http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?

sid=10517874-48f1-4ba8-acff-f0ab6c7e440c %40sessionmgr10&vid=1&hid=10&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d %3d#db=c8h&AN=2005120514 Bishop AJ ; Marteau TM ; Hall S ; Kitchener H ; Hajek P 2005 women with high levels of self-efficacy had higher intentions to stop smoking.
http://www.genderbias.net/docs/resources/guideline/Differences%20in %20motivation%20coping%20style%20and%20self%20efficacy%20among.pdf

Bernadette Pelissier, (Ph.D. Nicole Jones, (Ph.D.) 2006 women reported a greater recognition of having a substance use problem, less self-efficacy to remain abstinent in high-risk situations women had significantly lower scores than did men, indicating that women reported less confidence in the ability to resist the urge to use drugs in a variety of situations. In addition, when compared with men, women reported lower levels of general self-efficacy as well as greater perception that negative events in their lives are caused by transient rather than permanent causes. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=0c65c53b-88a0-4a54-b785ef7a68b63416%40sessionmgr14&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d %3d#db=c8h&AN=2010892457 Motivation to quit smoking was positively correlated with stage of change Quitting norms were more inconsistent in women than in men. Consistent quitting norms such as quitting of significant others in combination with their expectations that one should quit appear to be less common but more important in women to form a corresponding intention. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/504347_6 Sheahan and Latimer (1995) found that lower education and income and an increased level of stress were significant predictors of smoking status among 200 Kentucky women. Women with higher depressive symptom scores were more motivated to quit smoking but paradoxically had lower smoking cessation self-efficacy scores. Social support when quitting is particularly important for low-income women. If they reside with and are financially dependent upon partners who smoke, cessation becomes more problematic. Power and conflict issues may become increased in the household when one person is trying to quit or persuade the other partner to quit. Monden, de-Graaf, and Krsaaykamp (2003) found that living with an ex-smoker or never-smoker increases the likelihood of successful quitting

compared with being single or living with a smoker. An ex-smoking partner stimulates successful quitting more than a partner who has never smoked.
http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/15/suppl_3/iii71.abstract

M Siahpush1, A McNeill2, R Borland1, G T Fong3 2004 Lower levels of education were associated with higher nicotine dependence. Respondents with low education had 35% larger odds of low self-efficacy than those with high education. Respondents with low education had 40% larger odds of having no intention to quit than those with high education. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e522bfc8-0bca-4ad3-be95372b783f78bc%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=11 Mohammad Siahpush Ron Borland, Hua-Hie Yong, Foong Kin & Buppha Sirirassamee 2007 InThailand, there was strong evidence that higher education was associated with a lower probability of having self-efcacy (P = 0.008). The odds of having self-efcacy were 80% (OR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.070.52%) smaller among respondents with high than those with low level of education.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910577/

those with a higher education are least likely to smoke and are most successful in quitting http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/adb/25/2/301 Van Zundert, Rinka M. P.; Engels, Rutger C. M. E.; Kuntsche, Emmanuel 2011 These results show that adolescents' self-efficacy during a quit attempt may be responsive to affect-motivational states and external contexts, both before and after lapsing.
http://www.bridgew.edu/soas/jiws/Nov08/Genderefficacysmoking.pdf

By S.O. Momoh; Imhonde, H.O. E. Omagbe 2008 There was no significant difference in the attitude of adults and young adults on perceived smoking cessation. This finding was supported by Carmody (1992). His findings showed that it is not too certain as to whom whether adults or young adults have a favourable attitude toward perceived smoking. This finding did not support the findings of Freund, DAgostino, Belanger (1992) who found 70% adults, 30% young adult, favouring perceived smoking cessation.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e522bfc8-0bca-4ad3be95-372b783f78bc%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=11

Mohammad Siahpush Ron Borland, Hua-Hie Yong, Foong Kin & Buppha Sirirassamee 2007 Older age was associated with a lower probability of having an intention to quit. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783543/

Elisa Martinez, MPH,2* Kristina L. Tatum, M.S.,** Marcella Glass, MPH,** Albert Bernath, MD,*** Daron Ferris, MD,**** Patrick Reynolds, MD,***** and Robert A. Schnoll, Ph.D.2* 2010 Sex, marital status, education level, and income were not related to internal self-efficacy (p > . 05).

The findings that smokers with high self-efficacy have a favorable attitude toward perceived smoking cessation than smokers with low self-efficacy was not surprising as it is the believe that individuals with high self-efficacy are capable of initiating and carrying to the end task initiated. Self-efficacy for a specific situation has been said to allow one to deal better with uncertainty, distress, and conflict in realm of thought (Bandura, 1997; DClemente, 1986). http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi/Scheiding%20Rachel%20A.pdf?marietta1260369637 Early research regarding the relationship between self-efficacy (SE) and the addictive behaviors suggested that the higher the level of SE to quit smoking, the more likely an individual would be to successfully quit smoking (Condiotte & Lichtenstein, 1981). More recent research has shown that high, but not extremely high SE is ideal for successful smoking cessation (Staring & Breteler, 2004). http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=e897224b-8b62-4c02-bcee-5f219a1e58ed %40sessionmgr12&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d %3d#db=c8h&AN=2010518595 The results also indicated that smokers who reported that they have little confidence to control abstinence-induced symptoms and report high smoking urge reactivity to situations that illicit positive affect (e.g., at a bar, with coffee, at a party) report lower self-efficacy to quit smoking when facing external stimuli (e.g., during a celebration; F http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=0c65c53b-88a0-4a54-b785ef7a68b63416%40sessionmgr14&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d %3d#db=c8h&AN=2010892457 Motivation to quit smoking was positively correlated with stage of change

Quitting norms were more inconsistent in women than in men. Consistent quitting norms such as quitting of significant others in combination with their expectations that one should quit appear to be less common but more important in women to form a corresponding intention.

These findings can be used to refine behavioral smoking cessation interventions to increase selfefficacy to quit smoking. Understanding that persons who are in the process of quitting smoking have lower levels of wellbeing may help nurses to better assess the readiness of clients to stop smoking, and to promote the ability of clients to anticipate the process of quitting.