JI.

n. JiAHllAY

Ii

E.' M. JIH<fJWHU

TEOPETI14ECKA5I <P11311KA
B )J.EC5ITI1 TOMAX

MOCKBA cHA¥KA» r JIABHMI PE.nAKUI1~ 4>113HKO-M.ATEMATHllECI\On

JIHTEPATYFbI

1I.

n. JIAH,lJ.AY

E. M. JU1<PLUHU

TOM II

TEOPI15I nOJl5I
113.IJ.AHI1E CE.IJ.bMOE. I1CnPABJIEHHOE

euctueeo

ponyU{eno MunUCrepCT80M U cpeiineeo cnellua.llbno8o 06pa308anUil CCCP 8 "a~eCT8e y'te6H080 nocosu» {J1I1I CTg{JenT08 c/JU3U~eC"Ux cnellUa.llbnOCTeli gnu8epcUTeT08

MOCI\BA cHAYI(A,. r nABHMI PI'JI.Al<.I..\H5I <PH3HI<O-MATEMATHtJECI<On mHEPATYPbI I !H1'8

BBK 22.31

JI22 YJl.I( 530.1 (075.8)

JI a H .lI.a y JI. JI II <pIII II II. E. M. Teoperierecsas 4lH3HKa: yqeo. nocoriae. B 10 T. T. II. Teopas nOJIlI.-7-e 113.l1..,Hcnp.- M.: HaYKa. [JI. pen, <pH3.-MaT. JIllT., 1988. 512 c. -ISBN 5·02-014420-7 (T. II). Ilpenaaraexaa KHHra IJpe.ll.CTaBJIIleT co6oil: HOBoe asnaaae (6-e 113.11.. BbIXO.ll.l!JIOB 1973 r.) aroporo TOMa x ypca reoperasecxon <pH3I!KI!, aac.ny)f{l!BllIerO unrpoxyto 1!3SeCTHOCTb B Hallleii crpane I! 311 pyoe>KOM. TOM nOCBHllI.eH xnaccasecxon TeOpHI! 9JIeKTpOMarHIITHblX H rpaaarauaouaux noaea, B HeM H3J1araIOTCHOCHOBbICIJell.HaJIbHOii reopaa OTHOCHTeJlbHOCTH, auaon .ypaBHeHIIH 9JIeKTpo.n.IIHaMHKH 113npHHlI.lIIJa naaxensurero .n.eiiCTBIIH, BOIJPOCbIpacnpocrpaueuas H 113J1yqeHHH 9JIeKTpOMafHIITHblX BOJIH. Ilocnennae rnassr KHllrR nOCBHllI.eHbIoOllleil: reopna OTHOCI!TeJlbHOCTII.lapanaensuo I c pa3BIITlleM 3TOil: reopnu 1!3J1ara1OTCH OCHOBbl reaaopnoro atranaaa . .Ll.JlH CTYAeHTOB y"I!BepCIITeTOB, CTYAeHTOB <p1I3I!QeCKIIX cneuuansnocrea BY30B, a TaK>Ke AJIH aCIJl!paHTOB COOTBeTCTBYIOUlIlX cneuaansnocrea.

n.,

OTBeTCTBeHHblH penaxrop QJleH-KOppeCIJOHl{eHT AH <pIl3I1KO-MaTeMaTIlQeCKIlX aayx J/. Il, Iluraeecsua

CCCP

.lI.OKTOP

JI

1704020000--135 053(02)-88

130-88

ISBN 5-02-014420-7 (T II)J ISBN 5-02-013850-9

H3.I\8TeJlbCTBO «Hayt<a,.. fJlaBHaH pe.I\8K~HH cj>H3HKo-M8TeMaTHQecKoll C HCnpaBJleHHHIIlH, 1988

JlHTepaTYPbl,

OfJlA.BJlEHUE
ITpellHCJIOBHe pellaKTOpa ITpellHCJIOBHe K K CellbMOMY H311aHHIO • •

9 10 11 12
13 13 16

WeCTOMY 11311aHHIO

1-13

npellHCJJOBHH K nepBOMY H BTOPOMY H311aHHHM 0603HaqeHHH

Hexoropsre

r JI a B a
§ 1. § 2. § 3. § 4. § 5. § 6. § 7.

I.

npHHUHn

OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH B3aHMolleHcTBHH

CKOPOCTb pacnpocrpaaeana HHTepBaJi • Co6cTBeHHoe BpeMH ITpeo6pa30BaHHe Jlopenna ITpeo6pa30BaHHe CKOPDCTH 4eTblpexMepHble sexropsr 4eTblpexMepHaH CKOPOCTb PeJIHTHBHCTcKaH

22 24 30 41

28

r JI a B a II.
§ § § § § § §

xexanaxa

8. ITpHHUHn aaaxeasmero lleHcTBHH 9. 3HeprnH H HMnYJIbC • 10. ITpeo6pa30BaHHe CPYHKUHHpacnpenenenaa 11. Pacnan qaCTHU 12. HHBapHaHTHoe ceseaae 13. Ynpyrne CTOJIKHOBeHHHqaCTHu.

43 43 45 49
51 56 58

14.

MOMeHT HMnYJIbCa 3apH)I,

63 67 .67 69 75 76
78
71

r JI a B a III.
§ § § § § § § § 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 21. 22 .

B SJIeKTpOMarHHTHoM none

20.

§ 23. § 24. § 25.

3JIeMeHTapHble qaCTHUbI B reopnn OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH 4eTblpexMepHblH nOTeHUHaJI rrons YpaBHeHHH ABH)!{eHHH sapaaa B nOJIe l(aJIH6pOBOqHaH HHBapHaHTHocTb • ITocToHHHoe 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOe nOJIe ,UBH)!{eHHe B nOCTOHHHOM01lHOP01lHOM 3JIeKTpHqeCKOM nOJIe ,UBH)!{eHHe B nOCTOlUlHOM OllHOP01lHOM MarHHTHOM nOJIe .l1,BH)!{eHHe aapsna B nOCTOHHHblX 01lHOP01lHblX 3JIeKTjmqeCKOM H MarHHTHOM nOJIliX •••• Tensop 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHoro nOJIH • Ilpeoopaaosaaae Jlopeaua 1lJIli nons HHBapHaHTbI nOJIH • • • •

79
83 83 9')
~~ I 95

r JI a B a

IV.

YpaBHeHHH

SJIeKTpOMarHHTHoro

nOJJH

§ 26. Ilepaaa napa ypaBHeHHH MaKCBeJIJIa § 27 . .l1,eHcTBHe 1lJIli 3J1eKTpOMarHHTHoro nona

95 97

orJIABJlEHMB
§ 28. § 29. § 30. § 31. § 32. § 33. § 34. § 35.
qeThlpexMepHhlii BeKTOp TOKa • • • YpaBHeHH~ HenpepblBHOCTH • • • • Bropas napa ypaBHeHHH MaKCBeJJJIa • • • nJJOTHOCTb H nOTOK sneprna •••• Tenaop SHeprHll-HMnYJJbca. ••••• Teasop sHeprHH-HMnYJJbC8 SJJeKTpOMar'llHTHoro nOJJH Teopexa BHpH8JJa Teusop SHeprH}I-HMnYJlbCa MaKpOCKOnHlJeCKHXTeJl •

102 104 107 , 109 '113 118

,99

120

r II a B a
§ 36. § 37. § 38. § 39. § 40. § 41. § 42. § 43. § 44. § 45.

V.

nOCTOSlHHOe 9J1eKTpOMarHHTHoe noae

3aKoH KYJloHa •.••..••• 3JIeKTpOCTaTHlJeCKaR 9HeprHSI sapaaoa Ilene paanoxepao ABHJKYUl.erOCH sapsna .llBHJKeHHe B KYJlOHOBOM none R.HnOJlbHblH MOMeHT • • • • • • MYJlbTHnOJlbHble MOMeHTbI CHcTeMa aapanoa BO BHemHeM none nOCTOSlHHoe MarHHTHoe nOJJe M8rHIlTHblii MOMeHT • • • Teopeaa JIapMopa ••••

, 130 • 133

124 125 125 128 135 141

..' ...

139

,·145

• 143

rJl

a B a VI. 3JJeKTpOMarHHTHbie BO,lHbI

..
• '.

148

§ 46.
§ § § § §

47. nJIOCKHe BOJlHhI 48. MOHOXPOM8THlJeCK3S1 nJl.OCKaSiBOJJlla 49. CneKTpaJJbHOe pa3.~OJKeHHe .

BOJIHOBOe ypasaeane

51. PaSJlOJKeHHe aJleKTpOCT8TH'IeCKOrOnoas § 52. Coocraeaaue KOJleOaHHSI noaa •••

50.

qacTHlJHO nOJlllpH30BaHHblii CBeT.

148 150 155 161 162 169 170

175

r JI a B a

VII. Pacnpccrpaaeuae

caera
"

§ 53. I'eoaerpusecxaa onTIIKa § 54. I1HTeHclIBHocTb . . § 55. YrJlOBOH ailKolIaJl § 56. TOIIKHe nyllKII J1Y'leii " .• § 57. OTOOpaJK~Hlle IllHpOKIIMH nyqRaMH nYlJeii § 58. Flpenems reouerpasecxca onTHKII § 59. ,Ul!(jJpaKnll!l § 60. 'uHlppaKnllll <I>peHeJill •

, 175 179 181 191 193

184

§ 61.

.ll1l¢paKIllIll none

$paYHro¢epa ABHJKYUlHXCR SapRJl.OB

196 202 • '. 206 • 212

rJl

a B a VIlI.

§ 62. Sanaaausajonme DOTeHnH8J1b1 § 63. Ilorennnaau Jlnenapa - Bnxepra

§ 64. Cnexrpaasaoe

.,

'.'

§ 65.

pasnoxceuae sanaanaaajomax nOTeHnHanOB <I>YHKnHHJIarplIHJKa C TO'lHOCTblO no 'IJleHOB aroporo nopasxa H3ny"eHHe 9J1eKTpOMarHHTHblX BOJIH

, 215

; 2.12

• 218 ,221 , 227 .2'l:l • • 231

r JI 8 B a

IX.

§ 66. none CHCTeMbi sapsnoa ua )I.aneKHX paccroaaasx § 67. .llHnOJlbHoe HSJlYlJeHHe '. •••• § 68 . .llHnOJlbHoe HSJlYlJeHHe npa CTOJlKHOBeHHlIX

'

• 235

,OrJlA8J1EHHB

§ 69. TopM03!1Oe H3JlyqeUHl~ MaJIIJIX qaCTOT , , , • •• •••• 236 § 70 I13JIyqeHHe npa KYJIOHOBOM B3aHMO,lleiicTBIIR •.• ,240 § 71. KBa,llpynOJIbHoe H MsrHHTHO-,llHnOJIbHOe H3JIyqeHHS ' • '248 § 72. Ilene H3JIyqeHHH aa 6JIH3KHX paccrosaaax • .'. 251 § 73, I13JiY'leUHe 6b1CTPO ,llBHlKym.erocH aapana • . 256 § 74. MarHHTo-TOpMo3Hoe H3JIYQeHHe • '261 § 75. TopMOOKeHHe' H3JIYQeHHeM " ,,,, ,•_, '266 § 76. Tcpaoaceaae H3JIYQeHHeM B peJIHTHBHCTCKOM' CJIy'lae ,273 § 77. CneKTpaJIbHOe paaaosceane H3JIY'leHHlI 8 YJIbTpapeJIllTIiSIICTCKOM 277 CJIyqae .,••••••• 281 § 78. Paccesaae CBo6o,llHblMH aapanaxa 286 § 79. Paccesaae BOJIH C MaJIbtMH 'laCTOTaMIl 2B8 § 80. PacceHHHeBOJIH C 60JIbIUHMH 'IaCTOTaMH
rna B a X. qacTH~a B rpaBHTa~HOHHOM noaa § 81. Fpasarauaoanoe nOJIe S HepeJIHTHBHCTCKOii

292 292 294 297 302 307 313 317 321 32J 33G 33~ 334 338 345 349 354 362 369 376 ,381 3H 385 395 398 406

§ 82. I'paearanaoaaoe none B peJlllTHBHCTCKOii § 83. KPHBOJIHHeiiHble xoopnaaarsr § 84. PaccToHHHlI H npoMelKYTKH BpeMeHH • • ' • § 85. KOBapHaHTHoe ,llHcpcpepeHIl;lIpoBaHHe § 86. CBH3b CHMBonOB KPHcTo<j><j>eJIlI C MeTpH'lecKHM TeH30poM § 87. ,UBHlKeHHe QaCTHI1.bI B rpasaranaoaaoa nOJIe § 88 nOCTOllHHoe rpaBHTaIl;HoHHoe none .••••••• § 89. Bpauieaaa ...,.........•,,.. § 90. YpaBHeHHlI 9JIeKTp0,llHHaMHKH IIpH HaJIH'IHH rpaaarauaonaoro
rna Ba

MexaHIIKe MexaHIIKe •

nOJiH

Xl.

YpaBHeHHH

rpaeurauaouaero

nOJIH

§ 91. § 92. § 93. § 94. § 95. § 96 § 97. § 98.

r JI a B a

TeH30p

KpHBH3HbI ••••••• TeH30pa KPHSH3HbI •'. ,UeHcTBHe .llJIlI rpaaarauaonaoro nOJIH TeH30p 9HeprHH-HMIIYJlbca ••••. Ypaaaeaan 3iiHIUTeiiHa •.••••' ••. Ilcesnoreaaop 9HeprHH-HMnYJIbCa rpaaarauaonaoro Caaxpoaaaa CHCTeMa OTC'leTa .. ...•• Terpanaoe npencraaaeaae ypaaaennfi 3iiHIUTeHHa

Caoficraa

nOJIH

XII.

none

THrOTelOlI{HX

Ten

.. .......

Ten . ". _.,•..•• § 105. I'pasarauaoaaoe nOJIe BAa JIll OT TeJI ,§ 106. YpaBHeHlIlI ABHlKeHHlI CIlCTeMbi TeJI BO

§ 99. § 100. § 101. § 102. § 103. § 104.

3aKoH Hstorona ...' UeHTpaJIbHO-CIIMMeTpH'lHOe rpaaarauaoaaoe nOJIe .,.. ,UBlIlKeHHe B u,eHTpaJIbHO-CHMMeTpH'IHOM rpaSHTaUIIOHHOM none I'paaaranaoaaaf KOJlJIanC c<j>epIIQeCKOrO TeJIa •.•.• I'pasarauaoaasm KOJlJIanC nblJIeBHAHOii c<j>epbl ."... I'paearaunoaaan KOJInanC uecrpepanecxax II BpamalOUJ.IIXClI

••

•"

BTOPOM npIl6J!.f!lKeHIIH

.412 423 431 . 441 441 444 447

rJi

a Sa

XIII.

fpaBHTallHOHHble

BOJlHbI

•••",

••,

••,

§ 108. § 109. ~ 110,

§ 107.

rpaaarauaoansrs BOJIHbI , , , I'paaurauaouaue BOJlHbI B IICKpHBJIeHHOM CIIJIbHali rpaBHTau,HoHHaH BOJIHa ,•• I13JIYQeHHe rpaexranaoaaax BonH

CJIa6b1e

npocrpaacrae-epeaena

.........

450

OfJIABJlEHME

r JI a B a
§ § § §

XIV. PeJlIITHBHCTcKall KOCMOJlOrllll § Ill. 1130TponHOe npOCTpaH(;TBO . § 112. 3aKpblTali asorponuaa MOJ(eJlb 115.
fpaBHTaUHoHHaS!

.457 457

113. Orxpsrraa asorponnaa MOJ(eJlb 114. Kpacaoe CMe~eHHe .

116. § 117. § 118. § 119.

Onaoponaue

YCTOHql!BOCTb asorponuoro

xapa

· 462 467 · 471

• 479 493 497 502 507

npocrpaacma

486

ITJlOCKali aanaorponaas MOJ(eJJb KOJle6aTeJlbHblH pelKHM npl!6J1l!lKeHl!1I K OC060H TOqKe Oc06eHHocTb no apexeaa B 06~eM KOCMOJlOmqeCKOMpeureana ypaBHeHHH 3HHllITeHHa • • • • •

TIpe.nMeTHbJii YKa3aTeJlb

nPE.ll.HCJ10BHE PE.ll.AKTOPA K CE.ll.bMOMY H3.ll.AH HIO

E. M. JhHt>llIIUJ; aaxan rOTOBHTb HOBoe H3.u.aHHe «Teopna nOJlB» 1985 rony H nponcascaa pa60TY nan HUM naace B 60JlbHHue, BO BpeMH CBoeH nocaennea 60Jle3HH. 113MeHeHHSI, xoropsre OH npennonar-an cnenars, .yureasr B HaCTOHru.eM H3.u.aHHH. 113 HUX cnenyer
B OTMeTHTb HeKoTopym HeHMH MOMeHTa 60Jlee nepepa60TKY .u.OKa3aTeJlbCTBa 3aKOHa coxpaHMnyJlbca B peJlHTHBHCTCKOH MexaHHKe, a TaK)I{e

nonpoonoe 06cY)K)J,eHHe aonpoca 0 cHMMeTpHH CHMBOJlOB Kpncrodnpens B reopan rpaBHTaUHH. 113MeHeH 3HaK B onpeneneaaa TeH30pa HanpH)I{eHHH saexrpoxarnarnoro IIOJlH. (B npenunyuiea H3)J,aHHH 3TOT TeH30p 6hlJl onpenenea aaaxe, qeM B OCTaJlbHhlX TOMax xypca.)

51 6J1aro.u.apeH B.
npn
I1IOHb

n. Illarppanosy
nonroroase

aa 06CY)K.u.eHHe pana

sonpo-

COB, B03HHKllIHX

KHHrH K

nenarn, JI.

1987 r.

n.

llUTae8CKUu

nPE,lJ.HCJl08HE K lllECTOMY H3,lJ.AHHJO

nepBOe H3~aHHe STOll KHHrH nOHBH~OCb6o~ee TpH~uaTH ~eT TOMY:uaaan. Ilpa pane nepeaaaanaa sa 3TH ~eCHTH~eTHH KHHra nepepaearisaanacs H ,lJ.OnO~HH~aCb;K HaCTOHmeMYBpeMeHH ee o6'_be~ yBe~HqH~CH no cpaBHeHHIOc' nepBOHaqa~bHbIM nOqTH ansoe. Ho HHKor~a He B03HHKa~o Heo6xo~HMOCTH B H3MeHeHHH npeano>KeHHOrOJl aanay cnoco6a nocrpoeaaa TeoiHfH H B~oXHOB~eHHor6 8M CTH~HH3~O>KeHHH, raaaaaa sepra xoroporo - crpeaaeaae K HCHOCTRH npOCTOTe. BceMH CH~aMH 51 CTpeMH~CH coxpaaars STOT CTH~b " npa rex nepepaoorxax, xoropue MHe npHlIWQCb npOH3BO.lI.HTbYlKe O,lJ.HOMY. no cpaBHeHHIO C npeznanytuaa, nHTblM, H3,lJ.aHHeM nepsue ~eBHTb rnaa KHHrH, nocnauteaaue snexrpoaanaaaxe, ocranacs nOqTH 6e3 H3MeHeHHH.I'naau >Ke, nocasuienuue reopaa rpaaarauacaaoro nO~H,nepepa60TaHbI H nonoanenu. OT asnaaaa K asnaruuo MaTepaan 3TllX rnas cyuiecrseuuo ,lJ.onO~HH~CH, B KOHue KOHUOBB03H HHKJIa He06xo,lJ.HMOCTb HeKOTopOMnepepacnpeaeneaaa H ynopaB .lI.OqeHHH ero pacnO~O>KeHIUI. 51 XOTe~ 6b1 nupaaars anecs r~y60KYIO npnaaarensnocn, scex CBOllM roaapauiax no paoore - C~HIIIKOM MHOrOqHC~eHHbIM, To6bI q SI Mor HX nepexacnnrs, - xoropue CBOHMH3aMeqaHHHMll H COBe~ TaMH nouor.na YCTpaHHTb llMeBlIIlleCH B KHHre nenoseru H BHeeTH B nee pH,lJ.y~yqIlleHllH. De3 3THX COBeTOB, e3 TOl! rOTOBHOCTllno6 MOq'b,C KOTOPOH HeH3MeHHO BCTpeqaIOTCH MOll sonpoca, patior a uan npO~O~>KeHHeMH3,lJ.aHHH sroro Kypca 6bI~a 6b1 aaaaoro rpynuee. OC060H 6~arO.ll.apHOCTbIOH 06H3aH JI. Il. nHTaeBCKOMY, C KOTOPbIM 51 nOCTmlHHO oocyzcnan B03HHKaBlIIHe aonpocu, a TaK>Ke B. A. De~HHcKoMy sa ero noxouts B nponepxe <POPMY~II lJTeHUH

xoppexrypu.

,UeKa6pb. 1972 r,

E. M. JIu¢WUt{

"3 npE~"CJ:lOB"A K nEPBOMY " BTOPOMY "3.l1.AH"~M Ilpenaaraexaa

MarHHTHoro o6meii reopaa

xnaranocasmena

H3JIO)l{eHHIO

reopan saexrpo-

H rpaBHTaIJ,HOHHoro

noaefl,

T. e. 9JIeKTpOJI.HHaMHKe H JIOrMlJeCKH CBH3HaH reo-

OTHOCMTeJIhHOCTM. OJIHaH, n

pus 9JIeI<TpOMarHMTHoro flOJIH BKJIIOlJaeT B ceo51 CneIJ,HaJIbHYIO Teopmo OTHOCMTeJIbHOCTH. 03TOMY MbI B3HJIH nOCJIeJI.HIOIO xasecrse n B OCHOBbI H3JIO)l{eHHH. 3a OTHOlIIeHHii oepYTcH MCXO).I.HbIiinYHKT ).I..1HBbIBO).I.aOCHOBHbIXcoJI.aIOIII.He B03MO)l{cyme~OIII.HOCTH, eJI.HHCTBa H, no BapHaIJ,HOHHble npHHIJ,HflbI,

HOCTb JI.OCTHrHYTb HaH60JIblIIeii CTBY, flPOCTOTbI H3JIO)l{eHHH.

CooTBeTcTBeHHo orimexy llJIaHY naurero Kypca rreopera-iecxoil <pH3HKH (lJaCTbIO xoroporo HBJI51eTC5I Ta KHHra) Mbi He 'Kacajmcb 3 B 9TOM TOMe BOBce BOflPOCOB 3JIeKTpO).I.HHaMHKH CllJIOlIIHblX OrpaHHlJHBaHCb MIlKM H3JIO)l{eHHeM «MHKPOCKOllHlleCKoii» 9JIeKTpOJI.HHaMIlKH BaKYYMa H TOlJelJHbiX 3apHJI.OB. cpen , 3JIeKTpO).I.HHa-

.D.JI51lJTeHM51KHHrH HeOOXOJI.HMO 3HaKOMCTBO C 3JIeKTpOMarHlITHbIM" HBJIeHHHMH B 06'beMe OOIII.HX KypCOB <pH3HKH. Heooxo,i(HMb TaK)l{e xopoiuee 3HaHHe sexropaoro aHaJIH3a. He npennonaraerca npe).I.BapMTeJIbHOrO 3HaHH51 lJHTaTeJI51MHrensopnoro pbIii M3JIaraeTCH napaJIJIeJIbHO HbiX noaea, C pa3BMTMeM reopaa ananaaa, KOTOrpaBMTaIJ,UOH-

MOCKBa, .neKalipb 1939 r. Mocxsa, HIOHb 1947 r.

JI. JIanoay,

E. Jlutpuuui

HEKOTOPblE 0603HAQEH

1151

Tpexuepnue
Tpexaepnsre
BaMH 3JIeMeHTbI

8eAUttUHbL HH.n:eKCbI 0603HaqaIbTCH

reasopaue 06'beMa,

rpexecxnxn

6YK-

IIJIOma.n:H H .n:JIHHbI dV,

MMIIYJIbC H 9HeprHH qaCTHlI.bI <I>YHKlI.HH raMHJIbTOHa ;:m CKaJIHpHbIH:

/l!

df, dl
IIOJIH

H BeKTOpHbIH: IIOTeHlI.HaJIbI

9JIeKTpOMarHHTHOrO

<p .II

A d

HaIIpmKeHHocTH 9JIeKTpHQeCKOrO H MaI'HHTHOrO IIOJIeH: nJIOTHOCTH sapanos H TOKa p H j 3JIeKTpHqeCKHH: .n:HIIOJIbHbIH:MOMeHT MarHHTHbIH: .n:HIIOJIbHbIH MOMeHT

q erupexuepnue
4eTblpexMepHble

eenuounu
HH.n:eKCbI 0603HaQalOTCH JIaTHHCKHMH 3

reusopnue

6YKBaMH i, k, I, '" H npooer aror 3HaQeHHH npHHHTa MeTpHKa C cHrHaTYP0H: (+ - - -) npaBHJIO IIO.n:HHTHHH oIIYCKaHHH HH.n:eKCOB KOMrroHeHTbI 4-BeKTopoB

0, 1, 2,

na CTp. 30 panr-a

rrepeqHCJIHIOTCH B BH.n:e Ai =

AHTHcHMMeTpHqHbIH: e.n:HHHqHbIH: TeH30p 4-ro eOl23 = 1 (onpeneneaae=-ora CTp. 34) 3JJeMeHT 4-o6'beMa dQ = dxvdxidxsdx» 3.'leMeHT rnnepnonepxaocra

eik1m,

(AO, A)
npHqeM

d S!
r)

(onpeneaenne

na CTp. 38)

4-pa.n:HYC-BeKTOp Xi 4-CKOPOCTb

4-HMrrYJIbC pi (1ff/c, p) 4-BeKTOp TOKa ji =(cp, pv) 4-IIOTeHlI.HaJI 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHOrO 4-TeH30p nOHeHT Fik 4-TeH30p na CTp. CCbIJIKH 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHoro C KOMrrOHeHTaMH 9HeprHH-HMrrYJIbCa

u'

= dx' / ds =

= (ct,

rrOJIH

AI

TIOJIH

F lk =

oAk

(<p, A)
-

OAt

-1-

113) runa I § 18

Tik

H-

ox

-~

ox

(CBH3b

KOM-

aa CTp. 89) ero KOMrrOHeHT-

(onpenenenae

OTHOCHTCHK TOMY

I,

«MexaHHKa»

fRABA

naauuan

OTHOCHTEJIbHOCTH

§ 1.

CKOPOCTb

pacnpocrpaueaas

BSaHMO)l.eHCTBHH B npapone, neotixo-

LLJlH OIIHcaHHH

npOIl.eCCOB, npoacxonsurax OTC"teTa.

.nHMO HMeTb, KaK rOBOpSIT, CucTeMY HHH lIaCTHIl. B npocrpaacrae, MOM lIaCaMH, ren,

Ilea

CHCTeMoH orcsera

nOHHMaIOT· CHcTeMY KOOp.nHHaT, cJlY)KallI.YIO

.nJlSl YKa3aHHSI nOJlO)Ke-

BMeCTe co CBSl3aHHbIMH C :HOH CHCTeB KOTOPblX cB060.nHOe .nBH)KeHUe

CJlY)KallI.HMH .nJlSl YKa3aHHSI BpeMeHH. He Haxo.nSllIl.HXCSI non .neiiCTBHeM BHelIIHHX CHCTeMbI orcsera

CYllI.eCTBYIOT CHCTeMbI orcsera, T. e • .nBH)KeHHe ren, CHJl, nponcxonar HOCHT Ha3BaHHe ECJlH nse paBHOMepHO

unepuuassnux.

C nocrOSlHHOH CKOPOCTbIO. TaKHe

CHCTeMbI OTC'leTa .nBH)KYTCSI npyr

OTHOCHTeJlbHO npyra (BCSlKoe H anep-

H npSlMOJlHHeHHO H eCJlH o.nHa H3 HHX HHepIl.HaJlbHaSl, TO)Ke SlBJlSleTCSIHHepIl.HaJlbHOH HMeeTCSI CKOJlbKO yronao

TO OqeBH.nHO, 'lTO H npyras paBHOMepHbIM). TaKHM

CB060.ll.HOe .lI.BH)KeHHe H B :;nOH CHCTeMe 6Y.ll.eT npSlMOJlHHeHHbIM 06pa30M, UUaJlbHbIX CHCTeM OTC'leTa, .lI.BH)KYlIl.HXCSInpyr OTHOCHTeJlbHO npyra

paanouepno-nocrynarensao. Onur nOKa3b1BaeT, nro

OTHOCUTellbflOCTU. O.ll.HHaKOBbI BO acex CJlOBaMH, ypaBHeHHSI, HbI no

cnpasennaa

TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIii: CUCTeMax OTClIeTa.

npunuun
.upyruMH OT

COrJlaCHO 3TOMY npasunny UHepUHaJlbHbIX

ace 3aKOHbI npaponu HHBapHaHr'lTO. ypaaue-

asrpaacarouiae

3aKOHbI npaponu, aTO 3HallUT,

OTHOlIIeHHIO K npe06pa30BaHUSlM

KOOp.ll.HHaT H BpeMeHH

01l.HOH UHepIl.HaJlbHOH CUCTeMbi K npyroa. HHe, onacsrsaiomee xepea xoopaaaaru

uexoropua 3aKOH npaponu, 6Y.ll.YQH aupaaceao U BpeMSI B pa3JlHlIHbIX HHepIl.HaJlbHbIX CHCTeMax onHCbIBaeTCH 3HeprHH B 06bIII-

OTC'leTa, HMeeT O.ll.HH H TOT iKe BH.lI.. B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBHe MaTepHaJlbHbIX lIaCTHU HOM xexauaxe nocpencracx nOTeHIl.HaJlbHOH

B3aHMO.ll.eH-

CTBHSI, SlBJISlIOllI.eIICSIcpYHKIl.HeH OT KOOp.ll.HHaT B3aHMO.ll.eii:cTBYIOlIl.HX lIaCTHU. Jlerxo BH.lI.eTb, uro 3TOT cnoco6 onHcaHHSI B3aHMO.ll.eH:CTBHM axmoxaer B ce6S1 npennoaozceuae 0 MrHOBeHHOCTH pacnpocrpauecaasr, .lI.eiiCTBYIOlIl.He na Ka)KB Ka)Kll.bIH MOMeHT H3 B3aHB TOT HHH B3aHMo.neiicTBHH . .lI.eiicTBHTeJlbHO, 3aBHCSlT, npa TaKOM onacanan, )l{e MOMeHT BpeMeHH. )l{e MOMeHT.

.nylO U3 lIaCTHU co CTOPOHbI OCTaJlbHbIX 'laCTHu,

TOJlbKO OT nOJlOlKeHHSI 'laCTHIl. B STOT

113MeHeHHe nOJlOlJ{eHHSI KaKOii-JlH60

MO.ll.eiicTBYIQllI.HX QaCTHIl. OTpalKaeTCSI aa OCTaJIbHbIX xacrauax

14
OabIT,

naaauan

OTHOCl1TEJlbHOCTI1

[fJI. D

O)l.HaKO, nOKa3b1BaeT, ttTO MfHOBeHJihlX

B3-8HMo)l.eHcTBHH

B rrpapozie He cyutecrayer. 009TOMY H MexaHHKa, HCXOtl.HmaH H3 npe)l.CTaBJIeHHH 0 MfHOBeHHOCTH pacnpOCTpaHeHHH B3aHMO)l.eHCTBH~.

saxmouaer 6Y)l.b
'leHHH

B ce6e

HeKOTOpyIO HeTOqHOCTb.

tl.eHCTBHTeJIbHOC::TH.

eCJIH C Otl.HHM H3 B3aHMOtl.eiicTBYIOIll.HX TeJI npOHCXOtl.HT KaKoe-HH, H3MeHeHHe, TO na )l.pyroM aexoroporo BbI3BaHHhle TeJIe 3TO OTpa3lfTCH JIIUIIb· no HCTeBpeMeHH. TOJIbKO nOCJIe sroro Pa3)1.eJIHB paCCTOHHHe MbI l:IaHtl.eM ronpOMeJKYTKa )l.aHHbIM

npOMeJKYTKa BpeMeHH co BTOphlM TeJIOM HaqHYT npOHCXO)l.HTb npo-

ueccu,

H3MeHeHffeM.

MeJKtl.Y 060HMH TeJIaMH aa 3TOT npOMeJKYTOK apeueua, «CKOPOCTbpacnpocrparreuna 3aMeTHM, Motl.eiicTBHH. BOpH,. aaasmart, B3aHMO)l.eiicTBHl1».

'ITO 3TY CKOPOCTb MOJKHO 6blJIO 6b1, c06cTBeHHO MaKCHMaJIbHOH CKOPOCTbIOpacnpocrpaueaaa onpeaeaser JIHlllb OHa

asaa-

TOT npOMeJKYTOK BpeMeHH,

nOCJIe xoroporo H3MeHeHHe; npoacxonauiee C Otl.HHM TeJIOM, aananaer npOHBJIHTbCH ua npyrox. OqeBH)l.HO, 'ITO HaJmqHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH CKOPOCTH pacnpocrpaneuaa me BpeMH, 'ITO B npnpone CKOPOCTbIO,60JIbllleii ocyurecraars aootiuie B3aHMOtl.eiicTBHH 03HalJaeT B TO HeB03MomHO tl.BH}!(eHHe TeJI co eCJIH 6bl raxoe tl.BlfJKeHailMomHO 6b1JIO 6b1 B3aHMO)l.ellCTBHH. OT Otl.HOH qaCTHUbI K 06 H3MeHeHHH, xoropoe B3aHMOtl.eiicTBHH

3TOH. lleiicTBHTeJIbHO,

HHe MOrJIO npOHCXOtl.HTb, TO nOCpetl.CTBOM Hero 60JIblllYIO B03MOJKHYIO CKOPOCTbpacnpocrpaneaaa

B3aHMOtl.eHCTBHe CO CKOPOCTbIO, npeauuratomefi

B3aHMOtl.eiicTBHH, pacnpocrpanmomeaca sropoa

tl.pyroH,

qaCTO rOBopHT KaK 0 «CHrHaJIe», OTnpaBJIHIOmeMCH OT nep-

BOH qaCTUI.l.bI H «)l.aIOIll.eM 3HaTb» HCIIblTaJIa nepBaH. rOBopHT roraa

CKOPOCTHpacnpocTpaHeHHH

K8K 0 «CKOpOCTHCHfH8JIa». OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH asrrexaer, B qaCTHOCTH, 'ITO CKO~ CKOPOCTb pacnpoB3aHMO)l.eHCTBHll Otl.HHaKOBa BO Bcex HHep06pa30M, HBJIHeTCSl YHHBepCaJIbHOH nocTOHHHOii.

Hs

npauuana

POCTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHR ~HaJIhHbIX

CHCTeMax OTCqeTa. TaKHM

CTpaHeHHH B3aHMOtl.eiicTBHii

3Ta nOCTOHHHaSl CKOPOCTb O)l.HOBpeMeHHO HBJIHeTCH, KaK 6ytl.eT nOKa3aHO B tl.aJIbHeinneM, CKOPOCTbIOpacnpocrp anenus CBeTa B nyCTOTe; n03TOMY ee Ha3b1BaIOT CICOPOCTblO C8eTa. OHa 0603HaqaeTCH 06b1'lHO 6YKBOH C, a ee qHCneHHoe 3HalJeHHe

c=2,998·
DOJIblllOM. BeJIHqHHOfi sroa na npaxraxe B 60JIblllHHCTBe

1010

CM/C.

(l,t)

CKOpOCTH06bHCHHeTCH TOT <paKT, 'lTO cayxaea tl.OCTaTOqHO TO'lHOH OKa3b1DOJIblllHHCTBO CKopOCTeH, C KOTO-

SaeTCH KJI8CCHqeCKaH MexaHHKa.

p'blMH HaM npHXOtl.HTCH HMeTb tl.eJIO, HaCTOJlbKO MaJIbI no cpaBHeHHIO co CKOPOCTbIOCBeTa, 'ITO npe)l.nOJIOJKeHHe 0 6eCKOHeqHOCTIf nocnenHeli npaKTHqeCKH He BJIHHeT Ha TO'lHOCTb pe3YJIbTaTOB.

Otrsenaneaae
OTHOCUTeltbHOCTU utTeuHOM B

npaauana 3iiHUlTeUHa r.)

OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTIfC KOHeqHOCThIO CKO(OH 6bIJI C<P0PMYJIHpOBaH

POCTH pacnpOCTp8HeHHSl

B3aHMO)l.eHCTBHH Ha3blBaeTCH npUH~unOM OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH fa-

1905

A.

3UH-

B OTJIHqHe OT npaaaana

§ I] ARJIeH,

CKOPOCTb

PA<:npOCTPAHEHHSI

B3AHMOJJ.EACTBtIA CKOPOCTH

i5

HCXO)l.Hl1ler6· H3 oeCKOHelJHOii

paenpocrpaaenaa
OTH()CH-

B3aHMo.neiicTBHii. MeX8HHKa,OCHOBaHHaH aa 9HHII1TeHHOBCKOM npanuane 1'emmOCTH (MbI' OY)l.CM OOblIJHO Ha3bIBaTb ero npOCTO npHHlI.HflOM O1HOCHTeJIbHOCTH), Ha3b1BaeTCH pe.MlTU8UCTCKOU. B npenensuou CJIyIJae, xorna exopocrsto POCTH CKOPOCTH)l.BH)KYl1lHXCH TeJI MaJIbI no cpaBHeHHIO co CBeTa,' MO)KHO MexaHHKa

npeneopeus
nepexonar

BJIHHHHeM KOHeIJHOCTH eKOaa )l.BH)KeHHe.

pacnpocrpaaenaa

B3aHMO)l.eiicTBHii

Torna
B3aHK

peml'fHBHCTCKaH

B OOIHHYIO MexaHHKY, OCHO-

BaHHYIO aa npe)l.nOJIO)KeHHH 0 MrHOBeHHOCTHpacnpocrpaneaas MO)l.ei1cTBHH; :JTY MexaHHKY qecKoii.

Ha3b1BalOT HblOTOHOBCKOHHJIH KJIaCCHOT peJIS!THBHCTCKOii MexaHHKH KaK nepexon cj:lopMaJIbHO npoaasenea

Ilpenensnsm

nepexon

KJIaCCHIJeCKOH MO)KeT 6bITb

K npeneay C -- 00 atpopxyaax peJ1HTHBHCTCKOii MexaHHKH. Y)Ke B KJlaCCHlIeCKoii MexaHHKe npOCTpaHCTBO OTHOCHTeJlbHO, T. e. npOCTpaHCTBeHHble THHMH 3aBHCHT OT roro, IOTCH. YTBep)K,ll.eHHe, COOTHOII1eHHH Me)K,ll.Y pa3JlHIJHblMH COOblB KaKoii CHCTeMe OTCIJeTa OHH onncunapasnoapeaeaaux OT npyra, K KaKoii COOblTHH npOHCXOHJlH, BOOOl1le, na npnooperaer CMbICJl CHCTeMe OTCIJeTa 3TO MeCTe npOCTpaHCTBa

IJTO nsa

)l.HT B O)l.HOM H TOM )l{e

onpeneaeunca
TOJlbKO rorna, yrsepacneaae HanpOTHB,

paCCTOS!HHH npyr xorna YKa3aHO, OTHOCHTCS!.

BpeMS! HBJlHeTCH B KJlaCCHIJeCKOii MexaHHKe a6COJlIOT-

HhIM; ,ll.PYrHMH CJlOBaMH, CBOHCTBa BpeMeHH CIJHTalOTCH He 3aaHCHlIUIMH OT CHCTeMbI OTCIJeTa- BpeMH O,ll.HO)I..'lH scex CHCTeM OTCIJeTa.
3TO

3HaIJHT, IJTO eCJlH KaKHe-HHOY)l.h naa HBJleHHH npOHCXO)l.HTO)l.HO,ll..'HI KaKorO-IHIOY,ll.b· Ha6JIlO,ll.aTeJ1H, TO npyroro. OHH S!BJlHlOTCH

BpeMeHHO

O,ll.HOBpeMeHHhIMH H .D.JlH BCHKoro KOB BO scex

Boooure, npoxexcyrox
nOH5ITHe aOCOJllOTHOrO ,ll.OCTaTOIJHOY)Ke BcnOMnOHHTlHI 06

BpeMeHH Me)K,ll.Y ,ll.BYMH ,ll.aHHblMH C06bITH5IMIi ,ll.OJl)KeH OblTb ozuma-

Jlerxo,

CHCTeMax OTCIJeTa. O,ll.HaKO, yoe,ll.HTbCH B TOM, sro OTHOCHTeJlhHOCTH .II.JIH aroro .

BpeMeHH HaXO,ll.HTCH B rJly60KoM

npOTHBOpeIJHH C 3HHII1TeMHOBCKHM OCHoaaHHOH na

npanuunox
IIHTh,

IJTO B KJlaCCHIJeCKOii MexaHHKe,

aOCOJllOTHOM BpeMeHH, HMeeT MeCTO OOll1.eH3aeCTHblH 3aKOH CJlO)Ke-

panua

HHH cxopocrea,

COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY CKOPOCTb CJlO)KHOrO .D.BH)KeHHH cxopocrea, COCTaBJlHIOll1.HX3TO .D.OJI)KeHOblJI ObI OTCIO.D.3 ,ll.OJI)KHa OblTb O.D.HaKO,snonne aaKOH, 0Y.D.YIJH YHHBepCaJlbHblM, H K pacnpocrpaaeamo pacnpocrpaneuaa

npOCTO CYMMe (sesropnoa)

)l.BH)KeHHe. arOT ObJTb npHMeHHM pa3JlHIJHOii

B3aHMO,ll.eiicTBHii.

CJle,ll.OBaJIO6b1, 'ITO CKOPOCTbsroro

B pa3JIHIJHblX anepuaansaux

CHCTeMax OTCIJeTa, a npo-

THBOpeIJHH C npHHlI.HnOM OTHOCHTeJlbHOCTH. Onur,

nonrsepacnaer B 3TOM OTHOII1eHHH npHHlI.HII OTHOCHTeJlhHOCTH. 113MepeHHH, npoaaseneanue nnepnue MaHKeJlbCOHOM (B 1881 r.), OOHaPY)KIlJlH nOJIHYlO He3aaHCHMOCTb CKOPOCTH csera OT uanpaaaeaaa ero pacnpocrpaneaaa; Me)f{.D.Y TeM COrJlaCHO KJlaCCHlJeCKOH Mexa-

HUKe

cxopoers

reaera

B HanpaBJIeHHH

)l.BH)KeHHH 3eMJIH

.D.OJJ)f{Ha

lu
UblJla

nPMHllMn OTHOCMTEJIbHOCTH 6bI 6bITb

(rJi

npaanenaa.

OTJIH'lHOH OT CKOPOCTH B rrpOTHBOnOJIOlKfiOM nanpannan OTHOCHTeJlbHOCTHnpHBO.!J.HTK pe3YJIbreser no-pasyraepxcnenae, onpe.!J.eJleHHblH xorna

TaKHM 06pa30M, TaTY, 'lTO BpeMH "OMY qTO B pasnux

He HBJIHeTCH a6COJIIOTHbiM. BpeMH CHCTeMax OTCqeTa.CJle.!J.OBaTeJIbHO, npaoriperaer

MelK.!J.Y .!J.BYMH .!J.aHHblMH C06b1T1fHMH npouien

npOMeLKYTOK BpeMeHH, YKa3aHO,

CMblCJl TOJIbKO rorna,

K KaKOH CHCTeMe OTCqeTa 3TO YTBepLK.!J.eHHe OTHOCHTCH.

'laCTHOCTH, C06b1THH, O.!J.HOBpeMeHHble B HeKOTopOH CHCTeMe OT-

z,

csera,

6y.!J.YT He O.!J.HOBpeMeHHbInOJIe3-

MH B .!J.pyroii CHCTeMe. D,JISI YHcHeHHH aroro HO paccaorpers CJIe.!J.YIOllHlii .!J.Be anepuaaasOTCqeTa K H K'

npocroa npauep. Paccuorpuu

B
_,_

.A

--

X' X

HbIe C

cHcTeMbI'

OCHMH

KOOP.!J.HHaT COOTBeT-

!/
Puc. 1
nYCTb H3 aexoropon aaenna CHCTeMe, TOIJKH A CHrHaJIa panna

CTBeHHO xyz H X' y' z', npH'leM CHCTeMa JlBHLKeTCH OTHOCHTeJIbHO (pHC. 1). na OCH x' OTnpaBJISTIOTCSI CHrHaJIbl B CHCTeMe (B 060HX

K'

anpaso

B.!J.OJIb ocea

H X'

B .!J.BYX B3aHMHO npOTHBOnOJIOLKHblX HanpaBJIeHHHX. POCTb pacnpocrp lIHepUHaJIbHOH

K',

nOCKOJIbKY CKOKaK H BO BCSlKOH C, TO

HanpaBJIeHHHX) TO'leK naa

CHrHaJIbi .!J.OCTHrHYTpaBHOY.!J.aJIeHHbIX OT TOT LKe MOMeHT BpeMeHH (B CHCTeMe K').

B O.!J.HH H (npn-

Jlerxo,

O.!J.HaKO,BHJleTb, IJTO re B

IKe

XO.!J.CHrHaJIa Ha6JIIOJlaTeJIH paaaa

C)

cauue

Co6bITHH

B CHCTeMe

OTHOCHTeJlbHO CHCTeMbI CHCTeMbI

K. LLeiicTBHTeJIbHO, K cor JIaCHO npanuany

B
(nOCJIaHHOMY H3 pansure,

6Y.!J.YT OTHIO.!J.bHe O.!J.HOBpeMeHHbIMH JlJIH CKOPOCTb CHrHaJIOB OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH

TOMY LKe c, H nOCKOJIbKY TO'lKa

.!J.BH)KeTCSI OTHOCHTeJ'IbHO (

K)

HaBCTpeIJY nOCJIaHHOMY B nee CHrHaJIY, a TOIJKa B TOIJKY

C-

no HanpaBJIeHHIO OT CIlrHaJIa

CHrHaJI npnner TaKHM

06pa30M,

npnuuan

C),

TO B CHCTeMe BHOCHT

'leM B TOIJKY

C.

OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH3UHllITeHHa

<PYHJlaMeHTaJIbHble H3MeHeHHH B OCHOBHble <pH3H'leCKHe nOHHTHH. 3aHMCTBOBaHHble HaMH H3 noncenaeaaoro onsrra npe.!J.CTaBJIeHHSI o npOCTpaHCTBe H BpeMeHH OKa3bIBaIOTCSI JIlillib npH6JIH)KeHHblMH, CB5I3aHHbIMH C TeM, IJTO B nOBce.!J.HeBHoH )KH3HH HaM npHXO.!J.HTCH IIMeTb .!J.eJIOTOJIbKO co CKOPOCT5IMH,oneas CO CKOPOCTbIOCBeTa. MaJIbIMH no cpaBHeHHIO

§ 2. HUTepBaJi B .!J.aJIbHeUllieM MbI 6Y.!J.eMqaCTO nOJIb30BaTbCSI nOHHTHeM C06btrun. C06bITHe onpe.!J.eJISIeTCSIMecToM, rne OHO npOH30lllJIO, H apeMeHeM, xorna OHO npOH30lllJIO. TaKHM o6pa30M,

coourae,

npoacxo-

PI
nmuee

I1HTEPBAJI C lIeKOTOpOH MaTepUa.nbHOH tIaCTUIJ,eH, onpenenserca xorna rpexa

17

KOOpJUlHaTaMH :HOH tIaCTHUbi U MOMeHTOM BpeMeHH, XO,llMT C06bITHe • . acTO Y noaeaao H3 C006pa)KeH'1H TpH o6pamaeMbIM

npORC-

Har.nH,llHOCTU nO.nb30BaTbClI BO~ OCHX KOTOpOro H BpeMH. TOlJKH npo-

serupexaepaua

npOCTpaHCTBOM, aa u306pa)KaeTClI

OTK.na,llbIBaIOTCH

npOCTpaHCTBeHHble

xoopnanara

B 3TOM npOCTpaHCTBe C06bITHe nexoropas crpaacrse, BOBce .nUHllH (Mup08aJl

TOlJKOH. 3TH

Ha3bIBaIOTCH MUPOBblMU TO'lKaMu.

BCHKOH xacrane

coorsercrayer

IlUHUJl)

B 3TOM qeTbIpeXMepHOM

TOlJKH 3TOil: .nHHHH onpenenaror PaBHOMepHO sacrnne

KOOp,llHHaTbI qaCTHUbI npaxaa MHpOBaSl

MOMeHTbIBpeMeHH.

H rrpHMo.nHHeHHO ,llBH)KY-

meil:cH MaTepua.nbHoH JIHHHH.

cOOTBeTcTByeT

BbJpa3HM reneps npHHUHn HHBapHaHTHocTH CKOPOCTHCBeTa xaTeMaTUlJeCKH. n.nH sroro paCCMOTpHM nse cacrexu OTClJeTa K H

K'.
z';

,llBH)KYTUueCH npyr OTHOCHTe.nbHOnpyra C nOCTOHHHOH CKOPOCTbIO. Koopnuuaruue ocn suoepea IIpH 3TOM raxaa 06pa30M, lJTo6bl OCR X H X' coananana, nepsoe XI. nYCTb BpeMH BCHCTeMax nYCTb xoopnanarts curaana.

a oca H

K'

HZ

6b1.nH

napaaneasnu
t
If

0603HatIHM

lJepe3

t',

OCHM

y'

If

C06bITHe COCTOliT B TOM, tITO OTpaB.nHeTC5I cnrnan,

pacnpOCTpaHHIOTUHHCH CO CKOPOCTbIO CBeTa,

YI, ZI

B CHCTeMe

H3 TOlJKH, llMeIOTUeH

B MOMeHT BpeMeHH

CHCTeMe. 6Y,lleM XO,llHT B TOtIKY

Ha6mo,llaTb aropoe

113 CHCTeMbl

cotiurae

t,

B 3TOH )Ke sroro npn-

pacnpocrpaaenne

COCTOllT B TOM, lJTO carnan

X2, Y2, Z2
npyroa

B MOMeHT BpeMeHH

t2. Carnan
)Ke

pacnpocrpapaBHO MbI MO-

IIHeTCH CO CKOPOCTbIOc; npojiaeaaoe

HM paCCTOHHHe paBHO. n03TOMY 3TO paCCTOHHue o6pa30M, TaKHM

c (t2 -

I(X2

tl).

xd2

+ (Y2 -

yt}2

+ (Z2 K:

CTOPOHbI,

Zt}2}'/'.

>KeM nanacars

c.ne,llYJOTUYIO 3aBHCllMOCTb

Me)K,llY

KOOp,lluHaTaMH

060HX C06blTHH B CUCTeMe

Te see
Ha6JIIO,llaTh B CHCTeMe

nna

C06bITHH, Xl'
I

K' . •

H3 CHCTeMbI

K'.

T. e. I'

pacnpocrpanenne

cnrnana,
,

MORmo C06bITIlH

nYCTb

KOOp,llHHaTbI nepnoro

Yl' zl'
,

'['

a aroporo:

,(2,1),

CKOPOCTb CBeTa B CHCTeMax HMeeM:

K'

x2' Y2'
,

Z2'

t'2'

nOCKO.nbKY
(2,2)

O,llIlHaKOBa,

TO, aHaJIOrHtIHO

(x; -

X~)2

+ (Y;
2

y~)2

+ (z; 2

z~/ - c2 (I; xoopnnnaru

2

t~)2 = 0,

ECJIH XI. YI. ZI, ti H C06bITHI1:, TO BeJIH4HHa

X2, Y2, Z2, tz -

KaKHX-JIH60 zrayx

Sl2 = [ C (t2 Ha3bIBaeTCH

t I) - (X2 - XI) - (Y2 - YI) -

(Z2 -

Zl)

2]1/2

(2,3)

unrepeanon

Me)K,lly 3THMH ,llBYMH C06bITHHMH,

18
TaKBM cacrexe OOpa30M;

nPHHIlHn

ontOCHTEJlbHOCTH

H3' HHBSPllSHTHOCTH CKOPOCTH CBeT8 csenyer, Me>KJl.Y Jl.ByMH C06b1THHMH pasea HyJIIO B O)l.HoA CHCTeMe. HyJlIO H BO BCHKOll Jl.pyroii K

'iTO ecJJII lilnepB8J1 oresera,

TO 011 paaeu

aarepsaaa ds

ECJIH ABa C06b1TJUI 6eCKOHe'lHO 6JIH3KH Jl.pyr Me)KJl.Y HnMH HMeeM:

apyry,

TO .llJUI

ds2
HHTepBaJl, npocrpaucrse

=c

df2 - dx2
UJIH

dy2 - dz2•
n03BOJlHeT

(2,4)
paccaarpaaare lJeTblpeXMepHoM U npoaase-

«I>opMa Bblpa>KeHHH

(2,3)

(2,4)

C cpopMaJlbHOii (na OCHX

MaTeMaTHqeCKOll

TO'lKII SpeHII5I. KaK pac-

CTOSlHHe Me)KJI,y Jl.ByM:H TO'lKaMH

B Bo06pa)KaeMOM

lleHHe ct). I1MeeTcH, COcr8BJleHHH 3rOM BeJlUqHHbI no cpaBHeHHIO reoxerpaa: npa 06p830BaHHH KBaJl.paT8

xoroporo orrcranuaaea onaaxovcymecreesaoe

x, y, z

OTJlHlJHe B npaaane C npaBHJlOM oOhlqHoii

HHTepBaJl8

xsanparu

pas-

HOCTeii KOOpJl.HHaT no pa3J1HqHblM OCHM CYMMHPYIOTCSl He C OJl.HHaKOBblMH, a C pa3J1HlIHblMH 3HaKaMH I) . KaK 6bIJlO nOKa3aHO asnne, TO eCJIH UHaJlbHOii CHCTeMe orcsera,

113

rOM CTOPOHbI, ds H ds' - cecxouesao MaJlbIe OJl.IIHaKOBoro nopsnxa. STHX Jl.ByX 06CTOJlTeJIbCTB cnenyer, xro ds2 H dS'2 .nOJl)KHbI 6bITb

ds'

=0

cis

=0

B aexoropoa

auep-

H B apyroa

CHCTeMe. C .npy-

nponopuncaansuu

apyr

.npyry:

ds2=ads12,
npHlIeM Koscpqmu,ueHT

MO)KeT aaaacers

TOJlbKO OT a6COJllOTHOii HHepll.H8J1bHbIX CHCTeM. roraa ObI He

BeJIH'lHHbI

OTHOCHTeJlbHOii CKOPOCTH otienx

OH He MOiKeT 38BHceTb OT xoopaaaar H BpeMeHH, TaK KaK paanavnue TOlJKH npOCTpaHCTBa H MOMeHTbI BpeMeHH ObIJlH
TeJlbHOH CKOPOCTI1, TaK KaK 3TO npOTllBOpelJIIJlO npOCTpaHCTBa. CKOPOCTH'Jl.BH)KeHHll CHCTeM
2

paaaoueaua, xro npOTHBOpelJHT o.nHOPOJl.HOCTH npOCTpaHCTBa H apeMeHH. OH He MO)KeT saaacers TaK)Ke H OT nanpaaneaaa orHOCHObI H30TPOllHOCTH

PaCCMOTpHM TpH CHCTeMbI OTClJeTa

KI

K2

K, KI, H nycrs VI H V2OTHOCHTeJlbHO Torna HMeeM:

K2

K.

ds =a(Vl)dsi.
C

ds2=a(V2)ds~.

TeM )Ke OCHOBaHlleM MO)KHO uanacars:

dsr = a (V 12) ds~.

rne

VI2

TeJlbHO

XI:

,aOCOJIIOTHaH BeJlH'lHHa CpaBHMBaH npyr

CKOPOCTH .nBH)KeHHH

K2

OTHOCH-

C npyroa

9TH COOTHoweHHH, HaiiJl.eM,

lITO Jl.OJl)KHO OblTb:

(2,5)
J) qen"peXMepHYIO reouerpmo, onpeaeasexyio KB3.n.paTIlQooii 4>opMoii (2,4), Ha3b1BaIOT nceeooeexnuooeoa B OTJlH'lHe OT OClblQHOi!, eBKJlHAOBOii, reoaerpmr. E3Ta recaerpua ()b1J1a saeneua B CBH31l C reopsea OTHOCHTeJlbHOCTH MUHKOB-

r.

CKUM.

I1HTEPBAJ1

1"9 Vl

Ho VI2

3aBlfCHT

He. TQJIbKO OT aOCOJUOTHbIX BeJIHlJ.HH BeKH)pO,B

8 V 2, HO If OT yrna Me>K.ll.Y HHMH. Me>K.ll.Y reM He BXOAHT B neBYIO nacrs COOTHOUIeHlfH (2,5).

"OeneAHHH B.OOome HCllo n03TOMY, lJTO KaK 3TO CJIuyeT

sro. COOTHOUIeHHe Mo»<eT OblTb CilpaBe)l.J1H.BbUI J1IUllb, eCJI.H CPYHKU:HH

a (V)

CBO)l.liTCH K rrOCTOHHHOH BenHIJ8He, ace COOTHOUIeHHH, eAHHHu:e. 06pa30M,

paaaoa,

83 roro

Taxuu

ds2 = dS'2,

(2,6)

a H3 paBeHCTBa TaK}I{e MbI TepBaJI

oeCKOHetIHO MaJIblX HHTepBaJIOB CJIeAyeT paBeHCTBO

H KOHelJHbIX HHTepBaJIOB: S Me»<AY C06bITHHMH

= s',

rrpHXOAHM, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, K Ba}l{HeHilleMY OAHHaKOB BO scex

pe3YJIbTaTY:

HHCH-

HHepU:HaJIbHhIX

creuax
npyroa.

OTCIJeTa, T. e. HBJIHeTCH HHBapHaHTOM no OTHOUIeHHIO K npeOT OAHOH HHepUHaJIbHOH HHBapHaHTHoCTb CHCTeMbl OTClJeTa K JIIOOOH 3Ta H 5lBJIHeTCH MaTeMaTHlJeCKHM

oopa30BaHIfIO

aupa-

>KeHlieM rrOCTOHHCTBa CKOPOCTli CBeTa. nYCTb onars XI. YI, ZI, t, 11 xz. Y2. Z2. t2 - KoopAHHaThI ABYX co6bITHH B HeKOTopOH cacrexe OTC4eTa CrrpaUIHBaeTCH, cymecrayer

JIM

TaKa51 CHCTeMa OTClJeTa 0603HalJeHI1H tl

K',

K.

B KOTOPOH o6a

3TH COObITHH

rrpOHCXOAHJI8 ObI B O.D:HOMH TOM xce MeCTe rrpOCTpaHCTBa. BBeAeM t2 TOfAa

= t12•

(X2 -

xJ' + (Y
'2 SI2-C

2-

YI)2

(Z2 -

ZI)2 = 1~2'

xaanpar

aarepaana

Me}l{AY C06b1TliHMH B CHCTeMe

K:

"

cacresre

K':

2t'2 _ 1'2 12 12'

npasea
Mbl

B CHJIY HHBapHaHTHOCTH 8HTepBaJIa

c2t2 12
XOTHM, QT06bI B CHCTeMe TOIJKe, T. e. lJTo6bI

[2

12

= c2t'2 _
12

['2

12'

1;2= O. Torna Sf2= c~ti2-[;2

K'

o6a

C06bITHSl npOH30UIJIH

B OAHOH

= c2t;~> O.
CBOHCTBOM cyme-

CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, cTByeT, eCJIH

SI2>

CHCTeMa OTClJeTa C TpeoyeMbIM

aeutecraeuauji.
ao6HblMU. TaKHM MeHlinOAo6HhIH,

O. T. e. eCJIH HHTepBaJI Me}l{AY 060HMlI COOhITlIHMlI Beuiecraennue HHTepBaJIbI Ha3hIBaIDT epeuenunoecna aarepsan Me}l{AY AByMH C06b1THHMH apecacresra B 9TOH OTCqeTa, B KOTOPOH KOTO~ TO cyuiecrsyer TaKaH

o6pa30M,

o6a
poe

C06bITHH npOHAeT

npOli30UIJIH Me>KAY 9TliMli

B OAHOM li TOM JKe MeCTe. BpeMH, C06hITliHMH 12 -

cacreae,

paBHO

t'12 -..!_. 'V/ C 2(2 _[2 c 12

-!!!." a

(2,7)

2.0

nPHI-IUHn ECJIH KaKHe-HH6y,nb nyrs,

OTHOCHTEJ1LHOCTH COOblTlUI

rrJ1 II C OAHIIM il TeM

me

nsa

npoacxonsr

TeJIOM,. TO HHTepBaJI Me)KAY

HHMH

scerna

BpeMeHHnO.ll.OOHbIM. Me)KAY OOOHMH CO-

lI.eHcTBHTeJIbHO, MO>KeT 6bITb

KOTOPbIH TeJIO npOXOAHT

ObITH1JMH, He MO)KeT ObITb 60JIbWe 60JIbWe

c.

Ct12. TaK KaK CKOPOCTb TeJIa He

f109TOMY scerna

112
3aAaAHMCH CTeMY OTClIeTa, Ii TO >Ke BpeMH.

< c/12'
HeJIb3SI JIO Bbl6paTb TaKYIO CH-

reneps

BonpOCOM,

,2.:2 -1~2

= c2t -I;~.Mbl

B KOTOPOH .lI.Ba COOblTHH llPOH30WJIH 6bl Ilo-npezcaeay MbI HMeeM B CHCTeMax XOTHM, lITo6bl S2 12-

t~2

-1'2 12 0• <

= 0;

B OAHO H

K':

OTCIOAa

CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO,

HCKOMYIO CHCTeMY OTClIeTa

MO>KHO HaHTH

TOJIbKO

B TOM CJIYlJae, xorna HHTepBaJI Sl2 Me)K.ny .nBYM.H COObITH.HMH MHHMbIH. MHHMbIe HHTepBaJIbi Ha3b1BaIOT npoctpancreennonoootinuuu. TaKHM KOTOPOH csera, 06pa30M, ooa eCJIH

arrrepsaa

Me)K.ny .nBYM.H COOblTH.HMli npoo.nHOBpeMeHHO. PaCCTO.HHHe

CTpaHCTBeHHono.no6HbIH, Co6bITH.H Me)K.ny TOlJKaMH, rne paBHO

TO CYIII.eCTByeT TaKa.H CHCTeMa OTClJeTa, B

npoacxoaar

npOH30WJIH

3TH COOblTH.H B STOH CHCTeMe OT-

I,12-'V /12 - c2t212- is 12' 12

A

(2,8)
nOHSITlie aocoQTO CBOHCTBO He

Ilonpasneaenae

HHTepBaJIOB aa

BpeMeHHnO.ll.OOHbIe H npocrpanSTO 3HaQHT,

CTBeHHOIIO.ll.OOHble ecrs,

B CHJIY HX HHBapHaHTHOCTH, JIIOTHoe. HHTepBaJIa ObITb

BpeMeHHIIo.noOHbIM

HJIH IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHOnO.ll.o6HbIM 3aBHCHT OT CHCTeMbI OTClIeTa. B03bMeM Ha30BeM ero CTBe HaQaJIa KaKoe-HH6YAb co6bITHeM

COObITHe-

0-

B xaseH npo-

OTClIeTa BpeMeHH

~::::=::~~:---n"'--;;-;;~~-;-;;;-:C

CTpaHCTBeHHbIX KOOp.nHHaT. lI.pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, B serupexaepaon cHCTeMe xoopauaar, .nblBaIOTCH C06b1THH ua OC.HX KOTOPOH OTKJIa-

x, y Z H 0 oYAer

t,

MHpOBaH roxxa KOOPAHB KaKOM OT-

HallaJIOM

HaT. f10CMOTPHM reneps,

d. PRe. 2
ua AByX OCSIX (pHC.

HoweHHH K .naHHOMY COObITHIO 0 aaXOA.HTC.Hsee OCTaJIbHbIe C06bITHH. )1.JIH HarJIHAHOCTH MbI 6y.neM paCCMaTpHnart, TOJIbKO OAHY npOCTpaHCTBeHHYIO KoopAHHaTY H BpeMH, OTKJIa)l.bIBaH HX ilPHMOJIHHeHHOe paaaonepaoe .lI.BH)KeHHe lJa-

cruuu,
reac

2).

npoxonxiuea

TOqKY sepea

HHeA, npoxonauiea

x=O

npa

1=0,

H306pa3HTcH

H HaKJIOHeHHOH: K oca

npHMoii

JIH-

nOA yrJIOM, TaHHaHOOJIblllaH

KOTOPOfO pasea

CKOPOCTH lIaCTHUbi.

f10CKOJlbKY

§21

HHT£PBAJl

21
HaR60JIblIIHH ytOJI, KO-

B03MO)KllaSl CKOPOCTb paaua TOPbl" MO)KeT

ocpasoauaars 3Ta npaaas C OCblO t. Ha pHC. 2 H306pa)KeHbI JIBe npaxsre, H306pa)KalOmHe pacnpocrpaneaae .n.ByX CHr~ H-aJlOB (co CKOPOCTblO caera) B rrpoTHBOnOJIO)KHbIX HanpaBJ1eHHHx, npoxonsmax -repea c06bITHe 0 (T. e. npoxonauiax x = 0 npa t = 0). Bee JlHHHH, H306pa)KalOmHe .n.BH)KeHHH qaCTHU, MoryT Jle>KaTb TOJIbKO BHyTpH 06JlaCTeM aOc H dOb. Ha npaaux ab H cd, oseBII.n.HO, scex naasr

c, TO cymecrayer

x = +ct. Paccxorpua
BHyTpH

caaxana
-

KOTOPblX Jle)KaT

OOJlaCTH

TOtIKaX 3TOH 06JlaCTH Me)K.n.y JII06b1M

c2t2

aOe. Jlerxo cooripasars, tITO BO x2 > O. .D.PYrHMII CJIOBaMH, HHTep3TOM 06J1aCTH II

COObITHSl, MHpoBbIe

TOtIKH

cooblTHeM

apeaeuanonoonue.
06JIaCTH npoacxoaar C'IeTa He MoryT

3TOM 06JlaCTH

t > 0,
O.

C06b1THeM

0-

T. e. see C06bITHH 310M Ho .n.Ba C06bITHSl, pasneCHCTeMe OTCJIe.n.OBaTeJlbHO,

«nOCJIe» C06bITHH

JIeHHbIX BpeMeHlIno.n.ooHbIM

HHTepBaJIOM,

HH B KaKoH

He.1b3H BbI6paTb H HHKaKOM CHCTeMbI OTCtIeTa, .rne 6bI KaKoe-HH6y.n.b lI3 COOblTHH 06JIaCTH aOe npoacxoaano «.n.o» C06hITHSl 0, T. e. xorna crexax 6bIJlO 6b1

npoucxonars
TaKHM

o.n.HOBpeMeHHO.

< O.

06pa30M,

ace C06bITHSl 06.'1aCTH

SlB.1fSlIOTCSI 6y.n.YIUHMH no 6y.n.ymeM»

OTHOlIIeHHIO K

0,

aOe

H npHTOM

BO scex

CH-

OTCtIeTa. STY 06J1aCTb MO>KHOn03TOMY Ha3BaTb no OTHOlIIeHHIO K C06b1THIO

«a6COJlIOTHO HBJISlIOTCSl

O. 0,
npoacxonar

COBeplIIeHHO 06JIaCTH BO scex

aHaJIOrHtIHO ace C06bITHH 06J1aCTH no OTHOlIIeHHIO K orcsera euie 06J1aCrH cacrexax

bOd

«aoCOJIIOTHO npourenumaa»

T. e. C06b1THH nOM no H C06blTHSl npocrpanHHTepaaJI

Hasoaen,

paccxorpax

Me>K.n.yJII06bIM C06b1T1IeM 3TOM 06JlaCTH H

craemrcnonooaua. XO.n.SlT pasaux B

HO Ha3BaTb

cOb. C06b1THeM 0 -

dOa

O.

JII060ii

CHCTeMe OTClJeTa 3TH C06b1l'HSl npOHCn03TOMY 3TH 06JIaCTH MO>K-

MeCTax npOCTpaHCTBa.

«a6COJlIOTHO y.n.aJleHHbIMH» no OTHOlIIeHHIO K H «n03)Ke» .n.ml 3THX n03)Ke

O.

nOHHecrs

THSI «o.n.HOBpeMeHHO», epansme»

C06bITHH,

onuaxo,
TaKHe

OTHOCHTeJIbHbI. .D.JISI BCRKoro OHO npoacxonar paasure

C06bITHSI 3TOM 06JIaCTH

CHCTeMbI OTCtIeTa, rne

OHO nponcxozar

CHCTeMbI, rne OTCtIeTa, rne 3aMeTHM,

OHO npoacxonar o.n.HOBpeMeHHO C O. tITO eCJlH paccxarpaaars see TpM npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe BMeCTO O.n.HOH,TO BMeCTO nayx nepecexarotuaxca 2 MbI HMeJlH 6b1 «KOHYC» x2 y2 c2 2 CHCTeMe KOOp.n.HHaTx, KOHYC aaausaior

0,

C06bITIiH

0,

H, HaKOHeu, onna

CHCTeMa

xoopnnaaru
MbIX na pHC. TblpexMepHoM C OCblO

y,

+ + z2 -

Z,

t, OCb xoroporo

=0

npaB se-

coananaer H306pa>Ka-

(3TOT

CBeTOBbl.M

KOIiYCO.M).06JIaCTH nOJIOCTSlMH sroro

«a6COJIIOTHO 6y.n.ymero» IOTCH rorna KOHyca •

H «a6COJIIOTHO npourenurero»

COOTBeTCTBeHHO.n.ByMSI BHyTpeHHHMH

.D.Ba COObITHH MorYT 6b1Tb npHtIHHHO CBH3aHbI npyr C npyrou TOJIbKO B TOM cnyxae, eCJlH HHTepBaJI Me>K.n.y HHMH apexeaanonooHbIH, qTO nenocpencraenao .n.eiicTBMe- He CKOPOCTH CBeTa. KaK cnenyer H3 roro, co tITO HHKaKoe B3aHMOMO>KeT pacnpocrpaasrsca CKOPOCTblO, 60JIblIIeii .n.JISITaKHX

MbJ TOJIbKO qTO BH.n.eJIH, KaK pa3

22
CQ6hlTHH

m-uuunn

OHIOCUTEJlbHOCTH

IfJ" S
Ii «n03:lKe»,

HMelOT a6COJllOTHhiH CMbICJl nOHSlTHH

«pausme»

lJIO HBJIHeTCH Iieo6xo)J,HMbIM YCJIOBUeM )J,JIH CM'bICJI nOIUlTHH npHlJHHbI H CJIe)J,CTBJiH.

roro,

lJT06bI

"MeJI"

§ 3. CooCTBeHHoe
Dpe)J,nOJIO:lKHM, CHTeJIbHO Hac

BpeMSl

srro

Mbl Ha6JIIO)J,aeM H3

uexcropoa

uaepuaans9TO B D03TOMY

HOH CHCTeMbl OTClJeTa npOM3BOJIhHblM 06pa30M

)J,BH:lKYIUHecH OTHO-

sacu. B

Ka:lK)J,blH OT)J,eJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH KaK

,aBH:lKeHHe M01lfHO

paCCMaTpHBaTh

paanosrepuoe.
KOTopaH

Ka:lK)J,h1ll MOMeHT BpeMeHH

MO:lKHO BBeCTH HenO)l.BHLKHO CBH3aHHYlO

.nBHLKYIUHMHCH lJaCaMH CHCTeMY 6Y)l.eT B

xoopnanar, xacax)

(BMeCTe C

.'IaCaMH)

HBJlHThCH TOLKe HHepUHaJlbHOH

CHCTeMOH OTC'I-eTa.

resenae

6eCKOHe'lHO MaJIOrO npOMeLKYTKa BpeMeHH

dt

(no

He-

nO)l.BHLKHblM, T. e. CBH3aHHblM C HaMIl, npOXO)l.HT paCCTOHHHe

)l.BIlLKYIUHeCH 1JaCbI

1/ dx2
Cnpaumaaerca,
)l,BHLKYlll.HecSl

+ dy2 + dz2.
dt'
nOKaLKYT

xacu.
ds2

KaKOH npOMeLKYTOK BpeMeHH B CHCTeMe Koop)J,HHaT,

npn

3TOM

cBSl3aHHoH

llI.HMHCH 1JaCaMH, nOCJIe)J,HHe nOKOSlTCSI, T. e.

dx'

= dy'

C )J,BH:lKy-

= dz'

= O.

CHJlY HHBapHaHTHOCTH HHTepBaJIa

c2 dt2

dr -

dy2 - dz2 = c2 dt",

dx2+dy2+dz
_ 2

oTKy.na

dt'=dt
Ho

1 "V

./ _

c2 dt2

dx2+dy2+dzZ
dt2
ecrs

v,

rae v

CKOPOCTb )J,BH}KYIUHXCSI JaCOB; n03TOMY l

dt'

= .!!!_ = dt A/I c 'V

sacaaa,
tl:

v: .

(3,1)

noxaauaaeuua
caM npoaner

HHTerpHpYH

3TO

aupaxceuae,
t2 -

MO}KHO HallTH

npOMeLKYTOK BpeMeHH,

)l.BHLKYIUIlMHCH BpeMH

eCJIlI no HenO)l.BH)!{HbIM sa-

t.

t~-t~=~dt~.
. t,
BpeMH, OTC'IHTblBaeMoe MyJIbl no

(3,2)
)l.BHLKYIUHMCHBMeCTe C )J,aHHhIM

sacau,

06'beKTOM, Ha3h1BaeTCH co6CT8eHHbtM

(3,1)

(3,2)

epeuenen

sroro

06'beKTa.

<l>op-

Bblpa}KalOT

c06cTBeHHoe

BpeMH nepes

BpeMH CH)l.BHLKemie.

CTeMhI OTC'leT3, OTHOCHTeJIhHOKOTOPOH paccuarpasaerca KaK BH)l.HO H3

(3,1)

HJIH

(3,2),

c06CTBeHHoe

BpeMH )l.BIlLKYIUe-

rOCH 06'beKT3 ncerna MeHbllle, lJeM COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHH npOMe)l{YTOK BpeMeHH B HenO)l.BHLKHOH CHCTeMe. JlpyrHMH CJIOBaMH, )l.BHLKYllI.HeCH qaChI H)l.YT Me)l,JIeHHee HenO)J.BHLKHblX.

iSl.

COBCTBEHHOE

Bi>EM~ CHCreMbI o.TC'IeT3

OYCTn OTHOCHTeJIbHo. HHel'UHaJIbHo.H

>KYT<;H npHMo.JIHHeHHO M paanoaepao npyrae xaca. CHCTeM;I QTcsera . K', CBH3aHHaH C 9THMH nOCJIeJJ:HHMM.TOiKe auepuaansuax. TOfAa

ABH-

IJaCbI B CHCTeMe

K'

C TQIJKH 3peHMH Ha6nID.lI.aTenH B cacrexe

OTCTalOT no cpaBHeHHIO C ero IJaCaMIl.

HMH CHCTeMbl

K'

OTCTalOT

nacu

11

B CHCTeMe

K.

J:la060Po.T, C To.IJKH apeY6eARTbCH B orcyrBHHMaHHe aa

CTBMH KaKOro.-JIHOo.· nporaaopesaa

MOiKHO, o.6paTHB

CJIeJJ:YIOIII.ee o.OCTOHTeJlbCTBD, nJIH roro IJTo.Obl YCTaHDBRTb, 'ITO. 'IaCbl B CHCTeMe K' o.TCTalOT o.THo.CHTeJlbHDlJaCDB B CHCTeMe K, HaJJ:O nGCTyrHHb npeaeaa H CJIeJJ:YlOlUIlM D6pa3DM, DYCTb B HeKOTo.PblH MOMeHT lJaCbI

K'

nponeraior

MHMD lJaCOB B nDKa3aHHH rex MIlMD

K,

I:i

B 3TDT Mo.MeHT lJaCOB

nOKa3aHHH DODHX lJaCo.B COBnaJJ:aIOT.)l.JIH cpaBHeHHH xona

K'

K'

HaJJ:OBHo.Bb cpaauart, IJaCaMH B

C qaCaMH B

fHMH

K. HD K-

}Ke ABH}KYIII.MXCH.lJaCDB 3THQaCbI lJaCbI

reneps C TeMH,

MbI Y}Ke cpaananaex KDTDpblX

K'

C JJ:PY-

B .lI.Pyro.H MDMeHT. DPH 3TDM DOHapY}KIlTCH, lJTo. .qaCbI OYJJ:YTGTCTaBaTb no. cpaBHeHHIO C nacaxa B K, C Ko.TDPbIMH DHH cpaauasaIOTCH. MbI B npyroa, BHJJ:IlM, lJTD AJIH cpaBHeHHSI XDJJ:asacoa Oo.3TDMY 3TOT B JJ:BYXCHCTeMax OTCqeTa Heo.6xOAHMbl K o.6eHM CIiCTeMaM. HeCKDnbKD qaCOB B DJJ:HOHCHCTeMe H OJJ:Hll

K'

nponeraior

npouecc He CHMMeTpHqeH no o.THOllleHHIQ Bcerna DKa}KYTcH OTCTalOlUllMH Te IJaCbI,- ROTOpue cpaBHHBalOTCH C pasnuxn qaCaMH anpyroa CHCTeMe DTClJeTa. Ecna iKe HMe19TCH JJ:BDe xacoa, H3 KDTOPblX O,uJ:lH onacuaaior
TpaeKTopHIO, xacaa (no. ), BD3BpaIII.aHCb B HCXD,uHo.e MeCTD (K HepacTO DKa}KYTCH OTCTalOIII.HMH HMeHHD JJ:BH}KyC HenOJJ:BH}KHblMH). 06paTHDe

3aMKIIYTYIO no,uBH}KHbIM lUHeCH

sacu

cpaBHeHHIO

CY}K,ueHHe, B KOTOPOM JJ:BIUKYIII.lleCH'laCbI paCCMaTpllBaJIHCb 6b1 KaK HenOJJ:BIl}KHble, reneps HeBD3MD}KHO, TaK KaK sacu, onacunatomae 3aMKHYTYIO TpaeKTo.pHIO, He ,uBH}KYTCH paBHOMepHO H npHMDJIllHeii:HD, a nDTOMY CBH3aHHaH C HHMH cacrexa OTCq~Ta He HBJlHeTCH

aaepuaansaoa.
OOCKo.JlbKY 3aKDHbI npaponsr HblX CHCTeMax DTC'leTa, J(BH}KHbIMH lJaCaMH (HeHHepUMaJlbHaH),
TO.

o,uHHaKDBbI To..7IbKOB HHepUHaJIbCHCTeMa)· H C ,uBH}KYIII.HMHCH CBo.HCTBaMM, H paccyscneJJ:DJI}KHbl HHTenOKDHIUHeCH qaCbI qaCaMH,

CHCTeMbI DTClJeTa, CBH3aHHble C neno-

(HHepUHaJlbHaH

06Jla,ua1OT pa3HbIMH

nae, npHBOJJ:HIII.ee K pesynsrary, liTO OKa3aTbCSI DTCTalOIII.HMH, uenpasansno. OpDMelliYTOK rpany

!~ ds,

BpeMeHH, B3Hto.MY

nOKa3b1BaeMbIH

panen

B,uonb

MHpOBDH JIHHllH

3THX qaCOB. ECJlU aepaanonepaoe xepea nse TOIIKH

qaCbI Heno.,Ll;BH}KHbI, TO. HX MHpDBaSl nHltHSI HBJlHeTCH.npSlMOH, napanJIeJlbHDH OCM BpeMeHH; eCJIH }Ke

nacu

coaepuraior

,uBH}KeHHe no. 3aMKHYTOMY nYTH H BD3BpaIUalOTCSI B HCXOJJ:HDe eCTD, M

TO. HX MHpOBaSl JIHHHH oy,ueT KPHBOM, npoxoaatuea

na

npaxoa

MHPOBDH JlHHHH HenOJJ:BHiKHbIX qaCOB, COOTBeTCTBYIOH KOHUY JJ:BH}KeHIIH.

IUHX aaxany

.lJTO nOKOHIII.HeCH

xacu

npyroa

CTOPOHbI, MbI BIt,ueJIH, 60JIblllllH npOMe}KYTGK

nDKa3b1BaIOT scerna

24

nr-anuan tIeM llBHR<YIIlHecSl. ~

OTHOCHTEJlbHOCTiJ TaKHM 06pa30M, MbI

Ir.n. ])

spexean,
BblMlI no

npaxonax

K BbIMliPO-

BOllY, tITO aarerpan

ds,

B3SlTblH MeR<.ll.Y llBYMSl saaaaauaa

TOl.!KaMH, HMeeT MaKCHMaJlbHOe

npSlMOH MHPOBOH JlHHHH,

coenausnourea

anaseaae,

eCJlH OH 6epeTCSl

9TH TOtIKH 1).

§ 4. Ilpeoripaaoaaaae

Jlopenua
$OPMYJI npeoopasoT. e. CliCTeMbI OTCtIeTa K JI.PyroH,

Haurea
$OPMYJI, roro no

IJ,eJlbIO 6Y.ll.eT CeHtIaC aaxozcneaae KOTOPbIM, 3HaSl soopnnaaru OTCtIeTa

BaHHSl OT OJI.HOH HHepUHaJlbHOH KOTOPOH cacreue

K,

x, y, z, t

C06bITHSl B He-

MOR<HOHaHTH KOOp.ll.HHaTbI HHepUHaJlbHOH cacreue 9TOT sonpoc

R<e C06bITliSl B ztpyroa

B
CTO.

K'.

x', y',

z', i'

KJIaCCHtIeCKOH MexaHliKe

peuraercs

CHJlY a6COJIlOTHOCTli BpeMeHH

MbI HMeeM TaM

t = t';

OtIeHb npo,n;aJIee, .ll.eJlaeM z', zraa-

eCJlH oca KOOp.ll.lIHaT BbI6paHbI TaK, KaK MbI 91'0 06bItIHO (T. e. OCH x H x' COBna.ll.aIOT, OCH y, Z napanensnsr OCSlM y', R<eHlie BJI.OJlb ocea paaau npyroa: lJaTbCSl na

1I

KoopJI.lIHaTaM eCJlH aasano

y'

x'),

TO xoopnaaaru

1I

z',

H Z 6Y.ll.YT, onesanno,

a KOOp,lI.lIHaTbl

x'

6YJI.YT OTJllI-

paCCTOSlHHe, npoanenaoe

O,ll.HORCHCTeMOR OTHOCIITeJlbHO BbI6paHO B MOMeHT, xorna a CKOPOCTb CHCTeMhI

OTCtIeTa apexeaa

06e CflCTeMbI KOOp,ll.HHaT coananaan, CHTeJlhHO

ecrr,

V,

TO 9TO paCCTOHHHe ecrs

Vt. Taxax

K'

OTHO-

06pa30M,

x=x'+Vt,
3TH $OPMYJlbl aepars, paer Ha3bIBaIOTCSl reopnn HHTepBaJibI xce

y=y',

z=z', t=t'.
Fasunen. Jlerxo
OHO He

(4,1)
npo-

npeotipasoeanueu

tITO 9TO npecopasoaaaae, Tpe60BaHliIO

KaK H CJle,nOBaJlO, He YJI.OBJleTBOOCTaBJI!leT Mbl 6Y,lI.eM

OTHOCHTeJlbHOCTH,MeR<JI.YC06hITHSlMH. $OPMYJlbI

HHBapliaHTHbIMH IICKaTb KaK

PeJlSlTHBHCTCKHe llHBaplIaHTHbIMH. MbI

npe06pa30BaHiUI

HCXOJISl H3 TpeOOBaHHSl, llT06bl BH,lI.eJlI1 B

OHll OCTaBJlSlJlfl HHTepBaJIbI MeR<llY .ll.ByMSl C06bITliSlMlI CHCTeMe KOOp.ll.HHaT. sersrpexxepuox SlBJlSlIOTCH caMOH ce6e

§ 2,
B

I1HTepBaJi

MOR<HOpaccuarpaaari, .ll.BYMSl MHpOBbIMli

KaK paccrosnae CKa3aTh, TaKlIMH

MeR<JI.YcooTBeTcTBYIOUJ.llMli tITO HCKOMoe npeocpasosanae .ll.J1HHbI B npe06pa30BaHHSlMH

TOllKaMH

senspexaepuoa
see

MbI MOR<eM, cnenosareasno, npOCTpaHCTBe TOJlbKO

,lJ,OJlR<HO OCTaBJlSlTh HeH3MeHHbIMH

x, y, z, ct. Ho

napaaaeasasre

nepeaocsr

H BpaUJ.eHHSl CHCTeMbl xoopnaaar.

113 HHX nepeaoca aaxana

CHCTeMbI KOOp.ll.HHaT napaaneasno KOOp,ll.I1HaT H Ii3MeHeHHIO

He npe,nCTaBJUlIOT aarepeca, npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX

TaK KaK CBO.ll.SlTCH"POCTO K nepeaocy MOMeHTa na-

1) Ilpennonaraerca, p83YMeeTClI, 'ITO 3TH TO'lKH H coenaamonnre HX JIHHHH T8KOBbl, 'ITO ace SJIeMeHTh1 ds B.ll.OJlbJIHHHH BpeMeHHIIO.1l06Hh1. YK838HHoe CBOll.CTBO HHTerp8J18 CBJl38HO c nCeB.ll.oeBKJlH.IlOBOCTblO serupexMepHoli. reOMeTpHH. B eBKJlH.ll.OBOM npocrpancrae HHTerpaJI 6blJl 6b1, KOHe'lHO. MHHHM8JIeH B.IlOJIb npliMoli. JIHHHH.

4J

nPEOBPA30BAHHE OTClJeTa BpeMeHH. TaKHM

JlOPEHJ.~A HCKOMOe

25

naaa

06pa30M,

npeoopaaoaauae
nerupexueppasXZ,

.II.0JI)KHO MaTeMaTHlJeCKH HOH CHCTeMbI KOOp.ll.HHaT BCHKOe spauieane

x,

supascarsca

y,

z, t.

KaK apatuenne

B lJeTbIpeXMepHOM

npOCTpaHCTBeMO)KHO

JIO)KHTb aa WeCTb apatnenaa,

ty, tz

a HMeHHO B nJIOCKOCTHX xy,

zy,

tx,
H

(nO.ll.06HO TOMY, KaK BCHKoe spatneuae aa TpH apaurenas

B 06bIlJHOM npocrpanB nJIOCKOCTHX xy,

CTBe MO)KHO pa3JIO)KHTb

xz).

Ilepsue

zy

TpH

H3 9THX apauieuan

npeoripaayior

TOJIbKO nponponpu

CTpaHCTBeHHble PaCCMOTpHM

KOOp.ll.HHaTbI;

OHH COOTBeTCTBYIOT 06bIlJHbIM

CTpaHCTBeHHbIM nOBopOTaM. nOBopOT B nJIOCKOCTH STOM He MeHHIOTCH. 9TO npeoopasoaauae MeHHOH, B lJaCTHOCTH, paanocri, CT TOlJKH

tx;
X2 -

KOCp.ll.HHaTbI xaanpar

HZ

.II.0JI)KHO OCTaBJIHTb HeH3«paCCTOHHHH» H Me)K.ll.Y CTapbIMH

(ct)

2-

(ct, x) .11.0.

nasaaa

KOCp.ll.HHaT. CBH3b

HCBbIMH KOOp.ll.HHaTaMH B 3TOM npeoripaaonannn o.6meM anne ¢opMYJIaMH

.II.aeTCH B HaM6oJ1ee

x = x' ch tj) + ct' sh tj), ct = x' sh tj) + ct' ch tj),

(4,2)

rne sro

tj) npn

«yroJI noaopora»; npocron npoaepxoa 9To.M .ll.enCTBHTeJIbHO 6Y.ll.eT c2 2 - x2

MyJIbJ

(4,2)

= C2t'2

JIerKO
-

y6e.ll.HTbCH, X'2. <pcpnpn ¢yHKUHU

CTJIHlJaIOTCH or 06bIlJHbIX

¢OpMyJI

npeo6pa30BaHH51

nOBo.pcTe oceH BOH reouerpna

KOOp.ll.HHaT 3aMeHo.H TpMroHOMeTpHlJeCKHX OT eBKJIH.ll.CBCH.

rHnep6oJIlIlJeCKHMH.

B 9TCM np051BJIHeTCH OTJIHlJHe nCeB.ll.CeBKJIH.ll.Cor IIHepUHaJIbHOH CH.II.BH)KeTC51o.THCCHTeJIbHO 9TCM,

Mhl lHIl,eM ¢CpMyJIbI npeocpaaoaanas CTeMbI OTClJeTa K CHCTeMe xoropas

co. CKCPOCTbIO

K',

B.ll.CJIb OCH

x. Ilpn

raIOTC51 npeocpasoaaamo 9TCMY 9TC npeoripasoaaaae

TCJIbKO xoopnanara .ll.CJI)KHC 6bITb

ClJeBH.ll.HC, nozisepH BpeM51

onpenemrn, yro.n \fl, KCTo.PbIH MC)KeT aasucen, TeJIbHo.H CKCPCCTYJV I) .

BH.ll.a

(4,2).

t. Ilo-

OCTaeTcH CTHo.CM-

TOJIbKo. or

Paccaorpua

CTeMbI orcnera

K'. Torna x' = 0

.ll.BH)l{eHMe B CMCTeMe

aaxana

KOCp.ll.HHaT CHnpHHMMaIOT BH.ll.

M cpOpMyJIbI

(4,2)

x = ct' sh tj), ct = ct' ch tj),

IUM,

paanenna onno na npyroe, Ct = th tj).

x

Ho xlt
TaKHM

oriasox,

ecrs,

OlJeBII.II.HO, CKOPOCTb

CMCTeMbI

K'

OTHo.CHTeJIbHo. K.

thtj)

v =-. c

1) 80 1136e)l{aHHe nenopasyaeaaa 3aMeTHM, 'ITO sepea V Mbi seane 0603Ha'1aeM nocTOllHHYIO OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO CKOPOCTb'uBYX IIHepI:(HaJIbHblX CHcTeM OTClJeTa, a sepes v - CKOPOCTb ,UBll)l{yw.eilclI qaCTIII:(b1, BOBce He o6113aHHYIO 6bITb noCTOllHHOil.

26.

m'HHUHn OTHOCHTEJlbHOCTH

v
sh""
=

-FYJ---;::==-l=-'
HaxOJI.HM:

ch",,=--=== ,r;-vt.

'V l-cr-·

[JO.IJ.CTaBRB31'0 B

(4,2),

u=t/,

z=z',

c2 t = --====;::7i= : Vi

r + ..!::_ X'

,yl--C-

(4,3)

3to M ecrs MCKOMbIe <jJOpMyJIbJ npe06pa30BaHHH. OHM RoeHT Ra3BaRife <jJopMyn npeotipasoeanun Jlopenua H HMeIOT )J.JIH )J.aJIbHeHlllero· ¢iYk)J.aMeHTaJIbHOe 06paTHbie npouie scero <l>0PMYJlhl, aupaacarouiae x', nOJlyq·aIOTCH 3aMeHoH V ua 3HalJeHHe.

.lJ.BHiKeTcH· OTHOCHTeJlbHO

K'

u'. z', t' xepea x, y, z, t, - V (TaK KaK CHCTeMa

V).
3TH me <poppeuras ypaBHeHHH

co

CKOPOCTbIO -

MyJIbI MO>KHO nOJIy'IHTb OTROCHTeJIbHO x', y', Z',

Jlerxo

BM)J.eTb M3

(4,3),

t',

nenocpencraeauo, 'ITO npn

(4,3)
C'-' 00

npe)J.eJIbROM nepexone npeoopasoaauna raJIRJIeSl.

K KJIaCCM'lecKOH

MeX3HHKe

cpOpMyJIhI

Jlopenua

.lJ.eaCTBHTeJlbHO nepeXO.IJ.HT B npeo6pa30BaHHe

Ilpa V>

C B cpopMyJIaX

(4,3)

KOOp.ll.RHaTbI

x,

)J.eJIaIOTCH MHHHCnOJlboopa-

MblMH; 3TO cooTBeTCTByeT 6qJIbmeH soaaaae CIfCTeMbI

TOMY rpaxry,

'ITO )J.BHmeHHe CO CKOpOCTbIO, co CKOPOCTbIO, paBHOH

CKOPOCTH CBeTa, HeB03M01KHO. HeB03MO>KHO nance OTCqeTa, npa )J.BRmYlll.eifcH 3TOM 3HaMeHaTeJIH MaJIbIX no B cpopMyJIaX co

CKOPOCTH CBeTa, THJIHCb 6b1 B HYJIb. D.JIH cxopocrea BMeCTO

(4,3)

(4,3)

V,

cpasaeamo

CKOPOCTbIO CBeTa, cpopMYJIaMH

MO>KHO nOJIb30BaTbCH

npH6JHlmeHHblMH

x=x'
[JYCTb

+ Vt',
I(
B

u=t/,
noli

z=s z",

t=t'

+ ~x'. c

(4,4)
OCIf X. XI

B CHCTeMe

nOKOHTCH JIHHeHKa, 060HX

napaJIJIeJIbHaH

D.JIHHa ee, H3MepeHHaH

i(X2

H Xl -

xoopnnaaru

CHCTeMe, nYCTb 6Y.IJ.eT Sx = X2 -

KOHUOB JIHHeHKH B CHCTeMe 060ux xouuoa CTep>KHH

.lJ.eMreneps STOro B sroa XO.ll.HM:

.lJ.JIHHy sroro

CTep>KHH, H3MepeHHYIO B

K). HanCHCTeMe K'. J1.JIH

HaAO RaHTll

KoopAHHaTbI

(X;

X;)

CIfCTeMe B O.ll.HH H TOT me MOMeHT BpeMeHH

t', i'13 (4,3)

ua-

§ 4}

TlPEOBPA30BJlHHE

JJOPEHUA /).X'

27
X~j BbllJHTaH X2 sa

)J.JIHHa CTep)KHSl B CHCTeMe

K'

ecrs

= X~

Co6CT8eH1WU

OAUHOU CTep:tKHH Ha3bIBaeTCH )J{e CTep)J{HH B KaKOii-JlH60

ero

AJ1HH3 B TOit ee sepes

CHCTeMe OTCIJeT3, B xoropoa

1(' -lJepe3

10 = tJ.x,

OH nOKOHTCH. 0603H3IJHM

a AJlHHY roro

I. Torna

CHCTeMe OTCIJeTa

(4,5)
TaKHM poii 06pa30M, caMYIO 60JlblllYIO CKOpOCTblO· V, reopaa • )l.JIHHY crepareas yxeusuraercs llMeeT B TOit B omouienaa CHCTeMe OTCIJeTa, rae OH nOKOHTCH .LI.JlHHa ero . B CHCTeMe, B K01:0-

.-.J 1 -

OH ABH)J{eTCH co

V2/C2.

aTor

pe3YJIbT3r

OTHOCllTeJJbHOCTHHa3blSaeTCH rena npu no ero )l.BH)J{eHHH He ¢op-

/lOpeHl{e8bIM

cOKpaw,eHueM

. OOCKOJIbKY MYJle:

nonepesuue

MeHHIOTCH, TO 06beM

r_

paaaepu

TeJIa COKpamaeTCH

aH8JIOmIJHOii

. (4,6)
rne

Yo

ecrs

co6CT6eHHbLU

06'OeAt TeJIa. J10peHIIa MO)J{HO HaiirH H3BeCTHble HaM BpeMeHH

113 npe06p830BaHHH B CHCTeMe

Y)J{e pe3YJIbT3Tbl OTHOCHTeJlbHO coccraeaaoro

1('

nOK05ITCH

xacu.

