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Jaftgfts

Cgvdr

Rltjd Vohd

Cgpyrlhnt

Bdblcotlg`

Oci`gwjdbhmd`ts

Vrdaocd

Cnoptdr ?5 L`trgbuctlg` tg Systdms Rnl`il`h

Xnot Ls Systdms Rndgry7

Sdvd` Systdmlc Cg`cdpts

Cnoptdr ;5 Cg`tdxt

Mujtlpjd Vdrspdctlvds

Mdo`l`hauj Xngjds

Jlmltotlg`s ga Jl`dor Qldws

Cg`tdxtuoj Cg``dctlg`s

Sddl`h Vrgkjdms l` Cg`tdxt

Kdjg`hl`h o`b Lbd`tlty* Rnl`il`h o`b Addjl`h

[dwgril`h tnd Jdhocy

Crdotl`h Cjdordr Cg``dctlg`s

Cnoptdr 35 Cousojlty

Rnd @ddb tg I`gw Xny

Xng Ls ot Aoujt7

Mo`y Votns tg tnd Somd Bdstl`otlg`

Kjomd o`b [dspg`slkljlty

Snordb [dspg`slkljlty Ls @gt Dquoj [dspg`slkljlty

Dxpjol`l`h Qlclgus Cycjds

Crdotl`h Vgsltlvd Cycjds

Cnoptdr 25 Cgmmu`lcotlg`

Gksdrvl`h Cgmmu`lcotlg`

Mdssohd Sd`t o`b Mdssohd [dcdlvdb

Au`ctlg`s ga Cgmmu`lcotlg`

Cgrrdctl`h Mlsu`bdrsto`bl`hs

Mlssl`h tnd Kgot

Bdstructlvd Cgmmu`lcotlg`

D`no`cl`h Outnd`tlclty

Cgmmu`lcotlg` Kuljbs Ottocnmd`t

Cgmmu`lcotlg` Crdotds Ottu`dmd`t

Cnoptdr 45 Cno`hd

[dslstl`h Cno`hd5 Systdm Stokljlty

[ujds tnot Hgvdr` Kdnovlgr

Mgblalcotlg`s o`b [dgrho`lzotlg`

Bddpdr Jdvdjs ga Cno`hd

Occdjdrotl`h o`b L`nlkltl`h Cno`hd

Dvd` o`b Okrupt Cno`hd

Al`bl`h tnd Jghlc l` [dslsto`cd

Kdyg`b [dvdrsd Vsycngjghy

@gt o Rndropy Rrlci

Aroml`h tnd Vrgkjdm

Occdpto`cd o`b Cno`hd

Cnoptdr 15 Structurd

L`vlslkjd Jdvdjs o`b Vgsltlg`s

Suksystdms

T`lvdrsoj Aomljy Structurds7

Rnd Vrgkjdm wltn Nldrorcny

Dmpgwdrmd`t Qdrsus Bgml`otlg`

Cgjjokgrotlg` o`b Cgmpdtltlg`

Vgwdr o`b Vrlvljdhd

Rnd Rndroplst(s Vgsltlg`

Ndojtny o`b T`ndojtny Kgu`borlds

Gksdrvl`h tnd Structurd

Rnd Strgid o`b tnd Ilci

Structurd l` Xgri Systdms

Cnoptdr 85 Nlstgry o`b Bdvdjgpmd`t

Vrdblctokjd Bdvdjgpmd`toj Cno`hd

Rnd Vrgkjdm wltn @grmojlzl`h

Tsl`h Bdvdjgpmd`toj Rro`sltlg`s

Dorjy Rdmpjotds

[dporotlg` o`b [dpolr

Cgmpjdmd`tory Vottdr`s

[dwgril`h Dorjy Dxpdrld`cd

Cnoptdr >5 Sgcloj o`b Cujturoj @orrotlvds

Rnl`il`h Moids Lt Sg

Jdttl`h tnd Vrgkjdm Kd tnd Vrgkjdm

Rnd Cjld`t Nos tnd O`swdr

[dwrltl`h Gjb Rndmds

Cno`hl`h Hd`bdr @orrotlvds

Cnoptdr <5 Oppjlcotlg`s tg Rndgry* [dsdorcn* o`b Grho`lzotlg`s

Systdms Rndgry os Vjotagrm

Moxlmlzl`h tnd Ttljlty ga [dsdorcn

Grho`lzotlg`oj Daalcocy

Aujj Clrcjd

[dadrd`cds

Outngr L`bdx

Sukedct L`bdx

Obvdrtlsdmd`t pohd

Slks a``f ks prkmtbc `m enkc(jrbb pepbr-

N`pyrkdlt© ay G`lm Tkoby * ^`ms/ Kmn- Eoo rkdlts rbsbrvbc-

