PCuSlnC

C8Cu3
1LAM MLM8L8S
CPAnu8ASLkPA8 !AuAv
kl8An kAM8LL
8ASPLLn 8A8u
18u1l SPlnuL
8LnlkA AnAnu
Cun!An CAu8Av
#1hlrLy years ago our ma[or emphasls was
Lransferred from Lhe physlcal envlronmenL Lo
Lhe lndlvldual 1oday we musL shlfL our gaze
from Lhe lndlvldual back Lo Lhe envlronmenL
buL ln a broader sense Lo Lhe whole soclal
and economlc envlronmenL ln whlch Lhe
lndlvldual llves and moves and has hls belng"
CLA Wlnslow (1941)
#Lveryone has Lhe rlghL Lo a sLandard of llvlng
adequaLe for Lhe healLh and wellbelng for
hlmself and of hls famlly lncludlng food
cloLhlng houslng and medlcal care and
necessary soclal servlces and Lhe rlghL Lo
securlLy ln Lhe evenL of unemploymenL slckness
dlsablllLy wldowhood old age or oLher lack of
llvellhood ln clrcumsLances beyond hls conLrol"
uolvetsol ueclototloo of nomoo klqbts Attlcle 25
ptoclolmeJ by tbe uolteJ Notloos Ceoetol Assembly oo
uecembet 10 1948
ueflnlLlon of houslng WPC
1he World PealLh CrganlzaLlon deflnes
houslng as a home (a shelLer) a house (a group
of people llvlng under Lhe same roof) a
nelghbourhood (an lmmedlaLe envlronmenL) and
a communlLy (people llvlng ln Lhe same area)
AdequaLe houslng ls affordable physlcally safe
sLable spaclous and locaLed ln a seLLlng LhaL
allows for meanlngful work and communlLy
parLlclpaLlon AdequaLe houslng
also provldes opporLunlLles or
freedom and expresslon
#Pouslng" lncludes four elemenLs each of whlch
plays an lmporLanL role ln Lhe quallLy of llfe and
overall wellbelng of lndlvlduals and households
1) Lhe house Lhe physlcal sLrucLure lLs deslgn and
characLerlsLlcs
2) Lhe home Lhe soclal and psychologlcal aspecLs
of Lhe house
3) Lhe nelghbourhood Lhe lmmedlaLe physlcal
area around Lhe house and home
4) Lhe communlLy Lhe soclal characLerlsLlcs and
range of lmporLanL servlces ln a nelghbourhood
Housing is a basic need and like any basic human need will be constantly
in demand
As per 2
nd
HABITAT conIerence in Istanbul ( 1996 ) , United Nations
Member States deIines ' housing :
Adequate shelter ~ more than a rooI over one`s head
. Includes adequate space , privacy , security , structural stability and
durability , water supply , sanitation , waste management ....
It necessarily includes suitable environmental quality and health related
Iactors
Adequacy determined together with the people concerned, It depends on
speciIic cultural, social, environmental, and economic Iactors gender-
speciIic and age-speciIic Iactors.
1 A home percelved as safe palce LhaL provldes
ma[or psychosoclal beneflLs
lL represenLs a proLecLed refuge from Lhe
ouLslde world enables Lhe developmenL of a
sense of ldenLlLy and aLLachmenL as an
lndlvldual or as a parL of a famlly and provldes
a space Lo be oneself
Any lnLruslon of exLernal facLors or sLressors
sLrongly llmlLs Lhls feellng of safeLy lnLlmacy
and conLrol Lhereby reduclng Lhe menLal and
soclal funcLlon of Lhe home
Inadequate dwe|||ng Lrlgger many of Lhe
dlrecL healLh effecLs due mould growLh
lndoor alr polluLlon lack of hyglene and
sanlLaLlon amenlLles
Cn Lhe sLrucLural slde Lhe quallLy and Lhe
deslgn of Lhe dwelllng are responslble for
poLenLlal safeLy LhreaLs Lhe soclal
funcLlonallLy of Lhe dwelllng and Lhe degree
of llmlLaLlon for resldenLs wlLh physlcal
handlcaps
also lnfluenced by oLher nonhouslng facLors
crowdlng and nolse exposure are also relaLed
Lo Lhe deslgn and layouL of Lhe dwelllng
Lhe nommun|ty covers a range of healLh
relevanL aspecLs
Lxamples healLh effecLs wlLh soclal aeLlology
whlch sLrongly depend on educaLlon
socloeconomlc characLerlsLlcs or eLhnlc
composlLlons of Lhe people bulldlng a
communlLy wlLhln a nelghbourhood or a clLy
quarLer
lnally Lhe |mmed|ate hous|ng env|ronment has an
lmpacL on healLh Lhrough Lhe
quallLy of urban deslgn
oorly planned or deLerloraLed resldenLlal areas ofLen
lacklng publlc servlces greenery playgrounds and
walklng areas have been assoclaLed wlLh lack of
physlcal exerclse lncreased prevalence of obeslLy
cognlLlve problems ln chlldren and a loss of Lhe ablllLy
Lo soclallse
ln addlLlon currenL urban plannlng Lrends such as
urban sprawl lead Lo an lncreased dependence on
lndlvldual LransporLaLlon lncreaslng polluLlon and
nolse exposure and endangerlng or lsolaLlng Lhe mosL
vulnerable populaLlon groups such as chlldren Lhe
elderly or people wlLh funcLlonal llmlLaLlons
Pouslng and Puman needs A
Comprehenslve ramework
ueslgns of low lncome houslng
ueflnlLlons
Pousehold A group of persons normally
llvlng LogeLher and Laklng food from a
common klLchen consLlLuLed a household
1he members of a household mlghL or mlghL