(§ 3).

DYCTb

KalJeCTBe )J:BYX C06b1THii B03bMeM

ABa C06b1THH, npOHCllIe)J:llIHX npOCTp3HCTB3 npouino B CHCTeMe 1('. C06blTHHMH ecrs

B O)l.HOM H TOM BpeMH reneps

IKe

MeCTe

x', y', z'

xoropoe

M' =

t~ -

t~. Haii)l.eM

B CHCTeMe 1('

MelK.ll.Y 9THMH

BpeMSI

M,

Me)J{)l.Y 9THMH )J{e C06bITHHMH B CHCTeMe OTClJCTa

(4,3)

K. 113

HMeeM:

,y
IlJIH, Bbl'IllTaH

t'I +~2 c

t' +~2 2 c

V2' 1-- 2

O)l.HO H3 npyroro,

t2 -

tI =

/).t = -~--;==:;:;:V2;;=- ,

At'

1-B nOJlHOM cor JI3CllH C HaKoHeII, J1opeHIIa,

c2

(3,1).
O)l.HO oouiee CBoiicTBO npeotipaaoaamni I'aaanea.

OTMeTHM euie KaK

OTJIHlJalOmee HX OT npe06pa30BaHHH rOBopHT, )l.BYX pe3YJIbTaT

IlocneaT. e.

HHe 06na)l.alOT, cOBMecTHblH

CBOHCTBOM KOMMYTaTHBHocTll,

nocaenoaareasnux

npeoopaaoaaaaa

28
I'annnes pHAKa,

nPHHUHn

OTHOCHTEJlbllOCTH
Ii

tr Jl

1)

(c pa3JlH'-IHblMH CKOPOCT5IMII VI

V2)

He 3aBIICHT OT no-

B KOTOPOM 3TH npeo6pa30BaHH5I npOH3BOAHTCH. HanpOTHB, pesynsrar AByX nOCJleAOSaTeJlbHblX npe06pa30BaHHH Jlopeuua aa-

BHCllT,

soocme roaopa,

OT HX [JOCJleAOBaTeJlbHOCTH.4HCTO MaTeMaH3 HCnOJlb30BaHHoro KaR KaK H3BeCTHO, 3aBHCHT OT

TH'IeCKH 3TO BI1AHO yxce HoA CHCTeMbI KoopAHHaT:

ssnue

q.lOpMaJlbHOrO qeTblpeXMep-

I1CTOJIKOBaHH5I3THX npe06pa30BaHHH

BpameHHA

(soxpyr

pa3J1HQHhIX

ocea) soxpyr

peaynsrar AByX nOBopOTOB nopxnxa HX ocytuecranenaa.

C napaJlJleJIhHhIMH lJeThlpeXMepHOH nOBopOTaM

I1cKJlIOQeHHeM HBJlHIOTCH J1Hllih npe06pa30BaHHH

nexropaxn

VI

II

V2

(3KBIlBaJIeHTHhle

. CllCTeMhI KOOp.ll.HHaT

O.ll.HoA H TOll

me

OCH).

§ 5. Ilpeofipaaoaanae
MbI naurna B

CKOPOCTH naparparpe CPOPMYJlbl, n03BOJIHIOmlle

npenunyuiea

no KOOp.ll.HHaTaM C06blTHH B O.ll.HOll CHCTeMe OTCqeTa Hai1TH KOOp.lI.HII3Thi roro me C06blTHSl B npyroa cacreue OTCIJeTa. Teneps MbI Haii.ll.eM cpOpMyJIbI, CBSl3hIBalOmHe CKOPOCTb .ll.BHmymeiicS! aJIhHOll MaTepli-

sacrnusr 'laCTllUhI B npyros

OYCTb onars co CKOPOCTblO

B O.ll.HOHcncrexe CHCTeMe. CHCTeMa B.ll.OJlh oca

OTCqeTa co CKOPOCThlO ToA me

K'

.ll.Bllm:eTCS! OTHOCllTeJIbH() CllCTeMhI

X. OYCTb Vx

CKOPOCTIiB CIiCTeMe

K,

)Ke qaCTHUbI B CHCTeMe

dx' ~

dx=--====1--

+ V dt'

K'.

v: = dx'[dt' 113 (4,3) Mbl

= dxfdt
llMeeM:

ecrs

KOMnOHeHTa

KOMIlOHeHTa CKOPOCTHTOH

dt'

V2' c2

dy=dy',

dz=dz',

dt= ~

+ -:i- dx'
c V2 c2
1--

Pasnenaa

nepnue

TpH paBeHCTBa Ha qeTBepToe

Ii BBe.ll.S!CKOPOCTH

V=Tt,

dr

,
V

= dt' ,

dr'

vx=---:-8nI

v'V ' 1+_x_ c2

onpenenmor

Vz

=
cxopocreii. B reopua

(5,1) ORR
OTHOB rpopOCII X npIIlJCM ~~

CPOPMY1!bl H

npeoripasoaauae

npe.ll.CTaBJI5IIOT C060ll CflTeJIhHOCTH. MyJIbl KJlaCClI'leCKOii

3aKOH C1!om:eHHH cxopocrea cay-rae Vx orna

B npezrensaoa OT

c -+

MexaHHKlI

v: +
.

00

OHII nepexonsr Vy

V,

= V~,
,a

Vz

= v~.

'laCTHOM

c.rysae . .ll.BIIm:eHlI5l xacrauu VII=VZ='

IiMeeM Vx=V,

V=

1 + _v'V c2

v'

+V

"0" Vy=Vz=

napaanensno V,,=V.

§ 5) JIerKO

nPEOBPA30BAHHE

CROPO~TH
nsyx

29
CKOpOCTeH, MeHbllIHX

y6e1l.MTbCSI B TOM, 'ITO cyMMa

nJIM paBHbIX CKOPOCTH CBeTa, CKOPOCTH CBeTa. llJIH POCTb

ecrs

CHOBa CKOPOCTb, He 60JIblllaSi CKOPOCTM CBeTa (CKO-

CKopOCTeH

V,

3Ha'lMTeJIbHO MeHbllIMX
I

MO)KeT 6b1Tb JII060H)

11.0'IJIeHOB

vx=vx+V
3TH cpOpMyJIbI

nopsnxa

( 1-7, v:
2

Vic:
)

I1MeeM npH6JIM2KeHHO C TO'lHOCTblO

vy=vl/-VXvy""(;21 M02KHO

"

" rV Vz=Vz-VxVzC'2'
BeKTopHOH

TpM cpOpMyJIbi

aanacars
~2

B BM1I.e o1l.Hoii

v=v'
06paTHM BHHMaHHe HH51 cxopocreli B.I.WJIb OCH C HOCTblO

+V -

(Vv') v',
CKOPOCTH

(5,3)
v'
H V BXO)J.HT nanpaanenu CBR-

na (5,1) nse
06pa30M 3TO

TO, 'ITO B peJI51THBHCTCKHH3aKOH CJI02KeCKJIa)lbIBaeMbIe (eCJIH TOJIbKO 06e OHI1 He

HecHMMeTpHlJHblM

aauo

x).

06CTOHTeJIbCTBO eCTeCTBeHHbIM

ynOM51HYTOH B

CKOPOCTb 'I aCT11 UbI B nanxy. Torna CKOPOCTb lJaCTHUbi B v COSe, vy= v sin e, a B CI1CTeMe K' I1MeeM v~ = v' cos O', v~ = v' sin 0' (u, o' a 0,0' - a6COJIIOTHbIe BeJIH'IlIHbI 11 yrJIbI, 06pa30BaHHbIe CKOPOCTblO C OCHMI1 X H x' coOTBeTCTBeHHO B CI1CTeMaX K H K'). C noxornuo CPOPMyJl (5,1) aaTaK, 'ITo6bI HbIH MOMeHT JIe)KaJIa B IIJIOCKOCTH CHCTeMe K HMeeT KOMrrOHeHTbI Vx = X01l.I1M

npeoripaaoaauaa Buriepeu OCI1 KOOp)lHHaT

npenunymeu Jlopenua.

naparparpe

06pa30M

HeKoMMYTaTI1B-

rorna:

t npa nepexone
OTC'IeTa, 3Ta

s= g

V'

-J

V2 sin 8' c o' cos 8' V

l-

-2

(5,4)

cpopMyJIa onpenenser 113MeHeHI1e HarrpaBJIeHI151 CKOPOCTI1 OT 01l.HOH CHCTeMbI OTC'IeTa K npyroa,

PaCCMOTpl1M

no.aporiaee

Ba2KHblH

lJaCTHbIH CJIY'laH K CBeTa.

MyJIbI, a HMeHHO OTKJIOHeHHe CBeTa

sae v = o' = C

5lBJIeHl1e,

11

aasuaaevoe npenunytuaa t g e = 'V V

A

npa nepexo.ae

stOH tpopnpyroa cacrene

atieppauueu
cpopMyJIa

nepexonnr 0'
•

nOM

CJIy-

It_J:'::

-+ cosS' c

c2•

Sin

(5,5)
JIerKO IIOJIYlJHTb

113 rex »ce

cpopMyJI I1pe06pa30BaHH51

JIOfl1lJHYIO 3aBI1CHMOCTb )lJIH sin

H cos

(5,1) 9:

ana-

sin 0 = ___:--,;v-:---1

. 1'V 1

_V2 c2

+- cos B' c

sin

S',

cos

S = ---;v-;---c_.
1

cosS'

V +-

+ -c

(5,6)

cos 6'

nPHHUHIl

OTH.O¢HTEJIbl-iOCTH

[r/l

B cnysae
OOPflJI.K8

Vie:

V <t:
sin

naxonau sin 8' =

aa (5,6).
~

C TO'lHOCTblO .lI.O lIJIeHOB.

a-

sin a' cos e".

HaXO.ll.HM C TOR

BBO,lVI

yron l\9

TOtIHOCTblO:

= ()' a -

(yron aoeppauan) ,

me

A8 =.!:_ sin a', c

T.·

(5,7)
.o;JISI aoeppanaa

e.

M3BecTHYlO 9J1eMeHTapHYIO qJOpMyJIy LfeTl,(pexMepuble

csera •

.§ 6.

eesropu

Coaoxynnocrs KOOP.lI.flHaT C06b1THSI (ct, X, y, z) MO)KHO paccxaT{)HBaTb KaK KOMnOHeHTbI sersrpexaepeoro panayc-aexropa (HJltI, KaK Mbi 6Y.ll.eM rosopars AJl5I xparxocrn, 4-pa.ll.hyc-BeKTopa) B seTblpeXMepHoM npocrpancree. Ero KOMnOHeHTbI MbI 6YAeM 0603H8'IaTb tiepe3 Xi, rne HH.!I.eKCi rrpooeraer 3H8qeHHH 0, 1, 2, 3, npH4eM

xO=ct, Ksaapar

x'=x,

X2=y,

x3=z.
.

«.lI.JlHHbI» 4-P8)1.Hyc-BeKTopa

.!I.aeTC5I BbipameHHeM

(xO)2 _ (XI)2 _ (X2)2 _ (X3)2.

OH He MeH5IeTC5I npa JII06b1X nosoporax xerupexeepnoa cacreau KOOp.lI.HHaT, KOTOPblMH 51BJIHIOTC5I, B 'laCTHOCTll, npeoopasoaaaaa
tteTbtpeXMep1tblM BeKTopOM (4-BeKTopoM) AI Ha3b1BaeTCH coaoxynaocrs xersrpex BeJlH'lHH AO, AI, A2, A3, xoropue npa npeoopasoaaaaax 'leTblpeXMepHOH: CIiCTeMbI KooPAllH8T npeo6paaYIOTcH KaK KOMnOHeHTbl 4-paAflyc-BeKTopa x', OPH npeoripaao-

Jlopeaua . . Bootinie

naaaa Jlopeaua
C

AO=

A'O+ ~A'l 1-- 2 c

V% '

A'l

AI

= -~---C~-_2-'
onpeAeJIHeTCH aHaJIO-

+ £. A,g

Kaanpar BeJIH'lflHbI BCHKoro 4-BeKTopa rH'lHO KBa)1.paTY 4-pa.ll.Hyc-BeKTopa:

(AO)2 _ (AI)2 _ (A2)2 _ (A3)2.

)J.JlH YAo6cTBa aannca nonoonsrx BblpamemIii: BBOASIT ABa ecopras KOMnOHeHT 4-BeKTopoB, 0603Ha'laH ax 6YKBaMfl AI H AI C aaaexcum csepxy H CHfl3Y. OPH 9TOM

Ao=

AO,

Ai =

Ai,

A2= - A2,

Aa= - A\

(6,2)

61

qETbJPEXMEPHblE

BEKTOPbI

31
a A,-1CD6apuaHTnpe.ll.CT8SHTCB

BeJ1UlJUHbI

Al

'H83h1BaIOT

sourpaeapuanmuuu;

HhlMU KOMnOHeHTaMH 4-BeKTopa.

TOf)I,a B BHAe

KB8.l1.paT 4-BeKTopa·

1=0

L AIA,=AoAo+

AlAI

+ A2A + A As•
2 3

TaKH~ TOPOMY no

CYMMbI npHHSiTO

3H8K CYMMHpoBaHuH.

aanacuaan, npocro K8K AiAi, onycxas Bootiuie npHHHMaeTClI np8BHJIO, COfJIaCHO KOnOBTOplllOmeMYClI B JI,aHflOM Bblpa~ CYMMHpoB8HHe, BHH3y.

BC1iKOMY annexcy,

:iKeHHH JI,Ba:iK.lI.hI, nOJI,p83YMeBaeTclI onYCKaeTC}I. tIeHHlI

Ilpa

anax

CYMMbI oeoana.

3TOM B K8:iKJI,OH nape a JI,PyroH KaK no, rosopar,

0JI,HH8KOBblX HH.lI.eKCOBO.ll.HH

JI.OJDKeH CTOllTh nasepxy, CYMMHpOBaHHlI

Taxon

cnocoti

neMbtM
¢OpMyJI.

HHJI,eKCaM, OlJCHb HH)J,eKCbIt

Y.lI.06eH H 3HatIHTeJIbHO ynpouiaer

sanacs

3TOH KHHre Mbl 6YJI,eM 0603HatI8Tb nerupexaepnae nporieraioinae 3HatIeHHlI 0, 1, 2, 3, JIaTHHCKHMU 6YKBaMH AHaJIOfHtIHO ~BaJI,p8Ty 4-BeKTopa H3Be~eHHe JI,ByX pa3Hblx 4-BeKTopoB:

i, k, 1, •. _

A' B,
B BH)J,e AiBI,

= AOBo + AIBI

+ A2B2 + A3B

COCTaBJIaeTClI CKaJIlIpHOe npo.. 3•

Ilpa

3TOM, OtIeBHJI,HO, ero

MO:iKHO aanacars

KaK B BH.lI.e

nape aeuux HH.lI.eKCOB BCerJI,a MO:iKHO nepecraaasrs HH:iKHUH HHJI.eKCbIJ ).

pe3YJIbTaT OT nora

He MeHlIeTClI.

Booenie

AiB;,

TaK H II

BO BCjlKOH BepXHHH

Ilpoaasenenae
3TO ece H sapanee

A'Bi

lIBJIlIeTClI

4-CKaJIHpOM -

OHO HHB8PH~UJ~HQ HO OHO tITO

no OTHorneHHIO K nOBopOTaM

qeTblpeXMepHOH

CHCTeMhl KOOP.ll.HH3T.

06CTOjlTeJIhCTBO JIerKO npOBepHTb

HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHH02),

OtIeBH.lI.HO (no aHaJIOrHH C xaazparox

AiAi)

U3 roro,

pOM).

AI, A2, A3 - npOCTpaHCTBeHHhlMH Ksanpar 4-BeKTopa Mo}KeT

4-BeKTophl npe06pa3YlOTClI no O.ll.HHaKOBOMY 3.8KOHY. . KOMnOHeHTY 4-BeKTopa AO Ha3hIBaIOT apeueuson, 8 KOMnOHeH.TbI (no aHaJIOrHH C 4-pa.ll.Hyc-BeKTo~ nOJIO:iKHTeJIbHbIM, OTPHUa6bITb

TeJIbHblM H.'1U paBHbIM HyJIIO; B 9THX rpex CJIYlJallX roaopsr coOTBeTCTBeHHO 0 epeuenunoootinux, npoCrpaH.CTBeHHOnOoo6H.bIX H
I) B cOBpeMeHHoH JJHTepaType 'laCTO onYCK81OT Boo6me HH.n.eKCbIy lleTbipellMepHblX BeKTopOB, a HX xnanparu H cxanspuae npOH3BeAeHHlI aarracasaior npoeTO KaK A2, AB. B nOH RHRre, O.llHaKO, Mbi He 6Y.lleM nOJlb30B8TbCft· T8KHI( cnocoeoa 0603H8Qe11HH. 2) ITPH STOM H8.n.O nOMHHTb, 'lTO 3aKOH npeo6p830B8HHlI 4-BeKTOpa, BblpaJKeHHblH sepea KOB8PH8HTHbie KOMnoHeHTbI, OTJlH'l8eTCJl (B 3H8KaJI:) OT roro JKe saxona, aupaarenuoro B KOHTpaBapHaHTHblx KOMnOHeHTax. TaK, BMeCTO (6,1) (iy.n.eM, OQeBH.llHO,HMeTb:

Ao--

V
C

AI

A'I-'!'

A'

Al = -~-==V=2=-' 1-- 2

32
HYAe8hLX 4-BeKTOpaX TepBaJ10B) I). no npeo6pa30BaHHHM, BeKTOp 60H

nPHlIUHn

OH10ClITEJlbHOCTH

If JI

(CHOBa no aHaJIOnlH

C TepMHHOJIOrHeH Jl.ml HII(T. e. npo-

OTHoweHHIO K qHCTO npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIM nOBopOTaM He 3aTpanIBalOLUHM OCH BpeMeHH) rpn

CTpaHCTBeHHble KOMnOHeHTbI 4-BeKTopa

A.

At

COCTaBJIHIOT rpexxepuas npe)I,CTaBJI.HeTco-

BpeMeHHaH

me KOMnOHeHTa -l-nexropa KOMnOHeHTbI 4-BeKTopa,

(no

OTiIOWeHHIO K TeM me

npe06pa30BaHHHM)

rpexxepnsra

CKaJIHp. nepeqHCJIHH nHCbIBaTb HX KaK

MbI qaCTO 6Y.lI.eM sa-

At = (AD, A).

Ilpn 3TOM =(AO,-A),

KOBapuaHTHbIe KOMnOl{eHTbI roro LKe 4-BeKTopa: a xsanpar -l-uexropa: AiAi=(AD)2-A2. TaK, .

Xi Xl

A=
.lI.JIH

4·P8Jl.lIyc-BeKTopa:

= (ct, r),

= (ct,

- r),

XiXt

= c2t2

r2.

Y TpeXMepHbJX BeKTopOB lIe06XO)I,HMOCTH p aanauart,

Beane
(rne 3TO He cxoacer Jl.eM nacare 0603HaqaH BaTbCH 3TH

(B KOOpJl.HHaTax x,"y, z) HeT, KOHeqHO, KOHTpa- H KOBapHaHTHhle KOMnOHeHThI. IIpHBeCTH K HeJl.Opa3YMeHHHM) MbI 6y-

HX KOMIIOHeHThI

Aex (a. = x, y, z)
TpeM 3HaqeHll.HM

C UH)I,eKcaMH BHH3y, B qaCTHOCTll, no

HH.z:r.eKChI rpesecsaxa no

6YKBaMH.

Jl.BaLKnhI IIOBTOPHIOLUHMC.H rpesecxaa

HH.lI.eKCaM 6y.z:r.eTnonpaayxe-

AB

= AexBa).

CYMMlipOBaHHe

x, y,

(aanpaaep, Ha3hIBaeT-

4eThIpeXMepHhIM KOOp.ll.IlHaT 4-BeKTopoB.

TeH30pOM (4-TeH30pOM)

C5I COBOKYIIHOCTh 16 BeJIllqllH IIpeo6pa3YlOTcH AHaJIOrnqHbIM 4-TeH30pa

A ik, xoropsre
KaK

2-ro
IIpH

panra

npeoopaaoaanaa

npOU3Be,ll,eHHH KOMnOHeHT .lI.ByX onpeneJI.HIOTCH H 4-TeH30pbI MoryT

06pa30M 2-ro panra

BbICIIlHX panros. 6hITb npencraaneasr Aik, noaapuaarnue Aik H cxeuraaaue Aik (B nocaenuea cnyxae nano, aooome rosopa, pasJlHqaTb Aik H A\ T. e. CJ1eAHTb aa TeM, KaKoH HMeHHO- nepauil KOMIIoHeHTbI sunax: B rpex KaK KOHTpaBapHaHTHbIe "JIH aropoa HH.z:r.eKCTOHTasepxy, C a KaKOH BHH3Y). CBH3b Mem.z:r.y no o6meMY npaHHAeKca pa3J1HqHbIMH BHAaMH HHeT, a KOMnOHeHT onpenensercs

BUJIY: nO.ll.HHTHe HJIH onycxaaae nO.ll.H.HTUe UJIH

apeueanoro

(0)

He Meaanesca

onYCKaHHe

npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro

(1, 2, 3)

MeH5leT 3HaK KOMnOHeHTbI. TaK:

Aoo= ADO, AOI = - ADJ, All = All, ... ,

AOo=Aoo,
flo

AOI=AOJ,

A01=-AoI,

AII='-AII,

OTHOIIleHHIO K qUCTO npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIM npeo6pa30BaHH5IM

AeBHTb KOMnOHeHT A II, A12, ... COCTaBJI5IIOTTpexMefHbIll TeH30p. Tpa KOMflOHeHTbI AOI, A02, A03 H TpH KOMnOHeHTbI AI • A20, A30 coCTaBJlHIOT rpexaepaue MepHbIM CKaJlHpOM.
I)

aexropsr,

a KOMI10HeHTa

AOOHBJlHeTC5Irpex-

Hyaeaue

4-BeKTOpbJ Ha3b1BaIOT TaK1Ke

usotponuusu.

56)
TeH30p

qETblPEXMEPHblB BEl(TOPbI

33

Aik

Ha3b1BaeTC.SICHMMeTpHIIHblM,eCJIH eCJIH

CHMMeTpHIIHblM,

BCe naaroaansaue KOMIIOHeHTbI (T. e. KOMnOHeHTbI pasaa HYJIIO, TaKKaK, nanpaxep, ,lJ.OJI)KHO ObITb A00 =

ADO, Ail, •.. ) -A 00. Y ·etfMMeTpHIIHoro TeH30pa Aik cxeuraunae KOMnOHeHTbI Alk H Aki oxeBH,lJ.HO, OBna,IJ.aIOT; MbI 0Y,lJ.eM nacars B TaKlIX CJIYllaHX npOCTO A~, C pacnonaras HH,lJ.eKCbIO,IJ.lIHHa,IJ.,lJ.PYflIM. Bo BCHKOM TeH30pHoM pasencrae BbIpa)KeHHH C ooeax ero CTOPOH ,n:OJIiKHbI conepxcars onnnaxoaue Ii o,n:HHaKOBO pacnonoaceaaae (asepxy F1JIHBHH3Y) CBOOO,IJ.Hble, e. He nexue, HH,lJ.eKCbI.CBOOO,n:T. Hble HH,lJ.eKCbIB TeH30pHblX paseacrsax MO)KHO nepexemars (saepx
HJIH BHH3), HO 00H3aTeJIbHO TeH30pOB O,IJ.HOBpeMeHHOBO Bcex llJIeHaX ypaBHeHHH. npHpaBHHBaHHe 1Ke KOHTpa«He3aKOHHO»; H KOBapHaHTHbIX KoMnOHeHT

Alk = _Akl.

Aik

= Aki,

H aHTH. TeH30pa

aHTRCHMMeTpHIIHOrO

P83JIHlJHblX

raxoe

paBeHCTBO, ,lJ.a1Ke eCJIH

Obi OHO CJIYllaHHO HMeJIO MeCTO B KaKOH-JIHOO CHCTeMe OTClIeTa, HapYllIHJIOCb Obi npa nepexone K npyroa CRCTeMe. Hs KOMnOHeHT TeH30pa Aik MO)KHo oepaaoaars CKaJIHp nYTeM 06pa30BaHH.SI CYMMbI

A'l (npa
3TOM,

= ADO+ All

+ A22 + ASs

TeH30pa,

xouexno, Ali = Ail). TaKYIO CYMMY Ha3b1BaIOT CAeaOM onepauaa ero oopa30BaHHH rOBOp.SlT KaK 0 ceeprueanuu HJIH ynpow,enuu TeH30pa. Onepauaea cBepTbIBaHHH HBJIHeTCH H paccaorpeaaoe ssrure oopaaoaauae CKaJIHpHOrO npoH3Be,IJ.eHHH ,lJ.BYX4-BeKTopoB: 3To ecrs otipaaoaanae CKaJIHpa AiBI H3 TeH30pa AiBk. Booome BC.SIKOe csepTblB8HHe no nape HH,lJ.eKCOB nOHH)KaeT paHr TeH30pa aa 2. HanpaMep, Aikli ecrs TeH30p 2-ro paara, AlkBk-4-BeKTop, Aiklk-cKaa 00 JIHP H T. ,IJ.. . E,lJ.HHHlIHblM 4-TeH30poM lIMeeT MeCTo Ha3b1BaeTC.SITeH30p ~~, ,l{JIH

pasencmo

xoroporo
(6,3)

npa

JIIOOOM 4-BeKTope

Ai. Oseaanao,
k { ~i=

nro

KOMnOHeHTbI

sroro

TeH-

sopa pasaa

0,

1,

eCJIH eCJIH

i=k, i =F k.

(6,4)

Ero

CJIe,IJ.:~~

= 4.

nO,IJ.HHMaH Y TeH30pa ~~ O,IJ.HHHJIH onycxaa npyroa HH,l{eKC, Mbi nOJIYlIHM KOHTpa- HJIH KOBapJ.i:aHTHblH TeH30p, KOTOPblH:0603Ha~· qaIOT KaK gik HJIll glk H Ha3b1BalOT uerpuuecxur: rensopon, TeH3QPbl

gik

II

Et«

llMeIOT

O,IJ.HHaKOBbIeKOMnOHeHTbI, xoropue

MO)KHO

34
npencraaars

nPHHUHn OTHOCHTEnbHOCTH B aane Ta6JlHUbl:

IfJl, '11

(g

ill

r 0I ) = (g ik) = 0
lO

0 -1 0 0

0 0 -1 0

0 0 0 -1
3Ha·

(6,5)

(HH)l,eKC i HyMepyeT CTPOKH, a HH)l,eKC k lJCHlitl 0, 1, 2, 3). OlJeBH)l,HO, 4TO

g/k

CTOJl6Ubl B nopsnxe .

A"

= A i,

gikAk -_ AI,
MO)KHO n09ToMY

(6,6)
aana-

CKa.'151pHOe npouaaeneaae cars B B14Jl.e

.lI.ByX 4-BeKTopoB

(6,7) Teusop u 6t gik, HCKJlI04HTeJlbHbI B TOM OTHOllleHHH, 4TO IlX KOMnOHeUTbJ O)l,HHaKOBbI BO scex CHCTeMax xoopnauar. TaKHM )l{e
CBOHCTBOM 06Jla)l,aeT H coaepureuno 4-TeH30p 4eTBepToro paura eik1m• TaK Ha3h1BaeTCH TeH30p, KOMnoHellTbJ xoroporo MeHHIOT suax npn nepecraaosxe Jl106bIX nsyx HH.neKCOB, npH4eM OTJllI4Hhle OT HYJl» KOMllOHeUTbI HH)l,eKCa COBlla)l,aIOT, re, y KOTOPhlX see
eOI23

s"

aHTIICHMMeTpJilJHblH e)l,HHII4HblH

paanu

+ 1.

113

3HTHCHMMeTplI4HOCTH cnenyer, y JWTOpbJXXOTH 6bJ nsa OTJlH4HhI OT HyJlH Jllilllb JHl4ULl. DOJlO)KI1M

'lTO see KOMnOHeHTbI sroro

TeH30pa,

pasau serupe

HyJ1IO, TaK 'lTO IlH.ll.eKCa paa-

+1
MoryT 6blTb

(6,8)

eik1m paauu
lJHCJla

(npa

9TOM eOl23

+1

= -1).
HJlII

Torna see OTJlH'-IHble OT HYJI» KOMllOHeHTbI -1, CMOTPH no TOMY, 4eTHhlM HJUI HelleTHblM
(TpaHcll03HUHH) D09ToMY iklm eiklm=-

lJHCJlOM nepecrauoaox

i, k, 1,

m K llOCJle)l,OBaTeJlbHOCTH0,

KOMllOtleHT paaao

41 = 24.

1, 2, 3.

npnneaeuu
4HCJlO TaKHX

e DOOTHOiIIeHJoiIOK Be)l.YT ceria y

24 ,

(6,9)
KOOp)l,MHaT BeJl'lI4HHbI

eik1m

nosoporax

cncresna

KaK KOMllOHellTbI TeH30p;J; O)l,HaKO npa KOOp)l,HHaT KOMnOHeHTbl

3HaKa

0)l,H011 HJIH rpex

onpeneneau

eik1m,

M3MeHeHHH 6y)l,Y4H

o)i.HHaKoBO )l,JlH scex CHCTeM xoopnanar, He H3MeHHIOTCH, B TO BpeMH KaJ{ KOMTIOHeHTbJTeH30pa )l.OJl)l{Hbl 6bWH 6bl

H3MeHHTb 3HaK. n03TOMY eik1m ecrs, co6CTBeHHO roaopa, He TeH30p, a, KaJ{ rOBopHT, nCeB)l,OTeH30p, Il ceeitorensopu morioro panra, B lJaCTHOCTII

nceeiiocna.sstpt»,

Be)l,YT ce6H

KaK

.npe06pa30BaHHHx xoopnauar, sa MoryT 6bITh cseneau K nosoporaa, Hili'! -

HCKJlIO'leHHeM rex, xoropsre He T. e. sa HCKJII04eHHeM orpaace-

reasopu

npn

scex

H3MeHeHHH 3HaKOB K00p)l.HHaT, He CBO;ll;HMhIXK apamenaaa.

'lETbIPEXMEPHblE BEI(TOPbl

35
8-ro pam-a,

Ilpoaaaeneaas
rOB. Bll){e ~~ scex

eiklmeprst

06pa3ylOT

4-TeH30p

npusea

yxce TeI:130P HCTIIHHhlH; ynpouieaaex no OJ{HOHana HeCKOJIbKllM napaM llHJ{eKCOB 113 Hero nO,'lYQaIOTC5Ireasopu 6-ro, 4-ro II 2-ro pan-

Bee

sra

renaop

sr

IIMelOT OJ{llHaKOBhlH BllJ{ BO scex ax

soopnaaarB BO TeH30pa

HbIX CHCTeMax. Il03TOMY ennacrseaaoro cacreuax

KOMnOHeHTbl J{OJIiKHbI aupaxcarsca KOMnOHeHT eJ{llHllqHOrO KOM611HaII.llll OTHOllIeHlllO TeH30pa, 3Tll KOMnOHeHTbl xoroporo

KOM6HHaII.llH npOll3BeJ{eHIIH acranaoro OJ{llHaKOBhl.

JIerKO COCTaBIITb, K nepeCTaHOBKaM II nces-

llCXO){H 113 CBOHCTB CllMMeTpHH no

HHJ{eKCOB,KOTOPbIMH OHH J{OJIiKHbI 06JIaJ{aTb I). ECJIH Aik - aHTHCMMMeTpHQHbIH TeH30p, TO TeH30p Ailt ){OTeH30p A'ilt

=;

eik1m AIm ecrs

Ha3bI~aIOTCH -oya/lbHbtMU aHTHCHMMeTpllqHbIH

J{pyr

npyry,

AHaJIoruqHO panra,

eiklmAm

nceBJ{OTeH30p 3-ro AyaJIbHbIX TeHaaanorntnnre aHTHpaara aaasrsa-

AyaJIbHblH BeKTOPY Ai.

Ilpoasseneaae

Aik A;k

30POB ecri., OqeBllAHO, nceBAOCKaJIHp. B CBH3ll co CKa3aHlIbiM HanOMHllM CBOHCTBa rpexuepnux CllMMeTpllqHbIM eTCH coaoxyrmocrs HOBKe JIlO6b1X nnyx BeKTOpOB II eAHHHqHblM

aexoropue

TeH30pOB.

COBepllIeHHO

BeJIHlfHH eallV, MeH5IIOlII.llX 3HaK npu nepecraHHJ{eKCOB.OTJIIIQHbI OT HyJIH JIHllib KOMllOHeHTbI

nceBAOTeH30pOM 3-ro

ea6v C TpeMH pa3JIlltJHblMll IIH.rr.eKCaMll. Flpn 3TOM noaaraeu

OCTaJIbHble iKe paanu HOCTb

1 HJIH -1,

exyz= 1;
He-

CMOTPH no TOMY, qeTHbIM llJIll

qeTHblM

a, ~, '\' K

tJllCJIOM TpaHCn03HII.IfH

MOiKHO npnaecra

nOCJIe)l.OBaTeJIbHOCTH

x,

y,

z 2).

IIOCJIe.rr.OBaTeJIb-

e lklm eprlm

.. hit = - 2 ( upur

..l ... ) ~ urup ,

iklm

epklm

• = -6u.t• p

06UIHe K03<jJqlllUlleHTbI B STIIX <jJopMYJJaXnposepmorca cBepTbiBaHII!I, xoropoe AOJIlKHO J).aTb (6.9). KaK CJJe)l,CTBUe nepson 113STIIX <jJOPMYJJIMeeM: I

no pe3YJJbTaW noaaoro

eprst AtpAkrAlsAmt
rne A onpenenareas,

=-

Aelklm,

eiklmeprst AlpAkrAlsA.nt

= 24A.

COCraBJJeHHblfi113BeJJllqllH Alt.

2) Hell3MeHHOCTb KOMnOHeHT 4-teH30pa etk1m no OTHOlIIel1H1OK apaureaasu 4-CIiCTeMbi KOOp)l,IIHaT II HeIl3MeHHOCT~KOMnOl1eHT 3-TeH30pa eallv no OTHOlIIeHHIO K Bpall(eHH!lM npOCTpaHCTBeHHblX ocea xoopnanar lIBJJlIlOTCli qaCTHblMH CJIyqallMH oourero npaSIIJJa: BClIKHH coaepureeao aHTHCHMMeTpH'Ulbifi TeH30p paura, pasnoro '1HeJJY H3MepeHllfi rrpOCTp<lHCTSa, S KOTOPOM OH onpenenea, HHBapHaHTeH npa epauienaax CHCTeMbisoopnaaar S nOM npOCTpaHCTBe.

36

llPI1HUI111OTHOCI1TEJIbHOCTU

[rJI. m

30p

npOH3Be.ll.eHHH ea13yeAf.1" COCTaBJIHIOTHCTHHHbIH TpeXMepHbIH TeH6-ro paara H llOTOMY supaacarorca B BH.lI.e KOM6HHaUHH npo-

H3Be.ll.eHHH KOMllOHeHT

Ilpn
3HaKa ropa

enanuxnorc

rpexaepnoro T. e.

TeH30pa npn

«Sail

1).

OTpa}KeHHH

CHCTeMbl xoop aauar,

H3MeHeHHH BeK-

BCeX KOOp.ll.HHaT, KOMllOHeHTbI 06bllJHOrO TO>Ke MeHHIOT 3HaK. TaKHe >Ke BeKTOpa, KOTOPblH MO>KeT 6bITb

TpeXMepHOrO

BeKTOpbI Ha3bIBalOT

KOMllOHeHTbl

nonnpnuuu. npencraaneu KaK

BeKTOpHOe npoasaeneaae .lI.BYX nOJIHpHblX BeKTOpOB, npa orpasceHHH He MeHHIOT 3HaK. TaKHe aexropu Ha3bIBaIOTCH ascuassnuuu. CKaJIHpHOe npOH3Be.ll.eHHe nOJIHpHOrO H aKCHaJIbHOrO BeKTopOB HBJI51eTCHHe HCTHHHbIM, a nCeB.lI.OCKaJIHpOM: npn POM, .lI.yaJIbHbIM TO OTpa>KeHHH KOOP.ll.I1TaK, eCJlH HaT OHO MeHHeT 3HaK. AKCHaJIbHbIH BeKTOp HBJlHeTCH nCeB.lI.OBeKTO-

= lAB],

aHTHCHMMeTpHlJHOMY TeH30py.

BepHeMCH K 4·TeH30paM. HOllIeHHIO K lJHCTO

npOCTpaHCTBeHHble

IWMI10HeHTbl aHTHcHMMeTpHlJHOrO 4-TeH30pa

npccrpaacrseauua
}l{e

A I"

(i, k, ...

= 1,2,3)
rpexuepauure ero aKCHaJJbOT-

COCTaBJIHIOT110 OT-

llpe06pa30BaHHHM

HblH aHTHcHMMeTpHlJHblH TeH30p; COrJlaCHO cKa3aHHoMY KOMllOHeHTbI aupazcarorca nepea KOMnOHeHTbI rpexxepaoro noro sexrop a.

Kounouearu

AOl, A02, A03

COCTaBJIHIOT, no

HOllIeHHIO K TeM xce llpe06pa30BaHHHM, TOp. TaKHM 06pa30M, MO>KHOnpencrasurs B BH.lI.e Ta6JIHUbl:

rpexaepnua

nOJJSlpHblli BeK·

KOMllOHeHTbl aHTHCHMMeTpHlJIlOrO 4-TeH30pa

(Alk) =

I-px

Px 0 az -ay

py -az 0 ax
npe06pa30BaHHSlM nepelJHCJIHH KOMIlOax aexropu.

-py -Pz

(6,10)

npHlJeM

no

OTHOllIeHHIO K

npocrpaucraenaux 4'TeH30pa,

H a-

IlOJlHPHbIH

H aKCHaJIbHblH

HeHTbI aHTHcHMMeTpHl{HOrO B BH.lI.e

MbI 6Y.ll.eM aanncuaari,

rorna

KOBapHaHTHble

KOMllOHeHTbI roro

>Ke TeH30pa

Alk=(I)

p, a).

Ilpaeenea

.llJIH cnpasox

COOTBeTCTBYlOwne¢OPMYJIbl: =

eatlyeAJ.1V Ynpowa51 STOT TeH30p no onaoa,

baA

btlA b(:lll b13" by'}.. bYIl by"

ball

bav

•
nH.lleKCOB, nOJIYl:fllM:

.LlBYM n rpeu

napaa

eollyq'}..IlY = baA b(3jl -

bajlbll,,·

eallyeAIlY = 2ba",

eallyeallY = 6.

6J

lIETbIPEXMEPHbIE BEI(TOPbI

37

OCTaHOBHMCH, HaKOHeJJ:, na HeKOTOpbIX AH¢cpepeHJJ:naJIbHbIX H IlHTerpaJIbHbIX OnepaJJ:IHIX lIeTblpeXMepHOrO TeH30pHOro aHaJIH3a. 4-rpaAIleHT CKaJIHpa

cp aqJ

ecrs

axi = -; at' Y'cp •

DpH

(1

4-BeKTOp

a<p

asre

3TOM He06xOAHMO HMeTb B BHAY, nro aanacaunue _npOH3BO,!l.,!l.OJI){{HbI paccaarpaaarscs KaK xoaapaauruue KOMnOHelITbI

4-BeKTopa • .il.eiicTBHTeJ1bHO, ,!l.HcpcpepeHUHaJI CKaJIHpa

a<p . dcp=-. dx'

ax'

TO)Ke ecrs CKaJIHp; H3 era Bl:IAa (cKaJIHpHOe npoasneneaae 4-BeKTopoB) H O'leBH,!l.HO C,!l.eJIaHHOeyrnep acneune.

nsyx

a/axi,

Booouie oneparopu

,lI.Hcp¢epeHIJ,upoBaHHH no KOOp,ll.HHaTaM Xi, ,lI.OJI){{HbI paCCMaTpHBaTbC51 KaK KOBapHaHTHble KOMnOHeHTbI 4·BeKTopa. D03TOMY, aanpavep, HBJIHeTCH CKaJIHpOM B KOTOPOM AH<P¢e-

oneparopaoro

,lI.HBepreHJJ:HH 4-BeKTopa

aupaaceaue

iJAi/iJxi,

peHJJ:HpYIOTCHKOHTpaBapHaHTHble

KOMnOHeHTbI

Ail).
MO)KeT npOH3BO-

TpeXMepHOM

npOCTpaHCTBe HHTerpHpOBaHHe

,lI.HTbC5I no 06'beMY, no nOBepXHOCTl:I H no KpHBOii. B 'leTblpeXMepHOM npOCTpaHCTBe COOTBeTCTBeHHOB03MO)KHbI serupe pona UHTe-

rpuponanuji.

1)

I1HTerpaJI

no

KpHBOii

B -l-npocrp

aucrne.

3JIeMeHTOM

HHTe·

rpHpOBaHlf51

51BJI5IeTC5I .'leMeHT AJIHHbI, T. e. 4-BeKTop 3

dx',

1) ECJllI )l(e npOH3BOJ\HTb J\HIjJq,epeHl\HpOBaHHlI no ,nHIIaTaM» X,, TO npoaaaonnue

«KOBapHaHTHbIM KOOp-

aXI
TaKOH aanncsjo pa a -l-rpannea'ra

a<p

= gik ~

axk

(_!_~. _ V'll) at
c
(HanpnMep, )l.JllI 3anHCH KBa)l.-

COCTaB,111IOTOHTpaBapHaHTHbie KO~tnOHeHTbI 4-BeKTopa. MbI 6y,neM nOJlb30BaTbClI K JlHWb B HCKJlI01.fHTeJlbHbIX cnyuaax

a<p --.

ax'

--

YnOMlIHeM, 1.fTOB nareparype 1.faCTOacnonsayerca xparxaa aanacs npOH3DO.llHblX no xoopnuuaraa rrpOH3BO.llHbIXC nOMOIl\blO CHMBOJIOB

aXI

a<P)

• 1.faCTHbiX

at = _a_, ax I

a = _a_.
I

ax'

B 3rOH diopae aarnrcn oneparopos .ll1lq,ljJepeHl\HpOB3HHlI lIBHO rrpoaaasercs KOHTra- HJlII KOBapHaHTHbIH xapaxrep oopaayevsrx C HX nOMOIl\blO BeJIH1.fHH. aKHM T }lIe npenaytuecrnoa orinanaer II npyroll npHMeHlIeMblH cnocoo KpaTKOH sanaca np0113Bop,Ub1X nocpeP,CTBOM HHP,eKCOB nocae aauarofi:
IjJ i=--'

a<p

axl

'P'

=--. ax
I

aq>

38

nPflHUHn

OTHOCHTEJlbHOCrll

(fJI. ~

nosepxnocra (.lI.BYMepHoM) B 4-npoCTp3HcTBe. rpexaepaoa npocrpaucrae npoexuaa nJIOIUa.ll.H nocrpoemroro ua asyx sexropax dr II dr', ua xoopnauaraue nJIOCKOCTH xaxfI paaau dXadx~ - dXlidx~. AH3JIOrnQHO B 4-npocTpaHcTBe 6eCKOHeQHO MaJIhlM 9JIeMeHT nosepxnocra onpenensercn 3HTucHMMeTpHQHbiM TeH30poM sroporo pant-a di!" = = dx'dx'" - dxsdx"; ero KOMnOHeHTbI pasau npoesuaax nJIOm3.llH SJ1eMeHra H3 KOOp.lUIH3rHble nJIOCKOCTII. B rpexxepnoa npocrpasno KaK H3BeCTIIO, B nap3JIJIeJIOrpaMMa, CTBe, KaK H3BeCTHO, 1 BMeCTO TeH30pa

2) Hnrerpaa

nosepxnocru

HCIIOJIb3yeTC5!

sexrop

dfaa df a'
9TO

K3QeCTBe .uyaJIbHhlM

3JleMeHTa TeH30py: HOpMaJIbpaBHhlH

dial}: dfa=2eaf}'vdfflY'
HhlH K 9JIeMeHTY nJIOIU3)1.H aJlbHhlH

feOMeTpHlJeCKU

ecrs

BeKTOp,

sroro 9JIeMeHTa. B serupexaepuca npocrpaucrse raxoro aexropa nocrpoars HeJIb3H, HO MOJKHO nocrpoars rensop d/*ik, )l.yTeH30py

nOBepXHOCTU H no

a6COJIIOTHOH BeJlHljUHe

dfik,

T.

e.

d/,ik
feOMeTpMlJeCKH «HOpMaJIbHhlii» OR

="2

eik1mdflm'

(6,11)

9J1eMeHTY

rOH8JIbHbJ KO BceM

dfikdfik
3)

= O.

aaocpaacaer .9J1eMeHT nosepxuocra, paSHblH H dfik; see JIe)KaIUHe sa HeM OTpe3KM oproOTpe3KaM ua 9JleMeHTe dfik. OtteBH)l.HO, 'ITO

I1HTerp3J1

ro06pasHIO.B nocTpoeHHoro TeJIlO

no ranepnosepxnocra, r. e. no rpexaepnovy MHOrpexaepnox npocrpaacrae o6'beM napannenenanena, BeKTopax, paBeH, K8K H3BecTHO, onpe.ll.eJlH3TUX BeKCOCTaBJIeHHO'MY U3 KOMnOHeHT

rpersero nopsnxa,
nocrpoeanoro

Ha'Tpex

TO'POB. B 4-npO'CrpaHCTBe aHaJIoruqHblM eRnHH 06'beMa enapaaaenenanena» (T HOCTn),

aa rpex

oopaaou Bblp3)KaIOTC5! "PO'.e. ennouiazno ranepnoaepx-

4-BeKTOpax

dx', dx", dx'";

OHH

.D.3IOrCB onpe.ll.eJIHTeJIHMH

dxl

dz" dx'k ,dx'l

dx"l dx·k. • dx"l

dS

ikl

==

dxk dxl

C'OCT3BJISlJOlll.HMH TeH30p .lleKcaM. B

3-paHra,

aHTHcHMMeTpHqHbiM HHTerp"pOB3HHH no

xasecrae

9JIeMeHTa

no rpex HHranepnosepxTeH3O'PY

HOCTH Y.lI.O'OHee nOJlb30BaTbCH dSikl;

4-BeKTO'POM

dSi,

)l.yaJIbHbJM

(6,12)
DPM
3TOM

dSO = dSI23,

dS1 = dS023,
rrOB€JIHqHHe no II

...