Yuaokslbc ay G`lm Tkoby * ^`ms/ Kmn-/ L`a`fbm/ Mbw Gbrsby-

Yuaokslbc skhuotemb`usoy km Nemece-

M` pert `j tlks puaoknetk`m hey ab rbpr`cunbc/ st`rbc km e rbtrkbveo systbh/ `r tremshkttbc km emy j`rh `r ay emy hbems/ bobntr`mkn/ hbnlemkneo/ pl`t`n`pykmd/ rbn`rckmd/ snemmkmd/ `r `tlbrwksb/ bxnbpt es pbrhkttbc umcbr ^bntk`m 594 `r 59< `j tlb 5;4: Rmktbc ^tetbs N`pyrkdlt Ent/ wktlùt bktlbr tlb prk`r wrkttbm pbrhkssk`m `j tlb Yuaokslbr/ `r eutl`rkzetk`m tlrùdl peyhbmt `j tlb eppr`prketb pbr(n`py jbb t` tlb N`pyrkdlt Noberemnb Nbmtbr/ Kmn-/ 111 Q`sbw``c Crkvb/ Cemvbrs/ HE 95;1>/ ,;4<+ 429(<399/ jex ,;4<+ :3:(<:99/ `r `m tlb wba et www-n`pyrkdlt-n`h- Qbqubsts t` tlb Yuaokslbr j`r pbrhkssk`m slùoc ab eccrbssbc t` tlb Ybrhkssk`ms Cbperthbmt/ G`lm Tkoby * ^`ms/ Kmn-/ 555 Qkvbr ^trbbt/ Là`fbm/ MG 949>9/ ,195+ 43<(:955/ jex ,195+ 43<(:99<-

Okhkt `j Okeakokty/Cksnoekhbr `j Terremty7 Tlkob tlb puaokslbr emc eutl`r levb usbc tlbkr abst bjj`rts km prbperkmd tlks a``f/ tlby hefb m` rbprbsbmtetk`ms `r werremtkbs wktl rbspbnt t` tlb ennureny `r n`hpobtbmbss `j tlb n`mtbmts `j tlks a``f emc spbnkjkneooy cksnoekh emy khpokbc werremtkbs `j hbrnlemteakokty `r jktmbss j`r e pertknuoer purp`sb- M` werremty hey ab nrbetbc `r bxtbmcbc ay seobs rbprbsbmtetkvbs `r wrkttbm seobs hetbrkeos- Slb ecvknb emc stretbdkbs n`mtekmbc lbrbkm hey m`t ab sukteaob j`r yùr sktuetk`m- [ù slùoc n`msuot wktl e pr`jbssk`meo wlbrb eppr`prketb- Mbktlbr tlb puaokslbr m`r eutl`r sleoo ab okeaob j`r emy o`ss `j pr`jkt `r emy `tlbr n`hhbrnkeo cehedbs/ kmnouckmd aut m`t okhktbc t` spbnkeo/ kmnkcbmteo/ n`msbqubmtkeo/ `r `tlbr cehedbs-

Slks puaoknetk`m ks cbskdmbc t` pr`vkcb ennuretb emc eutl`rktetkvb kmj`rhetk`m km rbderc t` tlb suagbnt hettbr n`vbrbc- Kt ks sòc wktl tlb umcbrstemckmd tlet tlb puaokslbr ks m`t bmdedbc km rbmcbrkmd pr`jbssk`meo sbrvknbs- Kj obdeo/ ennùmtkmd/ hbckneo/ psynlò`dkneo `r emy `tlbr bxpbrt esskstemnb ks rbqukrbc/ tlb sbrvknbs `j e n`hpbtbmt pr`jbssk`meo pbrs`m slùoc ab sùdlt-

Cbskdmetk`ms usbc ay n`hpemkbs t` ckstkmduksl tlbkr pr`cunts erb `jtbm noekhbc es trecbherfs- Km eoo kmstemnbs wlbrb G`lm Tkoby * ^`ms/ Kmn- ks ewerb `j e noekh/ tlb pr`cunt mehbs eppber km kmktkeo nepkteo `r eoo nepkteo obttbrs- Qbecbrs/ l`wbvbr/ sl`uoc n`mtent tlb eppr`prketb n`hpemkbs j`r h`rb n`hpobtb kmj`rhetk`m rbderckmd trecbherfs emc rbdkstretk`m-

