Internet Fundamentals

 Contact Information:
 John Anthony Rose, PhD (Associate Professor)
 APU Institute of Information Communication Technology
 Office Address: B-414
 Phone: x4414
 E-mail: jarose@apu.ac.jp
 Web-page: under construction.
 Texts and References
 Our Primary Texts
 ‘Internet & World Wide Web: How To Program’, 3rd Ed.
 Authors: H. M. Deitel, P. J. Deitel, and A. B. Goldberg
 Publisher: Pearson Education (2004)
 ISBN (Int’l Standard Book Number): 0-13-145091-3
 ‘HTML for the World Wide Web’, 5th Ed. (Elizabeth Castro)
 Publisher: Peachpit Press (2003 ）
 ISBN: 0-321-13007-3

 Other Text Resources:

 ‘Learning Web Design: A beginners guide to HTML, Graphics, and
Beyond ’, 2nd Ed, (Jennifer Niederst)
 Publisher: O’Reilly (2003)
 ISBN: 0-596-00484-2

 ‘HTML for Dummies’ (E. Tittel and S. E. James)

 Wiley (1997), ISBN: 0-7645-0214-X
Course Syllabus (2007 Spring Q2)
 A. Introduction to the Internet and the Web
 Lecture 1: Introduction to the Internet
 Lecture 2: The Netscape Internet Browser

 B. XHTML
 Lecture 3: Introduction to XHTML
 Lecture 4: Design Fundamentals; XHTML Lists
 Lecture 5: HTML Formatting; Simple Tables
 Lecture 6: Web Page Division and Organization; Complex Tables
 Lecture 7: Image Maps and Frames
 Midterm Exam (In Class) and Final Project Assignment (1st Half).
 C. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
 Lecture 8: Introduction to CSS: Creating Styles
 Lecture 9: Applying Styles: Internal and External Style Sheets
 Lecture 10: Formatting with Styles I: Font Properties
 Lecture 11: Formatting with Styles II: Text Properties
 Lecture 12: Layout with Styles I: Flow and Positioning
 Lecture 13: Layout with Styles II: The Box Model
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Final Exam and Final Project Due (Both 1st and 2nd Halves).
Course Evaluation (Grading)

 The final grade (100%) will be awarded using the following

criteria for evaluation:
 Attendance: 20%
 Please come to every class.
 Mid-Term Exam (In Class): 　 30%
 After Lecture 7
 Final Project (Personal Web-page): 15%
 Due during Exam Week
 Final Exam (In Class): 35%
 Note: The above schedule and weights are tentative.
Course Methodology
 Lecture materials will be distributed at the beginning of each
class,
 Followed by the Lecture…
 Where possible, examples will be presented with figures.
 Each class is 95 minutes. After each lecture-period:
 students will be provided time for practice (as time permits).
 For a total of 95 minutes (lecture + practice)
 Teaching Assistants (TAs) will be available to answer questions
during the practice period.
 Note: substantial practice and work beyond the class period
WILL be required.
Miscellaneous Instructions
 Students should bring their own data storage devices:
 Necessary for storing work:
 USB 2.0 Flash Memory
 64 MB or higher
 Windows XP Compatible

 CD-RW
 650 or 700 MB

 Floppy Disk
 3.5’, 1.4 MB

 These can be purchased at the

APU Book Store.
Lecture 1 – Introduction to the
Internet
 Some Web Resources for Ch.1
 www.wikipedia.org
 The freely available on-line Encyclopedia, ‘Wikipedia’
 Provides comprehensive discussions of Internet and WWW topics;
 Available in 10 languages!

 www.deitel.com
 The web-site of one of our primary texts.
 This site provides various resources…

 netforbeginners.about.com
 The About.com Internet for Beginners Guide
 History and workings of the Internet and World Wide Web.

 www.learnthenet.com/english/index.html
 The Learn the Net Website
 Contains a complete overview of the Internet and the WWW.
The Internet (‘The Net’)
 This course will be focused on the World Wide Web (WWW)…
 Specifically, in the creation of web documents (XHTML, CSS).
 But first, let’s talk about the Internet…
 Which provides the underlying basis for the Web.

 The Internet is a publicly accessible, world-wide network of

computer networks
 This is a Cooperative Effort:
 No single company owns the Internet;
 The Net Achieves a Virtual Network:
 The illusion of a single network.
 Achieved by governing information transfer by rules and standards.
A Brief History of the Net
 The Net has a D.O.D. origin
 DARPA: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 ARPANET: The ‘Grandfather’ of the Internet
 The first node (computer) was operational on Oct 29, 1969
 Big unexpected benefit: Electronic Mail (e-mail).
 Use quickly became peaceful…
 One Primary Goal of ARPANET:
 Allow many users to send/receive information along the same
phone lines…
 Rules (‘protocol’) for communicating on ARPANET:
 Became known as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Information exchanged in small units = packets
 Exchange by ‘packet-switching’…
 Packets from many users all mixed together;
 Replaces dedicated lines between senders and receivers.
 Drastically lowers costs.
 TCP ensures correct, intact delivery of each packet.
The Internet Protocol
 As the Net evolved…
 Organizations world-wide began implementing their own
networks;
 Both intranets (within each organization)
 And internets (between organizations).
 Using a wide variety of hardware/software
 Big Challenge:
 develop a set of rules allowing them ALL to communicate!
 To achieve smooth packet travel, these rules must:
 Provide a unique address for each computer on the Net.
 Be communicable to all computers on the Net.