noL be relaLed by blood Lo one anoLher
uwelllng unlL A accommodaLlon avalled of by
a household for lLs resldenLlal purposes lL
mlghL be enLlre sLrucLure or a parL Lhereof or
conslsL of more Lhan one sLrucLure
ConLd
ucca A sLrucLure whose walls and roof were
made of pucca maLerlal such as cemenL
concreLe oven burnL brlcks hollow
cemenL/ash brlcks sLone sLone blocks
meLals asbesLos cemenL wood plywood eLc
kaLcha sLrucLure 1he sLrucLure whose wall
and roof boLh are made of non pucca
maLerlal
conLd
unservlceable kaLcha unservlceable kaLcha
sLrucLure ls Lhe sLrucLure wlLh LhaLched walls and
LhaLched roof
Servlceable kaLcha A kaLcha sLrucLure oLher
Lhan Lhe
unservlceable kaLcha ls servlceable kaLcha
Semlpucca A sLrucLure whlch could noL be
classlfled as a pucca or a kaLcha sLrucLure as per
deflnlLlon ls semlpucca Such sLrucLure had
elLher Lhe wall or Lhe roof buL noL boLh made of
pucca maLerla
ConLd
Llvlng 8oom A room wlLh floor area of aL
leasL 4 square meLre a helghL of aL leasL 2
meLres from Lhe floor Lo Lhe hlghesL polnL ln
Lhe celllng and used for Lhe llvlng purpose A
bedroom slLLlng room prayer room dlnnlng
room servanL room meeLlng Lhe slze crlLerlon
are consldered aL llvlng room A room used ln
common for llvlng purpose and as klLchen or
sLore was also consldered as llvlng room
Cbsolescence facLor ercenLage of households
llvlng ln Lhe dwelllng unlLs havlng age 4080 years
and are ln bad condlLlon and percenLage of
households llvlng ln all sLrucLures aged 80+ years
lrrespecLlve of condlLlon of sLrucLure Laken
LogeLher
CongesLlon facLor ercenLage of households ln
whlch aLleasL one couple ls noL havlng a separaLe
room Lo llve ln 1hls lncludes Lhe households ln
whlch couples are sharlng Lhe room wlLh 10+ age
member of Lhe household
lndla An Cvervlew
1210 mllllons populaLlon (2011)
1764 growLh raLe of populaLlon ln lasL decade
ln rural and urban areas was 1218 and 3180
respecLlvely
ShorLage of houslng ln urban areas has lncreased
from 104 mllllon ln 1991 Lo 133 mllllon ln 2001
Slum Lo urban populaLlon 33
Annual populaLlon growLh
raLes urban3 Slum2
Pouslng shorLage for All
lndla(urban)census of lndla 2001
nouseho|ds (Mn) SS
2 AccepLable Pouslng SLock 3093
21 ucca 4117
22 Seml ucca 808
23 Servlceable kuLcha 170
3 Lxcess of PPs over Pouslng SLock
(1 2)
488
4 CongesLlon facLor () of hhs 332
41 CongesLlon ln hhs(Mn) 197
3 Cbsolescence facLor () of hhs 360
31 Cbsolescence (Mn) 201
6 upgradaLlon of kuLcha (Mn) (23) 170
7 1oLal Pouslng ShorLage(3+41+31+6) 1036
ensus
ears
nCUSLn
CLDS
(m||||on)
1ota|
nous|ng
Ston
(Mn)
unn
a
(Mn)
Sem|
unna
(Mn)
kutnh
a
Serv|ne
Ab|e
(Mn)
1991 149 1330 644 490 196
1971 191 1830 1180 433 233
1981 293 2800 1809 680 311
1991 407 3930 2979 621 330
2001 338 3093 4117 808 170
Age of the
nouse
ond|t|on of nouse
Cood SaLlsfacLory 8ad
1 12 03 o3(13)
1 3 48 20 09(117)
3 10 123 123 16(74)
1020 161 132 28(87)
20 40 93 119 30(124)
40 60 24 43 13(1623)
60 80 06 14 04(167)
80+ 03 10 04(210)
All Ages 474 417 107(107)
Pouslng SLandards
nous|ng hea|th promot|ng fantor
SlLe elevaLed from surroundlngs
SeL 8ack open space for venLllaLlon and llghL
loor should be pucca
Walls should have low heaL capaclLy weaLher reslsLanL
aL leasL 9 lnch Lhlck
8oof should noL be less Lhan 10 feeL ln helghL(3m)
8ooms should noL be less Lhan 2
Wlndows every room should be provlded wlLh aL leasL 2
wlndows
klLchensanlLary prlvybaLhroom waLer supply eLc
LPC 1947
Pouslng and PealLh
#@be coooectloo betweeo beoltb ooJ tbe
Jwellloqs of tbe popolotloo ls ooe of tbe most
lmpottoot tbot exlsts lorence nlghLlngale
As houslng and healLh ls always affecLed by a
varleLy of facLors assesslng Lhe lmpacL of houslng
condlLlons on healLh ls a complex sub[ecL
1here ls a sLrong relaLlonshlp beLween poor houslng
and followlng condlLlons
8esplraLory lnfecLlons 1uberculosls lnfluenza
Common cold bronchlLls whooplng cough eLc
Skln lnfecLlons Scables leprosy rlngworm
Pouslng and PealLh (ConLd)
ArLhropods Pouseflles mosqulLoes bugs eLc
8aL lnfesLaLlon lague
AccldenLs A subsLanLlal
proporLlon of accldenLs caused by defecLs ln
houslng
sychosoclal effecLs musL noL be lgnored eg
Sense of lsolaLlon felL by persons llvlng ln upper
floors of hlgh bulldlngs crowdlng assoclaLed wlLh
psychologlcal dlsLress excesslve lndoor
LemperaLure llnked wlLh lrrlLablllLy and soclal
lnLolerance
lssues regardlng houslng
Pouslng problems LhaL lmpacL on healLh
can arlse for flve maln reasons
houslng ls noL approprlaLely deslgned
houslng ls poorly locaLed
houslng ls noL secure
houslng ls noL affordable
houslng cannoL be accessed aL
all
Why arLlclpaLlon ln houslng deslgn
