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E. ANIL AOLU
E. ANIL AOLU
Bakent niversitesi
Lisansst Eitim retim ve Snav Ynetmeliinin
ELEKTRK-ELEKTRONK Mhendislii Anabilim Dal in ngrd
YKSEK LSANS TEZ
olarak hazrlanmtr
2008
Bakan (Danman)
:
Prof. Dr. Turhan iftiba
ye
:
Yrd. Do. Dr. Mustafa Doan
ye
:
Yrd. Do. Dr. Hamit Erdem
ONAY
Bu tez 09/06/2008 tarihinde Enstit Ynetim Kurulunca belirlenen yukardaki jri
yeleri tarafndan kabul edilmitir.
...../06 /2008
Prof.Dr. Emin AKATA
FEN BLMLER ENSTTS MDR
TEEKKR
endstriyel
uygulamalar
gibi
ierisinde
deiik
sinyal
ileme
ABSTRACT
ii
NDEKLER LSTES
Sayfa
Z...........................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ii
NDEKLER LSTES ......................................................................................... iii
EKLLER LSTES ...............................................................................................v
ZELGELER LSTES ....................................................................................... viii
SMGELER VE KISALTMALAR LSTES..............................................................ix
1.
GR ............................................................................................................. 1
2.
3.
4.
iii
5.
6.
UYGULAMALAR......................................................................................... 61
6.1. Szge Tasarm Program........................................................................ 61
6.1.1. rnek szge tasarm....................................................................... 65
6.2. Fetal ECG Ayrm ..................................................................................... 68
6.2.1 Elektrokardiyogram ECG ................................................................. 68
6.2.2. Veri kmesi ........................................................................................ 70
6.2.3. Ksa zamanl Wiener Szgecin fetal ECG ayrmnda kullanlmas..... 71
6.2.4. Bamsz bileenler analizi (ICA) ....................................................... 75
6.3. Szge Tasarm Program........................................................................ 77
6.4. Fetal ECG Ayrm Sonular ...................................................................... 77
7.
SONULAR ................................................................................................ 99
iv
EKLLER LSTES
Sayfa
ekil 2.1 Analog sinyalin saysal ilenmesi ........................................................... 4
ekil 2.2 N=1 iin (a) Kutuplarn gsterimi (b) Kutuplarn kararl blgede
gsterimi ............................................................................................................... 8
ekil 2.3 N=2 iin (a) Kutuplarn gsterimi (b) Kutuplarn kararl blgede
gsterimi ............................................................................................................... 8
ekil 2.4 Grup gecikmesi ve genlik deiimi ......................................................... 9
ekil 2.5 Deien derecelere gre kazan frekans grafii .................................... 9
ekil 2.6 Chebyshev szgeci kazan frekans karekteristii ................................ 10
ekil 2.7 Grup gecikmesi ve genlik deiimi ....................................................... 11
ekil 2.8 Chebyshev 2 szgeci kazan frekans karakteristii ............................ 12
ekil 2.9 Eliptik szge kazan frekans karakteristii ......................................... 13
ekil 3.1 Tekrarl szge tasarm....................................................................... 17
ekil 3.2 ift dorusal dnm ......................................................................... 20
ekil 3.3 Gerekletirme elemanlarnn gsterimleri ........................................... 21
ekil 3.4 Direkt yapl gerekletirme .................................................................. 22
ekil 3.5 Kafes yapl gerekletirme .................................................................. 23
ekil 3.6 Direkt Form 1 Yaps ......................................................................... 24
ekil 3.7 Direkt Form 2 Yaps ......................................................................... 25
ekil 3.8 Seri Yap .............................................................................................. 25
ekil 3.9 Direkt form 2 yapsnn seri kullanlmas............................................... 26
ekil 3.10 (a)Paralel gerekletirme (b) Direkt form 2 yapsnn paralel
kullanlmas ......................................................................................................... 26
ekil 4.1 Wiener Szge..................................................................................... 28
ekil 4.2 Dorusal Tahmin .................................................................................. 31
ekil 4.3 Grlt Temizleme ............................................................................... 32
ekil 4.4 Uyarlamal yap .................................................................................... 35
ekil 5.1 J.B.J. Fourier (1768-1830) ................................................................... 37
ekil 5.2 Duraan bir sinyal rnei ..................................................................... 38
ekil 5.3 Duraan sinyalin Fourier dnm .................................................... 39
ekil 5.4 Duraan olmayan bir sinyal rnei ....................................................... 39
ekil 5.5 Duraan olmayan sinyalinin Fourier dnm ................................... 40
ekil 5.6 Ksa zamanl Fourier dnm .......................................................... 42
v
temizlenen
vii
ZELGELER LSTES
Sayfa
izelge 6.1 MSE tablosu..................................................................................... 85
izelge 6.2 Dalgack hata analizi ........................................................................ 92
izelge 6.3 ICA referansl MSE matrisi............................................................... 98
viii
:Standart sapma
:n arplma frekans
:Grup gecikmesi
:Kesme frekans
:Dalgack katsays
:Seicilik katsays
rdx
:apraz ilinti
Rx
:z ilinti
wn
:STFT penceresi
:WT lei
:Ana dalgack
:Dalgack katsays
:Baz vektr
ADC
DAC
FIR
IIR
WSS
MSE
SNR
FT
:Fourier Dnm
STFT
WT
:Dalgack Dnm
WF
:Wiener Szge
STWF
ICA
ECG
:Elektrokardiyografi
ix
1. GR
endstriyel
uygulamalar
gibi
ierisinde
deiik
sinyal
ileme
Bylelikle
gereklenen
aktarm
ilevine
kazan
elemann
ise,
kesikli
Fourier
dnmn
bilgisayar
ortamnda
hzl
Fetal ECG ayrm gnmzde gelien teknoloji ile erken tehis ve tedaviye
olanak tanmaktadr. Fetal seslerin annenin karn ve gs blgesinden kaypsz
ayrt edilmesi ok zordur. Bunun sebebi fetal seslerin genliklerinin zellikle R
dalgas genliinin genel grlt seviyesinin altnda kalmasdr. Bu gibi sorunlarn
stesinden gelebilmek iin genellikle birden fazla yntem ard ardna kullanlr. Bu
nedenle fetal ECG ayrm genel olarak iki alt blme ayrlr. Bunun iin ilk olarak
sinyalin ayrtrlmas, daha sonra ise grltden temizlenmesi gerekir. Ayrm
ileminde sinyaller arasndaki istatistiksel ilikilerden faydalanmak en yaygn
yntemdir. Bamsz Bileenler Analizi (ICA) yntemi bu i iin olaslk dalmnn
ikinci ve drdnc kmlantlarn kullanrken [6], Wiener Szge sinyaller
arasndaki apraz ilinti ve z ilinti ilikilerinden faydalanp, en kk hata ayrm
yapar [7]. Duraan olmayan sinyallerde istatistiksel zellikler zamanla nemli
lde deiiklikler gsterir. statistiksel yntemlerin baarl olabilmesi iin
istatistiksel parametrelerin sinyal sresince ok az deiim geirmesi veya sabit
olmas gerekmektedir. Wiener Szme ynteminde bu amala sinyal paralara
blnerek ilenir. Bylelikle sinyalin yaps ksmen duraanlatrlabilir. Bu yntem
Ksa Zamanl Wiener Szge olarak bilinmektedir [8]. ICA ynteminde ise daha
farkldr. Bu yntem grltl veri kmelerinin beyazlatlmas ve istatistiksel olarak
bamsz hale getirilmesi ile sinyali ilemeye balar [9;10;11]. Ayrm ileminde
kullanlabilecek bir dier yntem de istatistiksel olarak bulunan veya rasgele
atanan arlk deerlerinin yapay sinir alar gibi uyarlamal bir yap ierisinde
sonularn bu deerleri gncellemesiyle bulunmas zerinedir [12;13;14]. Bu
gelimi yntemlerin haricinde bant geiren szgeler ve basit karma ilemleriyle
de ayrm yaplabilir. Fakat ECG sinyalinin morfolojik zelliklerinden dolay bu
yntemler iyi sonu vermezler [8]. Grlt temizleme ileminde basit frekans
szc szgeler kullanlabilir. Ancak en yaygn ve gvenilir yntem sinyalin tm
frekans bileenlerine ayrt edebilmemize olanak tanyan dalgack dnmdr
[15]. Bu yntem ile sinyalin, grlt bileenleri uygulanan eik deerleri ile
snrlanabilir veya tamamen kartlabilir [16]. Ardndan gncellenmi olan bu
sinyal bileenleri birletirilerek zgn sinyalin grltden temizlenmi hali bulunur
[17;18].
ve
gerekletirme
yntemleri
detayl
incelenmitir.
Fetal
ECG
Wiener sonularnda
ile
tantlmtr.
6.
blmde
karlatrlmtr.
ise
uygulama
sonular
ayrntl
Sinyal ileme uygulamalarnda genel olarak ilem grecek olan sinyal, nce
analog alak geiren bir szgeten geirilir. Bylece kta bizim belirlediimiz
bant ile snrl bir analog sinyal elde ederiz. rneklenen ve ADCde saysallatrlan
sinyal, ngrlen aktarm ilevi ile ilem grdkten sonra tekrar DAC ile analog
hale getirilir. Son olarak DACdeki rnekli sinyali yumuatmak iin son bir
szgeten geirilir. Bylelikle analog bir sinyal, saysal bir sistemle ilenmi olur.
1 + ( jw / jwc )
(2.1)
2N
B * ( jw) = B( jw) ;
B( jw).B( jw) =
B (s ).B ( s ) =
s = ( 1)
1/ 2N
1 + ( jw / jwc )
1
1 + (s / jwc )
( jwc ) ;
(2.2)
2N
2N
( 1)1 / 2 N
jwc = wc .e j / 2
= e j / 2 N ;
s p = wc
(2.3)
s p = wc exp
(2k + 1)
j
+
2
2N
(2.4)
B( s) =
n
p =1
Bo
( s sp ) / wc
(2.5)
1.