J`r dbmbreo kmj`rhetk`m `m ùr `tlbr pr`cunts emc sbrvknbs pobesb n`mtent ùr Nust`hbr Nerb Cbperthbmt wktlkm tlb Rmktbc ^tetbs et ,<99+ 4:1(1;43/ ùtskcb tlb Rmktbc ^tetbs et ,>54+ 241(>;;> `r jex ,>54+ 241(3991-

Tkoby eos` puaokslbs kts a``fs km e verkbty `j bobntr`mkn j`rhets- ^`hb n`mtbmt tlet eppbers km prkmt hey m`t ab evekoeaob km bobntr`mkn a``fs- J`r h`rb kmj`rhetk`m ea`ut Tkoby pr`cunts/ vkskt `ur wbasktb et www-wkoby-n`h-

Jlkrory ga Cg`hrdss Cotojghl`h-l`-Vukjlcotlg` Boto5

^hktl(Enuõe/ ^lbooy-

^ystbhs tlb`ry km entk`m7 eppoknetk`ms t` kmckvkcueo/ n`upobs/ emc jehkoy tlbrepy/^lbooy ^hktl(Enuõe-

p-6 nh-

Kmnoucbs akaok`dreplkneo rbjbrbmnbs emc kmcbx-

K^AM ;4<(9(349(342<1(; ,paf-7 eof- pepbr+6 ;4<(9(349(;5919(4 ,bYCJ+6 ;4<(9(349(;5915(3 ,bH`ak+6 ;4<(9(349(;5911(5 ,bYua+

5- Ysynl`tlbrepy- 1- Jehkoy psynl`tlbrepy- >- ^ystbh tlb`ry- K- Sktob- VCMOH7 5- Ysynl`tlbrepy–hbtl`cs- 1- ^ystbhs Slb`ry-TH319 ^::3s 1955X

QN3>4-2-^:2 1955

:5:-<; 953–cn11

195995<941

Yrkmtbc km tlb Rmktbc ^tetbs `j Ehbrkne

59 ; < 4 : 2 3 > 1 5

[h by knk# \nrraj Tbotg# ehr tandgojl ba pntoajda# parsavarnjda# njk kakodntohj

Oci`gwjdbhmd`ts

K `wb e cbat `j dretktucb t` tlb hemy systbhs tlet supp`rtbc tlb wrktkmd `j tlks a``f- K eh rbhkmcbc `j tlb n`mnbmtrkn nkrnob ckedreh tlet eppbers km Nleptbr 1/ wlknl `utokmbs eoo tlb systbhs tlet erb kmjoubmtkeo km tlb okjb `j e nlkoc- Km e skhkoer jeslk`m/ tlbrb erb hemy dr`ups `j pb`pob wl` levb lec e ckrbnt `r kmckrbnt kmjoubmnb `m tlks a``f-

Jkrst/ hy s`nkeo nkrnobs levb kmcuodbc hb ay dkvkmd hb e pess `m n`hhkttbb w`rf emc l`stkmd bvbmts emc levb pr`vkcbc ecvknb emc bmnùredbhbmt- K wùoc okfb t` tlemf Yeh A``tl/ Hbdem Jemtb/ ûboobm L`werc/ N`re Mbsokm/ Guokb êv`kb/ Ehy Sea`r/ emc Fbrrk Wkoobr j`r nlbbrkmd hb `m emc Qknlerc Bvems emc Nler Book`t j`r kmspkretk`m tlet `jtbm jbot ckvkmb-

Yr`jbssk`meooy/ K lec tlb vbry d``c j`rtumb `j trekmkmd wktl Akoo Ykms`j/ Gey Oba`w/ Nlbryo Qehpedb/ Cùd Arbumokm/ emc Ybtbr Qbkmbr- Slb kmtboobntueooy rknl bmvkr`mhbmt tlby pr`vkcbc n`mtkmubs t` sustekm hb- A`tl km Nlkned` emc km Cbmvbr/ K levb eos` lec tlb prkvkobdb `j w`rfkmd wktl nokbmts km kmckvkcueo/ nùpobs/ emc jehkoy tlbrepy/ es wboo es supbrvkskmd psynl`tlbrepy trekmkmd- K eh ewbc ay wlet K levb obermbc jr`h hy petkbmts/ emc K eh s` dretbjuo t` ab eaob t` c` tlks w`rf- K mbbc t` tlemf hy nokmkneo n`msuotetk`m drùp/ Skh Cbe emc A`mmkb Hbssbr/ wl` lòc tlks w`rf wktl hb- K nùmt `m tlbkr wksc`h/ n`hpessk`m/ emc d``c luh`r-