lmplemanLaLlon malnLalnance
lrsLly lL ls seen as an end ln lLselfpeople
have Lhe rlghL and duLy Lo parLlclpaLe ln
pro[ecLs whlch affecL Lhelr llves
Secondly for pragmaLlc reasons as lL ls Lhe
way Lo produce beLLer pro[ecL resulLs
1hlrdly lL can be seen as a selfgeneraLlng
acLlvlLy whlch has an educaLlon effecL and can
enhance Lhe emergence of self rellanL and
cooperaLlve communlLles
art|n|patory Se|fne|p nous|ng ro[ent for an Ind|genous ommun|ty |n
Ind|a by Dr handraant ur|
ShelLer ls consldered Lo be Lhe baslc need of a human belng varles ln
quallLy and quanLlLy malnly due Lo economlc facLors
Pouslng ls one of Lhe ma[or concerns ln lndla especlally for Lhe
marglnallsed llke lndlgenous Lrlbal communlLles
1hough Lhere have been some CovernmenL efforLs Lo address Lhe lssue lL ls
ofLen observed LhaL CovernmenL houslng programs for rural/Lrlbal areas
fall
ln order Lo glve an alLernaLlve Lo Lhe CovernmenL houslng pro[ecL 'lndlra
Awas ?o[ana' a houslng pro[ecL was deslgned and lmplemenLed by a group
of professlonals for Lhe prlmlLlve Lrlbal communlLy called kaLkarl 1hls
pro[ecL ls known as Lhe 'Selfhelp Pouslng ro[ecL' ( 1994 1993 )
1he orlglnal ldea came from rofessor ur v C anwalkar former head of Lhe
ueparLmenL of urban and 8ural CommunlLy uevelopmenL aL Lhe 1aLa
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences ('1lSS') Mumbal
1he pro[ecL ls Lhe ouLcome of Lhe efforLs of a mulLldlsclpllnary Leam where
communlLy parLlclpaLlon was a key facLor wlLh Lhe prlnclple 'the greater
the nommun|ty part|n|pat|on the greater the susta|nab|||ty'
esons fa||ure of the Government hous|ng snheme for tr|ba| nommun|t|es
A lack of communlLy lnvolvemenL ln Lhe pro[ecL
1he deslgn of Lhe houslng was noL flnallsed wlLh conslderaLlon of Lhe needs of Lhe
Lrlbes and Lhelr llfesLyle As a consequence people were noL very comforLable ln
Lhose houses
CorrupLlon aL lmplemenLaLlon level
oor consLrucLlon quallLy
afLer Lhrough research Lhe Leam felL Lhere was a need Lo modlfy Lhe houslng deslgn
Lhrough a sysLem whlch a||owed the peop|e themse|ves to des|gn the|r own
'dream house'
lnsLead of obLalnlng funds from oLher sources Lhls new deslgn of houslng prepared
by Lhe Lrlbal people and archlLecLs ln consulLaLlon was approved by CovernmenL
auLhorlLles and Lhe funds were made avallable by Lhe CovernmenL Lo lmplemenL
Lhe flrsL experlmenLal houslng aL Lwo Lrlbal hamleLs aL Mulshl kaLkarwadl and uand
kaLkarwadl 1he LoLal houses Lo be consLrucLed numbered 180 Mr k S vaLsa an
lndlan AdmlnlsLraLlve Servlce ('lAS') offlcer who was worklng as an AddlLlonal 1rlbal
Commlssloner for Lhls area (and Lherefore was a key CovernmenL represenLaLlve)
also Look keen lnLeresL and supporLed Lhe experlmenL and conducLed followup aL a
bureaucraLlc level
key and Innovat|ve Aspents of the ro[ent
CommunlLy lnvolvemenL was fundamenLal Lo Lhe process of
plannlng deslgn lmplemenLaLlon and monlLorlng lncludlng Lhe
necessary declslons surroundlng locaLlon and layouL CommunlLy
members were also lnvolved ln purchaslng Lhe houslng maLerlal
eople conLrlbuLed 20 of Lhe LoLal cosL ln Lhe form of subsldlsed
labour and worked on Lhelr own houses Lo uLallze locally avallable
subsLances or plasLerlng Lhey used mud and cow dung
1he houslng pro[ecL creaLed [ob opporLunlLles aL a local level for Lhe
perlod of lmplemenLaLlon le for nlne monLhs whlch helped
mlnlmlse Lhe raLe of mlgraLlon Lo oLher parLs of Lhe SLaLe of
MaharashLra wlLh Lhelr famllles ln search of work
Local houslng Lechnology was used Lo repalr any damages occurrlng
aL a laLer daLe hence Lhere was no exLernal dependency and
people became more selfsufflclenL ln houslng repalr Lechnlques
Pouses were LradlLlonal ln Lhe sense of layouL and modern ln
consLrucLlon Lechnlque
1he roness
A mulLldlsclpllnary Leam whlch lncluded communlLy organlsers
archlLecLs CovernmenL represenLaLlves and communlLy
members Lhemselves deslgned Lhe pro[ecL Lhrough
communlLy meeLlngs and prepared Lhe deslgn lncorporaLlng
key elemenLs of a LradlLlonal house wlLh modern lnnovaLlons
ueslgns were LradlLlonal ln layouL ln accordance wlLh Lhe needs
of Lhe people and modern ln consLrucLlon Lechnlques 1he
karvl (sLlcks) whlch are LradlLlonally used were reLalned buL
Lhe lengLh was reduced by half and a Lhree fooL brlck wall
was used as per kaLkarl LradlLlon so Lhere was a sLrong sense
of malnLenance of LradlLlon
SusLalnablllLy ln order Lo make a susLalnable lmpacL measures
were Laken from Lhe lnlLlal sLages so LhaL communlLles
Lhemselves could look afLer Lhe pro[ecL ln Lhe fuLure
Pow dld communlLy goL lnvolved?