2.
Bir kutup asla sanal eksen zerine denk gelmez, reel eksen zerine ise
sadece kutup says tek ise gelir.
3.
N kadardr.
Kutuplar iftler halinde bulunduundan (eer s=sp de bir kutup var ise onun
kar ekseninde s=-sp de de bir kutup vardr), B(s) nin aktarm ilevini bulabilmek
iin bu iftlerden nedensel ve kararl olan seilir. Bunun iin de seilen kutuplarn
sanal eksenin sol tarafnda olmas gerekmektedir.
N=1 iin; Kutuplar aras mesafe:
Aktarm ilevi :
B(s ) =
wc
s + wc
(2.7)
ekil 2.2 N=1 iin (a) Kutuplarn gsterimi (b) Kutuplarn kararl blgede gsterimi
N=2 iin; Kutuplar aras mesafe:
Aktarm ilevi:
B (s ) =
wc
j ( / 4 )
s + wc e
s + wc e j ( / 4 )
)(
(2.8)
ekil 2.3 N=2 iin (a) Kutuplarn gsterimi (b) Kutuplarn kararl blgede gsterimi
Grup gecikmesi fazn asal frekansa gre trevidir ve farkl frekanslar iin
sinyalde meydana gelen faz kaymalarnn neden olduu bozulmalarn ls
niteliindedir. Grafik 2.4te, 3. derecen bir Butterworth fitrenin grup gecikme ve
genlik karakteristii, deien frekansa gre gsterilmitir
(2.9)
denir. Eliptik szgelerin gei band iki eit szgeten de daha ksadr.
Dolaysyla ideale en yakn szgetir. Ancak tasarm zordur.
Chebyshev tip1 szgecin tanm:
(2.10)
10
(2.11)
(2.12)
arasnda deiir.
11
(2.13)
12
olur. Dolaysyla
13
y (nT ) =
a .x(nT iT )
i =
(3.1)
eklinde ifade edilir. Burada ai deeri sabit deerdir. Genel olarak saysal
sistemlerin nedensel olmas istenir.
Bylece N. Dereceden dorusal, tekrarsz ve zamanla deimeyen szgecin
cevab eklinde olur.
y (nT ) = a i .x(nT iT )
(3.2)
i =0
Eer szgecin knda elde edilen y(nT) dizisi, giri iaretine ek olarak
kn da geciktirilmi bilgilerinden oluuyorsa, bu tip szgeler tekrarl szgeler
olarak tanmlanr. Dorusal, zamanla deimeyen, nedensel ve N. Dereceden bir
tekrarl szgecin k;
i =0
i =1
(3.3)
eklinde ifade edilir. Eer i=1,2,3.. N iin bi=0 ise, szge tekrarsz szgece
dnr.
14
(3.4)
i =0
Y ( z ) = H ( z ). X ( z )
(3.5)
halini alr. Burada aka grld gibi saysal szgelerde aktarm ilevi, kn
z dnmnn giriin z dnmne orandr. Aslnda bir saysal szgecin
aktarm ilevi szgecin birim rnek cevabnn z dnmdr.
z etki alanndaki transfer fonksiyonu olan H(z), szgecin fark denklemlerinden
yararlanarak da elde edilir.
i =0
i =1
(3.6)
denkleminin z dnm:
N
Y ( z ) = a i. z i X ( z ) bi. z i Y ( z )
i =0
i =0
N
Y ( z)
=
H ( z) =
X ( z)
a i. z i
i =0
1 + bi .z i
i =0
(3.7)
a
= N
bN
(z s )
i =1
N
(z p )
i =1
15
(3.8)
H ( z) =
a
i =0
i.
z N 1
(3.9)
zN
2.
Birim ember zerinde kutup varsa, tek katl basit kutup olmaldr.
3.
karakteristiklerini
salayacak
ekilde
tasarlanabilirler.
IIR
FIR
ve
IIR
szgeler
hem
tekrarl
hem
de
tekrarsz
olarak
Tekrarsz olarak gerekletirilen bir FIR szge daima kararl iken IIR
szgeler daima kararl deildir.
4.
IIR
szgelerin
gerekletirilmesinde
doal
olarak
nicemleme
ve
16
17
zellikleri
genlik
karakteristii,
faz
karakteristii
ve
performans
problemi
H(w)nin
istenen
karakteristiini
salayacak
ak
ve
bk
2.
3.
18
(3.10)
Bu yntemde dikkat
emberin tmne denk gelmez. -w/2 ile +w/2 arasndaki B-D blgesi, B-D
blgesine skmaktadr. Bu durum arplma etkisi olarak adlandrlmaktadr. Bu
etki, verilen frekans giri karakteristiine
=(2/T) tan(wT/2)
(3.11)
Ha(s)= H(s)s= s/
(3.12)
(3.13)
19
2.
3.
) iinde
20
Direk Gerekletirme
2.
3.
4.
Paralel Gerekletirme
5.
Basamak Gerekletirme
6.
Kafes Gerekletirme
Bu yntemler genellikle tekrarl szgeler iin kullanlrken tekrarsz
szgeler iin direk, dorusal fazl, hzl evriim, kafes gibi yaplar kullanlr. Bu
yntemlerin her birinde deiik sayda eleman kullanlmakta ve bu elemanlar
deiik ekillerde birbirine balanmaktadr.
21
N 1
y (k ) = h(n ).x(k n )
(3.14)
i =0
Bylece x(n-1) bir rnek ile geciktirilmi x(n) dir. Saysal gereklemede kutu
iinde isimlendirilen z-1 kaydrmal kaydedici (shift register) veya RAM deki bir
hafza yerini temsil eder. kn hesaplanmasnda aadaki elemanlara ihtiya
vardr:
N tane arpcya
N-1 toplaycya
22
N=1 iin;
y1(n)=x(n)+k1x(n-1)
w1(n)=k1x(n)+x(n-1)
i =0
i =0
(3.15)
i =0
i =0
YN (n) = ai z i ve W N (n) = a N i z i
(3.16)
olur.
23
k =0
j =1
H ( z) =
ak.z
k =0
M
(3.17)
1 + bj.z
(3.18)
j
j =1
24
x(n)
b0
a0
y(n)
z-1
-b1
a1
z-1
-b2
a2
x(n)
H1(z)
H2(z)
H3(z)
Hr(z)
y(n)
H ( z) =
H ( z) =
(1 + b11 z 1 + b21 z 2 )
(1 + b12 z 1 + b22 z 2 )
25
(3.19)
(3.20)
x(n)
w1(n)
b01
a01
y1(n)
b02
z-1
-b11
a02
y(n)
z-1
a11
-b12
z-1
-b21
w2(n)
a12
z-1
a21
-b22
a22
H ( z) = C +
1
+ b2i z 2 )
i =1 (1 + biz
0,5 N
(3.21)
26
edilemeyebilir.
Bunun
sebebi
ortamn
grltl
olmasndan
27
z linti (Oto Korelasyon): apraz ilintiden fark baka bir deiken yerine
sinyalin kendi kendisiyle olan iliiini verir.
Ortalama (Beklenen) Deer: Bir rastsal deikeninin alabilecei btn deerlerin,
olaslklaryla arplmas ve bu ilemin btn deerler zerinden toplanmasyla
elde edilen deerdir.
Ortalama Karesel Hata: Tahmin edilen deerle istenen deer arasndaki farkn,
yani hatann ortalama (beklenen) deeridir.
Wiener Szgete istenen sinyale en yakn olan sinyali seebilmek iin
MSEnin en aza indirgenmesi gerekmektedir.
x ( n) = d ( n) + v ( n)
(4.1)
d(n)
x(n)
W(z)
e(n)
d (n)
W ( z ) = w(n) z n
(4.2)
n=0
28
p 1
(4.3)
l =0
= E . e( n )
(4.4)
(4.5)
E e(n)e(n)*
e* (n)
=
=
E
e
n
(
)
=0
w* (k )
w* (k )
w* (k )
(4.6)
p 1
(4.7)
e* (n)
= x* ( n k )
w* (k )
(4.8)
E {e(n) x* (n k )} = 0 ; k = 0,1,2...., p 1
(4.9)
l =0
p 1
(4.10)
l =0
w(l )r (k l ) = r
l =0
dx
(k ) ; k = 0,1,2...., p 1
(4.11)
(4.12)
29
rx (0)
r * x (1)
rx (0)
rx (1)
rx (2)
rx (1)
M
M
r ( p 1) r ( p 2)
x
x
w
p
(
1
)
r
p
(
1
)
L L
rx (0)
dx
(4.13)
Rxw=rdx
(4.14)
p 1
l =0
(4.15)
p 1
l =0
p 1
l =0
(4.16)
(4.17)
p 1
(4.18)
l =0
30
p 1
x (n + 1) = w(k ) x(n k )
k = 0,1,2...., p 1
(4.19)
l =0
Bu problemi daha nce anlatlan Wiener szme probleminde d(n) yerine x(n+1)
koyduumuzda ve benzer zmle, Wiener Hopf denklemi optimal dorusal
tahmini iin aadaki gibi olur.
rx (0)
r * x (1)
rx (0)
rx (1)
rx (2)
rx (1)
M
M
r ( p 1) r ( p 2)
x
x
L L r * x ( p 1) w(0) rx (1)
L L r * x ( p 2) w(1) rx (2)
L L r * x ( p 3) . w(2) = rx (3)
M
1
)
w
p
(
1
)
r
p
L L
rx (0)
x
(4.20)
p 1
(4.21)
l =0
Daha gereki bir sistem iin grltl ortamda yaplan dorusal tahmini
inceleyelim.
v(n)
x(n)
y(n)
x (n + 1)
W(z)
y(n)=x(n)+v(n)
p 1
p 1
l =0
k =0
31
(4.22)
Ryw = rdy
(4.23)
Eer v(n), x(n) ile ilikili deilse, y(n)nin z ilinti matrisi, ikisinin toplamlar
cinsinden yazlabilir.
