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Introduction
Different certificates
Certificates o VHF: restricted operator o SRC: Short Range Certificate o ROC: Restricted Operator Certificate o LRC: Long Range Certificate o GOC: General Operator Certificate VHF & SRC => pleasure craft ROC & GOC => merchant marine Valid for 5 years

VHF equipment
Non-portable Portable (obligatory in lifeboat)

General
International regulations
Convention of ITU (International Telecommunication Union) Radio regulation Genve SOLAS European Regulations BIPT (Belgisch Instituut voor Postdiensten en Telecommunicatie)

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VHF range
Limited to line of sight direct path Used for o Intraship o Ship to ship o Ship to shore

Authority
Master of ship responsible for use of equipment Equipment must be licensed Operators must have appropriate certificate

Radio equipment
Certificate o Ships name registration o Call sign o MMSI o List all equipment o Used channels Legislation o Original certificate must be available o Sanctions according to national law o Secrecy of communication

Equipment
Power
Fixed VHF: 6 25 W Reduced power: 0,5 1 W o Can be demanded o Not on distress urgency security channels Portable VHF: 0,1 1 W

Dual watch
Listening watch on two channels with one radio Changes every 2,5 s for very short time to channel 16 Transmission found on 16, stays Triple watch & multiple watch also possible

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GSM phones
Global System for Mobile communications Increased use worldwide Not instead of VHF o Insufficient coverage o Line in use / network saturated => emergency calls not privileged o Call only between 2 o Direct contact with approaching help not possible o Positioning & localisation is difficult o Network saturated => can be blocked o Connection can be impossible o Battery can be dead

Portable radios
Walkie talkie Emergency => channel 16 Normal use => channel 15 & 17 According to national laws

Conformity
If conform => certificate On board SOLAS vessels

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Frequencies
Between 156 162 MHz Power 15 25 W => range 30 Power 1 W => range 6 7 Range depends on numerous factors Use of electromagnetic waves defined by o Frequency Grouped in 8 bands

o Wave length o Speed Duplex o Channel with 2 frequencies o Possible simultaneously listen & speak o Requires 2 frequencies Semi-duplex o For ship no difference with simplex o Requires 2 frequencies Simplex o Changing from sending to receiving with OVER o Requires 1 frequency

VHF-DSC
Digital Selective Call Easily sending of distress alert Information easily transmitted GMDSS certificated required

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Channels VHF-band
Channel 06
First international ship-to-ship channel Belgium: used by pilots

Channel 08
First Belgian ship-to-ship channel

Channel 13
Used worldwide as navigation safety communication channel Normally monitored by commercial vessels if danger of collision exists Watch on channel 13 when underway English communication

Channel 16
Emergency channel Priority on other messages May be used to call coastal stations Watch on channel 16 when underway Preferably in English Distress & urgency messages after alert via DSC channel 70

Channel 15 & 17
Intra-ship communication

Channel 23
Communication with yachting ports

Channel 27
Oostende radio

Channel 67
SAR Can also be used for anti-pollution purposes

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Channel 70
DSC channel Listening watch on channel 70 After alert, communication on channel 16 VHF radios without DSC => channel 70 blocked

Channel 73
Anti-pollution

Channel 75 & 76
Protection channel 16 Limited communication Reduced power

Channel 77
Social & familial communication Reduced power

Channel 82
Bunkering operations

Channel 87H & 88H

AIS

Use of VHF
Procedures
Messages regarding safety, navigation or traffic information Listen before transmitting

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Discipline
Absolute minimum of communication Procedures followed Short sentences, speaking clearly & slowly Professional calls Channel 77 for private calls PTT used to absolute minimum Transmission kept at minimum No music broadcasted

Instructions from a shore station

Construction must be followed o Request radio silence o Reduce power output o Listening watch on specific channel In emergency instructions disregarded => notice after emergency

Reception confirmation
On request, reception of message should be confirmed

Identification
Name Call sign Name & call sign

Language
Ship shore: language of country of shore station / English Ship ship: language of country of receiving vessel / English

Spelling
NATO phonetic alphabet

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Priority
Sequence o Distress MAYDAY By captains orders Serious risk & immediate response required Not participating stations radio silence Reception confirmed MAYDAY RELAY Station in distress leads communication o Urgency PAN PAN No imminent risk Preferably sent on channel for shipping information o Security SECURITE Danger regarding safety of navigation / meteorology o Routine Each call start with announcement of type of call Test calls o No other communication transmitted / received o Reduced to minimum o Maximum of 10s o TEST o Test all radios o Self test

Specific communication at sea

Watch
For all ships with radio equipment Listening watch on channel 16

Public radio communication

Telephone call on public channels Also telegrams & faxes Accounting Authority Identification Code Service offered by fewer stations Oostende Radio still offers that service

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AIS
Automatic Identification System Automatic exchange navigational data between ships / ship shore Max power 25 W Radio positioning system Plotting on ECDIS &/or radar Equipment o Antenna o VHF transmitter o 2 VHF receivers o DSC channel 70 receiver o Internal GPS receiver Static data o MMSI o IMO number o Identity (name & call sign) o Length & beam o Type of ship o Location positioning fixing antenna Dynamic data o Position o UTC o COG o SOG o Heading o Navigation status Voyage-related data o Draught o Hazardous cargo o Destination & ETA Type of messages o Short safety-related o Free o CPA & TCPA alarm Modes o Autonomous (= continuous operation in all areas) o Assigned (= data transmission interval remotely controlled) o Polled (= in response top interrogation) Channels 87B & 88B Can be switched off Advantages with radar o Information provided in near real-time o Instant presentation of target course alternations o Not subject to target swap, loss in clutter, loss due to fast maneuvers o Detect ships within VHF coverage

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ALRS
General
Admiralty List of Radio Signals By UKHO 6 volumes Yearly publications Covering all aspects of maritime communication Updated via Notices to Mariners

Volume 1
Coast radio stations NP 281 Contents o GMDSS o Maritime stations listing o Ship reporting systems o Piracy & robbery reporting procedures o Shore based MMSI numbers

Volume 2
Radio aids to navigation, satellite navigation systems, radio time signals & electronic position fixing systems NP 282 Contents o Radar beacons o DGPS stations o International times o Electronic positioning fixing systems o

Volume 3
Maritime Safety Information services NP 283 Contents o Maritime weather services o Listing NAVTEX stations o MSI broadcasts o

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Volume 4
Meteorological observation stations NP 284 Contents o All MET observation stations listed o Worldwide coverage o Revised every 18 months

Volume 5
GMDSS NP 285 Contents o Worldwide communication for distress & SAR o GMDSS information for students o Only SOLAS compliant for GMDSS in English o

Volume 6
Pilot services, VTS & port operations NP 286 Contents o Detailed pilot information o Global VTS information o Harbour communications o