 This set of rules is called the Internet Protocol (IP).

 The combined set of protocols: TCP/IP
 ＴＣＰ operates ‘on top of’ ＩＰ .
 The first TCP/IP Network:
 National Science Foundation: USFNet (Jan. 1, 1983)
 Internet Increasing Exponentially
 At first, the Internet was used mostly by National
Labs/Universities…
 However, the military began large-scale use;
 Also, the Government eventually allowed commercial use.

 Growth since then has been monitored.

 See figure…
 Growth is Exponential…
(Note the log scale)
 Dec, 2003: > 108 clients.
 Jan, 2006: > 109 clients!

 Old worry: Net will become saturated!

 …and performance will decline.
 However, the reverse is actually true:
 Businesses need to optimize intranet
performance. Thus…
 Information carrying capacity (bandwidth)
has increased tremendously.
The World Wide Web (WWW)
 The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990
 By Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (Switzerland)
 This system allows users to view multimedia-based documents:
 Text, Graphics, etc.
 Use of the Web exploded in 1993…
 With creation of the ‘Mosaic’ web-browser by the NCSA
 The National Center for Supercomputing Applications
 Mosaic featured a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 The WWW is a publicly-accessible, world-wide network of

documents
 Thus, the Web is not the same as the Internet.
 Rather, the Web is a service, that operates ON the Internet.

 In this course, our focus is on the Web…

 Specifically, we will focus on creation of Web documents:
 Mainly via XHTML and CSS (possibly a little JavaScript).
 But first, let’s briefly discuss how the Web works.
Some Basic WWW Terms
 The Web is the combination of 4 simple ideas:
 Hypertext:
 the ability to move within or between documents, through
internal connections (hyperlinks);
 Resource Identifiers:
 the ability to locate a particular resource (computer, printer, etc)
on a network…
 Via Universal Resource Locators (URLs)
 more on this next lecture.
 The Client-Server model of Computing:
 Client software/computers make requests for resources (data)
 A program called a Web Browser.
 Server software/computers provide the requested resources.
 Markup Language:
 Characters included within the text indicate how the text should
be formatted…
 HTML = Hypertext Markup Language
How the Web Works
 These 4 ideas work together on the Web, as follows:
1. A Client program (browser) requests information from a Server;
 e.g., a Web-page or a file.
 Service provided by an Internet Service Provider (ISP)

2. The Server is identified using its Network Address;

 From the Server part of the information’s URL.
 Accomplished by a special server:
 A Domain Name System (DNS) server.

3. The requested information is quickly returned to the client.

4. The Browser displays the returned information…
 Typically on a computer screen.
5. The Markup Language controls how the retrieved text is displayed.
 As a Web Page, integrating all text, images, links, etc, as directed.

 Hyperlinks in the Web Page then allow page-to-page travel…

 Often called web ‘surfing’.

 Web pages are often grouped into structured units, or Web-

sites.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
 In 1994, Tim Berners-Lee founded the W3C
 Mission: to develop non-proprietary technology for the Web.
 Non-proprietary = Freely accessible to everyone.
 Primary Goal: Establish Universal Web accessibility,
 Regardless of language, culture, or ability.
 Thus, W3C is the Web’s ‘United Nations’.

 Another Goal: Web Standardization:

 Establish standard technologies for uniform Web use:
 ‘Recommendations’.
 Some examples:
 HTML – Hypertext Markup Language (‘legacy’ tech.: out-dated)
 XML – Extensible Markup Language
 XHTML – Extensible Hypertext Markup Language
 CSS – Cascading Style Sheets
 We will discuss all of these, in the coming lectures.
 Visit W3C Web-page, at: http://www.w3.org
Conclusion
 In this Lecture, we have introduced:
 The Internet:
 A world-wide network of computers
 The World Wide Web:
 A world-wide network of documents…
 and the relationship between these two terms.
 Along with brief discussions of:
 Internet protocols for communication (TCP/IP);
 Basic Web Functionality.

 In the next Lecture, we continue our discussion…

 With a detailed tour of a popular Internet Browser: Netscape.
 A tool for Web Browsing.
 We will then discuss various other Web services:
 Electronic mail (e-mail)
 Instant Messaging
 …And become familiar with the differences between the various
browsers.
Task for Today
 Open the Internet Browser, Netscape 7.2:
 Then, visit each of our suggested web resources:
 The Web Encyclopedia, Wikipedia
 Our textbook’s web-site (Deitel.com).
 The About.com Internet for Beginners Guide
 The Learn the Net Website

 Also visit the Web page of the WWW consortium.