Feoxerpauecxa
9J1eMeHTa STOMY 9,J]eMeHT),

d5

1 -:-

4-BeKTO'P.

paBHblH

«I1JlOIUa)l.U» K npo-

ranepnoaepxaocra

HanpaBJleHHIO

'HopMaJIbHhiii rrpSlMblM,

(T. e. nepneH;I,l1KYJIllPHbIH

1<:0 scex

qETblPEXMEPHhlE

BEl(TOPbl

39

Be.ll.eHHblM B 3JIeMeHTe nmepnOBepXHOCTH). B 'laCTHOCTH, dSo dx dy dz, T. e. npencraanaer COOOR 3JIeMeHT rpexuepaoro 06bexa dV - npoexuaio 3JIeMeHTa rHnepnOBepXHOCTH aa ranepnnoCKOCTh XO const. 4) I1HTerpaJI no qeTblpexMepHoMY o6beMY; 3JIeMeHTOM mrrerpnpOBaHHH HBJIHeTCH npoasseneaae .lI.H<pcpepeH~HaJ1.0B:

dQ

= dxodx1dx2dx3 = c dt

dV.

(6,13)

3TOT 3JIeMeHT HBJIHeTCH cxanapou: OqeBHJI.HO, QTO oObeM Y'laCTKa 4-npOCTpaHCTBa He MeHHeTCSl npa noaopore CHCTeMbI KOOP.lI.HHaT1) • AHaJIOrHqHO reopesraa I'aycca H Croxca rpexaepaoro sexropaoro aHaJIH3a cymecTBYIOT reopeau, -n03BOJISllOmHe npeoopasosuaars npyr B .lI.pyra serupexaepusre HHTerpaJIbI. I1HTerpaJI no 3aMKHYToR ranepnonepxaocra M02KHO npeoopasoBaTh B aarerpax no 3aKJIlOQeHHOMY B Heii 4-00beMY nYTeM 3aMeHbI 9JIeMeHTa anrerpnpoaaaaa tiS, aa oneparop:

dSI-?dQiJxl.

o
Al HMeeM:

(6,14)

Hanpauep,

.lI.JIH aarerpana

OT

aexrepa

~ AldSI

':Y
3Ta

=f .1

iJA~ iJxt

ac:

(6,15)

<p0pMYJIa HBJIHeTCH oooomeHHeM reopexu I'aycca, I1HTerpaJI no nsyxaepuoa nOBepXHOCTIi npeoopaayerca B IiHTerpan no «OXBaTbIBaet-WH» eto ranepnoaepxnocra 3aMeHOH 3JleMeHTa HHTerpHpOBaHHH df;k aa oneparop:

(6,16) Hanpaaep,
HMeeM: J1.JlH aarerpana OT aHTHCHMMeTpHqHOrO TeH30pa
Aik

-1

A Ik'dfik=-

1 ~ (iJAll

2
X'2,

dSI--k

-dSk--i iJAlk) = ~ dSI-k-.iJA'k ~ ~

aarerpapoeaaas
HHTerpl!pOBaHl!1I

(6,17)

I) Ilpa nepeaeuuuu 1!3BeCTHO, aa

npecripasoaauaa
x'O, X'I, rne

nepexeaastx
X'3 3JIeMeHT

I dO',

dQ.' = dx'o dx,l dx,2 dx,a, a .:> (,0 , 1 ,2 ,3) I=ux,x,x,x () (XO, Xl, X2, x3)
D,JIH JlIIHeHHOro

x'l, Xl, Xi, g3 K HOBbiti dO 3aMeHlIeTClI, KaK

IIKOGHaH npeoopa3osaHI!H.

npeo6pa30BaHIIII H paeea

BHJl.a

x,l

= a ~xk.

HKOOllaH

coananaer

C OnpeAeJlKTeJleM.

1 a ~I

(.1.1111 (JOBOPOTOB CIiCTeMbI_

KOOp.ll.I!HaT) e.ll.lfHHu.e; B 9TOM If npoaaaaerca

IIHBaOl!aHTHOCTb dQ,

40

nPHHUHn

OTHOCHTEJIbHOCTll

[rJI.11

Harerpan
B HHTerpaJI

no tIeTbIpeXMepHOM 3aMKHYTOM JIHHHH rrpeoripasyerca no OXBaTblBaeMOM eIO nOBepXHOCTH nYTeM 3aMeHbI

dxi_dfki_O_.
TaK, .n:JI5Iaurerpana OT sexropa

oxk
ax' axk

(6,18)

IIMeeM: 2

'j'

th

Aidxi = ( dfki

axil

aAi = ~ ( dfkl (aA~ _ aAi),

(6,19)

tITO HBJIHeTCH 0606meHHeM

3a)la'lM

reopeuu

CTOKca.

1. Halrra

3aKOH npeocpaaoaanaa

KOMnOHeHT cHMMeTpH'IHOrO

4-TeH30pa

Aik

npn npeoopaaosaana

Jlopeuua

(6,1).
KOMIIOHeHThi 4-TeH30pa KaK IIpOH3BeAeHHlI AByX

P e III e H He. PaCCMaTpHBali KOMnOHeHT 4-BeKTopa, nOJIy'lHM:

AOO =

1 V2 1-

(A'OO

+ 2.£

A'ol

7
~

+~ c

A'II)

All =

(Alii

1--

+ 2.!.. C
/

A'JI

+ .r; AfOO) • ~
V2
c2

c2

(A'

12

+.!..

I'\il--

c'

A'02)

AOl

I-£'_

[A'Ol(1 +~)

c2

c2

+V
C

A'OO+

~
C

A'II].

__ :...1:...· 'V
./I_!..!.
c2

(A'O~+.!.. Af(2)
c

It aHaJIOrH'IHble Ij:!0PMYJIbi AJII! A33, Ala, Aoa. 2. To JKe .lI.JISI8HTHCHMMeTpH'IHOrO TeH30p8 AI"'. P e III e H H e. ITOCKOJIbKY xoopnaaaru X2, x3 He MeHllIOTCSI, TO He MeHS!eTCS! H KOMnOHeHT8 TeH30p8 A2a. 8 KOMnoHeH1'bl A12, AI3 H Aoa, Aoa rrpeoepaaysorca K8K Xl H xO:

H aHaJIOrH'IHO AJIll

A13, A03.
B llJIOCKOCTH xounoaearu paara, pasaa CTp. 35)

. no OTHOIlleHHIO K nOBopOTaM AByxMepHoii CHCTeMbi KOOp.ll.HHaT XOXI (K8KOBblMH SlBJISlIOTClI paccuarpaaaexsre npeo6pa30BaHHSI) AOI _AID, AOO = All = 0 COCTaBJISllOf aHTHcHMMeTpH'IHblii TeH30p aoro QHCJIY H3MepeHHA nPOCTpaHCTBa. n09TOMY (CM. npauesanae npa npeoepasosaaaax 9TH KOMnOHeHTbI He MeHS!IOTCS!:

ADI =A'OI.

§7]

'1ETbIPEXMEPHA5I

CKOPOCTb

41

§ 7. qeTlJlpeXMepHaD:
113 06bIqHOrO aars H (4-CKOpOCTbIO)

CKOPOCTb BeKTOpa

TpeXMepHOrO

sersrpexaepusra

BeKTOp. TaKoM

uerupexnepnoii

CKOPOCTH MOMHO 06pa30CKOPOCTbfO

l.IaCTHl..I,b1 HBJI51eTC51 BeKTOp

(7,1)
)J.JISI HaXO}K.n.eHHSIero KOMIIOHeHT aaxexaex, 'ITO COrJIaCHO

(3.1}

ds=cdt~.
rne V06bIqHaSI
I

TpeXMepHaSI

CKOPOCTb

uacrana.
c

003TOMY

u = dS =
If T. n.

dx'

dx

edt '\11 -

or

v2

---;:::====
1_~2_2

-V

Vx

Taxax

o6pa30M:
l ( u=~.

(7.2)

OTMeTIIM, 'ITO 4-CKOPOCTb ecrs Be.'1HqHHa 6e3pa3MepHaSi. KOMIIOHeHTbI 4-CKOPOCTH He He3aBHCHMbI. 3aMeqa51, 'ITO

= ds

dx, dXi= (7,3)

2,

HMeeM:

feOMeTpHqeCKH AHaJIOrHqHO

u'

ecrs

e.n.HHHqHbIH 4-BeKTOp

KacaTeJIbHOH

K MHpO-

BOH JIHHHH xacrams. onpeneaeamo 4-CKOPOCTH, BTOpyIO npo1I3Bo.n.HYIO

,
W

d2xl
ds2

du =rs:
1

MOMHO Ha3BaTb 4-YCKopeHHeM. HaH.n.eM:

)J.lIcpcpepeHI..I,HpySI COOTHOIIIeHHe

(7,3), (7,4)

T.

e.

4-BeKTopbI

CKOPOCTH H YCKopeHHH

B3aHMHO

opTOrOHaJIbHhI.

3all.a'la

Onpenexnrs peJHITHBHCTCKoe paBHOYCKopeHHoe IlBH)I(eHHe, T. e. npllMOJlIiaeanoe IlBH)!{eHHe, npa KOTOPOM OCTaeTClI nOCTOlllIlIOII BeJIH'lIlHa ycxopeaas W B co6CTBeHlIOH (B Ka)l(.lI.blii .lI.aHllblH MOMeHT BpeMeHH) CHCTeMe OTC'IeTa. P e ill e H H e. B CHCTeMe OTC'IeTa, B xoropoa CKOPOCTb'IaCTHl.\bI v 0, KOMnoneara 4-ycKopeHH$I paausr {€Ii = (0, w/c2, 0, 0) (w - 06b1'1HOe rpexuepnoe YCKopeHHe, aanpaanenace B)lOJlb OCH x). PeJl$lTHBHCTCKH HHBapHaHTHoe YCJlOBHe paBIIOYCKopeHHOCTH .lI.OJl)l(HO 6b1Tb IIpe.uCTaBJleHO B aane nOCTOilHCTBa 4-CKaJlllpa, eosnanaiomeroc w2 B co6CTBeHHOH CHCTeMeOTC'IeTa:

i W wi =COIl5t

"""

-7'

w2

nPMHUMn

OTHOCMTSnbHOCTM

rrn.

·11

B «HenO.n:BIDKHOii» CHCTeMe orcxera, OTHOCHTeJIbHO xoropos paCCM8Tpn· B8eTCH .n:BHlKeHHe, pacspsrrne asrpazceuas WIWI npPlBO.n:HTK ypaaaenmo d dt Iloaaraa
U

---;;===-= /1 _ !!:_

W,

HJIH

'Y

c2

J 1 v~ 'V -(;2
.
= 0, TaK 'ITO

mt

+ const.

npa t = 0,

HMeeM const

wi V = --. JJ===W=;;:2t""2=

'V1+C"2
I1HTelpHpYH

erne paa H nOJI3r3H X

X= ~
rpaJIOM

(~1

npa

t = 0,

nOJIyqHMl

+ W;:2 _

1).

Ilpa wi ~ c 9TH. $OPMYJIbl nepexonxr B KJIaCCHqeCKne Bblp3lKeHHH V = w.t, X = wI2/2. Ilpa wt -+ 00 CKOPOCTbCTpeMHTCH K nocToilHllOMY 3Ha'leHHIO c. . Co6CTBeHHoe speaa pasaoycxopeaao .n:1l11lKYlUeiicll 'laCTH~b1 zaerca aare-

o
DPH t-+-oo OHO pacrer

r .~ J'V1-CZ
no

dt

= .!!... Arsh si; W C

.
60JIee
Me,lVleHHOMY qeM

3Ha'lHTeJIbHO

a3KOHY

!.._ In 2wt ~ w c

fJIABA

II

PEnnTHBHCTCKAH

MEXAHHKA

§ 8.
Ilpn

npHHl.l.UD

H3HMeHbmero

)J,eiicTBHSI

HCCJIe)l.OBaHHH )l.BH:m:eHH5I aTepHaJIbHblX M naaaeasurero

nacrun

Mbl 6Y)l.eM sa-

HCXO)l.HTbus npanuana CTByeT TaKOH HHTerpaJI poro,

)l.ei1cTBH5I. 3TOT npanuan

jKJIlOQaeTC5I B TOM, qTO )l.JI5I BCHKOH MeXaHHqeCKOH CHCTeMbl cyme-

S,

HaSbIBaeMblH HyJIIO 1).

)l.eiiCTBHeM, KOTOPblH )l.JI5I

)l.eHCTBHTeJIbHOrO)J.BH:m:eHH5I HMeeT MHHHMyM H aapnauaa CJle)l.OBaTeJIbHO, paana HHTerpaJI

6S

KOtO-

Onpenenna
nacrauu, . .llJIH sroro Bbl60pa

)l.eHCTBH5I )l.JI5I CB060)l.HoH MaTepH:1JlbIiOH )l.eHCTBHeM KaKHXOT

T. e. qaCTHll.bl, He HaXO)l.HmeHC5I non

JIH60 BHelllHHX CHJI • saMeTHM, qTO 9TOT HHTerpaJI He )l.OJI:m:eH aasncers UHOll aaepunansnofi TOH UJIll CHCTeMbl OTCqeTa, T. e. OH Jlopeu-

P,OJI:m:eH 6blTb JlHBapUaHTOM OTHOCHTeJIhHOnpeoripasoaanaf ua. OTCIO)l.a caenyer, HCHO, qTO non

'lTO OH )l.OJI:m:eH 6bITb BSflT OT CK3JUlpa. )laJIee,

MHTerpaJlOM )l.OJl:m:HbICTOHTb )l.H<pq,epeHll.HaJIbl B nep"HTeP-

BOH CTeneHH. O)l.HaKO e)l.uHcTBeHHblH TaKoH CKaJI5Ip, KOTOPhlH MO)l{HO nOCTpOHTh )J.JI5ICBo60)l.HOii MaTepHaJIbHOii qaCTHll.bl, ecrs BaJI ds HJIH ads, rne a. - nexoropaa nOCTOHHHaH. I1TaK, )leiiCTBHe
b

)l.JI5I CBOOO)l.HOHlJaCTHUbl )l.OJI:m:HOHMeTb BH)l.

S=-a
rne HHTerpaJI

~ ds,
-a

oepeTcH B)lOJIb MliPOBOH JlHHHH Me){{)lY )l.ByMH Sa)l3H-

HblMH COOblTHflMH KOHeqHOM MecTax uaa,

b-

naxoacneuaea

sacruuu

B HalJaJlbHOM H

B onpenenenuue

MOMeHTbl BpeMeHH

11

12,

T. e.

Me)l{)lY Sa.ll.aHHblMll MHPOBblMH TOllKaMH; acex xacrau

xapaxrepuayiouraa )l.aHHYIO sacrnuy. Jlerxo sa.aers, a )l.OJI:m:H3OblTb nOJIo:m:HTe.'IhHOHBeJlHll11Hoii.

b

ecrs

HeKOTopaH nOCTOSUlqTO )l.1IS1 .lleiiCTBH-

TeJIhHO, MbI BH)l.eJIH B 3HaqeHHe

§ 3,

qTO HHTerpaJI

ds

HMeeT MaKCHM3JIbHOe B)lOJIb KpMMaJIblM.

'ITO 1111IIH-

B)lOJIh npHMoii

a MMPOBOii JIHHHH; HHTerpMpyH ero

BOIl MHPOBOH JIMHHH, MO)lmO cnenars

I) rerpan 'lTO

CKOJIb yrozino
YTBepJK,lJ,aeT, yqaCTKOB yraepacnars (ex,

Crporo rOBOp5I, S il.OmKeH 6blTb

.llJI5I HMeeT

npHHUHn

HaHMeHblllero JIHlllb

AeiicTBH5I Bil.OJIb MaJIblX MOJKHO

MIIHHMaJIeH He

JIHHHH

TerpnpOBaHH5I.

JIIIHIIH

npOl!3BOJIbHOii 065I3aTeJIbHO

,lJ,JII!Hbl

TOJIbKO,

sxcrpexya,

5IB.15IIOIUHHC5I MHHIIMYMOM

I § 2).

44

PE~~THBHCTCKA~ MEXAHHKA

(fJl.1m

TaKIIM 06pa30M, aarerpaa, He MO)KeT IIMeTb MIIHHMyMa; IIMeeT MHHHMyM .ll.eiicTBHe

B351ThlH: C nOJlO)KIITeJlbHhlM 3HaKOM, B3HTbIH: ace C 06paTHbIM 3HaKOM OH B BH.lI.e aurerpana no speaena:

B.lWJlb np5lMOH MHPOBOH: JIHHHH•

MO)KHO npencraaars

t,

S= ~Ldt.
I, K03<P<PHUHeHT

epausca

npa

dt

Ha3bIBaeTC5I, KaK 113BeCTHO, ¢YflKl{ueu CHCTeMbI.

.lI.Jl5I .lI.aHHOH MeXaHHtIeCKOH

C noxotusro

JIa~ (3,1)

HaXO.ll.HM:

rne v - CKOPOCTb MaTepHaJlbHOH: tIaCTHUbI. .lI..rIHqaCTHULI ecrt., CJle.L\OBaTeJlbIIO,

ct>~HKUHH

Jlarpaaxca

L=-ae~
BeJIHtIHHa ee MaCCOH CTHUy. B KJlaCCHtIeCKoii: MexaHHKe

•/

1-(?i"

v2

ct, KaK YJKe OTMeqaJlOCb, xapaxrepasyer

BCHKaH

.lI.aHHYro tIa· OHa name HaXO.ll.HTCSI Bhlpa)Ke-

m. Onpenenua

-racraua

CB5I3b BeJIHtIHH ct H nepexone B KJIaCCHtIeCKOe

H3 YCJIOBHSI, tITO npn

npeneasnox

HHe .L\JIH L .lI.OJI)KHO nepeara

e~

m.

xapaxrepasyercs

00

aupaaceuae L

L=mv2J2 .
.llJlH ocymeCTBJIeHHH neH5IM

v/ e. Torna,

STOro nepexona tIJleHbI

pa3JIO)KHM

B pan

no CTe-

onycxaa

BbICIlIHX

nopsnxos,

nOJIYtIaeM:

nOCT05lHHble ypaBHeHH5IX CTOHHHYro

tIJleHhI

B <PYHKUHH C

HaH.lI.eM, tITO ct me. TaKHM 06pa30M • .lI.eikTBHe paBHO

ae

.lI.BH)KeHHSI H MorYT H cpaBHHB

Jlarpauzca He orpazsarorca aa onymeau. OnYCTllB B L noKJIaCCHtIeCKHM supaaceuaea L = mv2J2.

OhlTb .lI.Jl5I CBOOO.ll.HOHMaTepHaJIbHOH
b

TOtIKU

S=-me
a <PYHKUHH

~ ds,
a

(8,1)

Jlarpanaca

L=-mc

2•

/--v

I-cr.
3

(8,2)

9J

3HEPrH51

H HMnYJIbC

45

§ 9.

3HeprHH

H HMnyJlbc

HMnYAbCOM lJaCTIiUbI Ha3bIBaeTcH, KaK H3BecTHo, aexrcp p= = aLjav (aLjav - CHMBOJIHlJeCKOe 0603HalJeHHe sexropa, KOMnoBeHThI xoroporo KOMnOHeHTaM v). paanu npOH3Bo,IT.HbIM OT

nOMOIUblO

(8,2)

no

cooTBeTcTBYIOIUll.M

HaXO,IT.HM:
2

p=

'Y
TIPH MaJIblX CKOPOCTHX supaaceaae nynsc oopauiaercs

A/I_'!!_

mv

(9,1)
c~

c2
npn

(0 ~

c)

HJIH B npene.ne

nepeXO,IT.HT B KJIaCCHlJeCKOe p B 6eCKOHelJHOcTb.

= my.
ecri,

Ilpa
CIiJIa,

=C

00

3TO HM-

DpOH3Bo,IT.HaH OT HMnYJIbCa no IUaH aa lJaCTHUY. HanpaBJIeHHIO,

BpeMeHH

,IT.eHcTBYIO.

Ilycn,

CKOPOCTb lJaCTHUbl H3MeHHeTCH TOJIbKO no nepneH,IT.HKYJIHPHO CKOpOCTIi.

T. e. CHJIa HanOaBJIeHa

Torzra

-=
dt

dp

dv
02

'V

1-"C2

df'
BeJIHlJHHe, T. e. CIiJIa dv

(9,2)

ECJIH )!{e CKOPOCTb MeHHeTCH TOJIbKO no

na-

npaaneua

no CKOPOCTH, TO

d[=

dp

(1- ~:

t2

(9,3)

dt

MbI

BH,IT.HM,lJTO B 060HX

CJIYlJaHX OTHOlIIeHHe CHJIbI K YCKopeHlI1O

pa3JIHtIHO.

Bnepeuea 0 I § 6).

lJaCTHUbl Ha3bIBaeTCH BeJIHlJHHa

fS=)v-L
(CM. TIO,IT.CTaBJISlH ssrpaaceaae

(8,2)

(9,1)

,IT.JIHL II

p,

(9,4)

3Ta maercs

oseas

Ba)KHaH

<popMYJIa nOKa3hIBaeT, 3HeprIlH

B lJaCTHOCTH, lJTO B

peJIHTHBHCTCKOH MexaHHKe B HYJIb npa

CBo6o,IT.HOH lJaCTHUbl He o6pa-

v = O,.a

OCTaeTCH KOHelJHOH B'eJIHlJHHOH,paanoit

fS=m~
Ee aaauaaror DpH neHHM

~~ (9,4)
no CTe·

snepeueii

nOKOJl qaCTHUbI.

vjc:

MaJIbIX CKOPOCTSlX (v

~ c)

HMeeM, paanaras

46

PEn~THBHCTCKA~MEXAHllKA BhlpalKeHHe

rrJI.

ID

T. e. aa BblqeTOM saeprna nOKOH xnaccasecxoe HeTHqeCKOH suepraa qaCTHI.I,bI.

.llnH KH-

Iloasepxaea,

1£TO XOTSI MhI rOBOpHM aaecs

0 «qaCTHIJ,e:., HO ee noayseaasre CJlOlKHOMY

4C9JIeMeHTapHOCTb» uarne

He HCnOJIh3yeTCSI. n09TOMY

IPOpMyJIbl B paBHOH CTeneHH npHMeHHMhI

H K JII060MY

TeJIY, COCTOHlll.eMY H3 MHorHX 'laCTHIl, npH'leM non MaTh nOJIHYIO Maccy TeJIa, a non v - CKOPOCTb ero uenoro. B 'laCTHOCTH, <p0pMYJIa

nano llOMH,lI,BH}KeHHSIKaK H .MH JII06oro

(9,5)

cnpasennaaa

nOK05JmerOCH KaK I.I,eJIoe TeJIa. 06paTHM BHHMaHHe ua TO, 'ITO sueprHH CBo60,ll,HOrO TeJIa (T. e. 9HeprHH JII060H 3aMKHYTOH CHCTeMhI)] OKa3hIBaeTCH B peJlHTKBHCTCKOii MexaHHKe scerna nOnO}KHTeJIbHOH BeJlH'lHHOH, HanOMHHM C MaCCOH 'rena. anonae onpenenennojt, HerrOCpe,ll,CTBeHHO CBH3aHHOH:

B 9TOH CBH3ll, 'ITO B KJIaCCH'leCKOH Me-

xaaaxe 9HepnUI rena onpeaeaena nHIUb C TO'lHOCTbIO ,lI,O rrpoasBOJIhHOH a,ll,,lI,HTlfBHOHnOCTOHHHOH:, MOJKeT 6[,1Th KaK UOJIOiKHTenbH HOH, TaK Ii OTpHII.aTeJJhHoM. 3HeprHH nOKOHmerOCH rena CO,ll,ep}KUT B ce6e, nOMHMO 9HeprHH nOKOH BXO,ll,Hlll.HX B ero COCTaB 'laCTHU, TaKlKe KHHeTH'IeCKYIO saeprmo nIMH 'laCTHI.I, H 9HeprHIO cnOBaMH, HX 83aIlMO,ll,eH:CTBHH npyr C npyroa •

.ll.py-

me2

He paBHO cyMMe

Lmae2 (ma 06pa30M. xacrea.

MaCChI 'laCTHI.I,), CJlO>KHMeeT

a nOTOMY II MexaHHKe aoro rena

He paSHO

Lma•

TaKHM ero

B peJUITHDHCTCKOii:

He HMeeT MeCTa 3aKOH coxpaneaaa He pasaa CYMMe Macc 9HeprHH,

MaCChI: Macca BMeCTO sroro

MeCTO ronsxo 3aKOH coxpaaeaaa TaK}Ke H 9HeprHH nOK051 xacran, B03BO.lI.51Bhlpa}KeHHSI II aCTHI.I,hI:

B KOTOpyIO BKJlIO'IaeTCH H cpaBHHBaH HX,

(9,1)

(9,4)

B xaaztpar

HaH.QeM CJle.lI.YIDIl\ee COOTHoweHHe MelK.ll.Y 9HeprHeH

H HMflyJIbCO.M

3Hep.rUH,

BblpalKeHHa51 tie pea HMnyJIbC~ Ha3hIBaeTCH. KaK H30eCTflO,

<l!YHKI.I,Heii faMHJIhTOHa

:18:

36 = c ...jfJ2 Ilpa
MaJIhIX cxopocrax

+ m~c2.

(9,7)1

P ~ me
(fG ~

H npHOJIHlKeHHO

me2

+ :m .
~
H3seCTHoe KJIaCCH'lecKoe TaK}Ke cJleJzylOmee coCBOOO,ll,HOH BblTeKaeT

T. e. 33 BhI'lerOM saeprna nOK051 nonyqaeM Bbfpa}KeHHe IPYHKI.I,HH I'axanaroaa. 113 BbIpa}KeHl1:ii lIaCTI1:I.I,bI:

(9,1)

(9,4)

Q.THomeHHe ue1K.II.Y saepraea,

HMnYJIbCOM H CKopocThIO

(9,8)

§91

9HEPrlUI

Ii HMnYJlbC

47

Ilpa V C HMnYJIbC H saepraa tIaCTIiUbI OOpaUlaIOTCB B OeCKOHetIHOCTb. Eho 3HatIHT, tITO xacraua C OTJIlitIHOH OT HYJIH MaCCOH m He MO)l{eT naararsca co CKOPOCTblO CBeTa. B peJIHTIiBHCTCKOM MexaHHKe, O.ll.HaKO, MorYT CYUleCTBOBaTb qaCTHIJ.bl C MaCCOM, paanof HYJIIO, .lI.BH:mYUlHeCH co CKOPOCTblO csera 1). 113 (9,8) hMeeM .lI.JIH TaKIiX lJaC1au:
IS p=-. c

(9,9)

npHOJIH:meHHO TaKaH me <p0pMYJIa cnpasennnaa H .lI.JIH tIaCTIlU C OTJIHlJHOMOT HyJIH Maccou B Tal{ Hil3bIBaeMOM YAbTpapeARTU8UCTCKOM cnysae, xorna 3HeprHH lJaCTHIJ.bl /!j' sennxa no cpaBHeHHIO C ee snepraea nOKO}! me'. Buaeneu reneps see nOJIYtIeHHble COOTHOUIeHHH B serupexwepHOM nane. COrJIaCHO npHHIJ.Hny aaaaensmero .n.eiicTBHH
b

()S= - mc6 ~ ds=O.

a

Pacxpoess

= -VdXldxi

8h1pa>KeHHe JJ.JIH ~S. lI.JI~

9TOrO 3aMClJaeM,
b

liTO

48

"

ROTOMy

= - me ~ u, d{)x'.
a

Hsrerpapya D9

lJaCT~M, HaXO,lUIM:

l:JS

=-

mCUi~r.;i

I+
a
b

mc

f
a

J ()Xi

du
d:

ds.

(9,10)

KaK H3BeCTHO, JVUI HaXO)l{,AeHH5I ypaBHeHHH )l.BIDKeHHH cpaanasalOTCH paanasuue rpaexropaa, npoxonsmae lJepe3 naa sanaauux nOJIo:meHHH, T. e. ua npenenax (<<'Ixi) a (<<'Ixi) b = O. I1cTHHHaH rpa. eKTopUB oDpeAeJIBerC5IH3 YCJIOBHJI 6S O. 113 (9,10) Mbl nOJIYlJHJIH Obl rorna ypaaaenne dUllds = 0, T. e. nOCTOHHCTBOCKOPOCTH CBo60AHOH qaCTHII.h1B qe:rblpeXMepHOM BH.n.e. ,UJIH roro lJTo6bl HaUTH BapHaIJ.HIO .n.ei%cTBluI KaK <PYHKIJ.lJlOOT KOOp.n.IfHaT, nano ClJHTaTb sanaaaoa JIHUIb O.ll.HY TOlJKY a, TaK lJTO (6Xi)a = O. BTOPYlO :me TOlJKY aaao CtIHTaTb nepeueauon, HO npa 3TOM paccuarpaaars TOJIbKO HCTIfHHble, T. e. Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHlOUlHe . ypasHeHlfHM .n.1H:llKeHMHrpaexropaa. n03TOMY IfHTerp3JI· B aupaxceHHM (9, to) )lJIH 6S paseu HYJIIO; Buecro (6Xi) b nHUIeM npOCTO /)xl If, TaKUM 6opa30M, HaXO.ll.HM:

()S
I)

= - mcu.Sx':
tjJOTOHbJ,a

(9,11)

TaKOBbJ CBeTOBble l{BaHTbJ-

TaK1Ke, B03MO.lKHO, aearpaso,

48 4- nexrop

PEnRTHBHCTCKARMEXAHHK~

trn,

II

PI = - axl
Ha3bIBaeTCSI 4-uMny.ltbCOAt. nue

as

(9,12)
npOH3BO.llHMnyJIbCa aexropa

oS/ox, oS/oy, oS/oz-

KaK

H3BeCTHO H3 MexaHHKH, KOMnOHeHTbI ecrs saeprna 4-HMIIYJIbCa,

rpn

lJaCTHlI.bI p, a npOH3BO,lI.HaSI-

oS/ot

3TOMY KOBapHaHTHble KOMnOHeHTbl KOHTpaBapHaHTHbIe KOMnOHeHTbI I)

Pi = (8/c,

qaCTHlI.bI

-p).

8.

noa

(9,13) l13 (9,11)

CTHlI.bI paamr BH,lI.HO, lITO KOMnOHeHTbI 4-HMnynbca CBo60,lI.HOii sa-

(9,14)
nO,lI.CTaBHB
11

CIO,lI.a KOMrrOHeHTbI

4-CKOPOCTI1 113

TOM, 'ITO ,lI..TUIP H

(9,4).

(7,2),

y6e.l1.HMCSI B

,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO rrOJIYlIaIOTcH B peJISITHBHCTCKOH MexaHHKe O,lI.HOfO 4-BeKTopa. <{:lopMyJIbJ

BbIpa>KeHH51 HMnynbc

(9,1)

TaKHM fflR

o6pa30M,

H saepH

SIBJIHIOTCH KOMnOHeHTaMH BbITeKaIOT

OTCIO,lI.a aenoHMnyJIbCa

cpe,lI.CTBeHIW

npeo6pa30BaHHSI

:3HeprHH OT O,lI.HOH HHepUHaJIbHOH CHCTeMhI OTCtJeTa K npyroa. CTaBBB B oomae }l{eHHH <{:lOpMyJIbI HaXO,lI.llM:

(9,13),
Px

(6,1)

npeoripascaaaaa

4-BeKTopa

sapa-

Iloa-

'+~~' c2

P = --. j==V=2:-",
X

'V 1-7

r, = P

y,

Pz=Pz,

,
sexropa II p.

(9,15)

rne

113

p», Py, pz -

KOMnOHeHTbI

onpenenenas ,lI.JlH tcaazrp ara

4-HMnYJIbCa

rpexaepnoro (9,14)

TO)K,lI.eCTBa

IlMeeM

4-HMIIYJIbCa

CBOOO,lI.HOHuacrnua.

u'u, = 1
(9,16)

P(PI = m2c2•
nO,lI.CTaBllB ctona Bblpa)KeHHSI C 06bIlIHbIM

(9,6).

(9,13),

MbI

sepaexca

K COOTHOIlleHHIO CHJIbI

no

auanoraa

OIIpe,lI.eJIeHHeM

CHJIbI 4-BeKTOp

MO>KHO onpenenars

KaK npOH3BO,lI.HYIO:

g =dS=mcYs'
Ero sroro 4-BeKTopa BbIpa)KaIOTCSI xepes

dpi

dul

(9,17)
giul = O.KoMnoHeHTbI
sexrop

KOMnOHeHTbI y,lI.OBJIeTBOpSIIOTTOlK,lI.eCTBY

OOblIIHblH: rpexxepasnt

I) 06paTHM BHHMaHHe ua MHeMOHH'leCKOe npasano ){JlH sanOMHHaHHH onpeJ!.eJIeHHHq,H3HIJecKHx 4-BeKTopoB: KOHTpaBapHaHTHble KOMnOHeHTbI CBH3aHbI C coOTueTCTUYIOIII.HMHrpexaepnuua BeKTopaMH (r ){JlH Xl, P ){JlH pi H T. n.) C enpaBHJlbHbtM», nOJlOiKHTeJlbHblM 3HaKOM.

t01

nPEOEPA30BAHHE

4>YHKUHH PACnPE)lEJIEHHH

49

CHJIbI

= dpldt

COrJIaCHO

(9,18)

Bpeaennas

KOMnOHeHTa OKa3bIBaeTCH CBH38HHOH C

PeJIHTHBHCTCKOe nO)J.CTaHOBKOH B

ypasueaae

patiorof
Pi:

CHJIbJ.

raMl:IJIbTOHa -

5IKo6H BMeCTO

nOJJyqaeTCH

(9,16)

npOH3BO)lHblx-oSjoxi

--.
IlJJH, eCJJH nanacars

as as ik as as 22 ==g --. --=m c, aXi ax' ax' axk

CyMMy B HBHOM anne:

(9,19)

J... c2
Ilepexon
ypaBHeHHH

(~)2 _ (~)2 _ (~)2 _ (~)2 at ax ay az

= m 22 c.

(9,20)

K npenensuouy CJJyqaIO KJJaCCHqeCKOH MexaHHKH B (9,20) cosepuraerca cnenyrouiaa o6pa30M. Ilpeacne scero aeotixcnnao ysecrs, KaK H npn cooraercrnyroiuea nepexone B (9,7), qTO B peJ1HTHBHCTCKOHMexaHHKe saeprna xacranu conep)RHT qJJeH me", xoroporo HeT B KJJaCCHqeCKOHMexaHHKe. DOCKOJIbKY )lei1cTBHe S CBH3aHO C saeprnea supaaceaaea (ff = -oS lot, TO npn nepexone K KJJaCCHqeCKOH MexaHHKe Ha)J.O BMeCTO S BBec'iH HOBoe .ll.ei1cTBl:Ie S' COrJJaCHO COOTHOIIleHHIO

S=S' - mc't,
nO~TaB.TIHll ero

_1_ (
2111C2

as'
at

)2_

(9,20),
at

HaXO)lHM: 2m

as' __ ,
3TO

[(!.£)2 + ( as' )2 + ( as' )2]_ ax ay

oz -

O.

B npeztene npn c -+ 00
CHqeCKOe

ypaaueuae

nepexonar
5IKo6H.

B H3BeCTHoe KJIaC-

yp aanenae

raMHJJbTOHa 4lyHKQHH

§ 10. Ilpeotipaaoaaane B
rakoro pa3JJHqHbIX nysxa, ero C nY'IKaMH

pacnpeneaenas npnxonarca
HMeTb neno

q>H3HqeCKHX HMnYJlbcHbIH

aonpocax

qaCTHIl., 06J1aJJ.aIOIlI.HXpa3J1HqHbIMH HMnYJIbCaMH. qaCTHIl. no HMnYJlbcaM:

cnexrp, xapaxrepaayerca ¢YHKl{ueu f (p) dpxdpydpz ecri, .n.OJlll qHCJla qaCTHQ, 06J1a.n.aIOIlI.HX axnynscaxa C KOMnOHeHTaMH B aatJ.aHHbIX HHTepBaJIaX dpx, dpy, -dp; (IiJIH, KaK rOBopHT )lJIH xparKOCTH, ql:lCJlO qaCTHIl. B 3a.ll.aHHOM 3J1eMeHTe o6beMa tPp==dpxdpydpz «HMnYJlbCHOrO npocrpancraa» ). B CBll3H C 3THM B03HHKaeT sonpoc o 3aKOHe npeoopaaoaauaa 4lyHKUHH pacnpeneneuas f (p) OT OJJ.HOH: CHCTeMbI OTCqeTa K npyron. ,UJlH peIIleHHH sroro sonpoca BbI5ICHHM npenaapnrensao cBoHCTBa «3JleMeHTa o6beMa» dpxdpydpz no OTHOIIleHHIO K npeoopasoBaHllIO Jlopeuua. ECJll:I BBeCH! uerupexaepuyrc cHcTeMY xoopnaaar,
pacnpeoe nenun

Cocras

60

PEJUITHBHCTCKASI MEXAHlIKA OCHX KOTOPOH OTKJIa)l.blBaIOTCH lJeTlllpe KOMnOHeHTbl

(rn. IJI
4-8101" HyJIe-

aa

nyasca

lJaCTlHl,bI, TO dPxdpydpz MO~HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK ByIO KOMnOHeHTY 3JIeMeHTa mnepnOBepXHOCTH, onpeneasexon

HeHHeM

p'p, = m2c2.
no

3JleMeHT mnepnOBepXHOCTH OlJeBH)J.HO, HanpaBJIeHHeM C OTHOllIeHHe

ecrs

4-BeKTOp,

ypaaaa-

npaBJIeHHblH HOpMaJlD

HOpMaJIH K HeH; B )l.aHHOM CJIYlJae HanpaBJIeHHe 4-BeKTopa

coanaaaer, cioaa caenyer, 'ITO

Pi. OT(10,1)

KaK OTHOllleHHe O)l.HHaKOBbIX KOMnOHeHT TOPOB,

ecrs

BeJIHlJHHa HHBapHaHTHaSl

I).

zmyx

napaJIJIeJIbHbIX

4-BeK-

f dpxdpydpz,
ee B

OlJeBH)l.HblM HHBapnaHToM

HBJIHeTCH TaK)Ke )l.OJIH lJHCJIa CHCTeMbl OTClJeT3.

He a8BHC}llU.8R OT Bbl60pa f(p) ~

nane

sacruu Hanncaa

dpx ~g dpz

H YlJHThlBaH HHBapHaHTHOCTb OTHomeHHH BbfBO.ny

06

(10,1),
f(p)E.

MbI npnxo.n,I:IM OTClO)l.a

RHBaJlJI3HTHOCTH nponsseaeaaa pacnpeneaeaas

cnenyer,

lJTO $YHKUIUl pacnpeaeaeaas

B CRCTeMe K COOTHOllIeHHeM

B CHCTeMe /('

CBH38Ha C q,YHKll.HeH

f' (p') =
npasex
pHIS

f ~~

is ,

(10,2) p'
H ~' C nOMOUJ.b!'J

.n,OJI:lKHbl6bITb BblpaJKeHbl nepea

q,OpMyJI ilpeo6pa30B8HHH (9,15). Bepaeacs K RHBapnaHTHoMY BblpaJKeHRIO

(10, I).

'
E'CJIH HBeCTH TO 3JIe-

«c¢epll'leCKHe MeHT 06'beM8

I:=.

dPxdpydpz 38MeHHTCH aa p2 dp do, rne do - 3JIeMeH1' TeJIeCHOrO.yrna ,llJIH uanpaaaeanf BeKTOpa p. 3aMelJasl, 'ITO pdp fS drs/ c2 (cOfJIaCHO (9,6»), HMeeM:

KOOp)l.HHaTbI» II RMnYJIbCHOM npocrpancrse,

p2 dp do

is
I) HHTerpHpOBaIlHe

pdfS do

c2

TbipeXIIIlepHOM BH.!I.e c HHTerpHpoBaHHe no

no 3JJeMcHTY (10.1) M{))KCT 6b1Tb nj)el,l.~TaBneHO sqenoaonme lI·CPYHlru.HII (CM. npaaesanae na CTp. 100) KaK

6 (pipi - m2c2) d·p,

d·p = dpo dpl dp~ dp8.

'

(H),la)

flPR 9TOM qeTblpe

Hble

(npHIJeM p" npooeraer Jlllrllb no.nO)l{HTeJlbHble 3Ha'leHHJI). (JIopMYJla (1O,laX CqeBII)lHa 113 CJle.nYJOIUero npencraaneaaa cpurYPupYJOlll.ell: B Heii ll·cpYIIK~HH: '

'I«)MnOHeHTbl

rI

paccMaTpHB810TCB

KaK ,HeSaBHCIIMbie nepelltelt·

~ (p,ipi

- m c2)

=,6 (P6 ~ ~:)

+

=~

[6 (Po + ~) + 6 (Po - ~)].

(10,16)

rae ~ = c ,,; p2 m2c2. B CBOIO osepem, 3Ta cpopMYJla cnenyer ,{~). npHBe.neHHoii B npHMe'laHHH aa CTp.' 100.

113 ¢OPMYJlbl

• It}

PAcnA./l.4ACTMU 06pa30M, HaXO./l.HM, 'ITO HHBapIIaHTIiO TaK}Ke

51
H nupaaceaae

TaKHM

pdfff do.

(10,3)

0 <PYHKUlUi pacnpeneaeaaa reopaa ra30B: npoasaeneaae f(r, p) dpxdplldpzdV ecrs 'lHCJIO xacrau, naxonamaxca B 3a./l.aHHOM 3JIeMeHTe OO'beMa dV H 06JIa./l.alOIll.HX HMnYJIbCaMH B sanaaaux HHTepBaJIaX dpx, dpy, dp« <1>YHKUlilO f (r, p) Ha3bIBalOT <PYHKUMeA pacnpeneneaaa B ¢a30BoM npoctpanctee [npocrpaucrao KOOP)l.HHaT Ii HMily JIbCOB qaCTHUbI) , a npoasaeneaae )l.1i<p<pepeHUHaJIOB d't = d3p dV - 3JIeMeHTOM OObeMa sroro npOCTpaHCTBa. BbUICmUt nOHHTHe <PHrYPHpyeT B KHHeTH'leCKOH 3aKOH llpe06pa30BaHIUI STOH <PYHKUHH. C

B . ./l.pyroM

acnexre

Bnenex napsny
CTeMY

Ko,·

C )I.BYMH CHCTeMaMH OTC'leTa OTHOllIeHlilO

KOTOPOii: 'laCTIIUbI

paccwarpaaaexsra

II

K' erne a

CH-

HMnYJIbCOM

IlOKOSlTCSI; HMeHHO no

K STOR CHCTeMe OIIpe)l.eJISIeTCH

COOCTBeHHbIH OObeM dVo 3JIeMeHTa, aaaaxaeaoro AaHHblMH 'laCTHu;aMH. CKOPOCTII CHCTeM K II K' OTHOCHTeJIbHOCHCTeMbI Ko COBIIa)I.alOT, no

onpeaenemno,

co

CKOPOCTHMIl V

,n:aIOT 3TH 'laCTHUbI

B CHCTeMax

nesroxy:

K'.

o',

KOTOPblMH OOJIa-

COfJIaCHO

(4,6)

HMeeM

dV dV'
nepeMHO}KHB

=7' d3pld3p' = IS18',

Haii ..

3TO paBeHCTB.O C paBeHCTBOM

d't =d't'.
T. e. 9JleMeHT <pa30OOro 06beMa HHBapHaHTeH. nOCI{(}JIbKy HHBapHaHTOM JlBJl}leTCSI, TO MbI npHXOJl.HM K BblBO)l.Y 06 HHBapHaHTHOCTH Jl.eJieHHH B !{la30BOM npocrpaacrse:

no onpenexeasno,

TaKJKe II 'l"CJlO

qaCTHU •

f dx;

~YH~HH

pacnpe-

f' (r', p')

rne r', .p' CBH3aHbI C

= f (r, p),

r, p

q,opMYJlaMH

(:0,5) npectipaaoaaaaa-Jlopenua,

§ t t. Pacnan
nue
'laCTU

lfaCTHl\

PaCCMOTpUM caMonpOH3BOJIbHbtH

MaccaMH

m,

m20

pacnaa

TeJIa e

MaCCOH

M ua

3aKOH coxpaaeaaa

9HeprHH npa pac-

naer '}:

nane,

npHMeHeHHblH

B CHCTeMe orcsera,

B KOTOPOH reJIO nOKOHTCSI.

(11.1)
I} B § 11-13
·paeTCll H'" UhlM II B B

noaaraea
e,lU!HHu.hI

= 1.
II

J1.pyrKMII CJtOIltMH. tKOPOCn.

CKOpocTeii (OpH

KaqecTBe

H3J.IepeHHIl

~TOI4

RpeMe'HII

CT3H08HTCl!

OJlHH8KOBhlMII). OqeHb

peJlHTHRHCTCKOH

MexaHHKe

YRpow,aer

TItKOK

...

6op

pa3MepHOCTH ~yJl.

tseTa

BWOOt.
)lila.