Ry(k)=rx(k)+rv(k)
(4.24)
d(n)
x(n)=d(n)+v1(n)
Ses
kayna
v1 (n)
v1(n)
Grlt
kayna
v(n)
v2(n)
W(z)
32
Rv2 w = rv1v2
(4.25)
Rv2 w = rxv2
(4.26)
ayrp,
ilgili
parametrelerin
hesaplanp
birletirilmesi
zerine
33
(4.27)
k =0
d (n) = wn (k ) x(n k )
(4.28)
k =0
(4.29)
Giri sinyali:
Duraan
olmayan
(4.30)
srelerin
zmlenmesi
duraan
srelerin
wn+1 = wn + wn
(4.31)
34
d(n)
x(n)=d(n)+v1(n)
d ( n )
Wn(z)
W
Uyarlamal
Algoritma
35
e(n)
Dalgack konusu yeni saylabilecek bir konudur. Aslnda temelleri bir asr
ncesinde JBJ Fouriere dayansa da, son 15 sene ierisinde (1982-Morlet, Ares,
Fourgeau ve Giard , 1983- Morlet, 1984-Grossmann ve Morlet) asl gelimesini
gstermitir. Dalgack dnmnn bu kadar baarl olmasnn birka sebebi
vardr. Birincisi dalgack konusu 20-30 sene ierindeki mhendislik (alt bant
kodlamas), fizik (badak durumlar, tekrar normalletirme gruplar ) ve saf
matematik (Calderon-Zygmund ilemleri) konularnn sentezinden meydana
gelmektedir. Disiplinler aras bu ilikinin sonucu olarak da farkl gemi birikimlere
sahip mhendis ve bilim adamlarnn ura konusu olmutur. kinci sebep ise
dalgack konusu kendisine ok geni uygulama alan bulabilmitir. Sinyal ilemede
(imge ve ses) ve nmerik analiz (integral dnm iin hzl algoritmalar)
konusunda heyecan verici gelimelere nc olmutur (srasyla; 1987-KronlandMartinent, Morlet ve Grossmann 1991- Beylkin, Coifman ve Rokhlin) [21].
zetle Dalgacklar ok geni ve temelleri birok disiplinin bir araya
gelmesiyle olumu bir konudur. Yaplan tez almasnda dalgack konusu
mhendislik bak ayla tantlacak olup ok gerekli grlmedii takdirde
matematiksel ispatlardan ve anlatmlardan uzak durulmaya allacaktr.
36
(5.1)
(5.2)
(5.3)
(5.4)
37
38
39
40
fonksiyonu ile arplr. lemin geri kalannn Fourier dnmnden fark yoktur.
Yani karmak stsel ifadenin karl olan sin ve cos bileenleri f frekans iin
giri sinyali ile tm zamanlarda arplr. Bu arpm ileminin sonucu byk karsa
(sinyaller ilikili ise) f frekans o sinyal iersisinden yakalanm olur. Bu frekans,
sinyalin hkim frekans olarak isimlendirilir. Eer sonu kk veya sfr karsa f
frekans sinyal ierisinde ksa bir aralk srmtr veya hi yoktur. Sonuta
dnm frekansn bir fonksiyonu olduundan, sinyal zerindeki tm frekanslar
ayrtrlabilir hale gelirler. Ksa Zamanl Fourier dnmnde tek fark bu ilemin
zaman
ekseninde
kayarak
ilerleyen
pencerelerin
ierisinde
gerekleiyor
(5.5)
41
42
(-a*(t^2)/2)
. Pencereler deien a
43
ekil 5.9 de artan pencere boyu ile zaman znrlnn, zaman eksenindeki
aralklarn birbirlerinin blgelerine girmeye balamasyla azald grlyor. Ancak
artk tepeler daha az frekans bileeni iermektedir.
44
gerektirmediklerinden
zaman
znrlnden
ok
frekans
45
oklu znrlk
2.
Srekli
dalgack
dnmnde
frekansla
orantl
deiken
boyutta
46
ekil 5.11 STFT ve Dalgack dnm znrlk ilikisi (a) STFT (b) Dalgack
Dnm
47
(5.6)
(5.7)
bileenlerini
ayrmaktadr.
lek
deeri
olan
dalgack
kendi
48
49
Aadaki iki grafik ekil 5.4 deki srekli sinyalin dalgack dnmdr.
ekil 5.15 grafiin lek ksmna, 5.16 ise zaman ksmna dikkat ekmitir.
aslnda
iyi
frekans
znrl
sergiledii
ak
bir
ekilde
grlmektedir. Dar dalgacklarn ise geni dalgacklara gre daha iyi lek
znrl, yani daha kt frekans znrl gsterdii yine ekil 5.15te
grlmektedir.
50
ekil 5.16 ise, ekil 5.15in zaman ekseni tarafndan baklan halidir. Geni
dalgacklarn kt zaman kk dalgacklarn iyi zaman znrl gsterdiini
zaman eksenindeki kapladklar alandan grebilmektedir.
(5.8)
51
(5.9)
zellii
bize
yeni
fonksiyonlar
olutururken kolaylk
(5.10)
Baz fonksiyonu () ile giri test sinyalinin i arpmlarn benzer ekilde yazarsak
Dalgack Dnm denklemini elde etmi oluruz.
(5.11)
(5.12)
Ayn durum fonksiyonlarn i arpm iin de geerlidir.
(5.13)
Byklkleri bire eit olan dik vektr kmesine de ortanormal kme denir.
52
(5.14)
ki fonksiyonun ortanormal olmas ise aadaki koullarla gerekleir,
(5.15)
k ve l deeri birbirlerine eitse fonksiyonlar ortanormal, deilse diktir.
Ortanormallik zellii sayesinde denklemdeki analiz katsays fonksiyonlarn i
arpm eklinde yeniden yazlabilir.
(5.16)
Bylece daha nce tasarladmz f fonksiyonu katsaysnn yeni tanm ile
olmadan yazlabilir.
(5.17)
Bu ve bu gibi ilemlerin benzerleri, dalgack dnmnde katsaylarn
hesaplanmasnda kullanlr. Dalgack matematii ok geni ve ileri dzey
matematiksel altyap gerektiren uzun bir konudur. Zaten Dalgack Dnm ile
ilgili yaynlarn ou matematikiler tarafndan yaymlanmtr. Bu almada
dalgack teoreminin mhendislik ksm ve uygulamalarn incelemek, matematiksel
ispatlar ve formlleri irdelemeye ye tutulmutur.
53
54
ayrnt katsaylar denir. Daha nce ska bahsettiimiz lek kavram ise burada
sinyalin yukar veya aa rneklenmesi ile deitirilir. Aa rnekleme bilindii
gibi orijinal sinyalden baz rneklerin kartlmasdr. Yukar rnekleme ise
sinyaldeki rnek saysn arttrmaktr. rnek saysn artrmann birok yolu vardr.
Sinyalde rnek yerine sfr konulabilecei (zero padding) gibi deiik ara
deerleme teknikleri (dorusal, sabit, okterimli) ile sinyale yakn deerler tahmin
etmek mmkndr. Aadaki forml FIR szgecin tanmdr. ekiller ise kullanlan
alak ve yksek geiren szgelerin frekans genlik grafikleridir.
(5.18)
55
ekil 5.19 Ayrmda kullanlan szgeler (a) alak geiren (b) yksek geiren
Prosedr x(n) i h(n) darbe tepkisine sahip saysal bir szgeten geirmekle
balar. Bilindii zere bu ilem giri sinyali ile darbe yantnn evriimidir. Giri
sinyali, yar bant alak geiren szgeten geirilir. Yar bant alak geiren szge,
sinyalin en byk frekansnn yarsna eit kesme frekansna sahip saysal
szgetir. Yani bu ilem sonucunda en byk frekans 1000Hz olan sinyalin
szge knda en byk frekans 500Hz e der. Kesikli sinyallerde frekans
radyan cinsinden ifade edilir. Eer kesikli bir sinyal Nyquist frekansnda
rneklenirse rnekleme frekans radyan olur. Nyquist rnekleme frekans
sinyalin tekrar oluturulmasnda bilgi kaybna uramamak iin orijinal sinyalin en
byk frekansndan iki kat byk seilen snr, rnekleme frekansdr. Bu frekansn
altnda yaplacak rneklemeler, sinyalin yeniden oluumunda aliasing denilen
bilgi kayplarna sebep olacaktr.
56
57
azaltmak iin (frekans znrln arttrmak iin) bu ilem rnek says Nyquist
frekansnn olanak tand snra kadar tekrarlanr. Sonra da yaplan tm ilemler
tersinden tekrarlanarak sinyal sentezlenir. lemlerin tersten yaplmas, nce
sinyalin yukar rneklenmesi ardndan yksek geiren ve alak geiren szgelerin
birbirlerinin tersi olmas zelliinin kullanlmasyla sinyallerin szlp bir araya
getirilmesini ierir.
sktrma
kapsam
dnda
olduundan
bu
yntemlerle
ilgili
bilgi
verilmeyecektir.
Y=Wy
(5.19)
58
3.