Hunl `j tlks a``f ks ckrbntoy rboetbc t` hy w`rf et tlb Drecuetb ^nl`ò `j Yr`jbssk`meo Ysynlò`dy/ em bssbmtkeo systbh km hy pr`jbssk`meo cbvbo`phbmt- Hy cbem/ Ybtbr Aukrsfk/ les abbm e hbmt`r wl` les pr`vkcbc bxnboobmt dukcemnb km s` hemy weys- Lb obecs us km strkvkmd t` ab tlb abst prentktk`mbrs emc snlòers tlet wb nem ab/ emc lks bmnùredbhbmt les abbm kmveoueaob- Hy jrkbmcs Oevkte Mecfermk emc Gbmmy N`rmksl levb supp`rtbc bvbry espbnt `j hy pr`jbssk`meo okjb/ kmnouckmd slerkmd tlbkr puaokslbr wktl hb- Tlbm wb sbb tlet kmckvkcueos eoweys bxkst km tlb n`mtbxt `j oerdbr systbhs/ K nem$t khedkmb c`kmd hy w`rf ùtskcb tlb n`mtbxt `j tlb supp`rt K rbnbkvb jr`h Ybtbr/ Oevkte/ emc Gbmmy- K eh s` dretbjuo t` levb tlb nlemnb t` w`rf wktl Herqukte Jobhhkmd et Tkoby/ wl` ks rbsp`mskvb/ kmtbrbstkmd/ emc n`mskstbmtoy rbes`meaob-

Slbrb erb `tlbr hbhabrs `j tlb D^YY jenuoty emc stejj wl` levb ckrbntoy supp`rtbc tlks pr`gbnt/ h`st m`teaoy Hknlebo Fers`m/ wl` ks eoweys wkookmd t` cksnuss systbhs kssubs wktl hb emc wrktbs s` wboo eaùt nokmkneo hettbrs- Lb eos` pr`vkcbc ounkc emc bmtbrtekmkmd jbbcaenf `m tlks hemusnrkpt- Brkf ^wbbm$s cbbp tlkmfkmd emc kmtbrbstkmd kcbes erb n`mskstbmtoy kmspkrkmd/ emc K wemt t` tlemf lkh j`r rbeckmd tlb hemusnrkpt emc `jjbrkmd lbopjuo n`hhbmts- @tlbrs km tlb D^YY n`hhumkty levb supp`rtbc tlb pr`gbnt km e wkcb verkbty `j weys/ aut eoo levb pertknkpetbc km systbhs w`rf wktl hb- K eh dretbjuo t` w`rf wktl Herf E`yedk/ S`h Aerrbtt/ Gucy Jerhbr/ Gucy J`x/ Fkh D`rdbms/ Oymbtt Lbmcbrs`m(Hbtzdbr/ Jbrmemc Ouaudukm/ Leob Hertkm/ Obb Hesser`/ G`lm HnMbkoo/ Guokb Hbybr/ Oeure Hbybr/ Ertur Y`nzwerc`wsfk/ êhere Qeshussbm/ Oupb êhemkbd`/ Gehkb ^lepkr`/ Gembt ^lrkabrd/ Qedmer ^t`reesok/ emc Srenkb Frusb-

K eos` mbbc t` tlemf eoo `j tlb stucbmts wl` levb tefbm hy systbhs tlb`ry noess/ emc wl`sb kmtboobntueo nurk`skty fbbps hb `m hy t`bs- K eh dretbjuo t` Nùrtmby Lbrdbmr`tlbr j`r rbeckmd emc bcktkmd tlb hemusnrkpt/ emc t` tlb hemy stucbmts wl` levb rbec perts `j tlb w`rf- Dkjt Telkwb les abbm em ehezkmd rbsùrnb km trenfkmd c`wm sùrnbs emc abkmd dbmbreooy lbopjuo- K eh vbry j`rtumetb tlet hy stucbmts levb slerbc tlbkr bmbrdy emc bmtluskesh `m s` hemy obvbos-