8ole of Cavkls (vlllage Councll) lnlLlally lL was made very
clear LhaL all declslons regardlng Lhe pro[ecL wlll be Laken by
Cavkl a vlllage councll whlch looks afLer Lhe day Lo day affalrs
of Lhe communlLy A sLrong aspecL of Lhe pro[ecL was Lo make
Lhls vlllage councll sLronger so LhaL lL can Lake care of Lhe
problems aL Lhe local level vlllage Counclls were cenLral ln
declslonmaklng and Lhe pro[ecL sLrengLhened Lhelr
leadershlp capaclLy
Leadershlp developmenL ln Lhe process Lhe agency
organlsed varlous ongolng Lralnlng programs for LradlLlonal
and youLh leadershlp developmenL wlLh Lhe alm of Lralnlng
parLlclpanLs ln susLalnlng Lhe pro[ecL afLer lLs formal
LermlnaLlon 1he focus of Lhe Lralnlng was Lo creaLe a sense of
responslblllLy for Lhelr own developmenL
ConLd
vlllage Counclls were cenLral ln declslonmaklng and
Lhe pro[ecL sLrengLhened Lhelr leadershlp capaclLy
ormaLlon of youLh groups ln each parLlclpaLlng
vlllage promoLed leadershlp acqulslLlon of new skllls
and [ob opporLunlLles
CreaLlon of womens groups and Lhelr lncluslon as
[olnL owners of Lhe new houslng enabled gender
senslLlve lssues Lo be addressed
Lndemlc corrupLlon was mlnlmlzed Lhrough close
parLlclpaLlon of Lhe beneflclarles
Youth MandaIs - Youth mandals were formed for the youths of both
the hamlets. The various responsibilities of village development were
taken up by them. They played a key role in the housing project and
construction work, in maintaining the houses andspreading the
technology used for this project. Some of them who had learnt various
skills during the process of implementation of this project are today
working as skilled labourers. This project thus converted many
unskiIIed Iabourers into a skiIIed Iabour force
Women's groups - Women's groups were also developed and made
partners in the housing project. Their views were especially
considered in the designing and planning of the project. Some
aspects like smokeless chullahs were introduced along with kitchen
gardens in-keeping with their health needs. Gender sensitisation
workshops were organised for both men and women. Ownership
rights were in the name of both women (first name) and men to break
stereotypes.
1he Cutnome
180 famllles are llvlng ln Lhese houses hence Lhe problem of
shelLer for Lhese famllles was solved permanenLly
1he CovernmenL accepLed Lhe alLernaLe deslgn for Lhe Lrlbal
communlLy houslng whlch means Lhe pro[ecL made an lmpacL on
pollcy
1here was no corrupLlon hence Lhe 8lC LLSSCn Lo Lhe CovernmenL
LhaL Lhe houslng pro[ecL can be lmplemenLed wlLhouL corrupLlon
amlly was consldered a unlL for developmenL 1hls pro[ecL was
lmplemenLed along wlLh Lhe Lconomlc Selfrellance ro[ecL where
Lhe overall need for susLenance was consldered
1hls pro[ecL has creaLed hope among Lhe oLher fellow Lrlbal
communlLles resulLlng ln a poslLlve aLLlLude Lowards
developmenLal lnlLlaLlve
Also helped reduce Lhe mlgraLlon raLe lmpacLlng on boLh Lhelr llfe
and llvellhood and leadlng Lowards Lhelr hollsLlc developmenL
1he Selfhelp Pouslng ro[ecL was nomlnaLed for Lhe World PablLaL
Award 1996
Crganlzlng CommunlLy8ased 8eseLLlemenL and
8econsLrucLlon
A good reconsLrucLlon sLraLegy engages communlLles and
helps people work LogeLher Lo rebulld Lhelr houslng Lhelr
llves and Lhelr llvellhoods
And CommunlLybased approaches requlre a somewhaL
dlfferenL programmlng flow LhaL beglns wlLh moblllzlng soclal
groups and communlLles and havlng Lhe communlLy conducL
lLs own assessmenL
Case sLudy
2006 !ava LarLhquake lndonesla
1he 2006 !ava earLhquake wlLh a magnlLude of 63 on Lhe 8lchLer
scale was neverLheless an enormously desLrucLlve evenL
Cver 330000 resldenLlal unlLs were losL and 3760 persons were
kllled mosL from Lhe collapse of nonenglneered masonry
sLrucLures uslng lessons learned from Lhe Lsunaml
experlence and resources from Lhe ongolng urban overLy
ro[ecL (u) Lhe lndoneslan governmenL was able Lo
respond qulckly and efflclenLly
CommunlLy lnvolvemenL
aclllLaLors were recrulLed and vlllages elecLed boards of
LrusLees whlch laLer were lnsLrumenLal ln organlzlng
communlLy meeLlngs and supervlslng lmplemenLaLlon
key acLlvlLles
(1) ldenLlfylng beneflclarles and prlorlLlzlng Lhe mosL vulnerable
(2) esLabllshlng houslng groups of 1013 famllles who chose
Lhelr leaders and a Lreasurer
(3) developlng deLalled plans Lo use Lhe consLrucLlon granLs for
each group
(4) openlng group bank accounLs and
(3) obLalnlng approval of plans dlsbursemenL ln Lranches and
group procuremenL consLrucLlon and bookkeeplng
rocedure
1ralnlng was provlded Lo communlLy members and local
workers Lo ensure earLhquakereslsLanL consLrucLlon
CommunlLles conducLed selfsurveys prepared LhemaLlc
maps analyzed needs and dlsasLer rlsks agreed on
prlorlLy programs and esLabllshed procedures for
operaLlons and malnLenance
CranLs for lnfrasLrucLure were also dlsbursed ln Lranches
Lhrough Lhe selecLed bank as work progressed
An adequaLe undersLandlng of rules and a sense of
ownershlp by Lhe communlLy were essenLlal Lo ensurlng
good LargeLlng and plans accounLablllLy and soclal
conLrol of lmplemenLaLlon