(5.20)
Grlt kabaca renkli ve renksiz (beyaz) olmak zere ikiye ayrlr. Beyaz
grlt sinyal zerinde tm frekanslarda eit gte bulunan ve zamanla bu
zellikleri deimeyen bir sinyal eididir. Renkli grltler ise gerek hayatta
daha sk karlatmz, sinyalin frekanslar zerinde farkl glerde bulunabilen
sinyallerdir. Eik deeri frekans bileenlerine ayrlm sinyaller iin hesaplanrken
grltnn yaps nemlidir. Eer grlt beyaz ise eik deerinin her frekans iin
hesaplanmasna gerek yoktur, tm katmanlarda kullanlabilir. Ancak eer
kaynamz renkli grltlerle kirlenmise tm katsaylar iin eik deeri
hesaplanr. Eik deeri aadaki formlle hesaplanr;
(5.21)
(5.22)
59
(5.23)
ekil 5.22 (a) yumuak eik deeri (b) sert eik deeri
Sinyale (y=x) yumuak ve sert eik deerleri 0.4 deeri iin uygulandnda
yukardaki sonular grlr. ki fonksiyonda 0.4 zerindeki sinyallere izin verirken
altndakilere geit vermemektedir. Sinyalin negatif tarafnda ise eik deerinin
boyu kadar bir devamszlk oluur. Eik deeri hep pozitif deerlerden seilir.
Yumuak eik deeri grlt gidermede daha etkili bir zmdr. Ancak veri
kayplar sinyalde genel deiiklikten tr sert eik deerine gre daha fazladr.
ekilden de grlecei gibi hibir k deeri, eik deerinin stnde de olsa,
girile ayn deildir. Bu kayplar sinyalin yksek frekans bileenlerinde meydana
gelir. mgelerde eer ke detaylar nemli deilse uygulanabilir. Detayn n
planda olduu imge, temizleme uygulamalarnda tavsiye edilmez [23].
60
6. UYGULAMALAR
Kullanc tasarlamak istedii szge eidini buradan setikten sonra ana men
kapanr ve yerine seilen tasarm yerine getirecek baka bir men kar. Burada
61
frekansnn
gerekmektedir.
Aksi
yarsndan
halde
byk
sinyalde
olmamasna
Nyquist
oranna
dikkat
edilmesi
uyulmadndan
Katsaylar:
Szge
karakteristiinde
gei
ve
durdurma
62
63
ekil 6.5 Tasarlanan Szgecin test edilmesi / ftest=14 Hz, k Genlii 0.5
64
nceki
konu
anlatmnda
kullanlan
deerlerin,
sonularn
wp = 2
10
= 0,4
50
(6.1)
ws = 2
20
= 0,8
50
(6.2)
p = 2 tan(
s = 2 tan(
wp
) = 1,4531
(6.3)
ws
) = 6,1554
2
(6.4)
d p = 0,45 = 20 log(
1
1+ 2
=0,3303
1
d s = 28 = 20 log( ) , A=25,1188
A
(6.5)
(6.6)
65
N=
log( A2 1 / )
= 2,98 3
log( s / p )
(6.7)
H ( jw) =
1
1
1
=
=
2N
2N
2
1 + ( / c )
1 + (c / c )
(6.8)
Bulunan deeri kesim frekansn bulmak iin ayn formlde yerine c yazlrsa;
1
1
=
2
2 1 + ( / p )2 N
(6.9)
2 = 1 + 2 ( c / p ) 6 , 1 = 2 ( c / p ) 6 ,
c = p / 2 , c = p / 3 , c =2,1
6
(6.10)
H an ( s) =
1
( s + 1)( s 2 + s + 1)
(6.11)
Hlp( s) = Han( s / c )
(6.12)
(1/ c =0,476)
Han( s ) =
1
1
= 3
2
2
( s + 1)( s + s + 1) s + 2s + 2 s + 1
Han( s.0,476) =
Hlp ( s) =
1
9,1
= 3
2
s 0,11 + 2 s 0,23 + 2.s.0,476 + 1 s + 4.2s + 8,7 s + 0,91
3
9,1
s + 4.2s + 8,7 s + 0,91
3
(6.13)
(6.14)
(6.15)
66
Saysal Szge aktarm ilevi, aadaki ifade (ift dorusal Dnm), analog
aktarm ilevinde yerine konulduunda ve uygun sadeletirmeler yapldnda
bulunur.
(1 z 1 )
H ( z ) = H lp 2.
1
(
1
z
)
+
(6.16)
H ( z) =
H ( z) =
(6.17)
rnek olarak sadece alak geiren szgecin verilmesinin zel bir sebebi var. Tm
szgeler uygun dnm formlleri ile birbirlerine dnebilirler:
(6.18)
67
(6.19)
(6.20)
(6.21)
(6.22)
(6.23)
iin
rnekler
verilmemitir.
Chebyshev,
Eliptik
ve
Butterworth
szgelerde ise fark, hesaplanan genel formllerden ibarettir. Bunlarla ilgi bilgiler
ise konu balklarnda detayl olarak incelenmitir.
68
elektrokardiyografik iaret, ECG iareti veya ksaca ECG denir. ECG iaretlerinin
gsterilmesini veya kaydedilmesini salayan cihazlara elektrokardiyograf ve ECG
ile ilgili sistemlere de genel olarak elektrokardiyografi denir. Kalbin almas
srasndaki bozukluklarnn iyi bir gstergesi olan ve insan vcudu zerinden
operasyon yapmadan kolaylkla elde edilebilen ECG iaretleri, ilenme ve
yorumlanma asndan byk nem tamaktadr. ECG sinyalinin i direnci 10100k, gerilimi 3.5mV ve frekans 0.15-300Hz arasndadr. Ama genellikle 0.6740Hz arasnda anlamldr. Yetikin bir insann kalbi dakikada 89 defa atar,
bebeklerin ise kalpleri dakikada 120 ile 160 arasnda atar. Tepe gerilimi ise
anneninkinden yaklak onda bir orannda daha zayftr.
69
70
71
kaynan tahmin eder. Daha sonra tahmin ettii 1. grlt kaynan, 1. grlt
kayna ile kirlenmi sinyalden kartarak grlty temizler.
d(n)
v1 (n)
v1(n)
Grlt
kayna
v(n)
x(n)=d(n)+v1(n)
Ses
kayna
W(z)
v2(n)
Daha
sonra
bu
paralar
birletirilip
dntrlecektir.
72
sinyal
orijinal
boyutuna
Bu
73
74
(6.24)
x=As , s=Wx
(6.25)
75
76
77
78
snr
deerlerinde
ampirik
sonularla
oluturulacak
bir
MSE
79
80
ekil 6.19 MSE & z ilinti matris boyutu - 100 rnek adm
ekil 6.20 SNR & z ilinti matris boyutu - 100 rnek adm
81
ekil 6.21 MSE & z ilinti matris boyutu - 125 rnek adm
ekil 6.22 SNR & z ilinti matris boyutu - 125 rnek adm
82
ekil 6.23 MSE & z ilinti matris boyutu -250 rnek adm
ekil 6.24 SNR & z ilinti matris boyutu - 250 rnek adm
83
ekil 6.25 MSE & z ilinti matris boyutu - 500 rnek adm
ekil 6.26 SNR & z ilinti matris boyutu - 500 rnek adm
84
Adm
MSE
z ilinti Matrisi
50
100
125
250
500
2500
5x5
40x40
72x72
85
ekil 6.27 Fetal ECG sinyali - 40x40 z ilinti matrisi ve 100 adm rnekli
86
Audacity Dominic Mazzoni firmasnn bir rn olup, Windows, Mac OS X, GNU/Linux ve dier
iletim sistemleri iin cretsiz bir ses dzenleyicisi ve kaydedicisidir.
87
ekil 6.30 STWF FECG ayrm sonucu (100 adm 40x40 zilinti matrisi)
88
89
90
Aada, ekil 6.33 de sinyalin tamam (5sn) iin verilen zmn, daha
detayl gsterimi olan 2.8 sn ve 3.35 sn aral grlmektedir. Bu aralkta 40x40
matrislik Ksa Zaman Wiener zmnn (a) ve 400x400 matrislik Wiener
zmnden (b) belirgin bir farka sahip olmad grlmektedir. Ancak ICA
zm (c) dk grlt seviyesi ile dikkat ekmektedir. Sinyaller bu halleriyle
(zellikle Wiener zmleri) tbbi tehislerde kullanlmaya uygun deillerdir. Bunun
sebebi herhangi bir saniyede oluacak grltnn sayc mekanizmas iinde kalp
atm olarak alglanabilmesidir. Kalp atm olarak alglanan grltnn toplamda
yanl sonulara sebep olmas muhtemeldir. Bu yanllklar aslnda olmayan kalp
vurum dzensizlikleri veya hz ve ritim bozukluklar eklinde kendini gsterebilir.
91
Biorthogonal
db01
db02
db03
db04
db05
db06
db07
db08
db09
db10
Symmlet
Sym2
Sym3
Sym4
Sym5
Sym6
Sym7
Sym8
Sym9
Coiflet
2,01E-02
1,90E-02
2,00E-02
2,00E-02
2,02E-02
2,17E-02
2,00E-02
2,26E-02
coif1
coif2
coif3
coif4
coif5
1,79E-02
1,96E-02
2,02E-02
2,30E-02
2,30E-02
(6.26)
ann yaklaklk katsays, dnin detay katsays olarak isimlendirildii daha nce
belirtilmiti. a11 katsays sinyal iindeki en dk,
bileenini gstermektedir.
