |e|uarga 0||orelr rergara||s|s cara yarg |eo|r lepal dar| ursur-ursur
sel|ap gera|ar largar pe|erja.
3|era |lu rere|a dapal|ar dar| pergaralar rere|a lerradap cara peryusurar oalu oala.
3eoe|urrya Frar| yarg oe|erja seoaga| |orlra|lor oargurar rereru|ar oarWa
seorarg pe|erja re|a|u|ar 18 gera|ar urlu| rerasarg oalu oala urlu| e|sler|or dar 18
gera|ar juga urlu| |rler|or. Ve|a|u| pere||l|ar |a rergr||arg|ar gera|ar-gera|ar yarg
l|da| per|u ser|rgga gera|ar yarg d|per|u|ar urlu| rerasarg oalu oala e|sler|or
oer|urarg dar| 18 gera|ar rerjad| 5 gera|ar. 3ererlara urlu| oalu oala |rler|or |a
rergurarg| secara drasl|s dar| 18 gera|ar r|rgga rerjad| 2 gera|ar saja. 0ergar
rerggura|ar le|r||-le|r|| 0||orelr lu|arg oa|u dapal |eo|r produ|l|l dar oer|urarg
|e|e|ararrya d| pergrujurg rar|.
Pendeka9an kuan99a91
Perde|alar |uarl|lal|l ada|ar pergguraar sejur|ar le|r|| |uarl|lal|lseperl| slal|sl||
rode| opl|ras| rode| |rlorras| alau s|ru|as| |orpulerurlu| reroarlu rarajerer
da|ar rergaro|| |epulusar. 3eoaga| corlor perrograrar ||rear d|gura|ar para
rarajer urlu| reroarlu rergaro|| |eo|ja|ar perga|o|as|ar suroer daya; ara||s|s ja|ur
|r|l|s (r|r|oa| Par /na|ys|s) dapal d|gura|ar urlu| reroual perjadWa|ar |erja yarg |eo|r
eles|er; rode| |uarl|las pesarar e|oror| (eoonom|o oroer quanr|ry mooe|) reroarlu
rarajer rererlu|ar l|rg|al persed|aar opl|rur; dar |a|r-|a|r.
Pergeroargar |uarl|lal|l rurcu| dar| pergeroargar so|us| raleral||a dar slal|sl||
lerradap rasa|ar r|||ler se|ara Perarg 0ur|a ll.3ele|ar perarg oera|r|r le|r||-le|r||
raleral||a dar slal|sl||a yarg d|gura|ar urlu| rerecar|ar persoa|ar-persoa|ar r|||ler
|lu d|lerap|ar d| se|lor o|sr|s. Pe|oporrya ada|ar se|e|orpo| perW|ra r|||ler yarg d|ju|u||
wr|z K|ds.Para perW|ra yarg oergaourg dergar Ford Volor Corpary pada perlergarar
1910-ar |r| rerggura|ar relode slal|sl|| dar rode| |uarl|lal|l urlu| rerperoa|||
pergaro||ar |epulusar d| Ford.