1he lnvolvemenL of women lncreased accounLablllLy and
enhanced Lhe approprlaLeness of Lechnlcal soluLlons
Munarslh 36 ls a moLher of Lwo chlldren Per husband Arl Warsono ls a seasonal
farm laborer 1ogeLher wlLh Lhelr chlldren Lhey have survlved Lhe earLhquake LhaL
sLruck CenLral !ava ln May 2006
Slnce ebruary 2007 Munarslh her 11yearold daughLer 10yearold son and her 73
yearold moLher have moved from a makeshlfL LenL Lo llve ln a 1She|ter house
prov|ded by the ooperat|ve
nous|ng Ioundat|on (nI) Internat|ona|
Pers ls a 323x6meLer house proved Lo be anLlearLhquake ralnfall proLecLlve and
provlded securlLy and comforL Lo her whole famlly
She and her husband assembled Lhe house Lhemselves wlLh some maLerlals and
halfassembled
houslng frames provlded by Lhe CP
When she saw her husband plannlng Lo assemble Lhelr LranslLlonal house
So she asked her husband Lo make a 2x3 meLer space avallable for her ln fronL of
Lhe house
now Munarslh has a place Lo sell her homecooked rlce meals and oLher
assorLmenLs of snacks
When hoplng Lo llve ln a permanenL house one day Munarslh says she plans Lo
sLay ln Lhelr 1ShelLer house for as long as posslble
#1hls ls a house we wlll always remember"
8esulLs
ermanenL houses for approxlmaLely 8000 benelflclery
famllles ln 60 vlllages ls under consLrucLlon
1he !8 has provlded more Lhan 2300 earLhquakeaffecLed
famllles wlLh safe and durable LranslLlonal houslng Lhrough
Lhls pro[ecL
629 houslng groups formed and used Lhe communlLydrlven
declslonmaklng process Lo ldenLlfy vulnerable households
develop communlLy seLLlemenL plans and carry ouL
consLrucLlon Lralnlng programs
More Lhan 123 km of vlllage roads resLored Lo condlLlons
beLLer Lhan before Lhe dlsasLers 30km of reLalnlng walls
6000 waLersupply faclllLles and 200 sanlLaLlon faclllLles have
been resLored
1097 communlLy cenLers one healLh cenLer and one markeL
rehablllLaLed based on approved communlLy plans
1992 loods aklsLan
norLhern aklsLan's caLasLrophlc floods ln 1992 were
aLLrlbuLed Lo largescale deforesLaLlon ln mounLalnous
waLersheds and led evenLually Lo governmenL lmposlng a ban
on commerclal harvesLlng of foresLs
AfLer Lhe floods A11An a local nCC
lnLroduced a number of measures LhaL
speclflcally addressed women's lssues ln Lhe
dlsasLer recovery process
emale rellef workers were engaged Lo assess Lhe
needs of women afLer Lhe floods and Lo lnvolve
Lhem ln Lhe plannlng lmplemenLaLlon and
rehablllLaLlon acLlvlLles
Local women were reglsLered as heads of Lhelr
households Lo help ensure efflclenL dlsLrlbuLlon
of rellef food vlllage women's organlzaLlons were
esLabllshed (ln parallel wlLh men's groups) Lo
arLlculaLe women's needs and Lo Lake
responslblllLy for communlLy developmenL
1hese groups also provlded a forum for dlscusslng women's
vlews regardlng Lhe deslgn and layouL of new houses As a
resulL women became acLlvely lnvolved ln reconsLrucLlon
acLlvlLles LaLer women were made responslble for collecLlng
money Lo repay loan lnsLallmenLs on Lhe houses Some
women also parLlclpaLed ln consLrucLlon LradlLlonally a male
acLlvlLy erhaps mosL lmporLanL A11An lnLroduced Lhe
concepL LhaL marrled couples should own houses [olnLly
CommunlLy lnlLlaLlvefor low lncome
group
A study of 1A1A Nano nous|ng ro[ent
Lnhann|ng and |mprov|ng the qua||ty of ||fe at the bottom of
the Ind|an nonsumer pyram|d
8esldenLlal properLles ln Lhe prlce brackeL of 8s
3/ Lo 8s 13/ lacs
empowerlng Lhe Lower lncome Croup wlLh a
home along wlLh a communlLy llfe whlch ls parL
of a SusLalnable lnLegraLed Creen uevelopmenL
nea|th and edunat|on program at our nonstrunt|on s|tes
for the overa|| we|| be|ng
by provldlng supporL and concenLraLlng on areas llke
hyglene sanlLaLlon medlcal ald meal and educaLlon Lo Lhe
sLaffs aL consLrucLlon slLe
Ne|ghborhood deve|opment and progress
SusLalnable lnLegraLed Creen 1ownshlp LhaL ls economlcally
vlable brlng economlc beneflLs Lo Lhe reglon ln Lhe form of
revlLallsaLlon / re[uvenaLlon pro[ecLs slum removal
developlng economlc secLors successfully Lhrough
exLended opporLunlLy for employmenL for Lhe people
planLaLlon vermlculLure horLlculLure and household work
ln ad[acenL houslng complex
Infrastrunture deve|opment of the eg|on
rallways plannlng Lo exLend Lhe WesLern rallway
neLwork Llll uahanu 8oad by !uly 2010 and addlLlonal
llnes belng lald aL sLaLlons beLween vlrar and uahanu
Lhe demographlcs offered by 8olsar creaLe an exclLlng
opporLunlLy for people across Lhe counLry Lo lnvesL
here
eople now llvlng ln and around vasal and vlrar can
mlgraLe Lo Lhe newly connecLed suburbs such as 8olsar
boLh Lo work and Lo llve ln cheaper beLLer houses 1hls
wlll also reduce congesLlon ln exlsLlng areas
Case sLudyfor LolleL lncluslon ln
houslng
My llfe would lmprove lf a LolleL ls consLrucLed # or Lhe flrsL 40 years of her llfe karmaben 8akhya Ahlr
had no ldea whaL a LolleL was unLll Lhe day she happened Lo use one aL a bus sLop near her vlllage 1haL
Loo would have remalned a cherlshed memory buL for her son's declslon Lo consLrucL one year laLer ln
Lhelr house ln 8halloL vlllage kuLcch dlsLrlcL Cu[raL AfLer years of urlnaLlng defecaLlng ln sand poLs