92
93
94
ekil 6.35 ICA zm iin Dalgack Dnm ile grltleri temizlenen FECG sinyali
95
ekil 6.36 WF (250x250 z ilinti matrisi) zm iin Dalgack Dnm ile grltleri temizlenen FECG sinyali
96
ekil 6.37 STWF zm (40x40 z ilinti matrisi) iin Dalgack Dnm ile grltleri temizlenen FECG sinyali
97
izelge 6.1 de verilen MSE matrisi Wiener konu anlatmnda verilen MSE
Adm
Ref. MSE
z ilinti Matrisi
2500
100
125
250
500
15x15
2,65E-01
>
2,39E-01
2,42E-01
2,64E-01
2,62E-01
40x40
2,61E-01
>
1,99E-01
2,16E-01
2,47E-01
2,52E-01
72x72
2,45E-01
>
2,01E-01
1,96E-01
2,19E-01
2,32E-01
87x87
2,36E-01
>
2,33E-01
2,05E-01
2,05E-01
2,19E-01
izelge 6.3 deki matristen grld gibi Ksa Zamanl Wiener Szgecin
MSE deerleri, Normal Wiener Szgece gre daha dktr. Bunun sebebi Ksa
Zamanl Wiener Szgecin sinyali pencerelerle para para ilemesinden
kaynaklanmaktadr. Bu durum sinyalin ksmen duraanlatrlabilecei ve srekli
sinyallerin yksek z ilinti matris boyutlarna gerek kalmadan ilenebileceini
gstermektedir.
98
7. SONULAR
Ksa
Zamanl
Wiener
Szme
yaklamnn
normal
Wiener
szme
bu
zellii
ilemler
srasnda
99
kulland
pencerelerden
kaynaklanmaktadr.
paralar
halinde
ilenen
sinyal
birletirilip
orijinal
boyutuna
100
101
KAYNAKLAR LSTES
[1]
POLIKAR ROBI, The Wavelet Tutorial Lecture Notes, Dept. Of Electrical and
Filtering Of The Fetal Ecg Using The Wavelet Transform, The Institution of
Electrical Engineers, 1995.
[9]
Maternal Skin Electrodes Using Blind Source Separation and Adaptive Noise
Cancellation Techniques, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers pp. 431434, 2000.
102
2003.
IEEE
CCECE
2003.
Canadian
Conference
on
[15]
103
104
EKLER LSTES
EK 1. MSE tablosu
MSE
z linti Matrisi
(satr x stun)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
x8
x9
x 10
x 11
x 12
x 13
x 14
x 15
x 16
x 17
x 18
x 19
x 20
x 21
x 22
x 23
x 24
x 25
x 26
x 27
x 28
x 29
x 30
x 31
x 32
x 33
x 34
x 35
x 36
x 37
x 38
x 39
x 40
x 41
x 42
x 43
x 44
Adm
50
5,96E-05
4,26E-05
3,76E-05
3,63E-05
3,66E-05
3,72E-05
3,79E-05
3,91E-05
4,04E-05
4,17E-05
4,30E-05
4,46E-05
4,63E-05
4,76E-05
4,89E-05
5,10E-05
5,32E-05
5,45E-05
5,58E-05
5,78E-05
6,11E-05
6,61E-05
7,19E-05
7,79E-05
8,35E-05
8,94E-05
9,38E-05
9,89E-05
1,04E-04
1,09E-04
1,14E-04
1,18E-04
1,23E-04
1,29E-04
1,33E-04
1,38E-04
1,43E-04
1,48E-04
1,52E-04
1,56E-04
1,61E-04
1,65E-04
1,68E-04
100
4,96E-05
3,16E-05
2,53E-05
2,29E-05
2,23E-05
2,20E-05
2,18E-05
2,18E-05
2,17E-05
2,16E-05
2,15E-05
2,15E-05
2,14E-05
2,12E-05
2,09E-05
2,07E-05
2,05E-05
2,02E-05
1,98E-05
1,97E-05
1,97E-05
1,95E-05
1,93E-05
1,93E-05
1,92E-05
1,91E-05
1,91E-05
1,90E-05
1,89E-05
1,86E-05
1,84E-05
1,82E-05
1,80E-05
1,79E-05
1,78E-05
1,77E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
125
5,09E-05
3,24E-05
2,60E-05
2,36E-05
2,30E-05
2,30E-05
2,29E-05
2,29E-05
2,27E-05
2,25E-05
2,21E-05
2,19E-05
2,18E-05
2,15E-05
2,13E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
2,09E-05
2,07E-05
2,05E-05
2,04E-05
2,03E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,01E-05
2,00E-05
1,99E-05
1,99E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
105
250
5,36E-05
3,40E-05
2,72E-05
2,48E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,41E-05
2,41E-05
2,41E-05
2,39E-05
2,38E-05
2,37E-05
2,37E-05
2,35E-05
2,33E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,31E-05
2,28E-05
2,27E-05
2,27E-05
2,26E-05
2,25E-05
2,25E-05
2,25E-05
2,25E-05
2,25E-05
2,25E-05
2,25E-05
2,25E-05
2,24E-05
2,24E-05
2,24E-05
2,24E-05
2,24E-05
2,23E-05
2,21E-05
2,19E-05
2,19E-05
2,18E-05
2,18E-05
2,18E-05
2,17E-05
500
5,27E-05
3,35E-05
2,69E-05
2,45E-05
2,40E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
2,38E-05
2,38E-05
2,37E-05
2,37E-05
2,37E-05
2,36E-05
2,36E-05
2,36E-05
2,35E-05
2,34E-05
2,34E-05
2,34E-05
2,33E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,31E-05
2,30E-05
2,29E-05
2,28E-05
2,28E-05
2,27E-05
2,27E-05
2,27E-05
2,27E-05
2,27E-05
2500
5,28E-05
3,37E-05
2,71E-05
2,47E-05
2,43E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,42E-05
2,41E-05
2,41E-05
2,41E-05
2,40E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
2,39E-05
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
x 45
x 46
x 47
x 48
x 49
x 50
x 51
x 52
x 53
x 54
x 55
x 56
x 57
x 58
x 59
x 60
x 61
x 62
x 63
x 64
x 65
x 66
x 67
x 68
x 69
x 70
x 71
x 72
x 73
x 74
x 75
x 76
x 77
x 78
x 79
x 80
x 81
x 82
x 83
x 84
x 85
x 86
x 87
x 88
x 89
x 90
x 91
x 92
x 93
x 94
x 95
x 96
1,71E-04
1,74E-04
1,77E-04
1,80E-04
1,83E-04
1,87E-04
1,91E-04
1,95E-04
1,99E-04
2,03E-04
2,08E-04
2,11E-04
2,15E-04
2,18E-04
2,22E-04
2,27E-04
2,31E-04
2,35E-04
2,39E-04
2,44E-04
2,47E-04
2,51E-04
2,56E-04
2,60E-04
2,65E-04
2,69E-04
2,73E-04
2,75E-04
2,78E-04
2,81E-04
2,83E-04
2,86E-04
2,90E-04
2,93E-04
2,96E-04
2,99E-04
3,02E-04
3,05E-04
3,08E-04
3,10E-04
3,13E-04
3,16E-04
3,19E-04
3,21E-04
3,24E-04
3,26E-04
3,29E-04
3,32E-04
3,34E-04
3,37E-04
3,40E-04
3,42E-04
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,77E-05
1,77E-05
1,78E-05
1,78E-05
1,78E-05
1,77E-05
1,77E-05
1,77E-05
1,78E-05
1,79E-05
1,80E-05
1,81E-05
1,82E-05
1,83E-05
1,84E-05
1,85E-05
1,86E-05
1,86E-05
1,88E-05
1,89E-05
1,90E-05
1,92E-05
1,93E-05
1,93E-05
1,94E-05
1,96E-05
1,98E-05
2,00E-05
2,03E-05
2,06E-05
2,08E-05
2,11E-05
2,14E-05
2,17E-05
2,18E-05
2,20E-05
2,23E-05
2,27E-05
2,30E-05
2,34E-05
2,38E-05
2,41E-05
2,44E-05
2,47E-05
2,50E-05
2,53E-05
2,55E-05
2,57E-05
2,59E-05
2,61E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,00E-05
1,99E-05
1,98E-05
1,98E-05
1,97E-05
1,94E-05
1,92E-05
1,91E-05
1,90E-05
1,90E-05
1,89E-05
1,90E-05
1,90E-05
1,90E-05
1,89E-05
1,89E-05
1,89E-05
1,89E-05
1,89E-05
1,89E-05
1,88E-05
1,87E-05
1,87E-05
1,86E-05
1,85E-05
1,86E-05
1,86E-05
1,86E-05
1,86E-05
1,86E-05
1,87E-05
1,88E-05
1,90E-05
1,91E-05
1,92E-05
1,95E-05
1,98E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,01E-05
2,03E-05
2,04E-05
2,06E-05
2,07E-05
2,09E-05
2,11E-05
2,13E-05
2,15E-05
2,17E-05
106
2,17E-05
2,16E-05
2,16E-05
2,15E-05
2,13E-05
2,12E-05
2,11E-05
2,09E-05
2,07E-05
2,04E-05
2,02E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
1,99E-05
1,99E-05
1,99E-05
1,99E-05
1,98E-05
1,97E-05
1,97E-05
1,96E-05
1,95E-05
1,93E-05