R.JllIeTCII

ecrecreeao..taaKO

3ll1HlCb

52
rne
~lO

PEJlSlTHBHCTCI(A51

MEXAHHKA

If JI. ID nacreil. OOCKOJ1b·

xy

H 020 m2, TO paBeHCTBO (11,1) MOJKeT BbInOJ1HHTbCHJ1HIUb, .eCJIH M ml m2, T. e. TeJ10 MOJKeT caaonpoas-

010

>

020 _

sneprna

m,

>

pa3J1eTalOIUHxcH

>

BOJ1bHO pacnanan.cs MaCCbI TeJ1a. HarrpOTIIB,

aa

qaCTH,

eCJlH

< m, + mi, TO TeJ10 YCTOi1qHBO (no

H caxonpoaaaonsso nano paBHyIO 9HeprHH no KpaHHeH pacnane He pacnaMepe ero 6bIJlO 6bI B 3TOM cnyxae

cYMMa

Macc

KOTOPbIX MeHbIUe

OTHOIlIeHHIO K .n.aHHOMY pacnany)

zraercs,

)lJlH

OCYIUeCTBJIeHH5J pacnana

C006IlI,HTh TeJlY H3BHe «3HeprHH CBH3H» (m, HapH.lI.Y C BblllOJIHHTbCH 3aKOHOM COB paaaerarouraxcs paana HYJIIO:

M). 3aJ<OHOM coxpaueans

+ m2 _

3HepfHIO,

npa

.n.OJIJKeH

coxpaaeuas

HMnyJIbCa, T. e. cyMMa

HMrrYJlb-

PIO

+ P20 = O.
(11,1)
H

sacrea,

KaK H

OTCIO.lI.a

nepsouauansaua Pro = P~, HJ1H

HMrryJIbC TeJIa,

(11,2)
)lJIfI

ypaaaeaas

(11,2)

O.ll.H03HaqHO o~e.ll.eJI5IIOT

saeprun (11,3)

pa3J1eTalOIUHxcfI ~10=

qaCTeH:

M2

+ mr 2M

m~

'

~20

M2 -

2M

mr + m~
0

B
HHH

aexoropox

CMbICJIe o6paTHbIM 9HeprHH

5JBJISleTCHsonpoc

BblqHCJje-

cyuxapuoa

.lI.ByX CTaJIKHBaIOIlI,HXCH qaCTHU B ca-

CTeMe OTCqeTa, B KOTOPOH HX CYMMapHblH HMnYJIbC paaea HYJlIO (aJIH, KaK roaopsr .lI.JlH KpaTKOCTH, B CUCTeMe uenrpa U1iep4UU HJlH B «l{-cHCTeMe»). .lI.eJlflIOIlI,HH

Busacnenae

nOH

BeJIHlIHHbI .lI.aeT KpHTepHH, orrpePa3J1HqHbIX nponeccos

B03MOJKHOCTb

ocymecranenaa

aeynpyrux
HHfI

CTOJIKHOBeHHH,cOrrpOBOJK.lI,aIOlllHxCH H3MeHeHHeM COCT05JHJIH «pOJK.lI,eHHeM» HOBbIX qaCTHU. rrpOHCXO.ll.HTb JlHIlIh npa YCJlOBHH, npouecc
MOJKeT

CTaJlKHBaIOIlI,HXCH qaCTHU

Ka}f{.lI.b1H TaKoH

lITO CYMMa Macc scex «np0.ll,YKTOB peaKUHH» He npeauuraer M. OYTb B HCXO.ll.HOH (HJ1H, KaK rOBopHT, /la60paTOp1iOu) CHCTeMe OTClIeTa sacrnua C MaccoH m, H suepraef Iffl CTaJlKHBaeTCH C noxoameaca qaCTHueii C MaCCOH m2. CYMMapHaH auepras 06eHX qaCTHU

Iff = Iff,

+ Iff

a cYMMapHblH HMnYJIbC P PI P2 PI. Paccaarpnsan o6e saCTHUbi BMeCTe KaK O.ll,HY CJlOJKHYIO Cl1CTeMY, Mbl HaH.lI,eM CKOPOCTb ee .lI.BH*eHHH KaK uenoro COfJ1aCHO

+=
PI

Iff 1

+ m2,

(9,8): (11,4)

v-_!__ _ _~

(S,+m2'

B 3TOH KHHre (3Ha'lHTenbHoe MeCTO B KOTOPOH y~eneHo H HepenHTHBHcTCKOMTeopHH) MbI, KaK npasano, He 6y~eM nORb30BaTbCli TaKOH CHCTeMOHenaanu, a npu ee Hcnonb30BaHHH 6y~eM KalK~bIH pas oroaapaaars STO. ECJlH B q,0pMYJIe nOJIOlKeHO C I, TO B03BpameHHe K 06b1'1HbiM e~HHHuaM He npe~CTaBJIHeT rpyna: CKOPOCTbCBeTa BBO~HTCH B Hee TaKHM 06paSOM, 'IT06b1 oeecneuan, npaBHJIbHYIO pa3MepHOCTb.

III

PACnA)l lIACTHU

53

3TO H ecrt.

CKOPOCTb )lBH)KeHH5I l{-CHCTeMhI OTHOCHTeJIhHO· ariopan HCKOMOil: MaCChI

TOPHOil: CHCTeMhI (A-CHCTeMhI). O.tLHaKO )lJI5I onpeneaenna OTCqeTa K npyroa. raxon Me Mepe, HMeeM: BMeCTO sroro

HeT

ueocxonaBOCIIOJIhClICTeMe B

MOCTHtiJaKTHqeCKH rrpOH3BO)lHTh npeoripasoaanae 30BaThC5I tiJOpMyJIOil: 06pa30M,

OT O)lHOil: CHCTeMhI

MO)KHO aenocpencrsenao K cocrasuoa

(9,6),

IIpHMeHHMoil:

KaK H K Ka)K)1.oil: sacrnue

B OT)1.eJIhHOCTlI.TaKHM

M2=82_
oTKy.rr.a

p2= (81 + m2)2 - (8I -mD,

(11,5)

3a)l.a'lH

sacrauu. Onpeztemrrs CB1I3b MelK,ny yrJIaMH BbIJIeTa nOCJIe,nHHXH HX 9HeprHlIMH. P e III e H He. nYCTb 00 - saepraa Oll,HOll H3 pacnannux '1aCTHU B tf-CHCTeMe
(T.e. 010 HJIH 020 H3 (11.3», 0-9HeprHlI 9Toll 2Ke IJaCTHUbI B .l!-CHCTeMe, a 8 - yro.n ee sunera B .l!-CHCTeMe (no OTHOIlleHHIO K HanpaBJleHHIO V). C noMOIllblO <P0PMYJl npe06pa30BaHHH (9,15) HMeeM:

1. 4acTHua,

,nBH2KYIllallClI

co CKOPOCTblO V, pacnanaercs

«aa

JleTY» aa nne

o_
0-

0-

.yl- V2

Vp

cos

8 '
(I)

oTKy.n:a

.D.JllI otiparnoro onpeaeneaas IOTHocHTeJlbHo 0) ypasneaae 0 2 (

no

cos

OTCIO.n:anOJlYIJaeTCli

saanparaoe (2)

1-

V2 cos2 e) - 20;s0 ....; <

1-

v2 + /S~ (1

V2) + V2m2COS2e = 0,

HMelOIllee Oll,HH (eCJlH CKOPOCTb pacnaaaon IJaCTlIUbI B tf-CHCTeMe Vo V) HJlO ABa (ecna Vo V) nOJlOlKHTeJlbHblX KOpHlI. npOUCX02K.lI.eHHe nocnennea .n:BY3HaIJHOCTHlICHO H3 cnenyioinero rpatpasecxoro nOCTpoeHHlI. COrJlaCHO <p0pMy.1aM (9,15) KOMnOHel\Ta aanynsca B ./I-CHCTeMe aapazaaerca sepea BeJlHIJUHbI, OTHOClIIllueClI K tf-CHCTeMe, CJIe.n:YIOIllHI4 06pa30M: Po cos 80 /SoV Py = Po sin

>

Px=

.yl- V2

'

eo-

P~+(Px~-;sovy=p~ Po/.yt::::"V.,
I)

no

OTHOIlleHHIO

j{

nepeMeHHblM

00V/"';1

- V2

Po

px, py
0

9TO ecrs ua pHC. na

ypaaneaae

9J1J1l1nCa IIOJlYOCIlMH C ua paccrosaae

H ueHTpOM

(TOlJKa

OT TOIJKH

p=O

(TOlJKa

3), CMemeHHblM puc. 3) I).

§ 16).

KJlaCCHlJeCKOM npene.ne

9JIJlunC npespatuaerca

B OKPY2KHOCTb (CM, ,

54
ECJlII

PEJI5ITHBHCTCKA5I

MEXAHHKA

rra,

Ii

= VO, TO TOlJKa A Jle)KIIT BHe szaanca (pRC. 3, 6) II npa BeKTOp p (a C HIIM H 3HeprRH i§') MO)KeT HMeTb naa pas.IUIlJHI»X SHalJeHHH. 113 DOCTpoeHIIH BH.n.HO raxace, 'ITO B 3TOM cnyxae yrOJI 8 MO)KeT npaaaaars JlIIIlIb 3HaIJeHHlI, He npeaunraiomae onpeneaennoro 8ma. (OTsesaiouiero TaKOMY nOJlO)KeHHIO BeKTOpa P. npa KOTOPOM OH KaCaTeJIeH K 9J1JIHncy). 3HalJeHlle 8max npouie BCerO onpeaeasercs aHaJIHTHlJecKH H3 YCJlOBJUI

sanaaaoa

V> yrne

PlJ'~° e

V< Vo 6
PIIC.

V>
3

Vo

06pameHHH paBHblM:

II

Hynb

AHCHpHMHHaHTa

xsanpareore
Po"';l -

ypaBHeHHH

(2)

II OKa3b1BlIeTCH

sin emax =
2. Haaru

mV

V%

•
B .II-CHCTeMe. 1130TponHO no

pacnpeaeneaae paenannax lJaCTHlI. no 3HeprHlIM P e III e H H e. B l{-CIiCTeMe pacnannue lJaCTIIUbI pacnpenenenu nanpasaeunau, T. e. .n.OJIlI lJHCJIa lJaCTHu. B 3JleMellTe reaecaoro L= 2:rt sin 80 d80 eCTb

yraa

do.

=
(I)

OJlepnilJ I! .!I-CIICTeMe CBSl3aHa C OTHoweHHeM

BeJlHlJHHaMH, OTHOCHIUIiMllca K ~o+povcoseo

l{-CHCTeMe, co-

~=

-VI II

V2,
~o

~ nponeraer

3HalJeHIIH MeJK.lI.Y

;So -

Vpo

-vf'=112
Bupascas
,neJIeHHe no

-VI -

+ Vpo
V2 •

Id cos

eo sepes d~, nOJIYlJlIM HOpMllpoBaHHoe H3 e.n.HHHuy pacnpesHepIIIlIM (AJIH KalK.n.oro 113 ,B.ByX COPTOB pacnanaux uacnm):

dN = . Po 2~

-v'f=V2 es.

3. OnpeAeJIIITb IIHTePB3JI 3HalJeHlIii, soropue MO)KeT npllHIIM3Tb B A-CIICTeMe yrOJI Me)KAY AByMlI pacuanauxa lJaCTHuaMH (yrOJI pa3JIeT3) npa pacnaae aa ABe 0.n.IIH8KOBble lJ8CTllllbl. P e III e II 1I e. B l{-ClICTeMe lJ3CTHI.(bl p33JIeT31OTCH BO B3311MHO nporusono.nO)KHblX aanpaaneansx, TaK 'ITO 010 Jt - 010 Oo.CS1I3b Me)l{.n.y yrJ13MIi B .4- II ./I-CHCTeMax naerca cor JIaCHO (5,4) ¢OpMyJI3MII

==

ct g uz=

il

.-

Vo

Vo sin

cos 80

00 -v1 -

+V

V2

S II}
aero npocroe

PAcnA,1J.

tJACT.i1U

55 8 = 8,

,(B JJ;aUUOMCJIY'lae V'O = 020 VO). BbI'lHCJIeUHe naer:

HCKOMblH yrOJI pasnera

+ ~ H )lJlIl

ctg8=

V2 _ v2
tJ

V2V2 sin2 9
II

2Vvo~sinSo
K CJle.n.YIOmUM HUTep-

I1cCJleAOSaHHe SKcrpeMYMOB BaJiaM B03MO>KHblX 3Ha'leHHH -eCJIH

sroro aupasceuaa npaaonar 8: VI-va)<s<n:

9:

V<Vo: vo<V< V>

2arctg(~

eCJlH

'V 1 - vii
Vo

/ v0 2:

O<8<arcsin

~1-V2 ---2
1 - Vo

<-; n
2

ecna

,y

1- Vo

O<8<2arctg(~-VI-V2)<~, V
B .4-CHCTeMe JVIII B ~H

2
pacnaaaux
II-CHcreMax 'laCTHU )lnJl

MaccoH,pasaoa HyJlIO. P e ill e H He. CBII3b Me1K.ll.Y yrnaMH BbineTa cranu C m = 0 naerca COrJlaCHO (5,6) !jl0pMYJloii
cos6o= ilOACraSJIHH

4. HaRTH yrnosoe

pacnpeneseaae

'la·

1-

cos9-V V eos S'

(1) aaaasa 2,
1l0JIyrmM:

3TO Bblpa.lKeHHe B !jloPt.lYJIY

dN

(1 - V2)do
41t(1

~VcosS)~'

yrJI3M pasaera B A-CHCre~e IIpH pacsane aa HYJIIO. Pew e Hue. CB1l3b Me.lKAY yrJIllt.lH BblJIelJl S), 82 B II-CHCTeMe H yrJI3MB 010 90, 9w = 11: - 80 B I{-CHCTeMe onpeaenaercs no !jl0pMYJIaM ,(5,6), nocne sero AJUI yrna paanera 9, 92 HaXO.ll.HM:

5. Haara pacnpeneaeaae no ane sacrauu C M3CC3MH, paaaaaa

e=

cos 8 =
B 06paTHO:

2V2

,-

1 - VI cos2 90 V2 COSQ - 29

cos 90 = ~ 1 Iloacraeaa
STO

.I

--yr-

1- V2

ctg

:I

"2'
nOJIyqHM~

nupaxceaue
dN==

B !jlOpMyJIy
2

(1) aanaxa 2,
do

1- V 16nV

sin! ~

'V

~ / V2 _ cos" .!_
2

3Ha'leHHlI OT 1t AO 8mln = 2 arccos V. 6. Onpeaeaars HaH6oJIbIllYIO saeprmo, KOTOPyro M()lKeT YHeCTH pacnanuux sacrau npa pacnaae HeOO.ll.BHlKHOH qaCTI1Ubi C Maecol! M sacraua ml, m2, m«. YrOJI 8 npotieraer

OIlHa H3 ua rpa

Pew e II II e. 4acTllua Tnl IIMeeT HaHooJlbWYIO saeprmo, eCJIU CIICTeMa .11.811( OCTaJIhHblX qaCTHlI. IrtJ II rna tlMeeT HalfMeHbWYIO· fK)3MOJlUlYIO Macey; llOCJIeAIUUI

56
panna
qaCTIl, cyMMe nOJIyqllM

PEJI5ITHBHCTCKMI

MEXAHHKA'
.nBIDKeHHe K 9THX rena

trn
qaCTHL\ ua

IE

me

+ m,

(qeMY

01l.IlHaKOBoii

CKOpOCTblO). COrJlaCHO

Csena,
(11,3):

oraexaer
TaKIlM

COBMeCTHoe 06pa30M,

sonpoc

pacnany

nae

01 max

M2
=

+ mf -

(m2 2M

+ m3)2

§ 12. Hnaapnanraoe
KaK H3BeCTHO, 10res HX aq;q;eK.TU8libIMU )J,e.'lHIOIll,HMH qHCJIa KUBaIOIll,UXC5l LIaCTUll,.

cexeaae npoueccu
paCCe51HH5l xapaxrepaayonpeCTaJI-

paanasnue

npocro ceuenuscuu v, CTOJIKHOBeHHH, nponcxonaumx B nyxxax

ceuenunuu
(HJIH

pes

Ilycrr,
nl II

MbI UMeeM nsa

CTaJIKHBaIOIll,UXCH rrYLIKa; 0603HaLIHM qe(T. e. qIICJIa LIaCTIIll, B e.n.HHHll,e CKOPOCTII LIaCTHll,.

ns

rrJIOTHOCTIILIaCTHll, B HllX VI II V2 -

o6beMa),

a sepes

B KOTOPOH LIaCTlIll,bI

CIICTeMe OTCLIcra,

rrOKOSlTCSI(HJIII,

KaK rOBopHT

xopose,

cuB

CTeMenOK.Ofl
sacran

LIaCTHll,

onpeneaenmo ceLIeHHSI a, LI11CJIO CTOJIKHOBeHuH, o6beMe dV B TeLICHHe spexeaa dt, paBHO

1 C HenO.ll.BIDKHOHM11llleHbIO. Ilpa

2),

Mbl IIMeeM .n.eJIOco CTOJIKHOBeHIIeM nysxa 3TOM, COrJIaCHO 06bILIHOMY

npoacxonamax

dv

= avOTllnln2 dV

dt,

rne VOTII BeJIHLIHHa CKOPOCTULIaCT11ll,1 B CHCTeMe rrOKOSiLIaCT11U 2 (HMeHHo TaK onpenexsercs B peJI5lTHBlICTCKOH MexaHHKe OTHOCHTeJIbHaH CKOPOCTbnsyx 4uCJIO qaCTHll,). csoexy cYIll,eCTBY ecri, BeJIHq11Ha HHBa-

dv

rro

caaoxy

pHaHTHaH. f10cTaBHM

ce6e ue.nsio

aupaaars

ee B BII.n.e, nparonnou

B JII060H CIICTeMe OTCLIeTa:

(12,1)
rne

A-

nonnexcamaa

onpeneaemno

BeJIIIqIIHa,

xoropof

II3BeCTHO,

LITO B CIICTeMe nOKOS! O.n.HOH 113 LIaCTIIll, OHa pasna VOTlla. f1PII 3TOM MbI 6y.n.eM scerna rrOH11MaTb a 11MeHHOKaK cesenae B CIICTeMe noKOSI O.n.HOHH3 LIaCTHll" T. e., no onpeneneumo, pIIaHTHYIO. f10 onpeaeneaato, IIHBapHaHTHOll TeJIbHaSi CKOPOCTb VOTH. KaK BeJIHqIIHY IIHBaSlBJI51eTC51 II ecrs OTHOCII-

B aupaaceaaa

(12,1)

npoasaeneaae

dV dt

BeJIIILIllHa IIHBaH

p'faHTHa51. f103TOMY .n.OJI}KHO6blTb IlHBapHaHTHbIM

nponaseneuue

'Anln2'

Jdri:OH

npeoopasoaanns

rrJlOTHOCTH LIaCTHll,

JIerKO HaRTH, aa-

MeTHB, LITO IIHBapHaHTHO qHCJIO xacruu ndV B 3a.ll,aHHOM 3JIeMeHTe 06beMa dV. Hanacas n dV = no dVo (HH.ll,eKC 0 YKa3bIBaeT CHCTeMY rrOK051 qacTlIll.) II BOCnOJIb30BaBlllHCb <POPMYJIOR (4,6) Hall.n.eM: .n.JI5l rrpeo6pa30BaHH51 o6beMa,

n=
HJIH

-VI

n:
a

v2

'

(12,2)
Macca qaCTHll,.

n = nrlS [m,

rne

8_ -

saeprna,

m-

§ 121

HHBAPHAHTHOE

CElJEHHE

57

nO.9TOMY YTBep2K.lI.eHIle 06 IlHBapliaHTHocTII 3KBliBaJIeHTHO IlHBapliaHTHocTII npe.ll.CTaBIlTb .9TO YCJIOBlie B BIl.ll.e

npoasnezteana ssrpaacenaa A0'lcB 2. DOJIee inv,

BeJIIlqIlHa -

Anln2
Y.lI.06HO

A
rne

(g't/C~ =

PliP~
seneaue 4-IlMIlYJIbCOB ooeax noxos BeJIIlqIlHa

/Ct/C2 /CI/C2-PIP2

( 12,3)
IlPOIl3TaK qTO

B 3HaMeHaTeJIe CTOliT T02Ke qaCTIlIJ,

anaapnaarnaa
IlMeeM CBO.ll.HTCflK

qaCTIlIJ,.

B cacreue anaapaaarnas
B .9TOH cacrexe CTeMe OTCqeTa

A=

(12,3)

cB2 = m-, P2 = 0, A. C npyroa

CTOPOHbl,

avOTH•

TaKHM

06pa30M,

B npOIl3BOJIbHOH CH-

A=
,UJIH npnnaaaa .9TOMY

aVOTIl

PliP~
5P w CD 1(92

(12,4)
BbI-

pa3HM VOTH sepes IlMnYJIbCbI IlJIli CKOPOCTII qaCTHIJ, B npOIl3BOJIbHOH CHCTeMe OTCqeTa. ,UJIfl .9TOrO aaxenaex, 'ITO B cacrexe noxos qaCTIlIJ, 2 HHBapHaHT

aupaaceamo

OKOnqaTeJIbHOrO nnna,

OTClO.lI.a

( 12,5) Bupaaas
BeJIIlqIlHY

nOMOLUblO

(9,1)

II

PliP~=0IcB2-PIP2 (9,4):
.

xepea
I-VtV2

CKOPOCTlI VI H

v2

p pi - m m -i===:======:= Ii 2 I2 1- vi)( 1-

-v(
-

vD

n nO.ll.CTaBHB B

CJIe.ll.YIOLUee nupaaceaae

(12,5),

nOCJIe npOCTbIX

npeoopasoaaaaa
[VtV2f

IlOJIyqHM

.lI.JIfl OTHOCIlTeJIbHoii: CKOPOCTH:

-V(Vt V2)2 -

VOTH=
(06paTliM BHIlMaHlie

1·-VtV2

( 12,6)
CliMMeTpHqHO no Vt

na TO, qTO 3TO

aupazceaae (12,4),

H V2, T. e. BeJIH'lliHa OTHOCHTeJIbHOHCKOPOCTII He 3aBHCliT OT roro, no OTHOllIeHHIO K KOTOPOHIl3 qaCTIlIJ, OHa onpeneaaercs}.

Floncrasaa
JIy'lHM npoc:

(12,5)

ana

(12,6)

a 3aTeM B

OKOH'laTeJIbHble

cpOpMyJIbI,

peuraionme

(12,1),

no-

IlOCTaBJIeHHblH BO-

(12,7)

PEJlSlTHBHCTCKA5I MEXAHHKA HJlH

[rJI. II

dv = c

-V(VI

V2)2 -

[VIV2]2

nln2 dV dt

(12,8)
=

(W. Pauli, 1933).

= 0,

ECJIH CKOPOCTH VI H V2 JIeJKaT B.lI.OJIbo.ll.HOH npHMOH, TO "[VIV2] TaK 'lTO <popMyJIa

(12,8) npaaaxaer
VI -

BH!\

dv=cr!
3aAaqa

v2lnl~dV

dt,

(12,9)

«3JIeMeHT .ll.JIHHbI:t B peJl.R:TIfBHCTCKOM «npOCTpaHCTBe caopocres». e H II e. HexOMblH «3ReMeHT JlJIIfHbI:t dl; npeacraanaer cOOoit OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO CKOPOCTb ,!I.BYX TOqeK co CKOPOCTHMHv If V dv. Ilo3ToMY H3 (12,6) HaXOJlIfM:

HaiiTIt

P e ur

dl2

(dv)2 -

(1 _

[v dv)2 =
02)2

d0 (1 _ 02)2

(1 _

(d82
02)

+ sin2 8 d q> 2),

rae 6, 11' nOJIlipHblH YTOJI H a3HMYT nanpaaaeaaa 808YIO nepeMeHHYIO X COfJIaCHO paBeHCTBY 0 = th CTaBHTCH B"8H,!I.e

t,

v,

ECJIH BBecTIf BMeCTO o TO 3JleMeHT JlJIHHbl npea-

C reoaerpasecsoa TOqKH 3peHHII, no ecrs 3JleMeHT JlJlHHbl B TpeXMepHOM npOCTpaHCTBe JIo6aqeBCKOro - npOCTpaHCTBe nOCTOHHHOfi orpanareasaoa KpHBH3HbI (cp. (111,12».

§ 13. YnpyrHe
Paccaorpaa,
zoe CTOJlICH08eHue

cTonKHOBeHHSI sacrau
C TO'lKH 3peHHH pe.nHTHBIICTCKOH MexaHHKlI,

sacran.

0603HaQIIM

HMnYJIbChI II

~2;

CTaJIKHBalOlIl.IIXCH qaCTHLI. (c MaccaMH ml H 3Ha'leHlUI BeJIH'lHH nocae CTOJIKHOBeKHH 6Y.lI.eM lIlTpHXOM. 3aKoHhI

saepraa nayx m2) xepea PI, ~ I II P2,

OTMeQaTb

ynpy-

coxpaaenas

3HeprHH

II

HMnyJIhCa

npa

CTOJlKHOBeHlIH 4-HMnYJlbca:

MOlKHO a3IIHcaTb

BMeCTC B BRAe ypaBHeHHSI

coxpaaeaas

pf Cocraaaa aorueuaa,
KRH. )J.JIH H3

+,,; = p? + p;'. + p~_ mi,

(13,1)

sroro 4-BeKTopHoro ypaBHeHIHI HHBapHaHTHhIe COOTxoropue 6YJl..YT Y.llo6HhIMH .llJIR .lI.aJlbHeHlIlHX BhI'lHCJIesroro nepennurea (13,1) B BHJl..e
p{ p;l =p;l
B

H B03:Be)l.eM o6e CTOPOHhI paaeacrsa CKaJlHpHble np0H30e.lleHHH 4-lfMUYJlbCOB

xsaapar

(T. e. aauameu

HX

caMHX aa ceca).

3aMeQaSl, <ITo xaanparsr

pf

p~1 paanu

a xsanparsr

p~

p~1 pasaa

mi.

(13,2)

~ 13} AHaJIOrHllHblM

~npYrHE 06pa30M~ nOJIYIJHM:

CTOJIKHOBEHH5I

qACTHQ paBeHCTBO

B03Be.zr.SIB xsanpar

- p~t = p?

pt + 11(13,3)

PaCCMOTpMM B xoropoa KOHJIaCh. no

CTOJIKHOBeHHe B CTOJIKHOBeHHSI onaa

CHCTeMe

orcnera B

(A-CHCTeMa),

H3 'IaCTHIJ.

('l3CTHu.a

Torna P2=O,
i

JIHpHble npOH3Be.ll.eHHH '{

02=m2 paauu
'('

H q>MrypHpylQIU8e

m2) (13.2)

noCKa-

PUP2 = 01m2,

Plip, = 0101
rne aTM

,
-

P2iPI = m201' , r PIP. = 01($1 - PIPI cos 01,

I

(13,4)

91 - yroJI aupaacenaa

paCCeHHH.H 'HaJIeTaIOIUeH B .

IJaCTHll.b1

(13,2),

mi. Iloncrasas
(13,5)

IlOJIYIlMM: .g'~ (~I

cos

e=
l

+m

2) I

~lm2 - m~
•

PIPI

AHaJIOm'lHblM

o6pa30M

83

(13,3)

HaH.zr.eM:

cos O2 =
rae

(~I+ m2) (c%"~,t

PIP2

m2)

(13,6)
aa-

92 -

yrOJI. 06pa3yeMblH '13CTHU,hI PI.

HMnYJlbCOM OT.zr.a'lH p~ C HMnyJJbtOM

JIeTalQIUeii

¢OPMYJIbI

(13,5-6)

CBH3blsaIOT

yrau

paccesnaa

06eHx

sacrnn

B A-CHCTeMe C H3MeHeHHHMH HK 3HeprHH

npa CTOJIKHOBe.HHHX.06pa-

mas
liJIH

9TH q>0PMYJIbI, MO)KHO

aupasart,

92,

TaR,

nOJl.CTaBHB B

(13,6)

PI='y01-ml.

9HeprHH ~I 2

($~, 0~
2
I

P2='Y(!2

nepea yroJI ~ /'2

+

9.
mi
no2

H B03Be.zr.H paBeRcTBo JIYlJHM:

B KBaJl.paT, nOCJIe npOCToro

BbI'lHCJIeHHn

o' _
2-m2

(<If I + m2)2+ (<wi - mDcos262

(~I

+mz)2-(¥r-mDcos2f)2
xepea

(13,7)
K sees-

Oepauieaae
OTMel-HM, xoroporo

}Ke .pOpMyJIbI 'ITO eCJlH

Ma rpOM03.B.KOMY JIee noxoanieaca, JIerKO Haihn,

(13,5) aupaxeaaio 0;
m,
TO yroa

npHBOJl.HT B o6111eM caysae

> m2,

91,
lJaCTHIJ.a THMeHe MO)KeT

T. e. HaJleTalOlU8H

paccesnas

91
mz

npeauurars

He-

MaKCHMaJIbHOrO

3HaQeHHH. 3JJeMeHTapHblM

BblQHCJJeHneM

lITO 3TO 3HaQeHHe onpenenaercs

paBeHCTBOM

sin
<Pop MyJlbJ qaCTliua

.e

Imax=-' Illl

(13,8)
xorna H3J1eTaIOIiI.aH CPOPMYJly .zr.JUI

D TO'IHOCTH COBna.nalOlUHM C H3BeCTHbIM KJIaCCHQeCKllM pe3YJlhTaTOM.

(l3.5___:6)
(fJ~.

ynpotuaiorca .lI.JlH

B c.nyuae, aroro

06Jl31I.aeT paBHOH HyJlIO MaCCOH: tn,

PI = (fJI, p~ =

= O.

H cOOTBeTCTBeHHO

Burnnuea

cnysaa

60

PEn~THBHCTCKA~ MEXAHHKA

[rn. Tn

snepraa HaneTaIOIUeH qaCTHUbI nocne Qepe3 yro.n ee OTKnOHeHIUI:

pI CD _
I-

CTonKHOBeHHH, BblpalKeHHOH

rn2

1BepHeMCH CHOBa K 06meMY

cos

e 1+

rn2

(13,9)

01
CTO.TIKHOBeHUH qaCTUU

cay-taro

nro-

6blX Macc. Hauoo.nee npocro CTOJIKHOBeHIle BblrJl5!)l.IlT B 4-cIlcTeMe. OTMeIIaH 3HaqeHIlH BeJIUIIHH B 3TOH CUCTeMe )l.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIM HH-

nescou

0,

IlMeeM

snecs
ooeax

PIO = -P20
IIacTuu

HMnYJlbca, HMnYJlbCbl paqIlBaIOTC5!,

npn
no

== Po.

CIlJlY

coxpaueuaa

CTOJIKHOBeHHHTOJIbKO nOBOBeJIHqIlHe II npoTHBOnOJIOlK-

OCTaBa5!Cb paBHblMIl

HblMIl no HanpaBJleHHIO. B CUJlY )Ke coxpanenns aaeprun a6COJlIOTHble 3Ha qeHIlH Ka)!{)l.OrO Il3 IlMnYJlbCOB OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeI1HbIMH. 0603HaqUM

sepes

KOTOPblH IlOBOpaqUBaIOTC5! npn CTOJlKHOBeHllIl UMJIYJIbCbI PIO 11 P20. 3TOH BeJlHQUHOH nOJlHOCTbIO cnpenenserca npouecc paCCeHHI1H B CHCTeMe ueHTpa HHepUHH, a nOToMY H BO BCHKOll )l.PyroH CHCTeMe OTCLJeTa.Ee Y)l.06HO Bbl6paTb TaK)Ke H npa OnHCam:IH CTOJIKHOBeHHH B /l-CHCTeMe B KaQeCTBe rIm H HMnYJIbca.

X yro,n

paCCe5!HIlH B 4-cHcTeMe -

yron,

aa

roro

e)l.HHCTBeHHoro

napauerpa,

KOTOPblH 3HeplJaCTHU HO aa

OCTaeTCH HeOnpe)l.eJleHHhlM nocJle

YlJeTa 3aKOHOB coxpaHeHuH KOHe'IHble 3HeprHH K COOTHOllleHHIO

Bupasaa
3TOT pa3

sepea

B A-CHCTeMe. .IT.JlH

aroro sepuexcs
npOII3Be)l.eHHe

3TOT

napaxerp

ooeax (13,2),
cos

p acxpcesr

PliP;1

B 4-cHcTeMe:

PUp;1 = $10$;0 - PlOP~O = $;0 - P6

(B l{-CHCTeMe 3HeprHH HneTCH:

cos

= P5 (l (13,4). X).

X)

+ mr

Ka)K)l.OH 1i3 IIaCTUU T. e.

0';0 = $10)' Ocransuue

B A-CIiCTeMe,

npn
lI3

CTOJlKHOBeHHH He MeB

)Ke ,lI.Ba npOIi3Be)l.eHUH

no-rrpencaeay n OJIyua M:

oepex
2

pacxpunaeu pesyasrare

ffff OCTaeTCH 3TO

$1 = -

_!!sJ_ (1 rn2

cos

ssrpaanrs

p~ sepea

BeJlIil[lIHbI,

OTHOCHIUHeCHK A-CHCTeMe. 3HalJeHHH HHBapllaHTa

JlerKO

C)l.eJlaTb nyreM

npupaBHHBaHHH

PliP~
"JIll

B 4- H A-CHCTeMax:

$100'20- PiOP20 = $lm2.

(13,10)

§ 13)

YI1PyrHE CTOJIKHOBEHH~I.lACTHU

61

Taxuu

06pa30M,

OKOHqaTeJIbHO HMeeM:
1112 2 fill

0f=019HeprnH

+ »: + 2111281

(87 - IllD
')

(l-cosX). coxpaaeunn:

(13,11)
01

+m

= 0~+ ~;. nOEHOMY

BTOPOH q3CTnUbi no.nyuaercs

aa 33KOH3

(13,12) Bropsre
Tep5lCMYIO qJleHbl B 3TUX CPOPMYJl3X npe.ll.CTaBJlHIOT co60ii

nepaon n npuooper aeuyto aropon sacrnuefi. uiaa nepenasa suepraa noayxaerca npu 'X = n H panna
I

sneprmo, Haaoons-

~2max-m2=01-0IIllin=

,2m2

III 1

2+

?+2 8 m2 fIl2 I

8i - mD

(13,13) aaneraiotnen

OTHOllleHHe MHHHMaJlbHOii KHHCTllqeCKOii anepran 'IaCT II UbI noc.ne CTOJIKHOBeHHH K ee nepaoaavaasnoa

KHHeTH'IeCKOii

suepruu: 81 min m, 81-ml

I

(m, - m2)

mf+m~+2m281
(xorna

(13,14)

3TO OTHOllleHHe CTpeMHTCH K nOCTOHHHOMY npe.aeay,

B npene.nsnoa

cnyvae

MaJlbIX

cxopocrea

0~m

+ mv /2)
2

(:: ~:: y.
paaen mt
2

paBHOMY

06paTHOM

Me

npenene

60JlblllHX npene,a

3HeprHH

01 oraoureaae

CTJ)eMHTC5I K lIyJlIO; BeJ!HqHHa

0'1 min. 9TOT

K nOCTOHHHOMY Me

npeneny

(13,14)
caaa

CTpeMHTCll

(5'

._

l min -

2m2

+ m22
sacranu. sacraua
COfJIaCHO

Ilpennoaoaora,
MaJIa no

'ITO

m2 ~

m!,

T. e. MaCCa HaJIeTalOlllei1

cpaBHeHHIO

C MaCCOH nOKOHBllleHCH

xnaccasecxon MexaHHKe npn 3TOM .nerxaa sacrana MOfJIa 6bl nars TSDKeJIOH TOJIbKO HHqTO:llmyIO qaCTb csoea 3HeprHH

nepe(CM.

I § 17). Taxoe
reopun.

nOJIOMeHHe He HMeeT, O.ll.HaKO, MeCTa B peJI5ITHBHCT-

cxoa

y13

cpOpMyJlbl

60JIblllHX

sneprnax

nopnnxa
lIaCTHUbi EJHepfHH

1.
ml

ft't

(13,14)

BH.lI.HO, qTO

npn

.lI.OCTaTOqHO CKOPOCTb BH.lI.eTb.

.lI.OJIH nepenaaaoa

aneprna

MOMeT Jl.OCTH'Ib

.llJl51 sroro, 6blJIa

OJl.HaKO, He.ll.OCTaTO'!HO, '!T06bI

nopanxa

1,

aeooxonasns,

KaK JIefKO

0t"",m2,
sueprnef nopanxa aaepraa
[JOJIOMeHHe HMeeT MeCTO rtpn HaJIeTaeT aa JlefKYIO.

T. e. JIerKaH sacraua .lI.OJIMHa 06JIa)J.aTb nOKOH THMeJIoii qaCTHlI.bI. AHaJIOrnqHOe T5I)!{eJlaH sacruna

11

m2 ~ ms,

T. e. xorna

snecs,

COfJlaCHO KJIaCCH-

PEAHTHBHCTC~H

MEXAHH~

lrJl. ID

1JeCKOll: MeXaHlIKe, IIpOHCXO~HJIa 6b1 AHUlb .n.aqa saepraa. nomI nepenasaeaoa saeprna eaasarensnoa TOAbKO Ha'lHHaH OT 3HepnU1
~ 1/'oJ _1_.

He3Ha'lHTeJlbHaH rrepeuasuaaer CTaHOBHTbCH

m2
m2

OTMeTHM, 'lTO-H 3~eCb pe'lb H~eT He npOCTO 0 CKOPOCTHX nopH~Ka CKOPOCTH CBeTa, a 06 sueprasx, 60JIbUlHX no cpaaaeumo C mi, T. e. 06 YAbTpapeJIHTHBHCTCKOM caysae. 3·a.D.aQH l.
'I'alO~eit Ha pIIC.

TpeyrOJlbHKKB II

ABC;
Pi' C,

o6,Pa30BaH P2 06eHX

BeKroPOM qaCTIIU

HMHYJlbCa PI

aaae-

qaCTIIUbI

HMUYJlbcaMII MeCTO TO'leK

HOCJle CTOJIKHOBeHH5!.

HaiiTH reouerpasecsoe .p'e ill e H II e. poro Moryr 6blTb

qeHHHM

PI' P2'

"

cOOTBeTcTByIO~Hx

acea

B03MO)l(IIb1M 311a.

I1cKoMaH'
ualiaeHbI

spaaas npeacraanaer
uenocpeacreenao C

co60fi ~JIJIHnc. nosyoca KOTOC nOMO~blO !P0PMYJI, nOJIY'Ie!lHblJII

a
PItC. 4
B sanase I K § II. ,Ueii:cTsHTeJlbHO, nFOH30e.D.eHllOe TaM nocrpoeaae npeacrasn~eT c060it HaXO}KaeHHe reOMeTpH'IeCKOrO MeCTa KOHUOB BeKTopOB B A-cHcTeMe. nOJlyqaIO~IIXCH 113 npOll3BOJlbHO uanpasaeaaux BeKTOpOB po C 3aAa1l1l0ii: AJlHHOK p(} B If-CHCTeMe. Y'lHTWRaH, 'ITO a6COJIlOTHhie BeJIlI1J.llllbi HMnYJlbCOB CTaJlKIIBaIO~HXCH '1ItCTHU B q-CHCTeMe O.ll:IIHa:KOBhIH lie MeHlflOTClI UpH CTOJIKIIOBeHHlJ, M~ HMeeM JJ.eJlO B

.-aIHCOM CJIYtflle· C .aHaJlOrH1J.HbIM. rocrpoeasea r

• ·lj-CltCTeIfe

.lI.J1~

aexropa

Pl'

AJlll

ttoTOPOTO

rA.e V - CKo.POCTh 'laCTIt!l,l>I mol IS q-cHcTeMe. coanaaaroutaa no BeJlI!1J.HlIe C() ca6pOCTbIO uearpa IIHepUlIII, pasaoa V pt! (~l m,) (CM. (11,4). Bpe:tYJlb'

n·re

~~M,

'ITO ManaK

II oo.nblU8J1 nonyeea

3J1J1HnCa p3BHbf

Po= At

m2PI

I2 2 'Vml +m2+2m~1
£

,-JI!aepaoe
IB 9TH BHPUte.tUIH

V2 -

+ m,,) m~ + m~ + 2n¥f1
mJPI (81
KOHe'IHo. c

COltnaMe'l'.

(13.11»).

141

MOMEHT

11MnYJlbCA

Tlpn 61 0 BeKTOp P~ cosnanaer C PI' TaR 'ITO paecrosuae AB paBHO p,. epaBHHBaH PI e y.nBoeHHoii OOJIbllIOH nOJlYOCblO 9JU1HnCa, aerxo y6CJlHTbCH, 'I'ftI TO'lKa A JleJKRT BHe 9JIJllInCa, eCJIH ml m2 (pRC. 4, a) H snyrpa aero BpII ml m2 (pRC. 4, 6). 2. Onpenennrs MHHllMaJIbHbIH yrOJI paanera 8mln 1JaCTHU nocne CTOJlKHOo seuaa, eCJlH uaccu oceax 'IaCTllU onaaaxoau (ml m2 m). P e 1Il e 11He. Ilpn ttl! m» TO'IKa A naarpaMMbI JIeJKHT na 9JIJIHnCe, a MHHHMaJIbHoMY yrJIy pasaera COOTBCTCTByeT nOJlOJKeHHe T01JKH C B KOHue MaJIOH nonyoca (pHC. 5). I-iJ nocrpoenas HClIO, 'ITO tg (8min/2) naercs OTHOlIleHlleM ,Il.JlHH nonyocea, H MbI HaXOll.HM:

•
=

<

>

t
IIJlH

6min 2

= ./

'V
~I

2m
~I

+m'
PDC. 'IaCTHU O,ll.HHaKo8oii: MaCChi

COS6mln=

lfl-m

+3m·
,Il.ByX B A-CllCTeMe

5 m
Bhl}>113 ....

Bj', .w~, X
P

3.

.IT,1H

CTOJIKROBeHHH

sepea

yrOJI paccesnna

91•
.llaeT B 9TOM CJIY'Iae:

e 1Il e H H e.

Oopauienae

¢OpMyJIbI

.w' =
1

(.wI m) + (.wI (.wI+m}-(SI-m)cos291

(l3,5)

m) cos2
I.

91

m,

. .w'=m+
2 CpaBHIIBali C BbIpaJKeHHeM
I

(!I

+I(SI sepes x:
2m
-

(.w2 -

m2)

sin29

- m) sin291

lfl =~I HaH.lleM yrOJI paccesnaa

.wI - m 2 (1 - cos X),

B Lf-CIICTeMe:

2m -

cos';(=

(<WI 3m) sin2 91 2m+(cW,-m)sin29l•

§ 14.

MOMeHTHMriYJlbCa

KaK M313eCTHOas KJlaCCJfll~CKOll MeXaHl'lKH, Y 3aMKHyroii e·HCTe" MbJ, KpOMe 9HeprMH H MMnYJIbCa, coxpauaerca euie H MOMeHT 1111nYJIbCa, T. e. BeKTOp

M=

L {rp]

(r H. p:_ pannyc-aexrop H HMnYJIbC lJaCTHll,bl; cYM~mpoBaHHe. npoH3BO.ll.HTCHno BceM xacruuaa, BXO.ll.51111HM cocras cncreau). CoB xpanenae MOMeHTa HBJl5leTCH CJIe.ll.CTBHeM roro, lJTO ¢YHKUH5I JIarpanaca .lI.Jl513aMKHYToil CHCTeMbl B CHJIY H30TponHM npOCTpaHCTBa He MeHHeTC5I npu nosopore CHCTeMbI KaK uenoro. Ilpoaeaan reneps aHaJlorHlJHblll BblBO.l\ B senapexaepaou BH,ne. MbI nOJIYlJHM pemlTHBHCTCKoe supaxceaae ·.lI.JlH MOMeHTa •. nYCTb Xi - xoopnnnar a O.ll.HOH H3 sacrau CHCTeMbl. Ilpoaaaeneu 6ecKo~ HeQHO MaJIblH nOBopOT B uerupexaepaox npocrpaacrne, 3TO ecrs

64
npeoopasoaaaae, 3Ha'leHlIH x", <PYHKUlIHMlI:

PEJl5ITHBHCTCKA5I MEXAHHKA

trvt.

ID

npn KOTOPOM KOOpAlIHaTbI Xi rrplIHlIMaIOT HOBbIe TaK 'lTO pa3HOCTlI x'! - Xi HBJIHIOTCH JIlIHellHblMlI (14,1)

C lJeCKOHe'lHO Ma.lJbIMlI K03¢¢lIUlIeHTaMlI

6Qik. nosopore

KOMrroHeHTbI 4-TeHB03HlIKaIOlll.lIMlI B OCTaBaJIaCb He1I3-

sopa 6Qik
pe3YJIbTaTe MeHHoll

CBH3aHbI

npa rperioaauaa,

3TOM COOTHOllleHlIHMlI, 'ITOObl

npn
II

AJilIHa

4-paAlIyc-BeKTopa,

T. e.

'lTOObI ObIJIO

x;x"

xx';

DOACTaBJIHH CIOAa

x'!

1I3 (14,1)
ik

oropacusas
asrcurero

'lJIeHbI, KBaApaTII'l-

asre

rro 6Qik,

KaK oeCKOHe'lHO MaJible

nopanxa,

HaXOAIIM:

X X 6Qlk=0.
~ho

paseacrao na

AOJIJKHO BblIIOJIHHTbCH cHMMeTpH'lHblll TeH30p TeH30p,

CKOJIbKY

xix" -

npu
6Qik

rrp01I3BOJIbHbIX

x'.

no-

AOJIJKHbI COCTaBJIHTb CJl.MMeTpH'lHOfO TeHTOJKAeCTBeHHO paBHO (14,2)

aHTHclIMMeTpH'lHblii

(npoaaaeneaae
O'leBI1}l,HO,

sopa

aHTIICI1MMeTplI'lHblii,

HyJIIO) :

H3MeHeHlIe AeiicTBI1H npl1 oeCKOHe'lHO MaJIOM 113MeHeHlIlI KOOpplIHaT Ha'laJIbHOH a H KOHe'lHOll b TO'leK TpaeKToplIH HMeeT BilA (eM. (9,10»

(CYMMlIpOBaHlIe TOMY

rrpOII3BOAI1TCHrro

lJae paCCMaTpHBaeMOfO

HaMIl CeH'laC

scex xacrnuaa nosopora

ClICTeMbl). 6Xi

CJIy-

= 6Q'ikxk,

a no-

ECJIlI pa301ITb MeTplI'lHbIH lI3 TeH30p

T eH30p

MeTpl1'lHYIO 'laCTI1, TO

nepaas

L pi xk

na

CIIMMeTpII'lHYIO

11 aHTHCI1M-

113 HI1X

npn

YMHbJKeHlIl1

na

aHTlICI1MBbiAeJI51H

nyuiee

L pi Xk

TOJKAeCTBeHHO naer

HYJIb. n03TOMY,

aHTHCHMMeTpH'lHYIO

sacrt.,

MbI MOJKeM aanacars

npensr(14,3)

paBeHCTBO B BHAe

6S = - 6Qik ~
)I,JIH 3aMKHYTol1 MeHHeTCH npa AOJIJKHbI OblTb nosopore B

I (piXk

pkXi)

I~·
3TO osnasaer, B (14,3):

CHCTeMbI J1.eiiCTBHe, 6YJl.Y'l11 HHBapHaHTOM, He 4-rrpOCTpaHCTBe. nro HyJIIO K03¢¢HUHeHTbI npn 6Qik

panasr

I (pixk

_lXi)"

I (piXk -

pkxi)a'

MbI

BllJl.HM, tJTO Y 3aMKHYTof!

CHCTeMbI OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHbIM npn

Jl,BHJKeHI1H,T. e. COXpaH51eTCH, eH30p T

Mik =

L (Xipk

X"pl).