home or Lrudglng Lo nearby flelds ln Lhe wee hours always polsed Lo flee ln case men came by
karmaben flnally has a LolleL ln her house She ls now 73Marrled off aL 10 karmaben has slnce llved ln
8haloL when her husband a small farmer dled 10 years ago hls landholdlng was dlvlded among hls
Lhree sons karmaben now llves wlLh hls youngesL son Menandbhal daughLer ln law ualben flve
grand chlldren Menendbhal dropped afLer prlmary school dalben had never been Lo school however
Lhe eldesL daughLer PasmlLa (12) aLLends Lhe vlllage school WlLh hls annual lncome of 8s 40000 (uS$920)
Menendbhal managed Lo consLrucL a punna 2 room house ln place of Lhe ancesLral unhha house When
he was Lold Lhe agencles of Lhe Aga khan developmenL neLwork (Akun) were consLrucLlng sanlLaLlon
lnfrasLrucLure ln hls vlllage as a parL of Lhe Luropean commlsslon funded mulLl secLor rehablllLaLlon and
reconsLrucLlon programme (MS88) ln kuLchh he declded Lo add a LolleL and baLhroom Lo Lhe house aL
cosL of 8s8000 karmaben's exclLemenL knew no bounds She Lold her son # My llfe would lmprove lf a
LolleL ls consLrucLed #
or mosL rural women wlLhouL access Lo a LolleL Lhere ls absoluLely no prlvacy whlch ls especlally needed
durlng mensLruaLlon
ConLd
regnancy ls yeL anoLher challenge unLll Lhe lasL
day of her pregnancy ualben made her way Lo
Lhe foresL Lo relleve herself accompanled by
karmaben Lhls was lmposslble afLer chlldblrLh
so she used a sand poL lnslde Lhe house earller
as a new brlde ln an unfamlllar household
ualben was Loo embarrassed Lo Lell anyone LhaL
she wanLed Lo aLLend Lhe call of naLure so she
would requesL one of her slsLer ln law Lo escorL
her Lo foresL wlLh a boLLle of waLer Lo clean
herself secreLed somewhere on her person lesL
noLlced
WhaL does havlng a LolleL ln house mean Lo Lhese
women ? lL means Lhe world really no longer do Lhey
have Lo walk a mlle Lo Lhe nearby foresL aL dawn Lo
defecaLe no longer do Lhey have Lo endure Lhe
humlllaLlon of belng spoLLed by men no longer do
Lhey have Lo undergo Lhe agony of resLralnlng
Lhemselves for hours on end nor pray for Lhe ralns Lo
cease so Lhey can go ouL lnsLead of urlnaLlng ln a mud
poL for karmaben and oLher women llke her Lhe
healLh beneflLs havlng a LolleL are lncldenLal ar more
lmporLanL ls Lhe access prlvacy and above all dlgnlLy
LhaL one provldes
CommunlLy lnlLlaLlvefor low lncome
group
A study of 1A1A Nano nous|ng ro[ent
Lnhann|ng and |mprov|ng the qua||ty of ||fe at the bottom of
the Ind|an nonsumer pyram|d
8esldenLlal properLles ln Lhe prlce brackeL of 8s
3/ Lo 8s 13/ lacs
empowerlng Lhe Lower lncome Croup wlLh a
home along wlLh a communlLy llfe whlch ls parL
of a SusLalnable lnLegraLed Creen uevelopmenL
nea|th and edunat|on program at our nonstrunt|on s|tes
for the overa|| we|| be|ng
by provldlng supporL and concenLraLlng on areas llke
hyglene sanlLaLlon medlcal ald meal and educaLlon Lo Lhe
sLaffs aL consLrucLlon slLe
Ne|ghborhood deve|opment and progress
SusLalnable lnLegraLed Creen 1ownshlp LhaL ls economlcally
vlable brlng economlc beneflLs Lo Lhe reglon ln Lhe form of
revlLallsaLlon / re[uvenaLlon pro[ecLs slum removal
developlng economlc secLors successfully Lhrough
exLended opporLunlLy for employmenL for Lhe people
planLaLlon vermlculLure horLlculLure and household work
ln ad[acenL houslng complex
Infrastrunture deve|opment of the eg|on
rallways plannlng Lo exLend Lhe WesLern rallway
neLwork Llll uahanu 8oad by !uly 2010 and addlLlonal
llnes belng lald aL sLaLlons beLween vlrar and uahanu
Lhe demographlcs offered by 8olsar creaLe an exclLlng
opporLunlLy for people across Lhe counLry Lo lnvesL
here
eople now llvlng ln and around vasal and vlrar can
mlgraLe Lo Lhe newly connecLed suburbs such as 8olsar
boLh Lo work and Lo llve ln cheaper beLLer houses 1hls
wlll also reduce congesLlon ln exlsLlng areas
8arrlers
8y emphaslzlng Lhe deslrablllLy and Lhe poLenLlal of
communlLy parLlclpaLlon frequenLly aL a pro[ecL level of
analysls Lhe soclopollLlcal conLexL ofparLlclpaLlon ls
lnsufflclenLly Laken lnLo accounL
Lhere are ofLen conLradlcLory assumpLlons abouL Lhe
meanlng of parLlclpaLlon (8aLley 1983) or example
Lhe meanlngs may vary from Lhe developmenL of
pollLlcal consclousness and organlzaLlon Lhrough Lhe
experlence of lnvolvemenL ln a CovernmenL pro[ecL Lo
Lhe consulLaLlon of seLLlemenL organlzaLlons ln Lhe
lnlLlal declslons abouL pro[ecL deslgn and ob[ecLlves
lL may be clear LhaL ln pracLlce Lhe varlous acLors lnvolved ln
communlLy parLlclpaLlon have dlfferenL and ofLen
conLradlcLory lnLeresLs for example Lhe unwllllngness of a
governmenL Lo confer some power on Lhe slum dwellers
where slum upgradlng ls concerned 1he varlous acLors may
Lherefore lmpllclLly dlsagree on Lhe preclse meanlng of
communlLy parLlclpaLlon or on Lhe way lL should be
lmplemenLed
CommunlLy arLlclpaLlon
arLlclpaLlon ls dlfflculL buL
necessary(Anzorena1980)
CfLen elLher absenL ln governmenL pro[ecLs or
presenL ln such a fashlon LhaL lL can be asked
whaL communlLy parLlclpaLlon lnfacL lL ls?
racLlce of parLlclpaLlon ls accompanled by
opLlmlsm or slncere bellef ln lLs poLenLlal
8uL poLenLlal or paradox??