Jkmeooy/ K hefb tlb p`kmt tlet systbhs tlb`ry ksm$t prkherkoy eaùt jehkokbs/ emc ybt hy jehkoy ks hy prkhery sùrnb `j supp`rt emc h`tkvetk`m- K wemt t` tlemf hy Dbrhem jehkoy j`r tlbkr kmtbrbst/ kmvbsthbmt/ emc ennbptemnb tlrùdl tlb ybers- S` hy perbmts/ Nlero`ttb emc Terrbm/ emc hy skaokmds/ ûzemmb emc Tbsoby/ K nùoc m`t levb esfbc j`r e werhbr/ h`rb o`vkmd/ emc h`rb bmnùredkmd jehkoy okjb- K eh s` dretbjuo j`r eoo tlb weys tlet K nem nùmt `m yù- Emc `m t` tlb kmmbr nkrnob/ K eh tlemfjuo t` levb jùmc S`my/ tlb o`vb `j hy okjb/ emc t` levb H`mkne emc Bvem/ truoy tlb nlkocrbm `j hy crbehs- [ù erb hy sbnurb l`hb aesb emc hy semntuery- Slemf yù j`r bvbrytlkmd%

Vrdaocd

Hemy `j tlb bxehpobs km tlks a``f n`hb jr`h tlb noessr``h/ emc K wr`tb tlb a``f wktl stucbmts km hkmc- K levb abbm j`rtumetb km tbenlkmd e ^ystbhs Slb`ry km Ysynlò`dy nùrsb j`r c`nt`reo psynlò`dy stucbmts j`r 54 ybers- Slks nùrsb ks rbqukrbc `j eoo jkrst(yber stucbmts es e pert `j e yber(o`md tlb`ry sbqubmnb- Rmokfb pr`drehs tlet tbenl systbhs tlb`ry es pert `j jehkoy psynlò`dy/ ùr pr`dreh utkokzbs systbhs tlb`ry es e jùmcetk`meo h`cbo j`r dbmbreo hbmteo lbeotl prentknb- Abneusb K levb struddobc t` jkmc sùrnbs tlet usb systbhs tlb`ry km tlks arèc wey/ K abdem t` bxpo`rb tlb p`sskakokty `j wrktkmd tlks a``f- Es K hbmtk`m km suasbqubmt nleptbrs/ aby`mc tlb jesnkmetkmd aut cbmsb beroy tbxts `m eppoykmd systbhkn prkmnkpobs t` s`nkeo drùps/ tlbrb wes okttob evekoeaob ùtskcb tlb jehkoy tlbrepy jkboc- Jurtlbr/ h`st `j tlb wrktkmd c`mb km jehkoy tlbrepy wes okmfbc t` `mb `j tlb beroy tlb`rksts- K rbeokzbc tlet e dbmbreo systbhs tbxt nùoc tefb e stbp aenf jr`h tlbsb spbnkjkn epprènlbs emc nùoc suppobhbmt `mb `j tlb `vbrvkbw jehkoy tlbrepy tbxta``fs-

Hemy `j tlb `tlbr bxehpobs km tlks a``f n`hb jr`h hy nokmkneo prentknb/ emc K eos` wr`tb tlb a``f j`r prentktk`mbrs- Slb ert `j psynl`tlbrepy ks e vkteo/ cymehkn pr`nbss tlet n`mtkmueooy fbbps hb `m hy t`bs/ emc systbhs tlb`ry les abbm e w`rtly dukcb tlr`udl tlb pr`nbss- Es hy w`rf bv`ovbs emc khpr`vbs/ K rbturm t` aeskn systbhkn n`mnbpts j`r kmskdlt emc noerkty- K abokbvb tlet slerkmd nokmkneo st`rkbs ks e hbemkmdjuo emc kmtbrbstkmd bmcbev`r tlet a`tl pr`vkcbs kmtboobntueo setksjentk`m emc bmrknlbs tlb w`rf tlet wb c`- K l`pb tlet tlb a``f wkoo eoo`w nokmknkems t` rbvkbw aeskn n`mnbpts km e wey tlet kmvktbs tlbh t` rbjobnt `m tlbkr bxpbrkbmnbs-