1,91E-05
1,88E-05
1,87E-05
1,85E-05
1,83E-05
1,81E-05
1,80E-05
1,79E-05
1,78E-05
1,78E-05
1,77E-05
1,75E-05
1,74E-05
1,73E-05
1,73E-05
1,72E-05
1,72E-05
1,72E-05
1,72E-05
1,71E-05
1,71E-05
1,71E-05
1,71E-05
1,70E-05
1,69E-05
1,68E-05
2,27E-05
2,26E-05
2,26E-05
2,25E-05
2,24E-05
2,23E-05
2,23E-05
2,22E-05
2,21E-05
2,19E-05
2,18E-05
2,18E-05
2,17E-05
2,17E-05
2,17E-05
2,17E-05
2,17E-05
2,17E-05
2,17E-05
2,17E-05
2,16E-05
2,16E-05
2,15E-05
2,15E-05
2,13E-05
2,11E-05
2,08E-05
2,05E-05
2,02E-05
2,00E-05
1,98E-05
1,96E-05
1,95E-05
1,94E-05
1,93E-05
1,93E-05
1,93E-05
1,92E-05
1,91E-05
1,91E-05
1,91E-05
1,91E-05
1,91E-05
1,91E-05
1,90E-05
1,90E-05
1,89E-05
1,89E-05
1,89E-05
1,88E-05
1,87E-05
1,86E-05
2,39E-05
2,38E-05
2,38E-05
2,37E-05
2,37E-05
2,36E-05
2,35E-05
2,35E-05
2,34E-05
2,33E-05
2,33E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,32E-05
2,31E-05
2,31E-05
2,30E-05
2,28E-05
2,25E-05
2,21E-05
2,19E-05
2,18E-05
2,16E-05
2,15E-05
2,14E-05
2,13E-05
2,13E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,12E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
2,11E-05
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
x 97
x 98
x 99
x 100
x 101
x 102
x 103
x 104
x 105
x 106
x 107
x 108
x 109
x 110
x 111
x 112
x 113
x 114
x 115
x 116
x 117
x 118
x 119
x 120
x 121
x 122
x 123
x 124
x 125
x 126
x 127
x 128
x 129
x 130
x 131
x 132
x 133
x 134
x 135
x 136
x 137
x 138
x 139
x 140
x 141
x 142
x 143
x 144
x 145
x 146
x 147
x 148
3,45E-04
3,48E-04
3,51E-04
3,53E-04
3,56E-04
3,58E-04
3,60E-04
3,62E-04
3,65E-04
3,68E-04
3,71E-04
3,73E-04
3,76E-04
3,78E-04
3,80E-04
3,82E-04
3,84E-04
3,86E-04
3,88E-04
3,90E-04
3,92E-04
3,94E-04
3,96E-04
3,98E-04
4,00E-04
4,02E-04
4,04E-04
4,06E-04
4,07E-04
4,09E-04
4,11E-04
4,13E-04
4,15E-04
4,17E-04
4,18E-04
4,20E-04
4,21E-04
4,23E-04
4,25E-04
4,27E-04
4,29E-04
4,31E-04
4,32E-04
4,34E-04
4,36E-04
4,37E-04
4,39E-04
4,41E-04
4,42E-04
4,44E-04
4,45E-04
4,47E-04
2,62E-05
2,63E-05
2,65E-05
2,66E-05
2,67E-05
2,70E-05
2,73E-05
2,77E-05
2,81E-05
2,84E-05
2,87E-05
2,90E-05
2,92E-05
2,94E-05
2,97E-05
3,01E-05
3,05E-05
3,08E-05
3,10E-05
3,13E-05
3,15E-05
3,17E-05
3,20E-05
3,23E-05
3,25E-05
3,28E-05
3,31E-05
3,34E-05
3,38E-05
3,41E-05
3,45E-05
3,48E-05
3,51E-05
3,55E-05
3,59E-05
3,63E-05
3,66E-05
3,69E-05
3,72E-05
3,76E-05
3,79E-05
3,81E-05
3,84E-05
3,85E-05
3,87E-05
3,89E-05
3,91E-05
3,93E-05
3,94E-05
3,95E-05
3,96E-05
3,97E-05
2,20E-05
2,22E-05
2,24E-05
2,25E-05
2,26E-05
2,28E-05
2,30E-05
2,31E-05
2,32E-05
2,33E-05
2,35E-05
2,36E-05
2,38E-05
2,40E-05
2,41E-05
2,43E-05
2,45E-05
2,48E-05
2,50E-05
2,51E-05
2,52E-05
2,53E-05
2,54E-05
2,57E-05
2,59E-05
2,62E-05
2,64E-05
2,66E-05
2,66E-05
2,65E-05
2,67E-05
2,70E-05
2,74E-05
2,78E-05
2,81E-05
2,84E-05
2,86E-05
2,89E-05
2,93E-05
2,95E-05
2,98E-05
2,99E-05
3,01E-05
3,03E-05
3,04E-05
3,06E-05
3,07E-05
3,07E-05
3,08E-05
3,09E-05
3,10E-05
3,11E-05
107
1,68E-05
1,68E-05
1,67E-05
1,67E-05
1,67E-05
1,66E-05
1,66E-05
1,65E-05
1,65E-05
1,64E-05
1,64E-05
1,64E-05
1,64E-05
1,63E-05
1,63E-05
1,63E-05
1,63E-05
1,63E-05
1,63E-05
1,62E-05
1,62E-05
1,62E-05
1,62E-05
1,62E-05
1,61E-05
1,61E-05
1,59E-05
1,58E-05
1,58E-05
1,57E-05
1,56E-05
1,56E-05
1,56E-05
1,54E-05
1,52E-05
1,52E-05
1,51E-05
1,50E-05
1,49E-05
1,49E-05
1,49E-05
1,49E-05
1,48E-05
1,48E-05
1,48E-05
1,48E-05
1,48E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,86E-05
1,86E-05
1,85E-05
1,85E-05
1,84E-05
1,83E-05
1,81E-05
1,81E-05
1,81E-05
1,80E-05
1,80E-05
1,80E-05
1,80E-05
1,80E-05
1,80E-05
1,79E-05
1,79E-05
1,79E-05
1,79E-05
1,79E-05
1,79E-05
1,78E-05
1,78E-05
1,78E-05
1,78E-05
1,77E-05
1,77E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,76E-05
1,75E-05
1,74E-05
1,74E-05
1,74E-05
1,73E-05
1,73E-05
1,72E-05
1,72E-05
1,72E-05
1,71E-05
1,71E-05
1,71E-05
1,70E-05
1,70E-05
1,70E-05
1,70E-05
1,69E-05
1,69E-05
1,68E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,10E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,09E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,08E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
x 149
x 150
x 151
x 152
x 153
x 154
x 155
x 156
x 157
x 158
x 159
x 160
x 161
x 162
x 163
x 164
x 165
x 166
x 167
x 168
x 169
x 170
x 171
x 172
x 173
x 174
x 175
x 176
x 177
x 178
x 179
x 180
x 181
x 182
x 183
x 184
x 185
x 186
x 187
x 188
x 189
x 190
x 191
x 192
x 193
x 194
x 195
x 196
x 197
x 198
x 199
x 200
4,48E-04
4,50E-04
4,51E-04
4,53E-04
4,54E-04
4,55E-04
4,57E-04
4,58E-04
4,60E-04
4,61E-04
4,62E-04
4,63E-04
4,65E-04
4,66E-04
4,68E-04
4,69E-04
4,70E-04
4,71E-04
4,72E-04
4,74E-04
4,75E-04
4,76E-04
4,78E-04
4,79E-04
4,80E-04
4,81E-04
4,82E-04
4,84E-04
4,85E-04
4,86E-04
4,87E-04
4,88E-04
4,89E-04
4,90E-04
4,92E-04
4,93E-04
4,94E-04
4,95E-04
4,96E-04
4,97E-04
4,98E-04
4,99E-04
5,00E-04
5,01E-04
5,02E-04
5,03E-04
5,04E-04
5,05E-04
5,06E-04
5,07E-04
5,08E-04
5,09E-04
3,99E-05
4,00E-05
4,02E-05
4,03E-05
4,05E-05
4,07E-05
4,09E-05
4,11E-05
4,14E-05
4,17E-05
4,19E-05
4,22E-05
4,25E-05
4,28E-05
4,32E-05
4,35E-05
4,38E-05
4,41E-05
4,44E-05
4,47E-05
4,50E-05
4,53E-05
4,56E-05
4,58E-05
4,61E-05
4,63E-05
4,65E-05
4,68E-05
4,71E-05
4,73E-05
4,75E-05
4,76E-05
4,78E-05
4,79E-05
4,81E-05
4,83E-05
4,85E-05
4,87E-05
4,88E-05
4,89E-05
4,91E-05
4,92E-05
4,94E-05
4,95E-05
4,96E-05
4,98E-05
4,99E-05
5,01E-05
5,02E-05
5,04E-05
5,05E-05
5,07E-05
3,12E-05
3,13E-05
3,13E-05
3,14E-05
3,15E-05
3,16E-05
3,18E-05
3,19E-05
3,20E-05
3,21E-05
3,22E-05
3,23E-05
3,24E-05
3,26E-05
3,28E-05
3,29E-05
3,30E-05
3,32E-05
3,33E-05
3,35E-05
3,36E-05
3,38E-05
3,39E-05
3,41E-05
3,43E-05
3,45E-05
3,47E-05
3,49E-05
3,50E-05
3,51E-05
3,53E-05
3,54E-05
3,56E-05
3,57E-05
3,59E-05
3,60E-05
3,61E-05
3,62E-05
3,63E-05
3,64E-05
3,64E-05
3,65E-05
3,66E-05
3,66E-05
3,67E-05
3,69E-05
3,70E-05
3,71E-05
3,72E-05
3,73E-05
3,74E-05
3,75E-05
108
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,45E-05
1,45E-05
1,45E-05
1,45E-05
1,45E-05
1,44E-05
1,42E-05
1,41E-05
1,41E-05
1,40E-05
1,39E-05
1,38E-05
1,36E-05
1,33E-05
1,31E-05
1,30E-05
1,30E-05
1,29E-05
1,29E-05
1,28E-05
1,28E-05
1,27E-05
1,27E-05
1,27E-05
1,27E-05
1,26E-05
1,26E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,25E-05
1,24E-05