ALCLL CLn18Lu PCuSlnC 8C!LC1
ln18CuuCLu ln 2003lLC1 8C!LC1
1) CommunlLybased sLrengLhen (role of) communlLy
organlzaLlon/savlngs group/cooperaLlves
2) CommunlLy plannlng Lhrough people's parLlclpaLlon
3) rovlde noL only a houslng pro[ecL buL a 'home' ln Lhe aLmosphere
of sLrong and secure communlLy solldarlLy
4) Learnlng A Lralnlng ground for Leam bulldlng and Leamwork ln Lhe
communlLy collaboraLlon and Leamwork
3) PollsLlc hyslcal envlronmenL soclal envlronmenL communlLy
welfare
As of !uly 2008 Lhere were 336 ro[ecLs ln 1108 communlLles coverlng 37319
households naLlonwlde Many good pracLlces of Lhe pro[ecL have been
publlclsed
1he case sLudy presenLed ls Laken as a lesson learned
ALCLL CLn18Lu PCuSlnC 8C!LC1
ln 2003 CommunlLy A an urban squaLLer was selecLed as one of Lhe
plloL pro[ecLs eople ln Lhe communlLy agreed (noL unanlmously) Lo
demollsh Lhelr squaLLer houses for a 'nonslumllke' and 'sLandard' house
1he communlLy housed 131 households of whlch 77 households were
orlglnal dwellers and 30 household are exLended households and
anoLher 24 LenanL households
AlmosL half worked ln Lhe lnformal secLor
1o be ellglble for Lhe pro[ecL each household musL have aL leasL 20000
bahL (330 uS $) savlngs ln Lhe savlngs group whlch was founded and laLer
Lransformed lnLo Pouslng CooperaLlves
1hree phases of consLrucLlon scheduled Lo flnlsh aL Lhe end of 2003
Lach phase was admlnlsLered by a commlLLee enLrusLed by communlLy
members and were sub[ecLed Lo exLernal scruLlny Lo assure
effecLlveness/Lransparency??????
Some communlLy members who could noL manage Lo save due Lo
lnconslsLency of lncome had Lo leave
1PL MAklnC C CCMMunl1? A
ounded before 1971
Lnlarged ln 1983 as a resulL of slum relocaLlon from
World 1rade CenLer (8angkok)
lrsL savlngs group ln 1993 buL laLer dlssolved
1993 lghL agalnsL demollLlon flrsL exerclse
1996 Llnked wlLh uAnCLu
1998 Llnked wlLh Soclal lnvesLmenL und
2001 Llnked wlLh LSCA
2003 SelecLed as a plloL pro[ecL a 'mllesLone' for Lhe
communlLy
ALCLL CLn18Lu PCuSlnC 8C!LC1
hase l and ll flnlshed ln 2003
Pomeowners had Lo borrow exLra money as money from Lhe
cooperaLlves was noL sufflclenL
ComplalnLs of unexplalnable hlgh expenses from consLrucLlon
CommunlLy leaders were belleved have vesLed lnLeresLs ln Lhe
acqulslLlon of consLrucLlon maLerlals
CooperaLlves (communlLy leaders) were accused of lack of
Lransparency and mlsmanagemenL of money ulvldend was noL pald Lo
cooperaLlve members
Pomeowners have Lo pay for renL (of Lhe land) and Lhe monLhly hlred
purchase paymenL 1hls was never Lhe case before
unable Lo cope wlLh lncrease flnanclal burden some communlLy
members declded Lo wlLhdraw from Lhe pro[ecL Some consldered Lo
follow sulL
ALCLL CLn18Lu PCuSlnC 8C!LC1
ConsLrucLlon ln Lhe 3
rd
hase was suspended slnce 2006 due Lo problems
from blueprlnLs and Lransparency
rospecLlve homeowners (3
rd
hase) were ln much more dlfflculL
slLuaLlon 1hey had Lo pay for renL (as Lhe old houses were already
demollshed) 1here were also paymenL for hlredpurchase of Lhe new
house and Lhe debLs
eople were proud of Lhe new houslng seLLlemenL beLLer physlcal
envlronmenL and legal condlLlons Powever Lhere were negaLlve remarks
as people sLruggled Lo flnd money Lo bulld Lhe house and ended up
resorLlng Lo loan sharks
under Lhese cloudy clrcumsLances Lhe slLuaLlon ln Lhe communlLy was far
dlfferenL from Lhe one prlor Lo Lhe arrlval of Lhe pro[ecL or many Lhe
secure house dldn'L seem Lo guaranLee secure llvellhoods
1PL A1L8MA1PLCLL'S ACCCun1
Je ote oow o leqol commoolty we ote oo looqet o slom
Now we coo expect to bove mote extetool otqoolzotloos
come to os
lot tbe poot boosloq meoos Jebt os otbet expeoses ote
olteoJy olmost lotoletoble Jbo coo flolsb o boose wltb o
150000 8obt looo Je oeeJ 400000 bobt to bollJ o
boose Je boJ to bottow mooey ftom tbe looo sbotks
l Joot koow wbete tbe extto expeoses come ftom @bete
wos oo exploootloo ftom tespooslble petsoos
1PL A1L8MA1PLCLL'S ACCCun1
l ptefet tbot kloJ of llfe leople ote mote ftleoJly ooJ ttostloq eocb
otbet
Je oseJ to sbote ooJ JlscosseJ oo mooy mottets
Je oseJ to eoto eoooqb to qet by No wottles oboot teot ooJ Jebts lo
tbe slom Joys people wete wlllloq to coottlbote oo speclol occosloos
os cbllJteos uoy lotbets uoy ot Motbets uoy looJs wete
obooJoot
1PL AnAL?SlS
8efore Lhe pro[ecL CommunlLy A was an exemplar of sLrong communlLy
1he new seLLlemenL provldes a more 'llvable' physlcal envlronmenL buL
people had Lo ad[usL Lo a new flnanclal obllgaLlons
1he pro[ecL lnLroduced a LoLally new slLuaLlon for communlLy members lL was
dlfferenL from Lhe Llmes Lhey sLood agalnsL Lhe auLhorlLy whlch was an
'ouLslder'
1hls Llme lL was raLher ' an lnLernal buslness' LhaL Lhe communlLy members had
Lo sorL ouL 1hls new slLuaLlon Lherefore requlred a new seL of Lhlnklng