(14,4)

fl41
9101 aHTHCHMMeTplfIll1bIH

M.OMEHT

IIMnYJIbCA HOCHT Ha3BaHHe 4-TeH30pa

65
MO-

TeH30p

MeHTa. npOCTpaHCTBeHHhle KOMnOHeHThl TeH30pa nearopa C KOMnOHeHTaMH rpexxepnoro MOMeHTa

M23=Mx,
KOMnOHeHThI :me TaKHM 06pa30M,

-MI3=Mg,

M= MI2=Mz•

MOMeHTa COBna.n.aIOT

L [rp]:
Mik

MOl, M02, M03

MO}l{HO sanacars

COCTaBJIHIOTBeKTOp

L (tp -

tffrlcZ).
B snae

KOMnOHeHThl TeH30pa

(1 '1,5) [cp. (6.10». B CHJIY coxpaneuas

HOCTH: Mill ,llJIH 3aMKHYTOH CHCTeMbI HMeeM, B lIaCT-

L (tp - ~:)
npyroa
--

= const.

nO.CKOJIhKY, C

CTOPOHhl, nOJlHaH snepras

L tff

TO}Ke coxpa-

HHeTCH, TO 3TO paBeHCTBO MO:mHO aanucart,

B sane

L s-

L8

-t

c2

Let' L8r L8
L L: ct'P

LP

= const.

OTCIO.n.a Mhl BH,llHM, lITO TO'lKa C panayc-aenropox

~=
c2

(14,6)

paBHOMepHO .n.BHiKeTCH co CKOPOCTblO

V=
KOTopaH ecrt, uenoro nynscy). He 'ITO auoe,

'

(14,7)

KaK CKOPOCTb ,lI.BHiKeHHH

(orneaaioutaa <l>0pMYJIa

no cpopMyJle

(14,6)

(9,8)

cncrexa

KaK U llMKO-

ee nOJlHblM snepraa onpeneneaae

naer

peJlHTUBHCTcKoe

opaauar uearpa HHepUHH MaJIbl no cpaBHeHHIO C

;S ~ mc2

aae 1),

(14,6)

CHCTeMbl. ECJlH CKOPOCTH scex '1aCTHU c, TO MO:mHO npH6J1HiKeHHO nOJlOiKHTb B 06bl'lHOe KJIaCCH'IeCKOe

nepexonar

ssrpaace-

~=

L: mr

Lm'

I) B TO apexa KaK KJlaCCn'leCKaH <!>opMYJla .n:JIHnenrpa HHepUHH OTHOCIITCH K CHCTeMaM KaK HeB3aHMo.n:eiIcTBYIOlll.HX, TaK H B3aHMo.n:eiicTBYIOIUHX xacrau, <jJ0pMYJIa (14.6) cupaaenaaaa JlHlll.b npa npeHetipemeHHH B3aHMOll,eHCTBHeM, B peJIHTHBHCTCKOii~exaHHKe onpeneneaae uenrpa HHepuHH CHCTeMbi B3aHMO.ll,eHCTBYIOIUHX qaCTHU Tpe6yeT ysera B HBHOM sune raxxce HMnyJlbca n saepran coanaaaeaoro HMH nOJIH.

66
06paTRM II nOTOMY npH .BHHMaHRe na TO, qTO KOMDOHeHTbJ BeKTOpa KOMnOHeHT KaKOrO-JlII60 CHCTeMbJ OTCqCT8

IrJI. lit

(14,6)

He

COCTaBJ1HlOTnpOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX

4-BeKTopa

speoepaaoaaasn

He npeoepasyicrcs U.eHTp ~lHeplUHJ

KaK KOop;nHHaTbJ KaKOH-J1H60 TOQKH. 003TOMY HOH H TOH )Ke CHCTeMbI QaCTHu. no CTeMaM OTCQeTa9TO pa3JIHQHbIe TOQKH.

onCH-

OTHomeHHIO K pa3JIll'JHbIM

3a)lalJa casas Me)l{AY MOMeHTQM HMnYJlbCa M rena (cacreuu lJaCTHU) B CHCTeMe OTClJeTa K, B KOTOpoli TeJlO .llBHll!.eTCfl co exOPOCTbJO V, Hero MOMeHTOM MfO) B CHCTeMe OTClJeTa /(0, B KOTOPOB TeJlO KaK ueaoe nOKOHTCfl; B 060HX CJIY'IaflX MOMeHT onpenenaerca no OTHOUleHHJO K OAHOIi H TOH lKe TO'lKe .......
OTHOCHTeJlbHO I( co CKOPOCTbJOV; au6epeM ee uanpasnenae B sasecrse OCH X. J1HTepeCYJOUlHe Hac KOMnOHeH1b1 TeHaopa Mik npe06pa3YJOTCli no ¢opMyJHIM (eM. 33.11.alJY § ~) 2

Hajrra

uearpy

Pe

HHeplI.BB reaa B CHCTeMe1(01). Ul e H He. CUCTeMa /(0 nsaacercs

M(O) 12 M12=

+ .!:_ M(O)02
t:
Ml3=

M(O) 13

+ .£ M(O) 03
c M23=M(I»23.

~l-~:
nauano

~
uearpe
B

TaK KaK B

KOOPAHRa1 Bbl6paHO B

STOH CHCTeMe

= M(O) 03 = 0.
XOAHM .IlJIfl

L (ffr = 0,
My

HHepUHH

nOCKOJlbKY

Hen

If

L P = 0,

rena

(8

CHCTeMe TO

/(0), TO. M(O) 02 = M, sa-

Y'lHTbll!~HI

CBBSI> Me2K.lI.Y KOMnOHeHTaMH Mik M(S) /I

H BeK"lOPOM

nocnennero:

-M(O) M A;X'

=-~--::::==-=-2=-.'
(B

1) HanOMHHM,

'ITO XOTl! B CHCTeMe /(0

soropoa

L P = 0)
OT

MOMeHT 11MBbl60pa

nyasca
110 8
(CM.

He aaBHCHT OT Bbl60pa CHCTeMe /( (B

aoropca

I § 9).

L P*0)

TO'lKH, no OTHOUleHIlIO K KOTOpoii OH MOMeHT saBHCHT

onpenenaerca,

srorc

rlIABA

III

3APR1l. B 3J1EKTPOMAfH

"THOM

nOJ1E

§ 15.

3nelVleHTapHlJle

qaCTHII.bI B TeopHH OTHOCHTenbHOCTH C ApyroM MO}KHO O!IHCbIBaTb Toro lITO()bI roaopars saCHRa. MO}KHO· cxaaara, a

B3aHMO;lJ;eHCTBHe ,'laCTHII. npyr nOMOIU.blO !IOHHTHH CHJIOBOrO o TOM, qTO OAHa 'laCTHII.a qTO IJaCTlUl;a C03AaeT soxpyr

noss. Baecro
cefia nOJIe; nOJIe,

,lI.eHcTByeT aa

ztpyryio,
aa

BCHKYIO npyryto

. CTHII.Y, HaXO,lVIIUYlOCH B 3TOM

,lI.eMcTByeT HeKOTopaH

B KJIaCCHIJecKOH xexanaxe nOJIe HBJIHeTCH JIlUlib HeKOTopbIM cnoC060M OIIHcaHHH <pH3H'IeCKoro lIBJIeHHH - B3aHMo.n;eiicTBHH 'laCTHII..

reopaa

}Ke

OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH OJIaro.n;apH MeHHeTCSI. CHJIbI,

KOHe1IHOCTH CKOPOCTH B naHHblH MOMeH1' .n;pyrHx

pacnpocrpaaenaa HhIM oopa30M H3MeHeHHe xacraaax rHIT, MbI

B3aHMo.n;eMCTBHH nOJIO}KeHHe Bem.eM CYIU.eCTseH· AeiicTBYIOIU.He B 3TOT MOMeHT.

aa qaCTHu.y, He onpe.n;eJISIIOTCH HX pacnOJIO}KeHHeM nOJlO}KeHHH 0.n;HOHH3 JIHHIb cnycrs

IJaCTHII. OTpa1KaeTCH ua

'ITO nOJIe

caxo

HeKOTOpbIH: npOMe1KYTOK BpeMeHH. 9TO 3HaCTaHOBHTCH ¢H3HlfecKoii OT npyra. peaJIbHOCTbIO. B3aHMOAei1:cTBHH na-

no cefie

He MO>KeM roBOPHTb 0 aenocpeacraeanox

CTHU.,Haxo.n;HmHXCH aa paCCTOHHHH npyr

Baasaoneacrane

M01KeT npOHCKOAHTb B Ka1KAbIH MOMeHT JIHlIIb

Me}KAY coceAHHMH

TOIJKaMH npOCTpaHCTBa (OJIH3KOAeHCTBHe). TI03TOMY MbI .n;OJI1KHbI roaopars 0 B3aHMOAeiicTBHH OAHOH 'laCTHII.bI c nOJIeM H 0 nOCJIeAYIOmeM B3aHMO;lJ;eHCTBHHnOJIH C ApyroH IJaCTHII.eii. MbI oY.ll.eM paCCMaTpHsaTb ABa BH.ll.a nOJIeH: nOJIH rpaBHTaII.HOHHMe fJIaBbI H 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe. fpaBHTaII.HOHHbIM rnasax nOJIHM nOCBHIU.ellbI TOJIbKO nOJIeM

X-XIV. B

OCTaJIbHbIX nOAH.

paCCMaTpHBaIQTCH C 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIM

3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIe

H3YQeHHIO B3aHMO.ll.eiicTBHH sacrau

npeanomnex B
rsepnoro

nexoropsre oomHe COOOpa1KeHHH, OTHOCHUl.HeCHK noHHTHIO «'laCTHII.bI> B peJIS!THBHCTCKOii MexaHHKe. . l<JIaCCHtIeCKOH MexaRHKe M01KRO BBeCTH nOHHTHe a6COJIIOTHO HH npa KaKHX YCJIOBHHX He MOTeopHH OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTHnOA aocoTeJIa, T. e. TeJIa, xoropoe

1KeT ObITb .ll.e¢OpMHpOBaHO. MeBaTb TeJIa, ace CHCTeMe orcsera, TeopHH

JIIOTHO TBep.n;bIMR TeJIaMH CJIeAOBaJIO 6bI COOTBeTCTBeHHOnonpasy-

pasaepu
rne

KOTOPbIX OCTaIOTCH HeH3MeHHbIMH B TOH: oAHaKo, BHAeTb, qTO soooure I1eB03M01KHbIM CYIll.eCTBO-

OHH IlOKOHTCH. JIerKo,

OTHOCHTe.'lbHOCTH neaaer

BaHHe aOCOJIIOTHOTBepAbIX TM. PaCCMOTpHM, nanpaxep, KpyrJIbl:ii cBoeii OCH, H npe.n;nOJI01KHM,

srro

AlICK, BpaUl.aIOUl.HHCH soxpyr CBH3aHHaH

OR aOCOJlIOTHO TBepA.

3APSI.1l 8J1EKTPOMArHHTHOMnOJ1B B

tr J1.liD'

C 3THM JJ.HCKOMcacrexa OTC'leTa, KOHe'lHO, He SlBJ1S1eTCSI HHepUHaJ1bHoii. MO)!{HO, OJJ.HaKO,BBeCTH JJ.J1SI K8)!{JJ.Oro H3 He60J1bUIHX 9J1eMeHTOB JJ.HCKa HHepUHaJ1bHYIO 3JleMeHT CKa, 06JIaJJ.alOmHX rrOJIO)!{eHHbIX CHCTeMY OTC'leTa, B KOTOPOH 6bI 9TOT B JJ.aHHbIH MOMeHT rrOKOHJlCSI; JJ.JISI pa3HbIX pa3JlH'lHbIMH 9.'1eMeHTOB JJ.H-

cxopocraaa,
panayca

9TH CHCTeMbI 6YJJ.YT, JJ.HCKa. BJIarOJJ.apSI H3 3THX OTpe3KOB OCTalOTCSI ra)!{e pa-

KOHe'lHO, TO)!{C paamorau.

PaCCMOTpHM pSlJJ.8JIeMeHTOB JJ.JIHHbI,pac-

BJJ.OJIb KaKorO-HH6YJJ.b

a6COJIlOTHOH TBepJJ.OCTH .1I.HCKa JJ.JIHHbI xaxcnoro KHMH xce, KaKIIMH JJ.JlHHbI

B COOTBeTCTBYlOmeH HHepUHaJIbHO~I CHCTeMe'OTC'leTa

OHH SlBJISIIOTCSI HerrO.1I.BH)!{HOrO .1I.HCKa. 3TH Y H H3MepSlIOmHH B JJ.aHHbIH MOMeHT paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH orpeaxoa nepneanaxyaspen CJIy'lae pannyc,

nonyuar

HX HerrOJJ.BH)!{HbIH Ha6JIIOJJ.aTeJIb,

MHMO xoroporo K cBoeH

npoxonar

JJ.HyC JJ.HcKa, nOCKOJIbKY Ka)!{.1I.bIH H3 CKOPOCTH, a Il09TOMY B TaKOM H sees COKpameHHSI.

He npOHCXO.1I.HT JIOpeHueBa H3MepeHHbIH

Ha6JIIOJJ.aTeJIeM KaK cYMMa COCTaBJISllOmHX orpesxos, 6y.n.eT TaKHM ace, KaKHM OH SIBJISleTCSIy HerrOJJ.BH)!{HOrO JJ.HCKa. C .1I.pyroH CTOPOHbI, .1I.JIHHa xaacnoro H3 9JIeMeHTOB OKpy~HOCTH JJ.HCKa, npoxoziamero B JJ.aHHbIH MOMeHT MHMO HerrOJJ.BH)!{HOrO Ha6JIIO.1I.aTeJISI, nonaepraerca ,ll:JIHH JIOpeHueBY ee npn cOKpameHHIO, TaK 'ITO H JJ.JIHHa seen tIeM JJ.JIHHa OKPY)!{HOCTH (H3MepeHHaSl OT.n.eJIbHbIX 'ITO OKPY)!{HOCTH noxoauteroca K pe3YJIbTaTY, HerrOJJ.BH)!{HbIM Ha6JIIOJJ.aTeJIeM KaK CYMMa, OKa}KeTCSI MeHbIlle, JJ.HCKa OTHOIlleHHe JJ.HCKa. MbI apauieuaa npHXOJJ.HM, TaKHM 06pa30M,

ero

HerrO.1I.BH)!{HbIM

OTpe3KOB)

JJ.JIHHbI ero

OKPY)!{HOCTII K panaycy (H;lMepSleMoe HenOJJ.BH)!{HbIM Ha6JIIO.1I.aTeJIeM) .n.OJI)!{HO 6bIJIO 6b1 H3MeHHTbCSI BMeCTO roro, 'lTOObI OCTaTbCSI paBHbIM

23t. Ilporasopeuae

aroro

pe3YJIbTaTa

co CJJ.eJIaHHbIM npen-

rrOJIO)!{eHHeM II noxasuaaer, 'ITO B JJ.eikTBHTeJIbHOCTH JJ.HCKHe MO}KeT OblTb aOCOJIIOTHO TBepJJ.bIM H npa spauienan HeH30e)!{H0 nonsepraerca HeKOTopOH CJIO)!{HOH JJ.e¢opMaUHH, H3 xoroporo cyurecraoaanna 3aBHCSlmeH OT

ynpy-

MoiKHO yoeJJ.HTbCSI H JJ.PYrHM nyreu. Flyers KaKoe-HHOY.1I.b raepnoe TeJIO BHeIllHHM B03JJ.eHCTBHeM B KaKoH-HHOY.1I.b OJJ.Hoii ero TO'lKe npHBoJJ.HTCSIB JJ.BH)!{eHHe. ECJIH ObI TeJIO ObIJIO aOCOJIIOTHO TBepJJ.bIM, TO see ero cnyxae naxo, TO'll{H TO'lKH .LiOJI}KHbI ObIJIH ObI rrpHHTH B .n.BH)!{eHHe OJJ.HOBpexoropas nonaeprnacs TaK B03JJ.eHCTBHIO; B KaK rrpOTHBHOM ObI. TeopHSI OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH, 0.1I.MeHHO C TOH,

rHX CBoikTB xarepnaaa, B HeB03MO)!{HOCTH

CJJ.eJIaH.1I.HCK. aOCOJIIOTHO TBep.1I.bIX TeJ1

'TeJIO .n.e¢OpMHpOBaJIOCb nepenaerca

JJ.eJIaeT 9TO HeB03MO)!{HbIM,'

B03.n.eHcTBHe OT nanaoa

K OCTaJIbHbIM C KOHe'lHOH CKOPOCTbIO, a noroay

K paCCMorpeHHIO eneuenrapnux 'laCTIIU, T. e. 'laCTHU, .1I.JHI OTOPbIX K MbI C'lHTaeM, tITO IIX MeXaHII'leCKOe COCTOSlHHe rrOJIHOCTblO OrrIICbI-

see TO'lKH TeJIa He MoryT OJJ.HOBpeMeHHO nasari, .n.BHraTbCSI. 113 cxaaanaoro BbITeKalOT onpeneneuaae BbIBOJJ.bI, OTHOCSlmIIeC51

BaeTCSI 3a.1I.aHIIeM rpex KoopJJ.IIHaT II Tpex KOMrrOHeHT CKOpOCTH JJ.BHmeHHSI KaK uenoro. OqeBIIJJ.HO, tITO eCJIII ObI 9JIeMeHTapHaSi uacraua OOJIaJJ.aJla KOHe'lHbIMH pasaepaaa, T. e. ObIJIa ObI rrpOT51)!{eHHOH, TO

§ 16) OHa He MorJIa

tIETblPEXMEPHblA

nOTEHUHAJ1

nOJ1S!

6bI .D.eq)QpMHpOBaThC5I, TaR KaK nOH5ITHe

nerpopxauaa

CBH3aHO C B03MO)KHOCThIO He3aBHCHMoro cref Te.'1a. Ho, KaK HOCTH IIOKa3blBaeT TBep.D.b1XTeJI. TaKHM MeHTapHble,

.D.BH)KeHHH OT.D.eJIhHblX 'la-

MbI TOJIbKO 'ITO BH.D.eJIH, reopaa OTHOCHTeJIbHeB03MO)KHOCTb CYIl1.eCTBOBaHH5I. a6COJIIOTHO. peJISITHBHCTKaK 3JIe,UpyrHMH 'IaCTHUbI

06pa30M .. B KJIaCCH'IeCKOH (HeKBaHTOBOH) 'IaCTHuaM,

CKOH MexaHHKe

xoropue

MbI ·paCCMaTpHBaeM KOHe'lHblX I).

HeJIb35I npHIIHCblBaTb

paaxepoa.

C,10BaMH, B npenenax

KJIaCCH'IeCKOH reopaa

3JIeMeHTapHble

.D.OJI)KHbIpaCCMaTpHBaTbC5I KaK

rovesasre

§ 16. lJeTblpeXMepHblu nOTeHUHan nOJIli

,UeikTBHe .D.JI5I'IaCTHUbI, .D.BH)KYIl1.eHCH 3a.D.aHHOM 3JIeKTpOMarB . HHTHOM nOJIe, CKJIa.D.bIBaeTCH H3 .D.ByX xacren: H3 .D.eHCTBHH (8,1) CB06o.D.HOH 'IaCTHUbI H H3 'IJIena, OIIHCblBaIOIl1.ero B3aHMO.D.eHCTBHe 'IaCTHUbI C nOJIeM. ilOCJIe.D.HHH .D.OJI)KeHconepacars xapaKTepH3YIOIl1.He KaK BeJIH'IHHbI, 'IaCTHUY, TaK H BeJIHlIHHbI, xapaKTepH3YIOIl1.He

none,

OKa3bIBaeTCH 2), HHM napaaerpou -

'ITO CBOHCTBa lIaCTHUbI TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM

B OTHOIIIeHHH ee B3aH0)1.'IaCTHUbI e, KOTOPbIH(HJIH paa4-BeK-

MO.D.eHCTBH5I 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIM C

nOJIeM onpe.D.eJIHIOTCH scero 3apflOOM

MO)KeT 6b1Tb KaK llOJIO)KHTeJIbHOH, TaK H OTpHuaTeJIbHOH TOPOM

HOH HyJIIO) BeJIHIJHHoH. CBOHCTBa ace nOJI5I xapaKTepH3yIOTCH

A;,

TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM

4-nOTeIUfUaJWM,

KOMllOHeHTbI xoroporo 3TH BeJIHIJHHbI BXO-

HBJIHIOTCH <PYHKUHHMH KOOp.D.lmaT H .D.HT B .D.eHCTBHeB BH.D.elIJIeHa b

speueaa,

r -7 J Atdx,
e
a rne <PYHKUHH noxa

)KHTeJIb TeX nop,

1/C BBe.D.eH3.D.eCb.D.JI5IY.D.06CTBa. CJIe.D.yeT OTMeTHTb,

y

A;

6epYTCH B TOIJKaX MHPOBOii JIHHHH IJaCTHUbl. MHo-. 'ITO .11.0 HaC HeT HHKaKHX <P0PMYJI,· CBH3bIBaIOIUHX 3apH.D.

I) XOTlI KBaHTOBalI MexaHHKa CYlll.eCTBeHHO MeHlIeT cHTyau.HIO, O.ll.HaKO H anecs reopaa OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH }J.eJIaeT xpaane TPY.lI.HhlM aseneane aerovexaoro B33HMO.ll.eiicTBHlI. 2) Cnenyiounre liHiKe YTBepiK.lI.eHlIlI H3.l1.0 paCCMaTpHB3Tb B 3HaljlITeJlhH'oii CTeneaa K3K peaynsrar onarnsrx naaasrx, BH.lI. .lI.eiiCTBHlI .lI.JIlI ljaCTHu.b1 B 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOM nOJIe He MOiKeT 6b1Tb yCTaHOBJIeH aa OCHOB3HHH O.ll.HHX TOJlbKO 06max cooepaaceaaa, TaKHX, KaK Tpe60BaHHe peJIlITIIBHCTCKOii HHB3pHaHTHocTH (nocnenaee .IlOnycKaJIO 6b1, aanpasep, B .IleiiCTBHH TaKiK.e H ljJIeH BH.Ila ~ A ds, rAe 0 KJIaCeH3<1><I>eKTbI;

CKaJIlIpHalI rpYHKUHlI)_ Bo H36eiKaHHe He.n;opa3YMeHIIH HanOMHHM, 'ITO qeCKoii: (He xaaaroaoa) reopaa, II nOTOMY aurne CB1I3aHHble CO cnHHOM qaCTHU.

A-

pess aaer aeane He YljHTblBalOTClI

aAP$I}l. B SJlEI(TPOMArHHTHOM nOJlB Hjm

[TJl. III

noreanaana
TaKHM

C H3BeCTHblMH Y)Ke BeJlHlJHHaMH, e}l.HHIUl,bJ }l.JlH HX OblTb BbiopaHbI npOH3BOJIbHblM

H3MepeHHSI MorYT oepaaox, nOJIe HMeeT BHA

oopasox

I).

).I.eHCTBHe ).I.JlH b

sapsna

3JleKTpOMarHHTHOM

s= ~(-mcds-:
a
, TPH npOCTpaHCTBeHHbre BeKTOp )Ke ee KaK TpeXMepHbIH BpeMeHHYIO 0603HalJHM

Aidxl).
4-BeKTopa

(16,1)

A,

KOMnOHeHTbI

H83b1BaeMbJH TaKHM

eesropnus:

norenuuanou

AI

oopa3YIOT nOJI5i.

KOMnOHeHTY Ha3bJBalOT

AO

= <po

CKaAJlpHblM norenuuason;

Oopa30M,

Ai = (<p, A).
n03TOMY

(16,2) ~
BH,ll.e

aarerpan S

).I.eifCTBHH MO)KHO
b

aanncars

= ~(a

me ds

+ ; A dr = dr Idt
H

e<p • dt) nepexons

K aurerpnpo-

HJIH, BBO}l.H CKOPOCTb qaCTHUbI V BaHHIO no BpeMeHH,

(16,3)
nO.u.bIHTeTpaJIbHOe pana

supaaceaae ecrs
nOJIe:

$YHKlI.HH

Jlarpanaca e<p.
(8,2)

,ll.JIH aa-

B 3JIeKTpOMafHHTHOM

L
nupazceaae OO}l.HOH sacrauu
3TO npOH3Bo.n.HaH 3HalJHM ero XO.n.HM:

=-

me' ~

•/

1 - C2

v2

e + c Av -

(16,4)
}l.JIH CBOB3aH-

OTJIHlJaeTCH OT $YHKlI.HH lJJIeHaMlI

Jlarpaasca

!... Av e P.

e<p,

KOTOpbJe onHCbJBaIOT

Mo.n.eHcTBHe aapana

C nOJIeM. 0606w.eHHblH HMnYJIbC lJaCTHlI.bI; 060Ha4 npOH3BO.n.Sl .n.H$$epeHlI.HpOBaHHe,

aLliJv ecrs

nocpencraox

(16,5)

3.u.eCb MbI 0603HalJHJIH

nocpencrsox

p 06bJlJHbIH HMnYJIbC lJaCTHlI.bIs

KOTOPbJH Mbl H oy.n.eM Ha3bIBaTb

I)

npOCTO HMnYJIbCoM.

00

YCTaHOBJleHHH

3THX e)l.HHHII, CM.

§ 27.

§t7}

VPABHEHH5I JJ.BHiKEHH5I AP5lJJ.A nOJIE 3 B

71
raMHJIbTOHa

(16,6) nupaxeua
MeiK)l.Y ~

<l>YHKUHH raMHJIbTOHa, CKOP'OCTb, a 113

OJJ.HaKO,JJ.OJDKHa 6bITb qro COOTHOllIeHHe H

(

He -

e p - -c

nepes (16,5-6)
'

xepea
'

0606meHHbIii: BH)l.HO,

HMIIYJIbC qaCTHUbI.

ecp

A-

raxoe ace,
( ~ -

KaK MeiKJJ.Y ~
eqJ

HJIH

aaane:

)2 =mc+

B OTCYTCTBHe IIOJIH, T. e.

22

P--e c

A)2 ,

(16,7) (16,8)

nJIH UHSl

MaJIbIX

Jlarpanxca

cxopocrea, T. e. B KJIaCCHqeCKOH xexanaxe, (16,4) IIepeXO)l.HT B

cl>YHK-

L=-2-+(jAv-e<p. B
3TOM IIpH6JIHiKeHHH

mo2

(16,9)

p=mv=P-'!!"A, c
H MbI HaXOJJ.HM CJIeJJ.YlOmee

aupasceaae
(

~=-1 2m
HaKOHeu, CTHUbI BbIIIHllIeM

P--A c

e)2

JJ.JIHcl>YHKUHH raMHJI.bTOHaI

+e<p.
OHO IIOJIyqaeTCSl

(16,10)
51K06H )l.JIH

ypaaneane
o606meHHOrO TaKHM

raMHJIbTOHa HMIIyJIbCa

xaca-

3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOM raMHJIbTOHa

nOJIe.

$YHKUHH MorO ~-Ha

-as/at.

(gradS-

~Ar-

P na
H3

06pa30M,

IIOJIyqHM

(16.7);

as/Or,

3aMeHOM B a

c~ (~~

+e<pr+m2c2=0.
B none

(16,11)

§ 17.

YpaBHeHHB

,Il.BHlKeHHB sapsna

3apHJJ., aaxonsumnca H3MeHHH

B IIOJIe, He TOJIbKO

CTBHIO co CTOPOHbI nOJIH, HO B CBOIO

ero,

O)l.H!J,KO eCJIH

aa nOJIe MOiKHO >KeHHe B 3a.u.aHHOM IIOJIe, MO>KHO CqHTaTb, CHT Hlf OT

aapan e He BeJIHK, TO ero )l.eii:cTBHeM npeaetipeus. B 3TOM caysae, paCCMaTpHBaH )l.BHqTO caxo nOJIe He 3aBIfYCJIOBHH, HH OT CKOPOCTH

nonsepraercs osepens cau BJIHSleT

B03)1.eii:na IIOJIe,

xoopnaaar,

aapsna,

TOqHbIe

12

3AP51.n 9JIEI(TPOMArmITHOM nOJIE B

rr JI. III

KOTOPbIM .nOJIJKeH y.nOBJIeTBOpSITb aapsn CqHTaTbCSI B YKa3aHHOM CMbICJIe MaJIbIM, HeHrneM lIeHHbIM. I1TaK,

.nJlSI roro, qT06bI OR Mor 6Y)I.YT BbISICHeHbI B )I.aJIb9TO YCJIOBlie BbinOJI-

(§ 75).

HIIJKe

MbI

6Y)I.eM

CqHTaTb

HaM Ha)I.O HaHTl1

ypaaueuas

)I.BIUKeHIISI 3apHJI.a B 3a)I.aHnOJIyqalOTCSI JIarpaHJKa

HOM .:lJIeKTpOMarHHTHOM

nOJIe. 3TH

ypaBHeHIISI

sapsn-

pOBaHHeM )I.eHCTBIISI, T. e. )I.aIOTCSI ypaBHeHHSIMH

et.

ei.

(17,1)
HMnyJIbC qaCTHl1.bI

rae L

onpe)I.eJISIeTCSI I}>0PMYJIOH

DPOH3BO)I.HaSI (16,5). ,llaJIee namex:

aLlov

ecru

(16,4).
o606ll1.eHHblH

ol: e -a r == VL =-c
Ho no 1I3BeCTHOH 1}>0pMyJIe grad ab

gradAv

e grad e.

aexropnoro
(bV) a +

aHaJIlI3a [b rot

= (aV)
)I.Ba

b+

a]

[a rot

b],

rne
HOM

a II

b-

JII06ble

aexropa.
e c

DpHMeHSIH 9Ty 1}>0pMyJIy K

nOMHSI, qTO )I.lIl}>l}>epeHI1.HpOBaHHe no

v,

Av

npOIl3BO)I.IITCSI npH

nOCTOSIH-

HaXO)I.IIM:

aL -a r
YpaBHeHIISI

=-(vV)A

e c

[vrotA]

e gr ad qr.

Jlarpauaca,
+ : A)

CJIe)I.OBaTeJIbHO, IIMelOT BII)I.

~. (p
Ho 113 H3MeHeHHlI

=:

(vV) A +

[v rot A] -

e grad

<p.

nOJIHblH )I.1I1}>¢epeHl1.lIaJI dd~

dt CKJIa)I.bIBaeTCSI
nOTeHI1.lIaJla co paCCTOSIHHe

113 )I.ByX

xacrea:
B )I.aH-

at

aA

dt aexropnoro
K

speaenea
3Ta

HOH TOqKe npOCTpaHCTBa TOqKII npOCTpaHCTBa

paaua

npyroa na
o6pa30M,

II 113 1I3MeHeHHSI npH

nepeXO)I.e OT O)I.HOH BTopaSI qaCTb

dr.

(drV)A.

TaKIiM

dt

dA

=»: + (vV)
aA .

A.
no.nysaea:

DO)I.CTaSJISISI 9TO B npenunymee

ypasuenae,
't"

~=_.!!....aA dt c
3TO II ecri, ypaaaenae

at.

-egradm+.!!....[vrotA].

(17,2)

)I.BIIJKemUI qaCTIII1.b1 B 3JIeKTpOMarHilTHoM

- nOJIe. CJIeBa CTOIiT npOH3Bo)I.HaSI OT IIMnyJIbCa qaCTIII1.b1 no BpeMeHII. CJIe)I.OBaTeJIbHO, asrpaxcenae B npasoa xacra (17,2) ecrs CIiJIa, .neHcTBYlOllI.aSI aa SapSI)I. B 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHoM nOJIe. MbIBII)I.IIM, qTO

§ 171

YPABHEHI151 ,nBI1)1(EHI151 3AP5I,nA B nOJIE

73
(nepBbIfi H BTO-

~JTa CHJIa COCTOHT H3 )J.BYX xacrea. pOll tIJIeHbI B CTHUbI.

Bropas

npasoa

tIaCTH

xacrs

(17,2»

Ilepaaauacrs

He 3aBHCHT OT CKOPOCTH 3aBHCHT OT :nOH

sa-

(TpeTHH

tIJIeH)

CKopaCTH: K Hen.

nponopUHOHaJIbHa

BeJIHtIHHe CKOPOCTH H nepneH)J.HKYJIHpHa

CHJIY nepsoro pona, OTHeceHHYlO K 3apH)I.Y, paBHOMY e)J.HHHue, Ha3bIBaIOT nanpsocennocruo 3AeKTpUttecKOcO nOAH; 0603HaQHM ee rIOCpe,lJ.CTBOM E. I1TaK, no

onpeneneamo,
1 iJA

E=-cd/-grad«p. MHOLKHTeJIb

(17,3)

pona,

rrpa

CKOPOCTH, TOtIHee

nocruo ItWcflUTI-lOcO nOAH; )J.eJIeHHlO,

)J.eiicTBYlOmeii

na

e)J.HHHtIHbIH

npn v / c, B CHJIe nroporo sa PS!)I., Ha3bIBaIOT nanpsscen0603HaQHM ee nepes H. I1TaK, no onpeH =rotA. (17,4)
E

E = 0, a H =F 0, TO nOJIe Ha3bIBaIOT xaeuutnuu. B o6meM cay-rae 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHOe nOJIe HBJIHeTCSI HaJIOLKeHHeM nOJIeii saexrpaxecxoro. H MafHHTHoro. OTMeTHM, tITO E npe,lJ.CTaBJIHeT C060H nOJISIpHbIH, a H - aKCHaJIbHbIH sexrop. YpaBHeHHH )J.BHLKeHllSIaapana B 9JIeKTpOMafHHTHoM nOJIe MOLKIlO
06
3AeKTpUtteCKoM nOAe; eCJIH LKe Terrepb HarrllcaTb B BIf)J.e

ECJIH B 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOM

nOJIe

¥= 0,

= 0,

TO rOBopHT

dT=eE+c[vHl.
CTOSImee

dp

(17,5)
nopenueeoti
CUAbt.

Ilepaas ee QaCTb - CHJIa, C xoropofi )J.eHcTByeT 3JIeKTpHtIeCIWe nOJIe ua aa PH)I., - He saBHCIfT OT CKOPOCTH sapana II opHeHTHpOBaHa no nanpaaneamo nOJIS! E. Bropaa sacrs - CHJIa, OKa3bIBaeM"8.SI MarHHTHblM nOJIeM ua 3apS!)J.,- nponopuaoaansna CKOPOCTH 3ap51J].<l
H

cnpasa

BbIpaLKeHHe

HOCHT Ha3BaHHe

aanpaanena

nepneH)J.HKYJI}JPHO K 3Toll nOJIS!

CKOPOCTH If K

HIfIO MafHIfTHoro

JJ.JISl cxopocren,

H.
cpaeaenmo pasen dv

nanpaane-

MaJIbIX no

CO CKOPOCTblO CBeTa, HMB

nynsc p

npH6JIHLKeHHO

CBoeMY KJIaCClltIeCKOMY BbIpa)KeHHIO

mv ,

ypaauenne

)J.BH)KeHHH

(17,5) nepexonur
e'

mdT=eE+c[vH). BbIBe)J.eM eure cKoii 3HeprHH

(17,6)
H3MeHeHHe KHHeTHqe-

ypasaeuae,
dtff KHH

onpenenarouiee
d
mel}.

tIaCTUUbI 1) CO apexenea,

T. e. npOH3BO)J.HYIO

(ft=df

1--

02.

e2
saepnno (9,4),
BK,~lO-

I) Ilon «KlUleTHqeCKOib Mbt nOHIlMaeM 3JJ.eCbH HH}Ke qalO~ylO B ce6H 3HeprHIO nOKOH.

r4
1I.efKo

3APSl.ll B 3JIEKTPOMArHHTHOM nOJIE y6e,ll.HTbCH, 'ITO

[fJI. lID

dr=Vd[;
DO,ll.CTa SJUUI

dBKHH

dp
nro

dp/ dt

H3

(17,5)

H aauesaa,

[vH) v

= 0,

HMeeM

dBKKH -;u-=e Ev.

fi3MeHeHue H3Se,ll.eHHaH cuny, nona KHHeTH'IeCKOH saepraa co BpeMeHeM (B ennaany Hero ecrs pariora, 113

(17,7)
npoBpeMeHH).

rroaex

nan

'IaCTUl(eH paana na

BH.llHO, 'ITO 3Ta sa BpeMH

paoora dt,

(17,7)
na paaaa 3JIeK,lI.BH-

npOH3Be.lleHHIO. CKOPOCTH sapsaa snexrpanecxoe sapana none. aa nepexenteaaa

C KOTOPOH ,lI.eHcTByeT T. e. npa

Pa60Ta

eEdr.

dr,
nan

Iloasepxaea,
none;

'ITO pa60TY MarHHTHoe

nan 3apH,lI.OM npOu3BO,ll.UT ronsxo

rpU'IeCKOa lKymHMcfI

B HeM sapaaou.

Ilocnennee

none

He npOH3S0,ll.HT pa60TbI CB5I3aHO~ C TeM, aa 'IaCTHI1.Y, scerna .

'ITO CHJIa, rrepnea-

C J{OTOPOit MarHUTHoe YpaBHeHH5I

nOJIe ,lI.eitcTByeT HHBapHaHTHbI

,lI.llKYJI5IpHa K ee CKOpOCTH.

SHaKa BQ.eMeHH, T. e. no OTHOIIIeHHIO K aaxeae 0Y,ll.ymero Ule,ll.IlIHM • .upyrHMH CJIOBaMH, B MexaHHKe 06a HanpaBJIeHIUI MeHU 9KBHBaJIeHTHbI. MexaHUKH ooparnoe B03MOJKHO 3TO 3Ha'lHT, xaxoe-aacyns

MexaHHKH

no OTHOUleHHIO K nepexeae nponpe-.

'ITO eCJIH COrJIaCHO ypaBHeHH5IM ,lI.BH}KeHHe, TO B03MOJKHO H

,lI.BHJKeHHe, npa

KOTOPOM CHCTeMa npOXO.llHT Te JKe COCTOHUMeeT MeCTO H B 3JIeKTpOMar9TOM, O,ll.HaKO, BMeMarHHTHOfO nOJI5I. He ,lI.BHJKeHH5I 3HaK

HHH B 06paTHOM nopsnxe. Jlerxo BU,lI.eTb, 'ITO TO JKe caxoe HHTHOM nOJIe B reopaa CTe C 3aMeHofi ,lJ.eikTBHTeJIbHO,

na

-t

OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH. IlPH Ha.110 H3MeHHTb

JIefKO BH,lI.eTb, 'ITO ypaBHeHH5I

(17,5)

MeH5IIOTCH, eCJIH npOH3BeCTH 3aMeHY

t~-t.
IlPH 9TOM, COfJIaCHO a BeKTopHblH MeH5IeT 3HaK:

E~E,

H~-

H.

(17,8)
He MeHHeTCH,

(17,3-4), <P~IJl,

CKaJI5IpHblH nOTeHl(HaJI

A-~-A.

(17,9)
nOJIe B03MOJKHO He,lI.Bl:DKeHHe B nOJIe

TaKHM xoropoe C 06paTHbIM 3a.ll.aQa

o6pa30M,

ecna

B 9JIeKTpOMafHHTHoM

,lI.BHJKeHHe, TO B03MOJKHO H ooparaoe HanpaBJIeHHeM

H.

Bupaaars YCKopeHHe qaCTHIJ:bl sepea ee CKOPOCTbII aarrpaaceanocra 3JIeK~pHqeCKOrO II MarHHTHoro nOJIeli. P e III e H II e. nO,Z{cTaBJIHeM B ypaaaenae ,Z{BHmeHHH (l7,5) p = vB KHHlc2, 8 dB KHHldt BblpamaeM COrJIaCHO (17,7). B pe3YJIbTaTe Hall,ll.eM:

v= ~

,Jl- ~:. + ~ {B

[vH] -

:3 V(VB)}.

§ 18}

KAJH1EPOBO'lHA}I

HHBAPHAHTHOCTb

75

§ 18,

KaJlHOpOBOlfHaH

HHBapHaHTHocTb 0 TOM, HaCKOJIbKO O)l.H03H8lJHO onpe-

Paccaorpax

reneps sonpoc

)l.eJIeHbI nOTeHl.l,HaJIhI nOJIH. DPH STOM cnenyer ysecrs, ';ITO none xapaKTepH3yeTcH TeM )l.eiiCTBHeM, KOTopoe OHO OKa3h1BaeT H8 )l.BH)KeHHe HaXO)l.SJIlI.HXCH HeM 3apH)l.OB. Ho B B ypaBHeHHH )l.BH)KeHHJI

(17,5)

BXO.ll.HTHe nOTeHI.I,HaJIhI, a HanpH:lKeHHOCTH nOJlH

H.

no-

9TOMY )l.Ba nOJUI cpH3HIleCKH TO)K)l.eCTBeHHN, eCJlH OHH xapaxrepa3YlOTCH O)l.HHMH H TeMH )Ke BeKTopaMH ECJIH aanausr nOTeHI.I,HaJIhI A H

(17,4),

BTIOJIHe O)l.H03HatIHO

E H H. cp, TO 3THM, COrJlaCHO (17,3) H onpeneneau' E H H, a 3HallHT H nOJIe,

COOTBeTCTBOBaTh paanaxrne

O)l.HaKO O)l.HOMY H TOMY )Ke nOJIIO MoryT KOMnOHeHTe nOTeHI.I,HaJla

HhIe nOTeHI.I,HaJIbI. 4TOObI 'yoe)l.HThCH B 9TOM, npHoaBHM

Ak

BeJIHtIHHY

-af/axk,
Torna

HaH CPYHI{I.I,HH OT KOOp)l.HHaT H spexena. XO)l.HT B

nOTeHI.I,H8JI Ak nepe-

f-

K Ka)K)l.oi% npOH3BOJIh-

(18,1) Ilpa
TaKoH saaeue B mrrerpaae )l.eHCTBHH

(16,1)

nOHBHTCH norton-

HHTe.llbHhlH tIJIeH, npencraanmomaa

COOOH nOJIHhIH )l.HCP«t>epeHI.I,Uall:

!.....!L dxk c axil

ECJ1H BMeCTO

= d(!....f). c

(18,2) I § 2).

tITO He BJIHHeT ua ypaBHeHHH ABH)KeHHH (CM.

uerupexaepnoro (18,1)

nOTeItI.l,HaJ1a BBeCTH BeKTopHhlH KOOp)l.HHaThI B BH)l.e

H CKaJ1HpHhIH II BMeCTO KOOp)l.HHaT Xi -

uerupe

ct,

X,

y,

Z, TO

paBeHCTBa

M02KHO nanacan,

A =A+gradf,
JIerI<O yoe.lUITbCH

cp

=Cp-c7H'

af

(18,3)
nOJIH,

B TOM, tITO 9J1eKTpliIleCI{Oe

H MarHHTHoe

(17,3-4), )l.eiiCTBHTeJ1bHO He H3MeHHIOTCHnpn nO)l.CTaHOBI{e BMeCTO A H cp nOTeHIJ,HaJIOBA' H cp/, onpe)IeJleHHhIX COrJlaCHO (IE,3). TaKHM oripasox, npeotipaaoaanae noTe!:II.I,HaJIOB (18,1) He H3MeHHeT nOJIH. Iloreauaaau onpenenenu no9TOMY He O)l.H03Ha'IHO - aexropaua nOTeHI.I,HaJl onpenenen C TOtIpaBeHcTBaMH HOCTblO )1.0 rpanaeara npOH3BOJlbHOH CPYHKI.I,HHH CKaJlHpHhIll c TOQHOCTblO)1.0 npOH3BO)l.HOH no BpeMeHH OT TOll ace CPYHKI.I,HH •

onpeneneuuue

.B

tIaCTHOCTtI, K BeKTopHOMY nOTeHI.I,HaJIY MO)KHO npH6aBHTb aexrop, a K CKaJlHpHoMy nOTeHI.I,IfaJlY -

JIIO-

60H: nocToHHHbIH

JllOoylO

nocT05lHHYIO. aTO BH)l.HO H HenOCpe)l.CTBeHHo H3 roro, sro B onpenenenae E H H BXO)l.SlTTOJlhKO npoasnonnue OT A H rp, H nOToMY npHOaBJIeHHe HOCTH nOJIH. pHaHTHbI no K nOCJle)l.HHM nOCTOHHHbIX He BJlH5IeT aa Te BeJIH'IlIHhI, uanpaaceuHHBa-

<l>H311'IeCKHHCMhlCJl lIMelOT JIHllib

xoropue

OTHOllieHHIO K npeoopaaoaaamo

nOTeHIJ,HaJIOB

(18,3);

16
n03TOMY

3APSI.1l. B9JIEI(TPOMArHHTHOM 1l0JIl~ BCe ypaBHeHHH .lI.OmKHbI 6blTb HHBapHaHTHbI no

If JJ 1111 OTHOIlle-

HHIO K 9TOMY npe06pa30BaHHIO. 3Ty HHBapHaHTHOCTb Kallu6p080iiHOU HJIH epaouenrnoti (rrO-HeMeUKH ee Eichinvartanz, no-aaraancxa - gauge invariance) I). OrrHCaHHa5I HeO.lI.H03HalIHOCTb rrOTeHUHaJIOB MOlKHOCTb BbI6paTb

Ha3bIBalOT Ha3bIBalOT B03Mbl

.lI.aeT scerna KaK

HX TaK, 'lTOObI OHH Y.1l.0BJIeTBOpHJIHO.1l.HOMY npoO.lI.HOMY, TaK O.lI.HY <PYHKUHIO fB

H3BOJIbHOMY .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOMY YCJIOBHIO,MOlKeM npOH3BOJIbHO BblopaTb HOCTH, sceraa JIHPiIblH nOTeHUHaJI MO:iKHO BbIopaTb nOTeHUHaJI

(18,3). B

lIaCT-

nOTeHUHaJIbI nOJI5I TaK, 'lTOObI CKaHYJIIO. C.1l.eJIaTb lKe rosopa,

YCJIOSHe A 0 npencraanaer ,(.u.nH rpex KOMnOHeHT A).

paaausr

<P

ObIJI pasea

aexropuun
KaK

HYJIIO, aoooute

HeS03MOlKHO, TaK

COOOMTpH .1l.0nOJIHHTeJIbHbIX YCJIOBHlI

§ 19.
aasacstaee

nOCTOHHHoe 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHoe

nOJIe noae, He

nOCTOflHHbtM 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIM OT

rrOJIeM MbI Ha3bIBaeM

spexena.
paBHO

O'leBH.lI.HO, 'lTO nOTeHUHaJIbI TaK, 'lTOObl

nOCTOHHHoro none

nOJIH MOlKHO BblopaTb

OHH OblJIH <pyfIKUHHMH TOJIbKO ilOCTOHHHoe MarHHTHoe' ilOCTOHHHoe xce 9JIeKTpH'leCKOe

no-npeacnexy
nOJIe

OT KOOp.lI.HHaT, HO He OT BpeMeHH.

H = rot A. E= -

grad<p.

(19, I)
IIOJIe onpe.1l.eJIHeTC5I

TaKHM

06pa30M,

nOCT05IHHOe 9JleKTpH'leCKOe nOTeHUHaJlOM, a

TOJIbKO CKaJIHpHbIM TeHUUaJlOM. Mbl BH.1l.e.'1H B

MarHHTHOe -

aexropnux

no-

onpeneneasr

.npenunyuiea

naparparpe, onnaxo,

'lTO rrOTeHUHaJIbI rrOJUI yoe.n.HTbC5I B TOM, 'lTO nOJIe C noaotuuo npOH3BOJIbHYIO

He 0.n.H03Ha'lHO.