1,24E-05
1,24E-05
1,24E-05
1,24E-05
1,24E-05
1,24E-05
1,24E-05
1,67E-05
1,66E-05
1,66E-05
1,66E-05
1,66E-05
1,65E-05
1,65E-05
1,64E-05
1,64E-05
1,64E-05
1,63E-05
1,63E-05
1,62E-05
1,61E-05
1,61E-05
1,60E-05
1,60E-05
1,60E-05
1,59E-05
1,57E-05
1,57E-05
1,57E-05
1,56E-05
1,56E-05
1,56E-05
1,56E-05
1,55E-05
1,55E-05
1,55E-05
1,53E-05
1,52E-05
1,51E-05
1,50E-05
1,50E-05
1,50E-05
1,50E-05
1,49E-05
1,48E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,47E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,46E-05
1,45E-05
1,45E-05
1,45E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,07E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,06E-05
2,05E-05
2,05E-05
2,05E-05
2,05E-05
2,04E-05
2,03E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,02E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,01E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
2,00E-05
1,99E-05
1,99E-05
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
x8
x9
x 10
x 11
x 12
x 13
x 14
x 15
x 16
x 17
x 18
x 19
x 20
x 21
x 22
x 23
x 24
x 25
x 26
x 27
x 28
x 29
x 30
x 31
x 32
x 33
x 34
x 35
x 36
x 37
x 38
x 39
x 40
x 41
x 42
x 43
x 44
x 45
x 46
x 47
Adm
50
6,01E-01
4,34E-01
3,85E-01
3,72E-01
3,77E-01
3,85E-01
3,93E-01
4,03E-01
4,15E-01
4,27E-01
4,38E-01
4,52E-01
4,66E-01
4,78E-01
4,88E-01
5,08E-01
5,29E-01
5,41E-01
5,51E-01
5,70E-01
5,98E-01
6,42E-01
6,97E-01
7,55E-01
8,09E-01
8,66E-01
9,07E-01
9,55E-01
1,01E+00
1,05E+00
1,10E+00
1,14E+00
1,19E+00
1,24E+00
1,29E+00
1,33E+00
1,38E+00
1,42E+00
1,46E+00
1,50E+00
1,55E+00
1,59E+00
1,62E+00
1,64E+00
1,68E+00
1,70E+00
100
5,16E-01
3,38E-01
2,78E-01
2,55E-01
2,50E-01
2,50E-01
2,48E-01
2,47E-01
2,46E-01
2,45E-01
2,44E-01
2,44E-01
2,42E-01
2,39E-01
2,36E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,30E-01
2,26E-01
2,25E-01
2,23E-01
2,20E-01
2,18E-01
2,17E-01
2,16E-01
2,16E-01
2,15E-01
2,14E-01
2,13E-01
2,11E-01
2,09E-01
2,08E-01
2,06E-01
2,05E-01
2,02E-01
2,01E-01
2,01E-01
2,00E-01
1,99E-01
1,98E-01
1,98E-01
1,98E-01
1,97E-01
1,97E-01
1,96E-01
1,95E-01
125
5,29E-01
3,45E-01
2,82E-01
2,60E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,54E-01
2,53E-01
2,52E-01
2,49E-01
2,46E-01
2,45E-01
2,42E-01
2,40E-01
2,38E-01
2,38E-01
2,35E-01
2,32E-01
2,29E-01
2,26E-01
2,25E-01
2,24E-01
2,23E-01
2,22E-01
2,22E-01
2,21E-01
2,21E-01
2,20E-01
2,19E-01
2,19E-01
2,19E-01
2,18E-01
2,18E-01
2,18E-01
2,17E-01
2,17E-01
2,16E-01
2,16E-01
2,16E-01
2,16E-01
2,15E-01
2,15E-01
2,14E-01
2,13E-01
2,12E-01
109
250
5,62E-01
3,65E-01
2,97E-01
2,73E-01
2,67E-01
2,67E-01
2,67E-01
2,66E-01
2,66E-01
2,66E-01
2,66E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,64E-01
2,62E-01
2,60E-01
2,60E-01
2,59E-01
2,56E-01
2,55E-01
2,54E-01
2,54E-01
2,53E-01
2,52E-01
2,52E-01
2,52E-01
2,52E-01
2,52E-01
2,52E-01
2,51E-01
2,51E-01
2,51E-01
2,51E-01
2,51E-01
2,50E-01
2,49E-01
2,48E-01
2,47E-01
2,47E-01
2,46E-01
2,46E-01
2,45E-01
2,45E-01
2,44E-01
2,43E-01
2,43E-01
500
5,51E-01
3,59E-01
2,92E-01
2,68E-01
2,63E-01
2,63E-01
2,63E-01
2,62E-01
2,62E-01
2,62E-01
2,62E-01
2,62E-01
2,62E-01
2,62E-01
2,61E-01
2,61E-01
2,60E-01
2,60E-01
2,59E-01
2,59E-01
2,58E-01
2,58E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,56E-01
2,56E-01
2,56E-01
2,55E-01
2,54E-01
2,53E-01
2,52E-01
2,52E-01
2,52E-01
2,51E-01
2,51E-01
2,51E-01
2,51E-01
2,50E-01
2,50E-01
2500
5,53E-01
3,60E-01
2,94E-01
2,71E-01
2,66E-01
2,66E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,65E-01
2,64E-01
2,64E-01
2,64E-01
2,64E-01
2,64E-01
2,64E-01
2,63E-01
2,62E-01
2,61E-01
2,61E-01
2,61E-01
2,61E-01
2,61E-01
2,61E-01
2,60E-01
2,60E-01
2,59E-01
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
x 48
x 49
x 50
x 51
x 52
x 53
x 54
x 55
x 56
x 57
x 58
x 59
x 60
x 61
x 62
x 63
x 64
x 65
x 66
x 67
x 68
x 69
x 70
x 71
x 72
x 73
x 74
x 75
x 76
x 77
x 78
x 79
x 80
x 81
x 82
x 83
x 84
x 85
x 86
x 87
x 88
x 89
x 90
x 91
x 92
x 93
x 94
x 95
x 96
x 97
x 98
x 99
1,73E+00
1,76E+00
1,80E+00
1,84E+00
1,88E+00
1,92E+00
1,96E+00
2,00E+00
2,04E+00
2,07E+00
2,11E+00
2,15E+00
2,19E+00
2,23E+00
2,27E+00
2,31E+00
2,35E+00
2,39E+00
2,43E+00
2,47E+00
2,52E+00
2,56E+00
2,60E+00
2,64E+00
2,66E+00
2,69E+00
2,71E+00
2,74E+00
2,77E+00
2,80E+00
2,83E+00
2,86E+00
2,90E+00
2,92E+00
2,95E+00
2,98E+00
3,01E+00
3,03E+00
3,06E+00
3,09E+00
3,11E+00
3,14E+00
3,16E+00
3,19E+00
3,21E+00
3,24E+00
3,27E+00
3,29E+00
3,32E+00
3,34E+00
3,37E+00
3,40E+00
1,95E-01
1,94E-01
1,94E-01
1,93E-01
1,93E-01
1,93E-01
1,92E-01
1,92E-01
1,92E-01
1,92E-01
1,92E-01
1,93E-01
1,94E-01
1,94E-01
1,94E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,96E-01
1,97E-01
1,98E-01
1,99E-01
1,99E-01
1,99E-01
1,99E-01
2,01E-01
2,02E-01
2,03E-01
2,06E-01
2,08E-01
2,09E-01
2,11E-01
2,13E-01
2,16E-01
2,17E-01
2,19E-01
2,22E-01
2,26E-01
2,28E-01
2,30E-01
2,33E-01
2,36E-01
2,39E-01
2,41E-01
2,44E-01
2,46E-01
2,48E-01
2,50E-01
2,51E-01
2,52E-01
2,54E-01
2,55E-01
2,56E-01
2,11E-01
2,11E-01
2,11E-01
2,11E-01
2,10E-01
2,08E-01
2,07E-01
2,06E-01
2,05E-01
2,05E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,03E-01
2,02E-01
2,02E-01
2,02E-01
2,02E-01
2,01E-01
2,00E-01
1,99E-01
1,98E-01
1,97E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,94E-01
1,94E-01
1,95E-01
1,97E-01
1,97E-01
1,98E-01
2,01E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,05E-01
2,06E-01
2,07E-01
2,09E-01
2,10E-01
2,12E-01
2,13E-01
2,15E-01
2,17E-01
2,18E-01
2,20E-01
2,22E-01
2,24E-01
110
2,42E-01
2,41E-01
2,40E-01
2,40E-01
2,38E-01
2,36E-01
2,34E-01
2,33E-01
2,32E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,30E-01
2,30E-01
2,29E-01
2,29E-01
2,29E-01
2,29E-01
2,28E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,26E-01
2,25E-01
2,23E-01
2,21E-01
2,19E-01
2,18E-01
2,16E-01
2,14E-01
2,13E-01
2,12E-01
2,11E-01
2,11E-01
2,11E-01
2,10E-01
2,08E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,06E-01
2,05E-01
2,05E-01
2,05E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,04E-01
2,03E-01
2,03E-01
2,02E-01
2,02E-01
2,02E-01
2,01E-01
2,49E-01
2,48E-01
2,48E-01
2,47E-01
2,47E-01
2,46E-01
2,45E-01
2,45E-01
2,45E-01
2,44E-01
2,44E-01
2,44E-01
2,44E-01
2,44E-01
2,44E-01
2,43E-01
2,43E-01
2,43E-01
2,43E-01
2,42E-01