knowledge and acLlon
1hls lmplles a new compaLlble seL of caplLal learnlng process managemenL
compeLency and ldeology
1he caplLal ln Lhls sense does noL llmlL Lo flnanclal caplLal as flnanclal caplLal
alone does noL guaranLee effecLlveness lnsLead Lhe caplLal has Lo be
monlLored by ldeology whlch ls noL merely compasslon solldarlLy and sharlng
responslblllLy honesLy accounLablllLy and Lransparency of communlLy leaders
and members are essenLlal
1hls requlres an ongolng learnlng process and managemenL compeLency much
as approprlaLe mechanlsms Lo assure Lhe lnLegraLlon of Lhe sysLem
1oo much emphasls on 'scale of developmenL' was also a conLrlbuLlng facLor'
1he marglnallsed group ln Lhe communlLy could noL speak for Lhemselves
Case sLudy Slum upgradlng ln Chennal
Agency 1amll nadu Slum Clearance board
or communlLy parLlclpaLlon CommunlLy developmenL wlng (CuW) was added
WhaL CuW commenLed ln lLs reporL
1he s|um n|earanne s|um |mprovement and son|oenonom|n up||ft programmes
of the 1NS are sponsored pro[ents and efforts of the 1NS to |nvo|ve the
nommun|ty |n these programmes have not y|e|ded the des|red resu|t 1he
s|umdwe||ers seem to fee| that these programmes are po||t|na||y mot|vated and
that the ma|ntenanne of the fan||t|es prov|ded |s a|so the respons|b|||ty of the
Government the 1NS or the |ty orporat|on 1here |s tremendous snope for
the s|um dwe||ers to part|n|pate |n the we|fare
programmes and nontr|bute the|r efforts and
t|me |n the exenut|on and ma|ntenanne
of the serv|ne |nsta||at|ons 1h|s |s poss|b|e on|y
when the nommun|ty organ|zes |tse|f and nomes
forward to throw up |ona| |eadersh|p(1NS )
AnAL?SlS
WhaL Lhls commenL reflecLs?
Apology for fallure Lo enhance communlLy
parLlclpaLlon ln slum upgradlng
Some blame on Lhe slum dwellers
8epresenLs #wlshful Lhlnklng" from Lhe Lop as
lL neglecLs reallLy faced by slum dwellers and
acLual pracLlce of slum upgradlng
CCMMLn1S
hy they Ieel project politically motivated?
Government ordered TNSCB oIIicials to give priority to
the slum X Ior the reasons oI political expediency thereby
arbitrarily interIering in TNSCB priorities and plans.
hy they Ieel it is government responsibility?
Projects are planned by the Government agencies, and
executed by Government agencies and contractors under
TNSCB supervision, but without active consultation or
involvement oI the slum dwellers. The planning and
implementation take place in a context in which the slum
dwellers have only little or no inIormation on the projects,
since the communication between the latter and the
Government agencies is poor
CCn1u
LasL llne LhrusLs on Lhe communlLy organlsaLlon and local
leadershlp
8uL ln real Lher was no lack of organlsers or leaders ln Lhe
slum
1he leaders were moslLly connecLed Lo Lhe pollLlcal parLles
1hey were noL only servlng lnLeresL of Lhese parLles buL
also have prlvaLe acLlvlLles such as speculaLlon ln land and
pald medlaLlon slum dwellers and Lhe governmenL
bureaucracy pollLlclan and publlc lnsLlLuLlon
Slum leaders were lndlspensable from Lhe slum dweller
polnL as former only know Lhelr way ln complex madras
bureaucracy
Slum leaders ln a way obsLacle Lo Lhe
emergence of deslred communlLy organlsaLlon
1hus ln Madras a paradoxlcal slLuaLlon exlsLs
ln whlch resldenLs parLlclpaLlon ls sLaLed Lo be
lmporLanL and posslble whlle ln pracLlce Lhe
posslblllLy Lo parLlclpaLe ls very llmlLed parLly
as a resulL of Lhe houslng pollcy parLly as a
resulL of Lhe CovernmenL pollcy ln general
LL8AnlnCS
CovernmenL supporLs communlLy parLlclpaLlon halfhearLedly
as lL may feel lL as cumbersome Llme consumlng requlrlng
more manpower and hence slow lmplemenLaLlon
CovernmenL unsure abouL prlorlLles and relucLanL Lo lnvesL
more ln houslng pro[ecLs
under exLreme poverLy people appear more lncllned Lo solve
problem lndlvldually ofLen by relylng on cllenL paLron
relaLlonshlp raLher Lhan Laklng acLlon collecLlvely
SomeLlmes communlLy leader monopollzes Lhe lnformaLlon
channel and plays negaLlve role
governmenL and lmplemenLlng agencles ofLen have
auLhorlLarlan aLLlLude
CCnCLuSlCn
CommunlLy parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe sense of [olnL declslon maklng
ln houslng pro[ecL cannoL be lncluded ln a publlc pollcy when
Lhe aLLlLude of Lhe bureaucracy ls noL responslve When
lnLernaLlonal donor agencles lnslsL on communlLy
parLlclpaLlon ln lowlncome houslng programmes lL ls
Lherefore unreallsLlc Lo expecL much more Lhan paper
plannlng WheLher Lhls wlll conLrlbuLe Lo a gradual change of
Lhe governmenLs aLLlLude remalns Lo be seen
?eL successful cases moLlvaLe us Lo learn Lhe ways Lo adopL
measures of communlLy parLlclpaLlon and unsuccessful Lo flll
Lhe lacunae
Loo|ng Ahead Loo|ng Ahead
eveIopment of a roadmap
jointIy for achieving the
objective of
"AffordabIe Housing
for AII".