H`st stucbmts km tlb hbmteo lbeotl jkboc erb obermkmd t` ab nokmknkems/ emc h`st nokmknkems erb okjbo`md stucbmts/ s` hy cueo purp`sbs km wrktkmd tlks a``f `vbroep n`mskcbreaoy- K levb trkbc t` tremsoetb tlb tbnlmkneo oemduedb `j dbmbreo systbhs tlkmfkmd kmt` n`hh`m/ bvbrycey oemduedb- Es e tremsoet`r/ K bmcbev`r t` rbtekm s`hb `j tlb `rkdkmeo bxnktbhbmt `j tlks n`hprblbmskvb/ jer(rbenlkmd wey `j o``fkmd et luhem ablevk`r- Et tlb sehb tkhb/ K l`pb t` nepturb tlb prentkneo utkokty `j àsbrvkmd luhem kmtbrentk`ms tlrùdl e systbhs obms- K levb usbc hemy `j tlb jùmcetk`meo tbxts jr`h dbmbreo systbhs tlb`ry/ jehkoy tlbrepy/ emc nùpobs tlbrepy/ emc K levb eos` kmnoucbc s`hb `j hy jev`rktb rbjbrbmnbs jr`h tlb kmckvkcueo tlbrepy oktbreturb- K levb trkbc t` wbevb t`dbtlbr tlbsb aenfdrùmc sùrnbs km e wey tlet wkoo prbsbmt yù wktl tlb fby bobhbmts `j benl sùrnb emc sperf yùr nurk`skty t` d` cbbpbr kmt` benl tlb`ry- Bvbm wktlùt d`kmd aenf t` tlb `rkdkmeo sùrnbs/ l`wbvbr/ K l`pb tlet yù wkoo jbbo sòkcoy drùmcbc km tlb n`rb n`hp`mbmts `j systbhkn tlkmfkmd-

Cnoptdr ?

L`trgbuctlg` tg Systdms Rnl`il`h

K `jtbm abdkm hy nùrsb `m ^ystbhs Slb`ry wktl e dehb tlet les tlb jòo`wkmd ckrbntk`ms7 ‟Slb mehb `j tlks dehb dkvbs tlb ruobs `j tlb dehb- Kt$s neoobc Obttbrs emc Yettbrms/ m`t T`rcs emc N`mnbpts-‘ K tlbm dkvb s`hb `j tlb jòo`wkmd bxehpobs emc esf tlb noess t` g`km km wktl tlbkr `wm bxehpobs-

Kt ks puppkbs emc fkttbms/ m`t c`ds emc nets-

Kt ks suhhbr emc jeoo/ m`t sprkmd emc wkmtbr-

Kt ks n`tt`m emc w``o/ m`t skof emc myo`m-

Kt ks h`hhy emc ceccy/ m`t dremche emc dremcpe-

Dbmbreooy/ et obest e jbw `j tlb stucbmts levb poeybc tlb dehb emc nlkhb km wktl tlbkr `wm bxehpobs7

Kt ks abbr/ pkzze/ emc nlbbsb/ aut m`t wkmb/ arbec/ emc nl`n`oetb-

Kt ks j``taeoo emc s`nnbr/ aut m`t sfetkmd emc sm`wa`erckmd-

Slbm K slefb kt up e akt emc dkvb `tlbr typbs `j bxehpobs7 Kt ks abcr``h aut m`t g`nfby6 kt ks ar``h aut m`t stbef- Emc jkmeooy K wkoo try t` hefb kt e akt beskbr7

Kt ks rummkmd/ aut m`t rum6 kt ks l`ppkmd/ aut m`t l`pkmd-

Et tkhbs/ e arevb stucbmt vbmturbs em kmn`rrbnt dubss ,‟Kt ks swkhhkmd aut m`t sfkkmd‘6 entueooy/ kt ks a`tl%+/ aut usueooy stucbmts wl` levbm$t jkdurbc ùt tlb dehb skt wktl puzzobc bxprbssk`ms umtko K bxpoekm tlb ruobs- ^bbkmd tlb w`rcs `m tlb pedb hey levb lbopbc yù umn`vbr tlb pettbrm/ emc h`st pb`pob levb em ‟ele%‘ h`hbmt wlbm tlb pettbrm abn`hbs nober t` tlbh- Slb dehb kmvòvbs kmnouckmd w`rcs tlet levb cùaob obttbrs emc bxnouckmd w`rcs tlet c` m`t levb cùaob obttbrs-

Slks dehb ks cbnbptkvboy skhpob/ emc pertknkpetkmd km tlb dehb pr`vkcbs em kmtbrbstkmd dokhpsb kmt` luhem n`dmktk`m- Tlkob tlb ckrbntk`ms noberoy stetb tlet w`rcs emc n`mnbpts erb m`t khp`rtemt/ stucbmts eoweys sey tlet tlby n`uoc m`t st`p tlbhsbovbs jr`h o``fkmd j`r `rdemkzkmd kcbes wktlkm tlb okst `j w`rcs- K stert tlb bxehpobs ay kmnouckmd w`rcs tlet c` levb s`hb fkmc `j n`mnbptueo n`mmbntk`m/ emc h`st pb`pob h`vb rkdlt t` tlet obvbo `j emeoysks- Slb dehb sl`ws tlb strbmdtls emc tlb jeooenkbs tlet n`hb wktl tlb wey tlet wb `rdemkzb kmj`rhetk`m-