2,41E-01
2,39E-01
2,37E-01
2,35E-01
2,32E-01
2,30E-01
2,28E-01
2,26E-01
2,24E-01
2,23E-01
2,22E-01
2,22E-01
2,21E-01
2,21E-01
2,20E-01
2,20E-01
2,20E-01
2,19E-01
2,19E-01
2,19E-01
2,19E-01
2,18E-01
2,18E-01
2,17E-01
2,17E-01
2,17E-01
2,16E-01
2,16E-01
2,15E-01
2,14E-01
2,14E-01
2,14E-01
2,59E-01
2,58E-01
2,58E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,56E-01
2,56E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,55E-01
2,54E-01
2,53E-01
2,52E-01
2,51E-01
2,48E-01
2,45E-01
2,43E-01
2,42E-01
2,40E-01
2,39E-01
2,38E-01
2,38E-01
2,37E-01
2,37E-01
2,37E-01
2,37E-01
2,37E-01
2,37E-01
2,37E-01
2,37E-01
2,36E-01
2,36E-01
2,35E-01
2,35E-01
2,35E-01
2,35E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
x 100
x 101
x 102
x 103
x 104
x 105
x 106
x 107
x 108
x 109
x 110
x 111
x 112
x 113
x 114
x 115
x 116
x 117
x 118
x 119
x 120
x 121
x 122
x 123
x 124
x 125
x 126
x 127
x 128
x 129
x 130
x 131
x 132
x 133
x 134
x 135
x 136
x 137
x 138
x 139
x 140
x 141
x 142
x 143
x 144
x 145
x 146
x 147
x 148
x 149
x 150
x 151
3,43E+00
3,45E+00
3,47E+00
3,49E+00
3,52E+00
3,54E+00
3,57E+00
3,60E+00
3,62E+00
3,64E+00
3,66E+00
3,69E+00
3,71E+00
3,73E+00
3,75E+00
3,77E+00
3,79E+00
3,80E+00
3,82E+00
3,84E+00
3,86E+00
3,88E+00
3,90E+00
3,92E+00
3,94E+00
3,95E+00
3,97E+00
3,99E+00
4,01E+00
4,03E+00
4,05E+00
4,06E+00
4,08E+00
4,09E+00
4,11E+00
4,13E+00
4,15E+00
4,17E+00
4,18E+00
4,20E+00
4,22E+00
4,23E+00
4,25E+00
4,27E+00
4,28E+00
4,30E+00
4,31E+00
4,33E+00
4,34E+00
4,36E+00
4,37E+00
4,39E+00
2,57E-01
2,58E-01
2,60E-01
2,63E-01
2,67E-01
2,70E-01
2,73E-01
2,75E-01
2,78E-01
2,80E-01
2,82E-01
2,84E-01
2,88E-01
2,91E-01
2,94E-01
2,96E-01
2,98E-01
3,00E-01
3,03E-01
3,05E-01
3,07E-01
3,10E-01
3,12E-01
3,15E-01
3,18E-01
3,21E-01
3,24E-01
3,27E-01
3,30E-01
3,33E-01
3,36E-01
3,40E-01
3,43E-01
3,46E-01
3,49E-01
3,52E-01
3,55E-01
3,57E-01
3,60E-01
3,62E-01
3,64E-01
3,65E-01
3,67E-01
3,69E-01
3,71E-01
3,72E-01
3,73E-01
3,74E-01
3,75E-01
3,77E-01
3,78E-01
3,79E-01
2,25E-01
2,25E-01
2,27E-01
2,28E-01
2,29E-01
2,29E-01
2,30E-01
2,31E-01
2,32E-01
2,34E-01
2,35E-01
2,36E-01
2,37E-01
2,40E-01
2,42E-01
2,43E-01
2,44E-01
2,45E-01
2,46E-01
2,47E-01
2,49E-01
2,51E-01
2,54E-01
2,56E-01
2,57E-01
2,57E-01
2,56E-01
2,58E-01
2,61E-01
2,64E-01
2,68E-01
2,71E-01
2,73E-01
2,75E-01
2,78E-01
2,81E-01
2,84E-01
2,86E-01
2,87E-01
2,89E-01
2,90E-01
2,92E-01
2,93E-01
2,94E-01
2,95E-01
2,96E-01
2,97E-01
2,97E-01
2,98E-01
2,99E-01
3,00E-01
3,00E-01
111
2,00E-01
2,00E-01
2,00E-01
1,99E-01
1,98E-01
1,97E-01
1,97E-01
1,97E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,94E-01
1,93E-01
1,92E-01
1,92E-01
1,90E-01
1,89E-01
1,89E-01
1,88E-01
1,86E-01
1,86E-01
1,85E-01
1,85E-01
1,84E-01
1,84E-01
1,84E-01
1,84E-01
1,83E-01
1,83E-01
1,82E-01
1,82E-01
1,82E-01
1,82E-01
1,81E-01
1,81E-01
1,81E-01
1,81E-01
2,13E-01
2,12E-01
2,11E-01
2,10E-01
2,10E-01
2,09E-01
2,09E-01
2,09E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,08E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,07E-01
2,06E-01
2,06E-01
2,06E-01
2,06E-01
2,05E-01
2,05E-01
2,05E-01
2,04E-01
2,03E-01
2,03E-01
2,03E-01
2,02E-01
2,02E-01
2,01E-01
2,01E-01
2,01E-01
2,01E-01
2,01E-01
2,01E-01
2,00E-01
2,00E-01
1,99E-01
1,98E-01
1,98E-01
1,98E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,34E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,33E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
x 152
x 153
x 154
x 155
x 156
x 157
x 158
x 159
x 160
x 161
x 162
x 163
x 164
x 165
x 166
x 167
x 168
x 169
x 170
x 171
x 172
x 173
x 174
x 175
x 176
x 177
x 178
x 179
x 180
x 181
x 182
x 183
x 184
x 185
x 186
x 187
x 188
x 189
x 190
x 191
x 192
x 193
x 194
x 195
x 196
x 197
x 198
x 199
x 200
4,40E+00
4,41E+00
4,43E+00
4,44E+00
4,45E+00
4,47E+00
4,48E+00
4,49E+00
4,51E+00
4,52E+00
4,53E+00
4,55E+00
4,56E+00
4,57E+00
4,58E+00
4,59E+00
4,61E+00
4,62E+00
4,63E+00
4,64E+00
4,66E+00
4,67E+00
4,68E+00
4,69E+00
4,70E+00
4,72E+00
4,73E+00
4,74E+00
4,75E+00
4,76E+00
4,77E+00
4,78E+00
4,79E+00
4,80E+00
4,82E+00
4,82E+00
4,83E+00
4,84E+00
4,85E+00
4,86E+00
4,87E+00
4,88E+00
4,89E+00
4,90E+00
4,91E+00
4,92E+00
4,93E+00
4,94E+00
4,95E+00
3,81E-01
3,82E-01
3,84E-01
3,86E-01
3,88E-01
3,90E-01
3,93E-01
3,95E-01
3,97E-01
4,00E-01
4,03E-01
4,07E-01
4,10E-01
4,12E-01
4,15E-01
4,18E-01
4,21E-01
4,24E-01
4,27E-01
4,29E-01
4,31E-01
4,33E-01
4,35E-01
4,37E-01
4,40E-01
4,42E-01
4,44E-01
4,46E-01
4,47E-01
4,49E-01
4,50E-01
4,52E-01
4,53E-01
4,55E-01
4,57E-01
4,58E-01
4,59E-01
4,61E-01
4,62E-01
4,63E-01
4,64E-01
4,66E-01
4,67E-01
4,69E-01
4,70E-01
4,71E-01
4,73E-01
4,74E-01
4,76E-01
3,01E-01
3,02E-01
3,03E-01
3,04E-01
3,06E-01
3,07E-01
3,07E-01
3,08E-01
3,09E-01
3,10E-01
3,12E-01
3,14E-01
3,15E-01
3,16E-01
3,17E-01
3,18E-01
3,20E-01
3,21E-01
3,23E-01
3,24E-01
3,26E-01
3,28E-01
3,29E-01
3,31E-01
3,33E-01
3,34E-01
3,35E-01
3,36E-01
3,38E-01
3,39E-01
3,41E-01
3,42E-01
3,43E-01
3,44E-01
3,45E-01
3,46E-01
3,47E-01
3,47E-01
3,48E-01
3,48E-01
3,49E-01
3,50E-01
3,51E-01
3,52E-01
3,53E-01
3,53E-01
3,54E-01
3,55E-01
3,56E-01
112
1,81E-01
1,80E-01
1,80E-01
1,80E-01
1,80E-01
1,80E-01
1,80E-01
1,79E-01
1,79E-01
1,78E-01
1,77E-01
1,76E-01
1,75E-01
1,74E-01
1,72E-01
1,70E-01
1,68E-01
1,68E-01
1,68E-01
1,67E-01
1,66E-01
1,65E-01
1,65E-01
1,65E-01
1,64E-01
1,64E-01
1,64E-01
1,63E-01
1,62E-01
1,61E-01
1,61E-01
1,61E-01
1,61E-01
1,61E-01
1,61E-01
1,60E-01
1,60E-01
1,60E-01
1,60E-01
1,60E-01
1,60E-01
1,60E-01
1,59E-01
1,59E-01
1,59E-01
1,59E-01
1,59E-01
1,59E-01
1,59E-01
1,97E-01
1,97E-01
1,97E-01
1,97E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,96E-01
1,95E-01
1,95E-01
1,94E-01
1,94E-01
1,94E-01
1,93E-01
1,93E-01
1,93E-01
1,92E-01
1,91E-01
1,90E-01
1,90E-01
1,90E-01
1,89E-01
1,89E-01
1,89E-01
1,89E-01
1,88E-01
1,88E-01
1,86E-01
1,84E-01
1,83E-01
1,82E-01
1,82E-01
1,82E-01
1,81E-01
1,80E-01
1,80E-01
1,79E-01
1,79E-01
1,78E-01
1,78E-01
1,78E-01
1,78E-01
1,78E-01
1,78E-01
1,78E-01
1,77E-01
1,77E-01
1,77E-01
1,77E-01
1,77E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,32E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,31E-01
2,30E-01
2,29E-01
2,28E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01
2,27E-01