Jlerxo,

eCJIH OIIHCbIBaTb

nOCT05IHHOe 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHoe

He 3aBHC5IruHX OT BpeMeHH Uf)"aJIY MQ)KHO nputiasnrs,

nOTeHUHaJlOB, TO K CKaJl5IpHOMY nOTeHHe H3MeHHH nOJIH, JIHilib

nOCTOHHHYIO (He 3aBHCHruyIO HH OT KOOp.n.HHaT, HH OT BpeMeHH). OObl'lHO aa <p HaKJIa.n.blBaIOT enie .n.onOJIHHTeJIbHOe YCJIOBHe, Tpe6ySJ, lJrOObl OH HMeJI onpeneneaaoe scero aaaseaae B

onpenenennof

TO'lKe no-

npOCTpaHCTBa; HyJIIO na

'larue

Bbl6HpaIOT

<p TaK; 'lT06bl

OH 6b1JI pasen

6eCKOHe'lHOCTH.

Torna

H ynoMHHYTa5I

npOH3BOJIbHaH

CTOHHHaH CTaHOBHTC5I onpenenemroa, H CKaJI5IpHbIH nOTeHUHaJI no. CTOHHHoro nOJISJ,TaKHM oopaaox, CTaHOBHTCSJ BnOJIHe 0.n.H03Ha'lHbIM. HanpOTHB, nasce npntiaanrs BeKTopHbIH nOTeHUHaJI

no-npezcaexy

He 0.n.H03Ha'leH

.n.JISJrrOCTOSJHHoro 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHoro rpanaenr 'leMY panna 9HeprHH sapsna

nOJIH; K HeMY MOlKHO B nOCTOHHHOM 9JIeKTpO-

JIIOOOH <PYHKUHII KOOp.n.HHaT.

Onpenenaa,

MarHHTHOM nOJIe. ECJlH nOJIe nOCTOHHHO, TO H <PYHKUIUI

Jlarpanxca

I) Ilonsepxuex, 'ITO 3TOT pesyasrar CB1I3aH C nO.llpa3YMeBalO~HMClI B (18,2) nOCTOllHCTBOM e. TaKHM o6pa30M, KaJIH6pOBO'IHali HHBapHaHTHocTb ypaBHeHHil 9JleKTpO.llHHaMHKH H coxpaaeaae sapaaa TeCHO CB1I3aHhI Jq>yr c apyroa,

§ 19J

nOCTOSlHHOE

3J1EKTPOMArHHTHOE

nons

71

).I.JISlaapazra COrJIaCHO

He saBIiCIIT. SlBHO OT BpeMeHII.

KaK

II3BeCTHo, D 3TOM

cay-rae snepraa

coxpaaaercs,
IIMeeM:

coananas

C <pYHKUHeH raMHJlbTOH~l.

(16,6)

TaKHM

06pa30M,

BCJle).l.CTBIIe HaJlIIqIISl

nons

K 3HeprHII·

qaCTHUbL B

npII6aBJlHeTCH OTMeTIIM

qJleH e<p -

cyutecraenaoe
none

noreauaaasaaa

3HeprIIH 'ITO

06CTOHTeJlbCTBO, HO He OT

TOJIbKO OT CKaJlHpHOro, CJlOBaMII, MarHHTHoe lIaCTHUbI

nexropnoro

norenuaana .
none.

aapana sneprua

no.ne.

3aBHC"T .uPYfHMH 3TO CBH-

He BJlHHeT

aa sneprmo

3apH).I.OB; saeprmo

MOLKeT H3MeHHTb TOJlbKO 3JleKTpHqeCKOe

3aHO C TeM, 'ITO MarHHTHoe qeCKOMY, He rrpOII3BO).l.IIT ECJlH aanpasceaaocn, HaKOBa, TO

noae,

B rrpOTIIBOrrOJlOLKHOCTb3JleKTpH-

none

noaa BO acex TOqKaX npocrpaacrsa O).l.HHa3bIBaIOT oonopoonsi». CKaJlHpHbIH noreauaan

nons
MOLKeT 6bITb BbIpaLKeH

nan

3apH).I.OM pa60TbI.

O).l.HOpO).l.HOrO 3JleKTpHqeCKOrO

xepea

HarrpHLKeHHOCTb 'IIOJlSl COrJlaCHO paBeHCTBY <p=-Er. neHCTBHTeJIbHO, IIpH LKaeTCH nepea E= const HMeeM grad

(19,3)
(Er)
=

(E

V)r

BeKTopHbTH LKe rrOTeHUIIaJl O).l.HOpO).l.HOrO MafHIITHoro

nanpaaceauocrs

sroro noaa H
I
[Hr].

nons

E. aupa-

B BII).I.e

A ="2
neiicTBIITeJlbHO, npa H

(19,4)
noaouiuo
2H rrOJIH MOLKHO II3BeCTHbIX

= const
=

HaXO).l.IIM C

<P0PMYJI sexropaoro

aHaJIH3a: H div r (HV) r=

rot [Hr] (HarrOMHIIM, 'ITO div r = BeKTopHbIH BbI6paTb !I aaase,

3).
MarHHTHoro B BII).I.e

nOTeHUHaJI onaoponnoro nanpuuep,

Ax = - Hy,
(OCb Z auopana IIpII II TaKOM BbI60pe

Ay= Az =0
H).

(19,5)
y6e).l.HTbCH, tITO H

B).I.OJIbHarrpaBJIeHHH

Jlerxo (18,3)

HMeeT MeCTO paBeHCTBO H OT npyra 113

= rot

A.

B COOT-

BeTCTBIIH C <p0pMYJIaMH rrpe06pa30BaHIIH

rrOTeHUHaJIbI V

(19,5)

(19,4)
<PYHK-

OTJIHqaIOTCH npyr

rpa).l.IIeHTOM aexoropoa rrpII6aBJIeHHeM

UIIII:

=':_xyH/2.

(19,5)

. nonyxaerca

(19,4)

t,

rne

t=

3a,ll,aQa

Hanacars aapaauaoaauf IIpHHll.HII J\JH! rpaexropna sacrauu (IIpHHll.HfI MOIIepTlOII) B IIOCTOHHHOM 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHOMIIOJIe B peJIl'ITHBHCTCKOii exaHIIKe. M P e III e H II e. DPIIHll.lIII MOIIepTiOH aaKJIiOqaeTCH B TOM, 'lTO eCJIII IIOJIH8l'1 3HeprHH qaCTHU;hI coxpaaaerca _(J\BHJKeHHe nOCTOHHHOMIIOJle), TO ee TpaeKB

3APllJ]. B aJlEICTPOMArHHTHOM

noaa

[rn. 1111

roprut

MOlKeT 6blTb

onpeaeaeaa

H3 8apKallHOHHoro

ypaBHeHHII

,,~ P dr=O,
tJl.e P - o606meHHblii HMrryJIbC 'IaCTH~N, BblpalKeHHf>ili sepea 3HeprHIO H JJ:H<fJq,epeH~HaJIbI KoopJJ:HHaT, a HHTerpaJI 6epeTCH BJJ:OJIb rpaexropaa 'IaCTHlI,bl

:(€M. I § 44).

TIoJJ:cTaBJIHH P

= P +!!... A c

saxesas,
= 0,

'ITO

aarrpasaeaaa P

dr

(\~ (p dl + ; A dr)
rae dt =...jdr2 ecrs 9JIeMeHT J1.yru.
HaXOAHM O~OH'IaTeJIbHO:

OnpeJJ:eJI.RH p H3

,r + m3c2 = (8 ~ el¥)2/c2,

.r, ~

{'v' :2

(8 - ecp)2 - m!c2dl

+ ~Adr} =0.
noae

§ !G.

)l.BHlKeHHe

B nOCTOllHHOM OJl,HOpO,ll.HOM 9JteKTpHlIeCKOM

Paccsorpaa
BneKTpHqeCKOM BbI6epeM MyT altA.

,l{BH}KeHHe none

E. Hanpasneaae

sapana e

B O)J;HOPO}J.HOM nOCTOHHHOM

nona

npltMeM

aa

OCb

x.

.aBH-

.>KeHHe 6Y)J.eT, OTJeBH)J.Ho,riPOHCXO)J.HTb B O)J.HOM: JIOCKOCTH, KOTOpyIO n

sa

nJIOCKOCTb

xy. Torna ypaaneaaa

)J.BH>KeHHH

(17,5) npa-

px=eE,
IToQKa HaA 6YK130H 0603HaQaeT

pg=O
)J.H<pq,epeHll.Hp013aHHe no

px=eEt, Haxano Po ecrs snepraa {20,1),

OTCTJeTa BpeMeHH HMnyJlbc B IiOJIe) 3HeprHH

Pll

= Po·
B TOT MOMeHT, (9HeprHH 6e3

MbI Bhl6paJIH qaCTHll.hl CJIytIae:

t), orsyaa (20,1) xorna p» = 0; ctoaa

(20,2)

tIaCTHlJ,hl 13 aTOT MOMeHT.

KHHeTHtIeCKaH

paaaa Z KUR =

C.y rrt'lc2 + p2.

nOTeHll.HaJlbHOH

nO)J.CTaBJIHH

HaX0Jl.HM B HarneM
KKK

8 = -Vm2c4 .C2p~ (ceEt)2 = 8~ rne 80 - saepraa npa t = O. CorJIaCHO (9,8) CKOPOCTb fIaCTHll.bl v = pc2j8 VX = X HMeeM, CJIe)J.OBaTeJIbHO:
dx
HHTerpHPYSI. HaXO.ll.HM:

-v

+ (ceBt)2,
KKH •

.aJIH CKOPOCTH

pS,c2

Tt= $IUlH
x
.(nocToHHHYIO

=
'

c2eEt ,y~g+(ceEt-r (20,3)

HyJIIO)

ek

~-1J""'5-+-(-c-eE-t-:::)2
noaaraeu paaaoa

HHTerpHpoBaHHH

1).

1) 3rOT pe3YJIbTaT (npn Po = 0) cosnanaer C peurenaex SaAa'IH 0 peJIHTHBHCTCKOM ABlflKeHHH C I1QC'f{)HHHblM «co6cTBeHHblM YCKQPeRReM» Wo eElm (ca. SI.8'IY K § 7). nOCTGlIHCTBO 9TOCO ycxopeaax l'111f3aHO B !laHHOM e.nyqae C TeIIl, 'ITO 3JIeIITpH'IeCKOe none He MeHlIerCH «PH npeoop8aoB8HHRX JIopeHIla co CKOPOCTHMHV, a8Hl'aBlleHHbtMH B)J.OAb troJI11 {CY... § 24}.

-=

5 21}

.n.BH)I(EHME B O.n.HOPO,nHOM

MAfHHTHOM

nOJIB

Poc Y=eE
YpaBHeHHe rpaexropaa II nO)l.CTaBJIHH B

Ars h --, ceEt

e,
83

(20,4) (20,4) t
sepea

(20,3). ::no aaer:

X=
~o

H8XO)l.HM, BblpaJKaH

eE

ch eEy ,
PoC

(20,5)

TaKHM nOJIe no

oopasov,
uennof

3apH)I. JIHHHH.

)l.BH)KeTCH B O)l.HOPO)l.HOM 9J1eKTprflleCKOM

;So = mel!; paanaras

HOCThlO )1.0 lJJIeHOB

ECJIH CKOPOCT}> lJaCTHII.bl

aucmero nopsnsa:
X

(20,5)

<<. c,
no

TO MO)KHO lIOJIO)KRTh Pa mvO; CTeneHHM lie, nOJIYlJHM, C TOlJ-

eE = 2mvo
--2

+ const,
pe3YJIbTaT,

T. e. SapH)I. )l.BH)KeTCH

no napaooae, -

xopomo

H3BeCT-

HhlH H3 KJIaCCHlJecKoii: MexaHHKH.

§ 21.

.ll.BH>KeHHe B DOCTOSlHHOM O)J.HOPO)l,HOM none

MarHHTHOM PaCCMOTpHM HHTHOM nOJIe

H. Hanpaaneuae

reneps

)J.IHllKeHHe

sapana e
[vH]

B O)tHOPOJUlOM

Mar-

nOJIH Bbl6epeM

S3 OCh 2. YpaBHCHHH

p=~c
MbI

nepenaurex

B )l.pyroM

BH.lI.e, no.n.CTaBHB BMeCTO. HMJlYJlbCa

P=7'

~v

rne it - saepras
YpaBHeHIHI

lJ8CTHll.bI,

xorepas
c

B M8fHHTHOM TOf)l.a BH,Lt

nOJIe nOCTOlIHHa.

)l.BIUKeHiUl

npaotiperaior

..!.~=!_ c2 dt
"JIH, B KOMnOHeHTax,

[vH],

(21,1)

ux=covy,
rae Mbl BBeJIH 0603HalJeHHe

ulI=-roVX'
ftcH Q)=-w.

ti.z=O.

(21,2)

(21,3)

SAP51,U B 3JJEKTPOMArHHTHOM YMHO}f{HM DbIM: nropoe H3 ypaaueaaa

nOJIE aa

[rJI,

nr

(21,2)

H CJIO){\HM C nep-

OTKY,l{a Vx r,l{e
.Q

+ iv, = ae==',
MOJKHO aanacars a BHAe
?"

= Vote-ia,

a-

KOMUJIeKCHaSl UOCTOSlHHaSi. Ee -

rne

Vot H a

aeutecraeuau, Torna ox i» u - vOt e-t (6)t+a)

a, OT,l{eJIHSlAeiicTBHTeJIbHYIO
Ox

H MHHMyIO IJaCTH, aaxonnx: Vy

= Vot

cos (rot
a

+ a),
-

=Vot,
Vy ,
2

VOt

sin (rot

+ a).

(21,4)

11OCToHHHbie VOl H 'HaIJaJIbHaH

onpe,l{eJI51IOTCSlHaqaJIbHbIMH }Ke xacaerca

V ot

YCJIOBHSlMH,ex ecrs

<!>a3a; sro

TO H3

~21,4)

BH,l{HO, liTO

_./2+ x 'V V

T. e. Vot ecrs CKOPOCTh qaCTMUbI B nJIOCKOCTlf ABH)KeHHH nOCTOflHHOiL 113

xy,

OCTaIOmaSlCfl

npa

(21,4)
x=

HaXO,l{HM, aarerpapys
Xo

erne

pas:

+ r sin (rot + a),

y = Yo + rcos (rot

+ a),

(21,5)

r,l{e

(21,6)
(PI HeHHH npoexnas HMnyJIbCa HaXO,UHM: v;;: aa nJIOCKOCTb H

(21,2)

xy),

113 rpersero

ypaa-

= Vo;;:

(21,7)
113 (21,5)M (21,7) BH,l{HO, IJTO aapan ABIUKeTCH B OAHOPO,l{HOM MarHHTHOM nOJIe no BlfHTOBOif JIHHlfH C OCbIO BAOJIb MarHlfTHoro nOJHI H C panayccx npn

r,

onpe,l{eJiSleMblM

3TOM IJOC'TOSlHHano BeJIHIJlfHe. T. e. aapsn

= 0,

(21,6).

CKOPOCTb

xacraua
Voz

qaCTHOM cnysae,

xorna

He HMeeT CKOPOCTH B,l{OJIb IJOJISl, OH ABH)KeTCSl no K nOJIIO. KaK BHAHO 113 cpOpMyJI, ecrs UHKJIHIJeCKaH qaCTOTa

OKPY)KHOCTI1 B nJIOCKOCTH, nepneHAI1KYJISlPHOH

Beaauaaa
spameaaa ECJIIl nOJIO}!(HTb

m,

lIaCTMUbI B nJIOCKOCTM, nepneHAMKYJIHPHOii K nOJIIO. CKOPOCTh ~IaCTMUbl MaJIa, TO MbI MO)KeM npM6JIMLKeHHO

;S = mc2• Torna

IJaCTOTa

ro npespauiaercs

ro=_-,eH
ilpeAnOJIOLKMM POllHhIM, reneps, npa liTO

me

(21,8)
nOJIe, OCTaBaSlCb O,nHO-

MarnMTHOe

Me,l{JIeHHO H3MeHHeTCSl no BeJIMqHHe Ii HanpaBJIeIlMIO. 3'fOM ,nBH}KeHHe sapaaceaaoa

RCHHM, KaK MeHfleTCH

sacrana,

Bu-

§ :tIl

,n:BH)KEHI1EB O,n:HOPO,n:HOM ArHHTHOM nOJIE M KaK H3BeCTHO, npa

81

Me)1.JIeHHOM-H3MeHeHHH YCJIOBHH ,n:BHmeHHH

OCTalOTCH nOCTOHHHbIMH TaK pHaHTbl.

aaasraaeaue

a)1.Ha6aTHQeCKHe HHBa· K

nOCKOJIbKY )1.BH)KeHHe B nJIOCKOCTR, nepneH)1.HKYJlHPlIOH

MarHHTHOMY nOJIIO, nepHO)1.H'IHO, TO a)1.HaQaTHQeCKHM HHBapHaHTOM HBJIHeTCH HHTerpaJI

1=
B3HTbTH no oxpyxorocra

2~

f v,«.
)1.aHHOM cnyxae ua no

nOJIHOMY nepHO)1.Y ,lI;BH>KeHHH, B

(PI -

npOeKlI.HH

0606w.eHHoro

HYIO nJIOCKOCTb) 1). nO)1.CTaBJIHH

P, = Pt

1=
B nepaox
BeJIH'IHHe H aanpaaneno Croxca H 3aMeHHeM rot

2~

f Pt dr + f
2~C
no

e +-c A,

HMnyJIbCa HMeeM:

YKa3aH-

A dr.
a6COJIIOTHOH:

QJIeHe 3aMe'IaeM,

A = H:

dr;

QTO

Pt

nOCTOHHHO no

KO BTOPOMY npHMeHHeM

reopexy

I=rptrne

;c Hr2,
paaeacrao

r-

panayc

Op6HTbl2).

nO)1.CTaBJIHH B sro

HHe )1.JIHr

(21,6),

aupazce(21,9)

naXO)1.HM:

OTCIO}l.a BH)1.HO,tITO npn nyasc xorna

MeJl.JIeHHOM H3MeHemm H K

p,

MeHHeTCH npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHO pe3YJIbTaT

3TOT

MO)!{HO npHMeHHTb

-vH.

H nonepeuaull
npyroay

HM-

cJIyqalO-

sacraua

Jl.BHmeTCH no BHHTOBOM JIHHHH B nOCT051HOM, HO He MaJIO MeHHeTCH aa BHHTOBOM Op6HTbI). a no OTHOIlleHHIO IIHTe-

Taxoe

BIIOJIHe O)1.HOPOJl.HOM MarHHTHOM nOJIe (nOJIe paCCT051HH51X,cpaaaaaux C paztuycoa H maroa )1.BHmeHHe MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb CMew.aIOIUei1:cH C reseauea BOH oponre,

KaK Jl.BH)KeHHe no- xpyroBpeMeHH,

I) eM. I § 49. rpaJlbl ~ p dq,

A.n:HaoaTlIlJeCKIiMIi IIIlBapHaHTaMH

lIBJllllOTCli sooome

B311Tble no nepaony

113MeHeHHll .n:aHHoH xoopnauarta

q. B pac~

caarpasaexoa cnysae nepnoau no ilBYM xoopaunaraa - B nJlOCKOCTlI, nepnen.lI.HKYJllIPHOi% H, - COBnaAalOT II aanacauaua K aarerpan I npeACTaBJI!leT COOOH CYMMY .n:BYX COOTBeTCTBYlOmHXaAHaOaTIIlJeCKHX IIHBapHaHTOB. Onnaxo KalKAblH H3 3THX IIHBapHaHToB B OTileJlbHOCTH He HMeeT ocoeoro CMblCJla. TaK KaK saBHCHT OT heo.n:H03I1a'lHOrO saeopa aexropnoro nOTeHUHaJla nons. npOHCTeKalOmall OTCIO.n:a aeonaoaaasaocrs a.n:HaoaTHlJeCKIIXHHBapliaHTOB orpaxcaer TOT !jJaKT, 'lTO, paccaarpaaas MarHHTHoe noae KaK onnoponaoe BO acex npOCTpaHCTBe, B npaauane HeJlb3S1 onpeaenars B03HHKalOlUee BCJleACTBne nepeMeHHOCTIl H aaexrpaaecxoe nOJIe, 3aBIIClIlUee B .n:eiicTBHTeJlbHOCTHOT KOHKpeTHblX YCJlOBHii Ha oeCKOHe'lHOCTIi. 2) npOCJIeAHB sa aanpasaeaaea ooxona KOHTypa Op611TbI .llBlIlKymllMclI noJIOIKHTeJJbHblMsapaaov, yoe.llHMClI. 'ITO OH npOIICXOAHT npOTHB xacoaoa CTpeJI· KH, ecJIH CMOTpeTb B.o.OJlbH. OTCIO,l(a 3HaK MURyc BO BTOPOM'1J1eHe.

3AP».n B 9JlEKTPOMArHHnIOM nOIlB

H !'JTOR op6HTe nOJIe K8K 6hl MeHSJeTCSI CO apeueaex,

IfJI. III ocraaaacs (no OTMeHSleTCSI

O.n.HOPO}J;HblM. Toraa MOJHHO YTBep>KJI.aTb, liTO HOllleHHIO K HanpaSJleHHIO nOJISI) KOMnOHeHTa no a3J{oH}' I}>YHKUHSI H KBMpaT

nonepeesaa
HMnYJIbC8 a

Pt 1ICH, xoopnanar, C
ee HMnyJIbCa

rne

C. -

nOCToSJHHaH,

H-

aananaax
(a C HeIO npo-

JlpyroR

CTOPOHbI, KaK

H npa

,!{BHJKeHHH BO

sCSIKOM nOCTOHHHOM MarHHTHOM

p2)

nOJIe, SlHeprHSJ qaCTHUbI MeHSleTCSI no 3aKOHY

OCTaeTCSI nOCTOSlHHOH. il03TOMY

,AOJIbHaB KOMnOHeHTa

n= p2 -

HMnYJIbCa

p;= p2 B 06JIaCTH

eH (x, y, z).

(21,10)
nOJISI

flOCKOJIbKY IIPOHHKHOBeHHe

scerna

,ll.OJIJKHO 6b1Tb

pi ~

0,

TO OTCIO,ll.a BH,ll.HO, lITO JlBHLKeHHH B nanpaa-

(CH

> p2)

lIaCTHlI.bI

'!{OCTaTOlJHO CHJIbHOrO

OKa3b1BaeTCH HeB03MOLKHblM.

Ilpa

JleHHH YBeJlHllHBaJOlllerOCH

nOJISI paJlHYC 8HHTOBOH rpaesropaa e.

.aCT
mar POR lKaSi -

nponopUHOB8JIhHO

PI

nponopuaoaaasno
B npOTHB rpanaenra

Pt/ H (T.

Pl. Ilpa

nponopuacaassao

1/..ffi),
H8

y6bIa ee KOTO-

oepauraerca spamarsca

B HYJIb.

npezcaea

sacraua

JlOCTHLKeUHH rpaHHUN,

OTpaLKaeTCSI OT nee: npoaonHarrpaBJIeHHH, OHa HalJHHaeT ,!{BHTaKJKe (TaK H K ,ll.pyrOMY B SlBne9TOH sa-

rarsca BRIO neHTpa CBRaH .A.3lJa

nOJISI.· CMellleHHIO lJaCTHUbI 9TOMY

HeO){UOp0,1l;HOCTb MeJlJIeHHOMY BHUTOSOH

nOJIs{ npHBO.ll.HT

uearp

rpaexropaa

nonepexaoxy
op6lfrw);

(apefJ.l/JY)
aasuaaior

Be)'{yIIlero

KpyroBoH

sonpocy

nocaamena

K cJIe.n;YIOw.eMY

naparpaipy,

3ajlaqa

Onpeneaars qaCTOTbI KOJIe6aHHH aapaaeanoro npOCTpaHCTBeHHoro OClUIJIJJII' ropa, aaxoaameroca B nOCTOllHHOM OAHOPO.LJ:HOM MarHHTHOM noae; co6CTBeHHa1l "IaCTOTa KOJle6aHHH OCUHJlJIIITopa (npa OTCYTCTBHH ness) paaaa 000' Pew e H H e. YpaBHeHHlI SbIHY:lK.LJ:eHHblX KOJle6aHHii OCIUIJlJlBTOpa B U3rBHT'o 110M nOJIe .(HanpaBJIeHHOM B.LJ:OJIbOCR z) HHelOT BHA
.. X )'MHO)!{aB

eH. + c.oax = me y,
2 ypasaeaae sa

.. y i

+ c.ooY= 2

eH··· me x,

z + c.oOZ= O.
2 nOJlyqaeM'

aropoe

H CKJla.LJ:b1Ball C nepnaa,

t + c.o~S = x+

l eH ~,

me

rAe ~ = iy. OTCIO.LJ:a H8XO.ll.HM, 'lTO qaCTOTbI aOCTH, nepneH;II.HKYJJBpHOH K DOJlIO, paBHW

KOJIe6aHHii

OClUUJlllTOpa

B MO-

co = ~ c.o~ +
ECJIH none

!(:~)2± 2:'~'
eH 2mc.
HeH3MeHHblMH, OCTalOTcn

MaJlO, TO STa 4!0pMYJla

nepeXO.LJ:HT B

co=c.oo±
I(OJle6aHHSI BAOJlb aanItaBJleHHlI nMS!

§ 22}

ABH)KEHHE3APAAA B nOCTOSIHHbfXnOJIStx

83

§ 22•

.lI.8HlKeHlle sapsaa B nOCTOSlHHblX O,!l.HOPOABhI" 9J1eKTpHlfecKoM H MarHHTHOM nOJUIX

Haxoaeu, paccxorpux ABIUKeHHe sapnaa B cnynae onaoapeueaaoro HaJlHlfH5I O)1.HOPO)I.HhlX H (lOCTOSlHHblX anexrpaxecaoro H MarHUTHoro nOJIeH. Mbl orpaaauaaca npa 3TOM HepeJlllTHBHCTCKHM CJlY-' qaeM, KOr)I.a CKOPOCTb sapana v ~ C, U nOTOMY ero HMnyJlbc P = Hanpaaneaae H Bhl6epeM aa OCb z, a nJlOCKOCTb, npoxonsmyro nepes aexropu H II E, aa nJlOCKOCTb yz. Torna ypaBHeHHH )I.BH:lKeHHH

my; KaK MhI yBAAHM HH:lKe, .u.J1S1 sroro HeOOXO)I.HMO, qTOObI TpHqeCKOe none 6bIJlO MaJlO no cpaBHeHHIO C MarHHTHbIM.

saex-

mv = eE +!!.. [vH] c
" y mx=ce·H , .. e·H my=e E s =:>

HanHUIYTCH B BU)I.e

,
sapsn

(22,1)
)I.BH>KeTC5I

mz=eEz•
H3 TpeTberO ypaBHeHIIlI BH)I.HO, tITO B)I.OJlb OCH Z T. e. paBHOMepHO-YCKopeHHO,

Z=

eEz 2 2m t

+ vOz·t
(22,1) aa
II

(22,2)
CKJIa)I.bIBaH C

nepaua,

YMHO:lKaH

sropoe ~ (i

U3 ypaBHeHHH

HaXO)I.HM:

iy)

iro (i

iy)

=t

; By

(ro= ell tmcv, HHTerpaJI sroro saerca KaK HeH3BeCTHoe, paaen

ypaBHeHHH, cyMMe

rne

i+iy

IIHTerpaJIa

aroro

>Ke

paccxarpaypaaae-

HHH oe3 npaBOH tIaCTH II lfaCTHoro UHTerpana ypaBHeHHH qaCTbIO. Ilepnsrf H3 HHX ecrs ae=w', BTOPOH pasea

= cEy/H.
a = bela

eEy/mro =

C npaBOH

TaKHM

06pa30M,

X
OOCTOHHHaH

+ iy = ae-irot + C!y
MbI MO>KeM

.
Hanacas
ee B BH.u.e

C BemeCTBeHHbIMH b H a, MbI BII)I.HM, tITO nOCKOJIbKY HO>KaeTCH aa e-icot, TO, BbIOHpaH COOTBeTCTBYIOUl.HM oopasoa lIaJIO OTClIeTa B BpeMeHII,

a, sootime rosopa,

KOMnJIeKCHaSl.

nae, i

+. iy

BbIoepeM

ee TaK, 'ITOObI

np anars

cpa3e

ObIJIO Belll.eCTBeHHO.

naa. JIIOOoe aaaseTorna, OT)I.emIH (22,3)

no OCH

YM-

MHHMylO H Belll.eCTBeHHYIO tIaCTII,

HaXO)I.IIM: sin

x=a
MhI
OPH nOM BII)I.IIM.

cos

rot

+ c E;:.
t=0

iJ = -a

rot.

B MOMeHT BpeMeHH lITO KOMnOHeHTbI

CKOPOCTb nanpaaaena

x.

CKOPOCTII lIaCTHU:bI HBJIHIO.TCH nepao-

84

SAPSl.nB 9JIEKTPOMAfHlITHOM flOJIE HX CpeJJ.HHe 3HaqeHH}'!

[fJI paBHbI

In

JJ.HqeCKHMH <PYHKII.IUlMH BpeMeHH;

-:

X=-g-.
qeCKOM II MarHIITHOM

cEy

y=O.
3JIeKTpH-' 3JIeKTpH~ nOJISIM 3apSIJJ.a.

9TY CpeJJ.HI010 CKOPOCTb JJ.BH)KeHHSI3apSIJJ.a B CKpemeHHbIX nOJISIX qaCTO Ha3bIBalOTCKopOCTblO

necxoro 8peCi¢a.
H He 3aBHCHT

Ee

aanpaaneaae

nepneHJJ.HKYJISIPHO K 060HM OT 3HaKa

B
a

BeKTopHOM nacars KaK'

BHJJ.e ee

MO)KHO sa-

v =-;p-'

c [EH]

(22,4)

Bee <l>0PMYJIbI aroro naparparpa npHMeHHMbI, ecna CKOPOCTb qaCTHII.bI MaJIa no cpaauenmo co CKOPOCTblO cBeTa;· MbI BHJJ.HM, qTO JJ.JISI sroro CTR, qTo6b1 rpeoyercs, B qaCTHO3JIeKTpHqeCKOe H Mar-

HRTHoe nOJISI YJJ.OBJIeTBOpSIJIRyCJIOBRIO {j

H~I,
aOCOJIIOTHble )Ke BeJIHqHHbI

Ey

(22,5)

PRe. 6
HHTerpHPYSI IIHTerpHpoBaHHH erne

H
a

Ey

MoryT

ObITb

npOH3BOJIbHblMH.

pa3 ypaBHeHHSI

TaK, qTOObl npn

(22,3) H Bbl6HpaSl nOCTOHHHbIe t = 0 ObIJIO X = Y = 0, nonyxaex:

cEy

=00 sin rot + If t,

(cos

(22,6)
ypaBHeHHSI KPHBOH,

Y= :

ro/-

I).
Ha3bIBaeMYlO npoeKII.IIH TPOXOH.ny. rpaexropua

inn
B

PaCCMaTpHBaeMbIe ypaBHeHHH

KaK

napaaerpasecxne
HJIH MeHbIIIe

onpeJJ.eJISIIOT COOOH TaK OOJIbIIIe

3aBHCHMOCTH TO roro,

qima

a,

qeM

aOCOJIIOTHaSI BeJIHqlIHa II

cEy/H,

aOCOJIIOTHaH BeJIHCOOTBeTCTBeH-

qaCTIIII.b1 aa nJIOCKOCTb HO aa pliC. ECJIH

a = -cEy/H,

6, a

pac, 6,6.
TO

xy

HMe~T BHJJ.,H300pa)KeHHblH

(22,6)

nepexonnr

cEy roH (rot -

sin rot), (22,7)

cos

y
T. e. npOeKII.lIjJ (pHc.6,8),

cEg = roH (I aa

rot),

T.paeKTOpHH

nJIOCKOCTb xYSIBJlSIeTCSI II.HKJIOIIJJ.OH·

221

nBl1)KEHI1E

3AP5lnA

B nOCT05llIHbIX

nOJUIX

85

I. Onpeaeaars
pOJlI!b1X

penaruancrcxoe H MarHHTHOM MarHHTHoe H

.nBHlKeUHe

3J1eKTpH'IeCKOM

P
CTIlHeM

III e H He.

H8npaBJIeHHII

oaaoro

(OCb

z), xoropoe

none

nonax.
He BJIHlIeT nOJIlI;

sapana

napannensaux
BIlOJlb

OJl,II0-

na

Jl,BHlKeHHe

COBMeCTHoro

npOHCxOJl,HT, n03TOMY

CJIeJl,OBaTeJIbHO, COrJlaCHO

JlHlllb

9JIeKTpH'IeCKOrO

§ 20

non

.neii-

HaXO)l.HM:

Z=-.llJIlI ABHlKeHHlI

{$KHH

eE ' xy

{C = 'V KIfH
HMeeM

_I .)

{Cii + (eeEt)

B nJIOCKOCTH

e PX=cHvy,
HJllI

PY=-cHvx,

ypaaneana: e

d -dt ( Px
OrCIOJI,a

+ tpy _)

= -1-- eH ( Vx
C

+.) IVy

ieHc = =rzr:: ( Px +.tpy. )

<D KHH

rne PI rareasuas

nOCTOllHHoe BeJIII'IHHa

<p aaeneua

aaasenne

npoexuaa
COrJIaCHO

HMnyJIbCa

na

nJIOCKOCTb

xy,

BcnOMO-

COOTHOIllCHHIO

d<p
OTKYlla

= efle-;:;;-,
{Co sh
(.

dt E

<D KHH

ct=eF
.llaJIee HMeeM:

7T<P.

(1) d(x+iy) dIP

»; + tPy=Pl
oTKy.na

-iqJ

=~

{$KHH

+ ty =7 ..) eH
y= CPt

x== __ t sin
¢OPMYJIbi

ep eH

m
'P

eH

cos

o.

(2)

(1-2)

BMeCTe

C <p0pMYJIoii

Z=-,
OnpeAeJl!!IOT CTaBJI5IeT B napaMeTpH'IeCKOM BHHTOBYIO JlHHHIO

s,
eE

ch- <p H
)l.BHlKeHHe C

(3)
'IaCTHllbi. H

BHJI,e C

c060ii

IllHM maroa, no xoropoa '1aCTHua ljJ = eHe/iS KH" H crpeaamenca Ke 2. Onpeneaars peJlllTHBHCTCKoe KyJI!lPHblX H H paBHbIX no BeJIH'IHHe OCb

panaycox
Jl,BHlKeHHe

cpt/eH

Tpaexropas
yr

npen-

MOHOTOHHO

B03paCTalO-

Jl,BHlKeTC5I CKOPOCTblO

y6blBalOIlleii

B.nOJIb OCH

sapana
H

z.
BO a

aosoa

cxopocruo

B3aHMHO OCb

3JIeKTpH'IeCKOM

MarHHTHOM

P
JleHHH

III e H He.

Bbl6Hpall

nonaraa dpx dt

E e

Z B.nOJIb

H, uanaureu 'dt
BO

uanpaaaennn H, ypaanenna Jl,BHlKeHHlI: ( Vx) 1--

nepnenaanonax I). Y - B aanpas-

--=-Evy
I)
3a)la'la K 0

c
H

dpy --=eE

c'

dpz --=0 dt
HO He CHCTeMbI o.nHHaKOBbiX OTC'IeTa CBO-

no

)l.BHlKeHHH

B3aHMHO

nepneH)l.HKYJIlIPHblX, npe06pa30BaHHeM

BeJIH'IHHe

AHTCII .{CM.

§ 25}.

sanase

nOJIliX

Ha)l.JIelKalllHM

0 ABHlKeHHH

B '1HCTO 3JIeKTpH'IeCKOM

HJIH '1HCTO MarHHTHOM

none

86

3AP5IJl. B 3J1EI(TPOMAfHI1THOM

nOJlE

IfJl

III

H, KaK HX CJle,llCTBHe, ypaaueaae

(17,7):
dISKR ~=e "

E vy.

H3 &THX ypaBHeHHH HMeeM:

pz=const,
HcnoJlb3Yll TaKJHe

IlfKHH- cpx

= const """a.
= C2p~ +,,2

paaeacrso 2 Ilf~HH- c p; = (IlfKHH+ cPx) (IlfKHH- cPx)

(rAe

2 8 ::a

m2c4

+ c2p~ = canst),
fO

naxoaaa:
1 2 = a ( C 2Py +" 2) ,

...

KIIH+ cPx

II sareMI

a IlfKUH=T+ Px=

c2p~ +,,2
20

+s+

a.

c2

p! + ,,2
2ac

8TKy.u.a

2eEt
~JllI

=(

82 + Ii2 )

Py

3a2 pY'

c2

(1)

onpe,lleJleHHH rpaeKTopHH

B ypaBHeHHHX

dt = Ilf KHH' .,.

nepexonaa
K rrepexeaaof py COrJIaCHO pOBaHHC npHBO.ll.HT K q,opMYJiaM

dx

c2px

dt = ;S KHHdpv/eErx,
)

nOCJIe

nero nnrerpa-

X=

c( ,,2 2eE -1 +(i2

Py

ca. 3 6a2eE Py,

(2)

CllapMyJlbl ·(1-2) nOJIHOCTbIO onpenenmor B napaMCTpH'lCCKOM BH,llC (napaMeTp py) ,llBHJHCHHC 'laCTHlI.bI. 06paTHM BHHMaHHe TO, 'ITO HaH60JIee 6b1crpo B03paCTaeT CKOPOCTb .llBHiKeHHlI B aanpaaaenaa, nepneH.llHKYJIHPHOM E H H fOCb x). 3. Onpenezars CKOPOCTb .llpeiiq,a eenyutero uenrpa Op6HTbI HepCJIlITHBHCT' CKoii 3apHiKeHHoH qaCTHlI.bl B KBa3HO,llHOP0,llHOM nOCTOHHHOM MarHHTHOM nOJIe

aa

{H. Al{ven, 1940).

~{tl -

e H II c. I1pC,llnOJlOiKIIM CHa'IaJIa, 'ITO xacrana .llBlliKeTClI no xpyrosoa opeare, T. e. ee CKOPOCTb He HMeeT npO)J.OJIbHoii: (B.llOJIb nOJIH) COCTaBJIHIOllleii. I1pe)l.CTaBIIM ypaaaenae TpaeKTOpHH sacranu B aane r= R(t) t;(t), rile R(t)-paAHYC-BeKTOp aenyutero uearpa (Me.llJleHHO MeHHIO~aHClI q,YHKIJ,HH BpeMeHR), a 6b1CTPO OCll,HJIJlHpyIO~aH BCJJH'IHH8, H306paiKaiOw.aH spamareasnce ABa·

P e III

§ 22) )KeHue BOKPyr

.ll.BH)I(EHHE 3APSI.ll.A B nOCTOSIHHblX

nOJISIX qaCTHUY

f37

C [r

aeaymero nenrpa,

YCpe.n;HUM .n;eii:cTBYlOmylO· aa

cany

H (r)]

no rrepaony

OCUI!JlJlHUHOHHoro.(xpyrosoro)

.n;BU}!{eHHH (cp.

I § 30).

Bxo,AHmylO B nee CPYHKUHIO (r) pa3J10}!{UM no CTeneHHM ~: H

H (r)

= H (R) + (~V) H (R).

Ilpa ycpezaeana

'IJleHbl nepnoro nopaaxa no oopamaiorca B HyJlb, a 'IJleH aroporo nopaaxa HUTeJlbHoii: CUJlbl

ocuuJlJlupYlOmei! BeJlU'IUHe ~(t) npasonrrr K nOHBJleHUIO zionca-

f=~[~(bV)Hl.

.D.JlII xpyrosoro

.n;BU}!{eHUII

t = ro [bo],
r.l{e 0 e.n;HHU'IHblH sexrop B aanpaaneaaa

H; 'IaCTOTa ro = eillmc; v 1. -

CK9'

POCTb 'IaCTHlI.bl B ee xpyroaoa .n;BU}!{eHUU.(:pell:Hee aaaxeaae npOU3Be.n;eHllii KOMnOHeHT BeKTOpa ~, apamaroureroca B nJlOCKOCTU(nepneH.n;HKYJlIIPHOii K n):

~a~~ = '2 ~2~a~,

rae (lap -

e.a.HHU'IHblii TeH30p B aToii

nJlOCKOCTH.B

peayasrare

nOJly'lHM:

f
B CHJIY ypaBHeHHii div nOJIe H (R), HMeeM:

=-

mv2 2H1. [[oVl H].

nOCTOIIHHoe n

0, rot H = 0, KOTOPblM ynoaaeraopser

[0 rot

[[oVl H] = -

div H

+ (oV) H +
(no

H] = (oV) H

= H (oV)

+ n (oVH).
K CMe-

Hac nrrrepecyer nonepesaaa meHHIO Op6HTbl; OHa passa

OTHOUleHHIO K 0)

CUJla, npaaoaauras

f = - _1._ (nV) 2

mv2

0 = _1._

mv2
2p

v,

rae p - paaayc KPUBU3Hbl CUJlOBOHJlHHUH nOJIII B ,!\aHHoii TO'lKe, a ,,eD.UHU'IHblH sexrop, aanpaaneaaaa 01' uenrpa KpHBH3Hbl K aTOH TO'lKe. CJIY'laii, xorna 'IaCTUlI.a oOJIa)l.aeT raxace U nponoasaoa (B)l.OJIb n) CKOPOCTbIO VII, CBO.n;HTCH npe)l.bl.n;ymeMY, eCJIH nepeara K CHCTeMe OTC'leTa, spaK maIOmeHcH aoxpyr aenyurero uenrpa] HMeeT nponoasaoa uearpooeacaaa MrHOBeHHoro uearpa KpHBU3HbI CIIJIOBOHJlHHUH (rpaexropau C yrJIoBoii CKOPOCTblOvil/p. B aTOH CHCTeMe sacrana He CKOPOCTH, O nOHBJlHeTCH,lI.OnOJIHUTeJIbHalI onepesaaa H n CUJIacnna

CHJIa, paaaaa

"mv~/p.
f.l

m VII v~) ="p (2 +2

TaKHM oepasoa,

rrOJIHalI nonepesaas

9Ta CUJIa aKBHBaJleHTHa rrOCTOHHHOMYSJIeKTpU"eCKOMY nOJIIO C nanpaacenHOCTblO f .lIe. COrJlaCHO (22,4) OHa auasraaer ,!\peHcp seayurero uenrpa OPOUTbl co CKOPOCTblO

aHaK aToli CKOpOCTH3aBHCHTQT 3HaKa aapaaa,

~8

3APSlJlB 3JIEKTPOMAfHlITHOM nOJlE

IfJl. 1111

§ 23.

TeH30p 3neKTpOMarHHTHoro

DOng

B § 17 Mbl BbIBeJlH ypaaaeaas Jl.BHLKeHH51 sapana B nOJIe, HCXOJl.H H3 CPYHKI.I.HHJlarpausca (16,4), aanncanaoa B rpexaepaov BHJl.e. BbIBeJl.eM reneps re LKe ypaBHeHHH HenOCpeJl.CTBeHHo H3 .n.eHcTBHH (16,1), aanacaaaoro B serupexaepuax 0603Ha'leHHHx. I1pRHI.I.Hn HaHMeHbillero .n.eHcTBHH rJIaCHT
b

6S = 6 ~ ( - me ds - : At dxl) = O.
a

(23,1)

3aMe'laH, tITO ds = dx, dx' , Haxo.n.HM (npenenu HHTerpHpOBaHH51 H b Mbl 6YJl.eM Hl-ILKe Jl.JIH KpaTKocTH onycxart.) :

-v

6S = -

\(

me

dx I dbx
ds

e + cAl

d6x

let)

+c

6..AI x d

= O.

Ilepsue nna 'lJIeHa B nonuurerpansnox rpapyea no tIaCTHM. Kpoue roro, B nepsoa POCTb dx.f ds = U/. Torna

BblpaLKeHHH npoanre'lJIeHe BBeJl.eM 4-CKO-

~ ( me dut6;1

+ : 6x

dAt - ~ 6At dX!) - ( mcu,

+ f -At) ~xt I = O.
(23,2)

BTOPOH 'MeH sroro paBeHCTBa paseu HyJIlO, TaK KaK aarerpan sapsapyerca npa 3a.n.aHHbIX 3HalJeHHHX KOOpJl.HHaT aa npenenax • .II.aJIee,

6At =--k 6x,

II n09TOMY

oAt ox

dAI = -k-dx ,
Ike iJAt

oAt iJx

. ~(

Ie

meduj6x

+--k-6x

oAt

c iJx

dx

---k

Hanaurex B nepsox tIJIeHe du, = ds, BO BrOpOM H rpersex di = ut ds. Kpoxe roro, B rpersex lJJIeHe rrOMeHHeM MeCTaMIi HHnexcst i H k (9TO HHlJerO He H3MeHHT, TaK KaK no aaasxax i Hk npOH3Bo.n.HTCH CYMMHpOBaHHe). Torna
~[

du

d:

c iJx

dx 6x

k) =0.

me-tduo

ds

--

e (iJAk ----C

OAI)
oxk

oxi

k]

6x t ds s=I),
'lTO nonuarerpansnoe

BBH.n.y rrpOH3BOJIbHOCTH ()Xi orcrozta BbIpaLKeHHe paBHO HYJlIO: dUi mc---

cnenyer,

ds

e (OAk -----, OA.) C iJxt iJxk

=0.

§ 23) BBe~eM

TEH30P anEKTPOMAfHHTHOro non~ 0603HalleHlle

oAk F ik = oxi STOT aHTllCllMMeTpllllHblH MaeHUTH,OZO nonn. TeH30p dui mCds OTO -

oAt oxk ;
TeH30p0Jrf,

(23,3) 8AeKTpo-

Ha3bIBaeTCH

Torna rronyseaaoe ypasaeaae =-F c

e

HanHIlleTCH B BH~e (23,4) q>opMe. BbIHCHHTb,

ik
B

Uk'

ypanuenne

~BIDKeHHH

sapana

serupexaepaof
Fik
JIerKO

CMbICJI OT~eJIbHbIX nO~CTaBllB 3Ha'leHHH TaT 2, 3

onpeneaenne (23,3). Pe3YJIhMOR{HO aanacars B Bll~e Ta6JIHUbI, B xoropoa anztexc i = 0, I. ayxepyer CTPOKll, a aanexc k - CTOJI6ubI:
B

A = (<p, -A)

KOMnOHeHT TeH30pa

Fik-l-Ey

_I-;x
-Ez

~x Hz -Hy

.z ;
0

-Hx'

iki_l;x -lEy

-~x Hz Ez -Hy

=!: -;yj
0

-Hx

.(23,5)

Hx

0
(CM.

u;

Kopose,

MOR{HO aanncars

§ 6):
Fik

Ftk
TaKHM o6pa30M,

= (E,

H),

= (-

E, H).