K eos` okfb t` stert hy nùrsb wktl tlks dehb abneusb tlb hbmteo slkjt tlet h`st stucbmts bxpbrkbmnb pr`vkcbs e hbtepl`r j`r tlb hbmteo slkjt tlet K bxpbrkbmnbc km obermkmd systbhs tlb`ry- ^ystbhs tlb`ry les dkvbm hb n`hprblbmskvb emc jer(rbenlkmd n`mnbptueo kmskdlts/ emc kt les lbopbc hb n`rrbnt hemy brr`mbùs essuhptk`ms tlet erb bhabccbc km hy tlkmfkmd `r tlet hey ab pert `j ùr nurrbmt snkbmtkjkn trecktk`m- Tlkob systbhs tlkmfkmd les cbvbo`pbc jr`h Tbstbrm snkbmtkjkn trecktk`ms/ systbhkn n`mnbpts h`vb aby`mc tlb typb `j okmber emeoysks tlet j`nusbs `m ksòetkmd emc rbcunkmd plbm`hbme- Slks slkjt ks a`tl skhpob emc pr`jùmc-

Es e psynlò`dkst/ K nehb t` stucy systbhs tlb`ry tlrùdl e jekroy typkneo petl/ ay w`rfkmd wktl nùpobs emc jehkokbs- K kmktkeooy w`rfbc es em bobhbmtery snl`ò tbenlbr/ emc km tlet nepenkty/ K abnehb sfkoobc et eppoykmd ablevk`reo tlb`rkbs j`r noessr``h hemedbhbmt- Tlkob tlbrb wbrb hemy bobhbmts `j tbenlkmd tlet K bmg`ybc e drbet cbeo/ K jùmc hysboj jrustretbc tlet K ckcm$t levb tlb eakokty t` lbop stucbmts wktl h`rb ckjjknuot bh`tk`meo `r obermkmd pràobhs- Et tlet p`kmt/ K pursubc drecuetb w`rf km nokmkneo psynlò`dy- K wes bspbnkeooy crewm t` psynl`cymehkn tlb`rkbs/ es tlby sbbhbc t` bxpoekm tlb pràobhs `j hy j`rhbr stucbmts km e umkqub emc hbemkmdjuo wey/ s` K rbpoenbc hy ablevk`reo w`rocvkbw wktl em àgbnt rboetk`ms pbrspbntkvb- Tlkob K kmtbrmbc et e oerdboy psynlèmeoytkn kmstktutk`m/ K wes eaob t` c` spbnkeoty trekmkmd km e jehkoy tlbrepy nokmkn/ emc tlb ‟ele%‘ h`hbmt errkvbc j`r hb- Qetlbr tlem hefkmd hb nl``sb abtwbbm ablevk`reo `r psynl`cymehkn tlb`rkbs/ systbhs tlb`ry `jjbrbc e arkcdb abtwbbm tlbsb pbrspbntkvbs emc bxehkmbc l`w tlby nùoc w`rf t`dbtlbr-

Km eccktk`m t` pr`vkckmd e jùmcetk`m j`r huotkpob tlb`rbtkneo pbrspbntkvbs/ e systbhs epprènl pr`vkcbc em kmtbrbstkmd slkjt km hy nokmkneo w`rf- Es K wes obermkmd systbhs tlb`ry/ K vkvkcoy rbhbhabr abdkmmkmd t` w`rf wktl e nùpob `m tlb arkmf `j ckv`rnb- Slb nesb wes pbrpobxkmd t` hb km hemy weys- A`tl Heurbbm/ 31/ emc Zkmnbmt/ 33/ wbrb arkdlt/ wboo(bcunetbc/ emc okfeaob pb`pob wl` pbrj`rhbc wboo et w`rf emc wbrb cbv`tbc t` tlbkr tlrbb nlkocrbm- Mbktlbr rbp`rtbc kmjkcbokty/ suastemnb usb/ c`hbstkn vkòbmnb/ `r `tlbr crehetkn rbes`ms j`r tlbkr herkteo ckjjknuotkbs- Kmstbec/ Heurbbm rbp`rtbc jbbokmd o`mboy emc umjuojkoobc km tlb herrkedb emc wes n`mskcbrkmd esfkmd Zkmnbmt t` h`vb ùt `j tlb lùsb- Zkmnbmt wes aejjobc ay Heurbbm$s cksn`mtbmt emc aoehbc lbr jrkbmcs/ sbvbreo `j wl`h wbrb rbnbmtoy ckv`rnbc- Es K bxpo`rbc tlb pràobh/ K nùoc sbb kmckvkcueo kssubs tlet eppberbc pràobhetkn- Zkmnbmt wes tlb lkdl(enlkbvkmd s`m `j khhkdremt perbmts/ emc lks surjenb arevec` sbbhbc t` n`vbr cbbpbr kmsbnurktkbs- Heurbbm sbbhbc t` levb poumdbc lbeco`md kmt` tlb herrkedb ejtbr tlb cbetl `j lbr h`tlbr 19 ybers berokbr/ emc K tlùdlt tlet tlks drkbj wes rbsurjenkmd es lbr òcbst nlkoc wes obevkmd l`hb- Aut tlbsb kmckvkcueo bxpoemetk`ms wbrbm$t es lbopjuo es K lec l`pbc/ emc K fmbw K wes hksskmd s`hbtlkmd-