KOMnOHeHTbI HanpHR{eHHOCTefi

H MarHHTHoro nOJIeH HBJIHIOTCH KOMnOHeHTaMH 3JIeKTpOMarHllTHoro nOJIH. TOM,

onaoro

saexrpuuecxoro
4-TeH3,opa

Ilepexons K rpexaepaux o603HalleHHHM, JIerKO y6e~llTbcH B sro rpa npOCTpaHCTBeHHble KOMnOHeHTbl (i = 1, 2, 3) ypasaeaas (23,4) TOR{~eCTBeHHbI C BeKTopHbIM ypaaaeaaeu ~BHR{eHlUI (17,5), a apexeanaa KOMnOHeHTa (i = 0) - C ypaaaenneu pa60TbI (17,7). nOCJIe~Hee ecn, CJIe~CTBHe ypaBHeHHH ~BllR{eHllH; TOT <l>aKT, xro H3 serupex ypaBHeHHH (23,4) TOJIbKO rpa He3aBHCHMbI, MOR{HO JIerKO ooaapyaorn, TaKR{e II aenocpencrseaao, YMHOR{HB o6e CTOpOHbI (23,4) aa u'. Torna JIeBaSi cropona pasencrna o6pilTHTCSI B HyJIb BBH~y opTOrOHaJIbHOCTH 4-BeKTopOB u' H duif ds, a npanaa cropona - BBH~y aHTHcHMMeTpHlIHoCTH TeH30pa Fi». ECJIH paccMaTpHBaTb B BapHaUHH 6S TOJIbKO HCTHHHhle TpaeKropaa, TO nepnua lIJIeH B (23,2) TOR{~eCTBeHHO o6paTHTcSI B HYJIb.
Tor~a KaK BTOPOH lIJIeH, B KOTOPOM BepxHHH npe~eJI paccMaTpHBaeTcSI

nepeaeansra,
TaKllM

naer 6S

~H<l><l>epeHUHaJI ~eHcTBHSI KaK <l>yHKIHlll KO-

op~HHa~

o6pa30M,

= - (mcui

+ ; Ai)
e

6Xi.
e +-o A"

(23,6)
(23,7)

OTCIO~a

- ~ = mcut + ox o

oS

A, = Pt

SAP~.n B 9JIEKTPOMArHHtHoM nons

rfn.

tID

l 4-BeKTOp ecrs 4-BeKTOp 0606meHHOfO HMnynbca lJ:a· CTHI1,bI Pi. nO,u;CTaBJlSUI 3Ha'leIUHI KOMnOHeHT PI HAL, HaR,u;eM, 'ITO

aSlax
pi

=(

EKHHc+e~ ,

p+: A).

(23,8)

Kax H CJIe,u;OBaJIO, npocrpancraeasue KOMnOHeHTbI 4-BeKTopa P, Q6pa3yIOT rpexvepuua sexrop otiotinteaaoro HMnyJIbCa (16,5), spexeauaa KOMnOHeHTa ecrr. tB Ic, rzie tB - nOJIHaH saepraa aapaaa B nOJIe.

§ 24. Ilpeotipascaanae

Jlopeaua

AJUI nOJUI

Hanaurex tP0PMYJIhl npeocpasoaaaaa AJISI nOJISI, T. e. tP0PMYJIbI, no KOTOPbIM MOJKHO onpeneaars nOJIe B O,u.HOHHHepD.HaJIbHOH CHCTeMe OTClJ:eTa, 3HaH 3TO me nOJIe B npyroa CHCTeMe. <I> opMyJIbI npeoopaaoaaaas J1.JIHnOTeHD.naJI08 HaXOJ1.H.TCH nenoCpeJ1.CTBeHHO1i3 ooumx q,0PMYJI npeoripaaoaaaaa 4-BeKTopa· (6,1}. nOMHH, lJ:TO AI=(cp, A). HaXOJ1.HM:
<p=

A=--====-X

FJ;
1--

A'+~ c q> , x
V2' c2

<I>0PMYJIhl npe06pa30BaHHH J1.JIHaHTHcHMMeTpHlJ:HOrO 4-TeH30pa nroporo paura (KaKOBhlM HBJIHeTCH TeH30p pik) HaRJ1.eHhl B sanaxe 2 § 6: KOMnOHeHThl p23 H pOI He MeHSIIOTCSInpa npeoopasoeaHHH, a KOMnOHeHTbI P02, P03 H pI2, pI3 npeoopaaytorcs COOTBeTCTBeHHO KaK XO H Xl. Bupaaaa KOMnOHeHTbI TeH30pa fik nepea KOMnOHeHTbI nOJIeH E H H coraacao (23,5), nOJIy'lHM cne,u.YIOIUHe <P0PMYJIbI npe06pa30BaHHH J1.JIH3JIeKTpH'leCKOrO nOJISI:

Ex=E~,
H JJ.JIHMarHHTHoro

E= II
nOJIHI

E' II ~'

+~If'
. C

Ez=

E' -!....H' II z c
~
I-- V2 2

(24,2)

Hx=H;,

H= II

,y

H' II

-.!. E' cZ
1--V2 c2

H= Z

".I

H' +~E' Z c
VI 1-- 2 c

1/

(24,3)

TaKHM 06pa30M, 3JIeKTpH'leCKOe H MarHliTHOe nOJISI, KaK H OOJIbIIIHHCTBO cpH3H'leCKHX BeJIHtIHH, OTHOCHTeJIbHbI, T. e. HX CBOHcTBa pa3JIHlJ:Hhl B paanax CHCTeMax OTClJ:eTa. B 'laCTHOCTH, 3JIeKTpH'leCKOe HJIH MarHHTHOe nOJIe MOJKeT OhlTb paBHO HyJIIO B OJJ.HOHCHCTeMe _OTCqeTa H B TO JKe BpeMH npacyrcrsoaan, B APyroH CHCTeMe.

§ 25)

MHBAPHAHTbl

nOJl51

91

<l>OpMyJlbl npe06pa30BaHMH (24,2-3) 3Ha'lHTeJlhHO ynpomaiorcs /1,JlH caysaa V ~ c. C TO'lHOCThIO )1.0 lJneHOB nopanxa Vjc MMeeM~

Ex=E~, Hx=H~,
3TH <!>0pMynhI MoryT

Ey=E~+ Hy=H;-

~ H~, E Z =E' Z -.!_H'· c ~ E~, Hz=H~+ ~~.

yl

OblTh HanMCaHhI

B BeKTOpHOM BH/1,e~ (24,4) nOJIYlJaIOTClI 3HaKa y

E = E'
<l>0pMynhI H3 (24,2-4) ECJIH B

+ .![H'V], e
K'

H = H' -.!. [E'V]. c _

or

ooparuoro npe06pa30BaHHH nepecraaoaxon urrpaxa H

CHCTeMe MafHHTHoe COOTHOllIeHHe

K'

H3MeHeHHeM

nOJIe

H' = 0,

V.

TO, COfJIaCHO

(24,2-3),

MeM/1,y sneKTpH'leCKHM

H MafHHTHhlM

nOJIHMH B CHCTeM6

cYIII.ecTByeT

H=7W~. Ecna
>Ke B

~,~

K'

none

E' = 0,

TO B CHCTeMe

K
(24,6)

E=-c[VH].
B OOOHX CJIYlJaHX, Cne/1,OBaTeJIhHO, B CHCTeMe TpHlJeCKHe 9TH KynHpHhI CTeMa nons B3aHMHO <!>opMynbl (HO He HMeIOT, pa3YMeeTCH,

K
H

MarHHTHhIe ,

H snex-

nepneH/1,HKyJIHPHhI.

B HeKOTopOH CHCTeMe OTClJeTa

H oopaTHbIli

CMbICJI: eCJIH TaKaH CH-

nOJIS

B3aHMHO nepnenna-

Hoe. CKOPOCTh V STOH CHCTeMbI (no BhIopaHa nepneanaxynspaoa KEH aa B

K', B

pasua

no

BeJIHlJIme),

TO CYlI!eCTByeT

KOTOPOH none

lJHCTO SJIeKTpH'leCKOe HJIH lJHCTO MafHHT-

nepsoa

cnysae

BTOPOM caysae

cEj H

cHjE

H,

OTHOllIeHHIO K K) MOMeT ObITb rorna no BeJIH'lHHe OHa paa)l.OnMHO OhITb.

(npaxea

.(npH'leM nOJISI

< H).

H _< E),

a BO

§ 25.

HHoapHaHTbI

113 BeKTopOB

HanpHMeHHOCTeH

sneKTpH1JeCKOfO

H MarHHTHoro

nOJIeH MOMHO COCTaBHTb HHBapHaHTHhIe H3MeHHhIMH npn npeoepasoaaunsx Mbl OTClIeTa K )l.pyroH .: BH)I. STHX HHBapHaHTOB aoro sopa JIefKO

BenH1JHHhI, OCTaIOIII.HeC5I He-

OT O)l.HOH HHepII.HaJIhHOH CHCTeHaHTH HCXO)l.H H3

nerupexxep-

npe)l.CTaBJleHHSI nOJIH C nOMOIII.hIO aHTHCHMMeTpH1JHOfO 4-TeHpik. OlJeBH)l.HO, lITO H3 KOMnOHeHT STOfO TeH30pa MOMHO coBeJlH1JHHhI: ik

CTaBHTh CJle)l.YIOIII.He HHBapHaHTHhle

e_

P ik P iklmp F
ik

tm

= lnv, . = mv,

(25,1) (25,2)

SAPjI.n B 9J1EI(TPOMArHHTHOMnOJIB rile

(rJI. lID TeH30p

(CM. pas - ncesnocxaasp Te1l30p) 1). .

e1ktm -: COBepweHHO aHTHCHMMeTpHlJ:HblH e.nHHHlJ:HbIH § 6). Ilepaaa H3 3THX BeJIHlJ:HH- HCTHHHblH CKaJISlp,
(npoaaseneaae . sepes TeH30pa

ptk

a BTOna .nyaJIbHblH eMy

JIetKO y6e,u.HTbCH B TOM, HHBapHaHTbl HMelOT BH.n

(23,5),

Bupaxcaa

KOMnOHeHTbI piTt

KOMnOHeHTbI

COrJIaCHO 3TH

tITO

B TpeXMepHOH

<popMe

. H2 - E2 = inv,
EH =inv.
nceB.nOCKaJISIpHQCTb npenctaanaer CHaJIbHblH JISIPOM)• 113 HHBapHaHTHOCTH npaseneaasrx nsyx CJle.nYIOIll.Re BblBO,nbl. ECJIH B KaKoH-HR6y.nb rpnsecxoe H MarHHTHoe nOJISI B3aHMHO C060H BeKTOp nroporo (saanpar H3 HHX me OtIeBH.nHa 6y,neT H3 roro, npoaaseneaae nOJISIpHOrO sexropa

(25,3)

(25,4)
tITO OH

(EH)2

aa

ax-

HCTHHHblM CKa-

BbIpa>KeHHH BblTeKaIOT CHCTeMe OTCtIeTa 3JIeKT. e. aaepnaaasOTCtIeTa a6co,

ne'pneH,nHKYJISlPHbI,

EH = 0,
JIl060H

TO OHR nepneHJJ.HKyJISlpHhI H BO BCSlKOMnpyroa

UOH CHCTeMe OTCtIeTa. ECJIH B KaKoH-HH6YJJ.b cacreue JllOTHble BeJIHtIHHbI npyrof I1MeIOT,

paaau

JJ.pyr JJ.pyry, TO OHH OJJ.HHaKOBblH B H cJleJJ.Y10llJ.He HepaBeHCTBa.

CBCTeMe. OtIeBHJJ.HO, MeCTO TaKme CHCTeMe OTCtIeTa

ECJIH B KaKoH-HH6Y.ll.b KaKoH-JlH60 (HJlH rynoa)

H BO BCSIKOHJJ.pyroH CHCTeMe 6Y.ll.eT yrOJI,

E>

CHCTeMe OTCtIeT'a aexropu CHCTeMe.

E > H (HJIB E < H), TO H (BJIH E < H). ECJIH B

H

06pa3ylOT OCTphIH

OCTPbIH (HJm TytITOObI

TO OHH 6y,nYT 06pa30BbIBaTb

nOH) yrOJI H BO BCSlKOM:npyroH ,

H H nOJIytIHJlH JlIOObIe 3HatIeHHSI, Y.ll.OBJIeTBOpSlIOI1l.He TOJIbKO yCJIOBRIO, tITOObI E2 - H2 1:1 EH HMeJlH sanaaasre onpeaeaeauae-snaqeHHSI. BtIaCTHOCTH, MOmHO HaMTH TaKYIO HHepUHaJIb~yIO OTCtIeTa, B KOTOPOH 9J1eKTpHtIeCKOe H MarHHTHoe noaa TOtIKe napannensau ztpyr npyry, B 3TOH CHCTeMe EH JJ.ByX ypaBHeHHH 1::. M()>KHO HaHTH
...2

, Ilpeodpasonaaaex

Jlopenua

MO>KHO ncerna

,nOCTHtIb roro,

CHCTeMY B JJ.aHHoH EH, H H3

-H

=Eo-H'O, E
H

EH=EoH,o
OTCtIeTa

3HalJ:eHHH H

Ho -

B 9TOH cacreae nOJISI B

(Eo

9J1eKTpHtIeCKOe

MarHHTHoe

HCXO,nHOH CHCTeMe

OTCtIeTa). I) OTMeTHM rassce, B BHAe 4-AHBepreHu.HH: 'ITO ncesnccsaaap

(25,2)

MO}KeT 6blTb

npeACTaBJIeH

B qeM aerao

e'k1mF JkF, = 4~ (e1k1m Ak A) •m iJx' iJx' m. y6e)l.HTbclI, Y'IHTblSaJl aHTHcHMMeTpH'IHOCTbe1k1m•

s:

§ 25}

HHBAPHAHTblnons HBJlHeTCH cJlYlJaii,

HYJlIO. B 9TOM cay-rae E H H BO BCeX CHCTeMaX OTClJeTa paanu BeJlHqHHe H B3aHMHO nepneH)lHKYJlHPHhI no HanpaBJleHHIO. ECJIH JIHllib B KOTOpbH E=O

Hcxmoseaaea

xorna

06a

HHBapHaHTa

paBlfbi no

EH =
HJIH

0, TO MO}KHO HaHTH TaKYIO CHCTeMY OTClJeTa,

H =0

(CMOTpH no TOMY

£2-H2

< HJIH > 0),

= 0,
napa-

T. t. nOJIe qHCTO MarHHTHoe

eCJIH B KaKOH-HH6Y)lb BCHKOH B

HJIH qHCTO 9JleKTpnlJeCKOe; Ha060pOT,

CHCTeMe OTClJeTa E CKa3aHHbiM B

npyroa

=0

l:IJlH H

TO BO'

CHCTeMe OHH 6Y)lYT

B3al:lMHO KOHI.(e

nepneH)lHKYJIHPHbl

rparpa.

COOTBeTCTBHl:I co 113JIOJKl:IM euie H

npeauaymero
K

paaarax

npyroa cnocoo nonxona

3TOT

aHTHcHMMeTpHqHOrO 4-TeH30pa.

sonpocy 06 HHBacnocof ztenaer ose-

BH)J.HhlMe)J.HHcTBeHHocTb)J.BYX He3aBHCHMbIX HHBapHaHToB (25,3-4) Ii B TO }Ke BpeMH BhlHBJIHeT CKHe CBOHCTBa

nexoropue noysureasaue MaTeMaTl:IlJenpeoopaaoaaaaa JIopeHI.I.a B npHMeHeHl:IH K 4-TeH-

sopy.
PaCCMOTpHM KOMnJIeKCHhlH BeKTOp F=E+iH. I1cnoJIb3YH BaHHe <j>OpMyJIhI (24,2-3), (B)lOJIb OCH x) )lJlH JIerKO snnerr., sroro aexropa 'ITO (25,5)

Jlopeaua Fy

npeoopaso-

HMeeT BH)l

Fx = F'x'

= F'y Ch <p-

t'F' S h <p z
sin

. = F'y COS l<p th<p=-.

F'" sm l<P, z
(25,6)

F z = F~ cos i<p
MhI BH)lHM, 'ITO spauteaae

+ F~

i<p,

v
c

F 9KBHBaJIeHTHO apatueamo na MHHMhlH yron yz rpexxepaoro npOCTpaHCTBa. Coaoxynaocrs }Ke scex

sexropa nOBopOTOB B 4-npOCTpaHCTBe crsre nOBopOThI ocea yrJIaM

BhIM H HBJIHeTCH paccaarpaaaeaoe

B nJIOCKOCTHxi 4-npOCTpaHCTBa npe96pa30BaHHC

(KaKO.u.JIH

Jlopeaua )

B nJIOCKOCTH B03MO}KHblX B03-

(BKJIlOlJalOlll.aH B ce6H TaK}Ke H npo9KBHBaJIeHTHa cOBoKynHoCTH scex

x, y, z)
noaopora nosopora

MO}KHbIX nOBopOTOB aa KOMnJIeKCHble yrJIbl B TpeXMepHOM npocrpanCTBe (urecru B 4-npOCTpaHCTBe COOTBeTCTBYIOT TpH TpeXMepHOH CHCTeMbl). no OTHOlIIeHHIO K nosopoKOMnJleKCHhIX yrna TaM

E)lHHCTBeHHbIM HHBapHaHTOM sexropa SIBJIHerCH ero xsanpar tuecraennue BeJIHlJHHbl £2 HHBapHaHTaMH TC1I30pa ECJIH rne nxcaurero

F2 =1=

Pi».

F2 = £2 - H2 2iEH. OO::>TOMY BeH2 H EH HBJIHIOTCH e)lHHCTBeHHbIMH

MO}KHO npencraarrn, MO}KHO aanpaaart, B aane

0, TO BeKTOp

e)lHHHlJHhlH (n2 =

F I)

F = an,

KOMnJIeKCHblil BeKTOp. OYTeM na.anen B)lOJIb O)lHoii

KOMnJIeKCHOro nosopora npa

H3 KOOp)lHHaTHhlX ocen: n • .upyrHMH JIeJIbHhlMH )J.pyr npyry,

9TOM, OlJeBH)lHO, n CTaHeT BemeCTBeHHanpaBJIeHHH 060HX BeKTopOB E H

HbIM H TeM caMhlM onpenenar

F = (£

+ iH)

CJIOBaMH,

aexropu

H:

E H H CTaHYT napan-

8APSI.rI.B SJlEK.TPOMArHMTHOM

nOJlB

Ir.i'l.lII

3aA:I\ ••
OnpeJ{eRHTb CKOPOCTb CHCTeMbl OTCqeTa, B KOTOpoA 9J1eKTpHQeCKOe H Mar· HHTHoe non. napaJlJleJlhHbl. P e me'll R e. COCTeM OTCQeTa YAOBJIeTBOpHIOII.{Hlt nOCT3.BJIeIlHOVY yc.n'O· BIID, qlllecTByeT 6eCKoHeQHoe MHOlKeCTOO: eeJIu HallAeHa OAlla H3 HU, TO Tel( lite CSoHCTBOM 6Y,ll.eT 06J1a.n.aTb H JII06aSl ,lI.pyraR CHCTeJ,UI, ,lI.BJUK¥ll{allCII 'OTHOCHTeJIbHO nepBOH C'O CKOPOCTblO, HanpaBJleHH'OH BA'OJlb O~II.{ero HanpaBJIeHHlI no.nei E H H. [IQ$TOMY aocraronac OnpeAeJlKTb 1:y H3 3THX CRCTeM, CttOPOC1'b KOropoi nepeD:,IlHKYJllIpa3 K 060HM IIOJlSIM. BbionpaSI HanpalUleHlle CKO'OOCTH

K',

" " EyHz - EzH v

CHCTeMbi /('

II Q'IecTBe

OCR

H BOCflOJIb30BaBUlHCb

TeM,

'ITO B

0,

rrOJIYQHM C

noaoutsic

cscreae K nOJlll Ex = H x """(t, <POPMYJI (24,2-3) J{JIli CKOPOCTH V

,}
,

OTlI'OCHTeJlbHO HCXO.llHOH CI'ICTeMbl CJIe,!l.YlOll{ee

ypaaaeaae:

VIc [EH] j 1 V2fc2 = E2

+Jf

(.113 ,Il.l!YX Ko{)(tei 1'OT; AJISI xoroporo

KsatqtaTHOro

< c)_.

ypasHeHHlI

)l.OJllKea,

paaYI4~T~.

6bln.

Bbl6pau

r J1 A B A IV
YPABHEHH" 3J1EKTPOMArHHTHOrO nOJJ"

§ 26. Ilepsaa napa ypaBHeHoA MaKCBeJlJla

113
Bblpa)KeHlIii:

H=rotA. aerxo nOJlyqHTh ypasueaax, onpenenaa rot E;

E=-+

aa~-grad<p
TOJIbKO

conepzcaume
18·

H.

,lI.JlJI 9T6rO,

rotE= - cTtrotAHo
POTOP BCJlKOrO

rot grad",.
HyJIlO; CJIe.n.oB3TeJIhHO,

rpannenra

pasea

rot E =
B3J1B .n;HBepreHUHIO OT oeenx 'ITO .n.HBepreH~HJI BCHKoro

_!_
c

an • at
rot ayJIIOJ

(26,1) A=H uaxonaai

H nOMH".

"lIaCTeH ypaBHeHHJI

poropa

paaaa

div H = O.
YpaBHeHHH

(26,2)
ypasaemra
nepsyio
napy

MaK.coe.llJla 1).

YpaBHeHHH (26,1-2) MO)KHO uanacars .COrJI8CHO recpexe Faycca

eme He onpeaeJISlIOT BnOJIHe CBOHCTBa noaa. 3TO BH.n;HO Y)Ke H3 roro, "lITO OHH onpeneamor H3MeHeHHe MarHHTHoro nOJIJI co speaeaex (npOH3BO.n.~ HyIO oH/at), HO He onpeaeasicr npoasaonaoa iJE/iJt.
3aMeTHM, "lITO 3TH .n.Ba

(26,1-2)

COCTaBJIHIOT

ypaoHeHutl

..

B aurerpaasnoe

CPOpMe.

~ div H dV
rae HHTerpaJI cnpasa 06'beM, HMeeM: 6epeTCJI

= ~H df,
BceH 3aMKHYTOH nOl!lepXHOCTH, OCHO-

no

oxaarueaiouief
aaaaa

(26,2)

no KOTOPOMY B3HT HHTerpaJI

cneaa. Ha

~ Hdf=O.
I1HTerpaJI OT BeKTopa nepea no fHy HeKoTopon

(26,3)
Ha3WBaeTCH o6pa30M,

TOK.OM eeK.TOpa
I) YpaBHeHHli

nosepxaocrs.

nOBepXHOCTH TaKHM

no~

nOTOK
<SblJlK

MaKCBeJlJIa -

enepsue

C!P0PMYJIHpOBaHbI

/l.'JIC.

OCHOBHble ypasaeaaa MaKC6MIIOM B 1860-x

9JIeK'TpO,!(HHaMHKH -

renax,

96

YPABHEHH51 3JIEKTPOMArHHTHOrO

nOJ1S!

{fn. v

MarHHTHOrO nOJUI sepea BCKKYIO saMKHYTYIO i1yJIIO~, COfJIaCHO reopexe CTOKca

nOBepXHOCTb pasea

~ rot E df
rae

= ~E dl,

HHTerpaJI cnpasa 6epeTCH no saMKHYTOMY KOHTYpy, OfH6aIOmeMY nOBepXHOCTb, no KOTOPOH airrerpapyerca CJIeBa. I1s (26,1) HaXO~HM, HHTerpHpYH oee qaCTR no uexoropoa noaepxaocru:

"" E dl = - _.!_ ...£_ 'j' c at

_ffueu

r) H df •

(26,4)

I1HTerpaJI sexropa no 3aMKHYToMY KOHTYPY Ha3bIBaeTCH l{UPKYAJlsroro aexropa ITO KOHTYPY. UHPKYJIKUHIO 3JIeKTpHqeCKOrO nOJIK HaSbIBaIOT TaKLKe 8IleKTp008U{)fCYUI;eu CUAOU B ~aHHOM KOHType. TaKHlvJ 06pa30M, 3JIeKTpO)J.BHLKYIUaK CHJIa B HeKOTopOM KOHType panna B3HTOH C oopaTHbIM 3HaKOM npOH3BO)J.HOH no BpeMeHH OT nOTOKa MarHHTHoro nOJIK 'lepe3 nOBepXHOCTb, OrpaHHQHBaeMYIO 3THM K-0HTypOM. YpaBHeHHK MaKCBeJIJia (26,1-2) MOLKHO aanacars H B QeTbIpexaepnux 0603HalJeHHK:!. I1CXO)J.K H3 onpe}1,eJIeHH51 TeH3Qpa 3JIeKrpoaarnaraoro nOJIH

nerxo

y6e)J.HTbcK, 'lTO aFik 'oxl

+ aFk1 + aFli
axi axk

=0

(26',5)

CTOHIUee B JIeBOH cropone pasencraa, npencraanaer C060H TeH30p rpersero pam-a, aHTHCHMMeTpH'lHbIH no scea rpea lfHJI.eKcaM. Ero KOMllOHeHTbI He pasnu TOlKJI.eCTBeHHO HYJIIO JIHillb npn i =1= k =1= I. Bcero, TaKHM 06pa30M, HMeeTCH serape pa3JIHIJHbiX ypaBHeHHH, xoropsre, KaK JIerKO y6e)J.HTbcSI nOJI.CTaHOBKoH aupaxceHHii (23,5), COBna)J.aIOT C ypaBHeHHKMH (26,1-2). - AHTHcHMMefpHqHoMY 4-TeH30PY rpersero paar-a MOlKHO npaBeCTH B COOTBeTCTBHe )J.yaJ1bHblii eMY 4-BeKTop, nOJIyqaIOIURiicH YMHO)I{eHHeM TeH30pa aa eik1m H ynpouienaea no TpeM napax an .. AeKCOB (CM. § 6). TaKHM oopaaoa, (26,5) MOlKHO aanacars B BRAe

Bupaxcenae,

(26,6)
HBHO BblpmKaJOIUeM TOT ~aKT, 3aB!l(:HMbIX ypaaaeaas. 'lTO 3)J.eCb HMeeTCSl scero lJeTbIpe He-

§ 27J

.nEflCTBHE ]lJUI SJlEKTPOMArHHTHOrO nOJl51

97

§ 27 .
noro

.l1.eiiCTBHe JVISI 9J1eKTpOMarHHTHoro

DOJln H3 9JIeKTpOMarHHT.lI.OJDKHO CO-

)1.eiicTBHe

.lI.JISIBceH CHCTeMbI, lJaCTeH:

cocroauiea

nOJISI BMeCTe C HaX0.ll.SlIIJ.HMHCSI HeM lJaCTHuaMH, B

CTOSIThHS Tpex

(27,1)
qaCTHU, T. e • .lI.eHCTBHe.lI.JISICB060.ll.HbIX qaCTHU. )1.JUI O.ll.HOli csooonHOH lJaCTHUbI OHO .lI.aeTCSIcpopMYJIoii qaCTHUhI B OTJl.eJIbHOCTH.TaKHM

Sm

ecrs

ra

nacrs

.lI.eHCTBHSI, oropas x

3aBHC~T TOJIbKO OT CBOllCTB ECJIH HMeeTCH HeCKOJIbKO

(8,1).

tJaCTHU, TO HX 06IIJ.ee .lI.eHCTBHepaBHO cyMMe .lI.eiiCTBHU .lI.JIH Ka)!{Jl.OII· 06pa30M,

s; = -

. L me ~ ds.

(27,2)

Sm' ecrs T8, nacrs .lI.eHcTBHSI, KOTopaR 06YCJIOBJIeHa B3aHMoJl.ellCTBHeM Me)!{Jl.Y lJaCTHuaMH H nOJIeM. COrJIaCHO § 16 HMeeM Jl.JIH CHCTeMhI tIaCTHU: (27,3) B
Ka)!{.lI.OM H3 lJJIeHOB STOH CyMMhl H BpeMeHH,

Ak

ecrs

nOTeHUHaJI nOJlH B TOI' HaXO.ll.HTCSI COOTBeT-

TOtIKe npocrpaacraa

crayrouiaa nacmna. CYMMa CTBHe (16,1) .lI.ml 3apHJl.OB B HaKOHeu, craae aapanoa.

Sf

S« Smf noae,
neHcTBHH,

B KOTopoH

Y2Ke H3BeCTHoe HaM neuxoropas 3aBHCHT TOJJbKO B OTCYT-

ecrs

ra

xacre nop,

OT CBOIICTB caxoro

nOJJR, T. e.

S, -

.lI.eHCTBHe Jl.JIR nons

)1.0 rex

noxa

MhI HHTepeCOBaJIHCb TOJIbKO Jl.BH-

)!{eHHeM 3apHJl.OB B 3a.ll.aHHOM 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHOM none, Sf, KaK lie 3aBHCHmee OT lJaCTHU, Hac He HHTepeCOBaJIO, TaK KaK 9TOT qJleH He Mor nOBJIHHTh aa ypaBHeHHSI Jl.BH)KeHHSI qaCTHUhI. OH CTaHOBHTCSI, OJl.HaKO, He06xonHMbJM, xorzta MbI XOTHM HaHTH ypaBHeHH5I, onpeneJlHIOUlHe cauo nOJIe. 3TOMY COOTBeTcTByeT TO 06CT05lTeJlhCTBO, 'ITO aa qaCTH

(26,1-2),

Sm

+ Sm,

Jl.eiicTBHSI MbI aauma etue

TOJIbKO nsa

ypaBHeHHSI,

xoropue

He.ll.OCTaTOlJHhI.lI.JISInOJIHOrO onpeneaeaas

nOJISI. LlJISI YCTaHOBJIeHHSIBHna .lI.ellCTBHH nOJIH na cnenytoutero JJeiL KaK ra K secssra

Sf

MhI 6yneM

HCXOnMTh no-

Ba2KHOrO CBOHCTBa 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHbiX

nOKa3bJBaeT OnbIT, 9JJel<TpOMarHliTHOe

nOJJe nOJl.qHHSleTCSI nOJIe, coanasaeaoe CJIOnOJI5I B B srof xoropoe cynepnOJIeM,

Ha3bIBaeMOMY

npunuunu

cqnepnoeuuuu:

CHCTeMOH 3apSJnOB, npeJl.CTa'BJJHeT C0608 2KeHH5I nOJIeH, xoropue nocra. 3TO 3Ha'!HT, Ka>KJloii TOlJKe BCSlKoe n03HUHn

pe3YJJbTaT npocroro

C03.l1.alOTCRKaJK.lI.bIM H3 3apSlJl.OB B OTJl.eJIbcyMMe

lJTO HanpH2KeHHOCTH peaynsrnpyiouiero

paaasr

(nexropaoa)

HanpH)Ke!IHOCTeH

TO'lKe Ka>KJl.OrO H3 MJleH penrenae

B OTneJIbHOCTH. nOJIS! HBJISleTCSJnOJIeM, COrJJaCHO npanuany nOJIeH TOJKe .lI.OJJ2KHa6bITb

ypaBHeHHH

M02KeT 6bITb ocymeCTBJIeHO B cyMMa

npapone,

JJlO6bIX TaKHX

98

YPABHEHH~ 9nEKTPOMArHHTHOrO non~ B npspone,

[rn.V

xoropoe MO:meT OblTb ocymecraaeao JIeTBOpHTb ypaBHeHHHM nona. RaK H3BeCTHO, nHHeHHble

T. e • .zr.On:mHOY.l10B-

paa OTnHtIalOTCH TeM CBoiicTBOM, tITO cyMMa roxce HBnHeTCH peurennea. Caenosarensao,
.n;on:mHbl OblTb nHHenHblMH 113

.zr.HcjlcjlepeHII.HaJlbHble ypaBHeHHH. KaK nlO6blX ero pellIeHHH ypaBHeJ1HH .zr.ml

noaa

.zr.HcjliPepeHII.HanbHbIMH ypaBHeHHHMH.

Sf

cxaaanuoro

.zr.on)l{HO CTOHTb CJIYlJae

cne.nyer, lJTO non 3HaKOM anrerpana B .n;enCTBHH nupazceaae, xsanparasuoe no n OJI10. Tonsxo B
nOJIH Oy.zr.YT nHHeiiHbIMH, .zr.eikTBMH, a ypaBHeHHH BapbHpOBaHHeM

,HOM

ypaBHeHHSI

creneas nonsnrrerpansaoro BblpaLKeHHH nOHH:maeTCH na e.zr.HHHUY. B supaacenae )l.nH .zr.enCTBHH Sf He MorYT BXO.zr.HTbnOTeHII.HaJlbl nOJTSI, TaK RaR' OHM He onpeneaesu o.zr.H03HalJHO (B Smf 9Ta neonH03HalJHOCTb Oblna He cyurecraenaa). [109TOMY Sf .zr.OJJ)KHOOblTb
HHTerpaJlOM HeKOTopOH cjlYHKII.HH OT TeH30pa 9JleKTpOMarHHTHoro nOJ):H Fi/I. Ho .n;eHcT8He AOJJ)KHO 6b1Tb CKaJIHpOM .... OblTb anrerpanou OT aexoroporo cxanspa. TaKOBbIM

noaa nonysaiorca

npa

BapbHpOBaHHH

noroay

npoaasenenae
T3KHM

oopasoa, Sf
Sf

Fikpik I).

)l.On:mHO HBJIBeTCH JUlWb

.u.OJ}JKHOHMeTb BH.zr.

=a

FlkFik dV dt,

dV

= dx dy

dz, a a ec n, He2 (H2 - E2) •

lJTO eCJlH SHaKOM

rne narerpan

oepeTCH

no xoopnasaraa no

BCeMY npOCTpaHCTBY.

. Iloae E
'iJA/iJt)2
Obi

no BpeMeHH MelKAY .zr.BYMB aa,ll.aHHwMH MOMeHTaMH; KOTopaB neCTMHHaH. nOA aarerpaaea CTOHT FilfFik oo.u.e}>JKH-T npoH3oo)J.HYIO

aAjat. Ho
3HaKOM).

JIerKO

BH,AeTb,

AOJDKHO BXOAHTb B)J.eiicTBHe

(3 HOTOMY H

(vA/viP

£2 c

C nonmKMTeJlhHhlM

nOJlO)KHTeJlbHblM B

)l,eitCTlmTeJlbHO, (8

axonnno

Sf

co 3HaKOM MHHYC, TO ,llOCT3TOllHO OillCT· apeueaea

pbl-M Jt3MeHeHHeM arepsaae apeaeaa) Te.11bHOHBeIHl'lHHOH HHeM;

nOTeHUHa.11a co

BCer,H.8 MruKHO 61».110 Obi caeaars Sf orpuuaco CKOJ}b yronao 60JlbUlHM aOCOJlIOTHblM aaase-

paccaarpaeaeaoa
MHHHMyMa,

S,

He MOrJIO

Obi,

CJle)J.OBaTeJIbHO.

HMeTh

KaK

1) no.zU>lHTerpaJlbHall

Ij)yHK~HlI

Sf

He

llOJll'KHa

CClleplKaTb

DPOH3BOJlHbI~

01' Fj~, TaK Haft B ¢rYHKUHJ(} JJarpaHJKa MorYT BXO.llHTb, DOMBMO KOOP.II.MH<lT CHCTean", TOJIbKO: HX nepBble npoB3BO;IlHye DO BpelteHB, a pons 411100P.ll;»83T:' (T. e. nepeMeHHbtX, no KOTOPblM DpcItt3BO:AHTCSI BapWlpOBaUHe B npUWlIwe Il3ID4eRbusero .lteicTBIUI} llf}laJOT .B 9TOM CJIyqae 1J0teHl(HaJlbl A" nOJm; 3'ro aHaJK}fH'IaO TOMy, 'ITO B MeXatntKe $yHKnl'flf Jlarpaasca 1J}llf MexaRWiecxoi CHCreMbi eenep'lKlt"· TOJl'bKO J(oopJUmaTbi 'taeTIIU H HX nepBYe npOIl3BOJl.HYe DO BpeMeHl•.
lho K3caeTClI BeJJHqHHbI eilllmF H.F 1m (§ 25), TO oaa JJBJllleTCH (KaJ( 6b1JIO OTMe'leHO B npaaexauan na CTp. 92) nomroD .-A,lWepreHnaen, 11 JlO3TOMY ee ~aB.lleBHe B DO,IlYHTeFPaJibHoe BWpalKeHHe B Sf 8006me lie OTpa3HJJOCb 6b1

sa 41ypaBHeaHlIx ,IlBlJJKeWili:'. MHTepeCHO, 'ITO TeM CaMhlM 9Ta BeJlH'lHHa ItCKJIIO'1aeTC$! 83 lteHCTBHR ylKe He3aBHCHMO OT roro 06cTOllTeJlbCTSa. 'ITO OHa npenCTaBJIlieT c060Ii He HCTHHHhlH, a ncesnocxanap.

§ 28}

tIETblPEXMEPHblA BEI(TOP TOM ,neHCTBHSI. TaKHM

sroro rpeeyer npHHUHII aaaxeasmero a .n:OJDKHOOblTb orpauarensaax.

otipaaou,

t.IOCJleHHOe aaanenae a 3aBHeHT OT BbI60pa e.D.HHHl_\nJlSl H3Mepe, HHSI noaa. 3aMeTHM, tITO nocne BbI60pa onpenenennoro 3HatIeHIHI a BMeCTe C e)J,HHHuaMH )J,JlR H3MepeHlIH nona onpeneasrorca TaK>Ke H e.ll.HHI1UbI )J,JlH H3MepeHHH scex OCTaJlbHbIX 3J1eKTpOMarHHTHbIX BeJlHtIHH. MbI 6Y.lI.eM B ,naJlbHeHllIeM nOJIb30BaThCH TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH eauce080a eUCTeMOa eaUHU~; B 3TOH CHCTeMe a ecrs 6e3pa3M:epHaSl BeJlHQHHa, pasaaa -lj16n; I}. TaKHM otipasoa, )J,eHCTBHe)J,JlH nOJIH HMeeT BH,lt

S,=-

l!rc ~FikFikdQ,
Sf =
8~

dQ=cdtdxdydz.

(27,4)

B rpexaepaon sane:

H(£!! -

H2)dV dt.
3J1eKTpOMarHHTHoro

(27,5l
nOJISI

)J.pyrHMH

CJlOBaMH, ¢YHKUHR

Jlarpaaxca

L, =
)J.eiicTBHe ,nJlH nona HMeeT BH)J,

8~ ~ (£2

- H2)dV.-

(27,6)

BMeCTe

C Haxo,nSllUHMHCR B HeM 3apSl)J,aMH

s=-L~mcds-

I~: dxkAk

16~C

~FtkFtkdQ.

(27,7)

I1o)J,tIepKHeM, tITO reneps YLKe aapansr OTHIO,nb He CtIHTaIOTCR MaJlbIMH; KaK IIpH nsrsozte ypaBHeHHH .lI.BH>KeHHHsapnna B 3a)J,aH" HOM none, I103TOMY Ak H Flk OTHOCSlTCSI HCTHHHOMY nOJlIO, T. e. K naeumeay noato BMeCTe C noaex, C03,naHHbIM caMRMH aapH1f.aMH;; Ak H Fik 3aBHeRT reneps OT nOJlO>KeHHH H CKOPOCTHaapsnoa.

§ 28. '1eTLipexMepHblR
Bsrecro
roro tITOObI MaTeMaTHtIeCKOrO

BeKTOp

TOKa

nenax KaK

sapana KaK TOtIetIHbIe, B ynoticraa tIaCTO paccxarpaaator sapan pacnpeaeneaaua B npocrpascrse HenpepbIBHbIM o6pa30M. Torna MO>KHOBBeCTH nnotnocre sapRaa p TaK, tITO p dV ecrsaapan, naxonsumaca B 06beMe dV; p ecrs, aootime rOBOpSI, ¢yHKUHSI OT KOOp.lJ.1IHaTH BpeMeHH. Harerpan OT P no aexoropcxy OO'beMY ecrs 3apSl.IJ.,HaXO.IJ.SIlUHikH B 3TOM OO'beMe.
1) HapRAY C rayccosoa CHCTeMOli eJl.HHHU nOJIb3}'1OTCIl TaK>Ke H TaK Ha3bl' BaeMoH CHCTeMOH XeBHcaHAa, B Koropoii a = -1/4. B 9TOil CHCTeMe eJlHHH[!; HMeIDT 60JIee YAo6HblH BHt{ ypaBHeHHH nOJIH (B HHX He Bx-01(HT TOr1(S 4ft), HO 3aTO 41t BXOAHT B 3aKOH KYJIOHa. Haaporaa, B rayccoaoit CHCTeMe eAHHHU ypaBHeHHl! IIOJIl! coaepscar 4:n:, a 3aKOH I(YJIOHa HMeeT IIPOCTOii BHA.

paccuarpaaan,

100

YPABHEHHSIaJlEKTPOMArHHTHOrO nOJlSI 3TOM nano rne

trn. ,,~

-Flpn
rex

IIOMHHTb, tITO B .lI.eil:cTBHTeJlbHOCTH 3apSI.lI.bI HB-

JlSIJOTCSI TOtIetIHbIMH, TaK tITO IIJlOTHOCTb TO'leK,

.ll.OJDKeH 6bITb .lI.aHHOM 06beMe.

P pasua HyJlJO sesne, KpOMe HaXO.ll.SlTCH"TO'le'lHble aapanu, aHHTerpaJl ~ p dV paaen cyMMe rex 3apH.lI.OB, xoropue HaXO.ll.HTCH B
n03TOMY p MO}!{HO aanacars e IIOMOmbJO 6-¢YHK-

1l.HH1) B CJIe.ll.YJOmeM BH.lI.e:

(28, I)
r.LIC CYMMa 6epeTC5J IIO

sekrop sapana ea. Sap an 'laCTH1l.bI

tIflHa HHBapnaHTHaH,

scea
no

HMeJOmHMCH caxoxy

sapxnau,

ra -

pa.aaycBeJIH-

ecrs,

csoeuy

onpenenenmo,

T. e. He 3aBHCHwaSl

OT BbI60pa

eMCTeMbI OT-

I) /l-tjJYHKUHH /lex) onpeneasercs ecex He pasuux HYJIIO SHaLJeHHHXx;

anrerpa,n

CJIeJlYlOmnM 06pa30M: /lex) = 0 npa nps x = 0 6 (O) "be, npHLJeM TaK, sro

+00

~ e (x)
-00

d x = 1.
eCJIU {(x)

(1)

TIJ sroro onpeneneuns aurexator nenpepusuas <PYlIKUHll, TO +00

CJICJlYIOUlHecsoficraa:

J110Gall

~ I (x)
-00
D

() (x -

a) d x

=f

(a);

(2)

liaCTllOCTH,
+00

~f

(x)

e (x)

dx = f (0)

(3)

(npeneaa HHTt'rpHpoBaHHll, pasyxeercs, He 0611SareJIbHO JlOJIR\HbI OblTb ±oo; 06nacrsio anrerpnpoaauaa MO)KeT 6b1Tb JIlo6all OOJlaCTb, SaKJlIO'lalOmMI TY TO'lKY, B soropon 6-tjJYHKUHH He acsesaer}. CMblCIl cnenyiouiux paseucra SaKJIIOLJaeTCH TOM, LJTO ax nesaa II npasan B 'IaCTH na lOT OnJIHaKOBble peSYJIbTaTbI, eCJIH HX npHMeHlITb B xasecrae MHOMIlTeJleii noll. 31laKOM HHTerpHpOBaHHlI: 1 () (- X)=()(x), () (ax) = (x), (4)

TilT ()

Ilocnenuee

pasencrao

HBJ1l1eTClI'IaCTllblM

CJIY'IaeM fioJ1ee oourero

COOTHOUJellllll (5)

() l<p (x)]

l; 1<P' ~at) I () (x t

at)'

rne <r (x) - OJlII03HaQllall tjJYHKUHlI (ooparnaa eii tjJYHKUHlI He OO1l3aHa fibITb O.llH03I1a'lH(lli), a ai - KOpHH ypasueana Cf (x) = DOl{o6HO TOMY KaK 6(x) onpenenena JlJlll oll.Hoii nepeaennoa x, ,MQ)I{HO' BBeCTH TpexMepHYIO 6-tjJYIIKUHIO /l(r), pasuyio HYJIIO Re311e, «poxe HaQaJIa rpexMeplloii CllCTeMbI KOOpJlHHaT, II HHTerpaJI scropoa no BceMY npocrpaucrny P"IBeH 1. TaKYIO tjJYHKll.HIO MOMHO, «onesao, npencraunrs KaK nponaseneuue

o.

6(x)6(y)6(z).

128]

qETbIPEXMEPHbIrI BEKTOP TOKA

101 ifHBapRaHTOM

csera. HanpOTIiB, nJIOTHOCTh HBJISJeTCSJ JIRUIh npoaaaeneaae YMHO>KHM paseacrno de

1

P dV. = p dV
.

He ecrs

HHBapRaHT, -

C otieax

CTOPOH ua dx!

dx':

de dx' = p dV dx' = p dV dt dt .
CJIeBa CTOIIT 4-BeKTop (TaK KaK de ecrs CKaJISJp, a dx' - 4-BeKTop). 3HatIRT, H cnpasa .n;OJI>KeH CTOSJTb4-BeKTop. Ho dV dt ecrs CKaJIHp, a nOTOMY p

Tt ecrs

dxl

4-BeKTop.

3TOT sexrop dxl

(oo03HatIRM

ero tIepe3

F)

HOCRT Ha3BaHIIe 4-BeKTopa

.1

nAOTHOCTU TOKa;

J =p
Ero TpH npocrpancrneaaue nJIOTHOCTb TOKa

Tt·
oopaayror

(28,2)
TpexMepHYIO

KOMnOHeHTbI

j = pv;

(28,3)

v ecrs CKOPOCTh sapaaa B .n;aHHoH TOtIKe. BpeMeHHaSJ >Ke COCTasJIHIOmaSJ 4-BeKTopa (28,2) ecrs cp. TaKHM oopa30M,·

r = (cp,

j). acex
npocrpaacrse, MO>KHO nanacan,

(28,4)
panea RH3TOT HH~

nOJIHbIH sapan, TerpaJIY rerpan B ~p

naxonamanca

BO

dV no BceMY nertapexaepaoa ~ p dV

npocrpaacrsy. BH.lI.e:

= !~dV = ~~rss; J"O

(28,5)

rne nnrerpaposauae npOR3BO.ll.RTCH no scea tIeTbIpeXMepHoH ranepnJIOCKOCTH,nepneH.n;HKYJIHPHOR KOCH XO (OtIeBH.n;HO,tITO 3TO H 03Ha~ saer HHTerpHpOBaHHe no BceMY TpeXMepHOMY npOCTpaHCTBY). Booome ecrs HHTerpaJI';~

ras;

B3HTbIH

no JIIOOOH rHnepnOBepXHOCTH, STY

ranepnoaepxaocrs. Baeneu 4-BeKTOp TOKa B aupaxceuae (27,7) j(JIH .n;eHcTBHH H npeoripasyeu BTOPOH IIJIeH B 3TOM Bh~pa}KeHlm. Buena BMeCTO TO~. lIetIHbIX aapanos e nenpepusuoe pacnpeneaenae C nJIOTHOCTblO p,
HanHUIeM 3TOT tIJIeH B BR.n;e

CYMMa 3apH.n;OB, MHpOBhle JIRHHH KOTOPbIX rrepecexator

2J:\femIB CyMMy no aapnaaa nacas ero KaK

_!_
c

J'pA. dx'
l

dV

,
no BceMY ot5beMY.

IIllTCrpa.10M

Ilepe-

--

I ~ dx p-A,dVdl dt

'