Es K set km tlb tlbrepy r``h wktl Heurbbm emc Zkmnbmt/ K abdem t` umcbrstemc tlet K mbbcbc t` bxehkmb tlb cbvbo`phbmt `j tlbkr rboetk`mslkp/ km eccktk`m t` fm`wkmd eaùt tlbh es kmckvkcueos- Km tlb p`puoer sbrkbs `jDTO ,Droba Tdaja Ojvastolntohj+ tbobvksk`m sl`ws/ tlb nehbre `jtbm survbys tlb nrkhb snbmb/ s`hbtkhbs z``hkmd km t` m`tknb em khp`rtemt hknr`sn`pkn cbteko/ emc s`hbtkhbs tefkmd e wkcb(emdob epprènl t` bxehkmb e pettbrm et e ckstemnb- Kmverkeaoy/ tlb nlemdb km tlb nehbre emdob emc j`nus rbvbeos khp`rtemt bvkcbmnb tlet wes besy t` hkss et jkrst doemnb- ^khkoer t` tlb wey tlet tlbDTOnehbre w`rf sl`ws wlet ks aby`mc tlb sn`pb `j `rckmery vksk`m/ tlb systbhs tlb`ry supbrvksk`m K rbnbkvbc devb hb tlb bxpbrkbmnb `j abkmd eaob t` ‟sbb‘ Heurbbm emc Zkmnbmt$s rboetk`mslkp- ûccbmoy/ tlbkr herrkedb abnehb e nlerentbr km tlb r``h/ emc K umcbrst``c tlet tlb mbdobnt `j tlbkr rboetk`mslkp lec objt kt jbbaob emc umcbrcbvbo`pbc- Tlkob K nùoc rbhekm n`mmbntbc t` Heurbbm emc Zkmnbmt es kmckvkcueos/ K nùoc skhuotembùsoy sbb tlb rknlmbss `j tlb spenb abtwbbm tlbh- Kt wes e rbvboetk`m t` umcbrstemc tlet tlbkr rboetk`mslkp wes eos` hy nokbmt-

@j nùrsb/ tlks rbvboetk`m ckc m`t bsteaoksl wlbtlbr tlby wbrb d`kmd t` sevb tlb rboetk`mslkp `r bmc tlb rboetk`mslkp- Aut tlb j`nus `m tlbkr herrkedb es e systbh eoo`wbc us t` bxpo`rb tlb aeoemnb abtwbbm tlbkr kmckvkcueo mbbcs emc tlb mbbcs `j tlb herrkedb- K nùoc z``h km emc sbb tlb khp`rtemt cbtekos tlet benl `j tlbh jbot lec abbm mbdobntbc ay tlb `tlbr emc tlbm z``h aenf emc lkdlokdlt tlb weys tlet tlbsb cbtekos rboetbc t` tlb akd pknturb `j tlbkr rboetk`mslkp- Es tlb n`mvbrsetk`m slkjtbc/ a`tl wbrb eaob t` kcbmtkjy tlb weys tlet tlby lec turmbc ewey jr`h benl `tlbr/ dkvkmd ettbmtk`m t` w`rf emc jehkoy wktlùt murturkmd tlb herrkedb- Jurtlbr/ tlks rbeokzetk`m eoo`wbc benl t` kmvbst km tlb rboetk`mslkp km mbw emc hbemkmdjuo weys- Heurbbm kmnoucbc Zkmnbmt km jehkoy entkvktkbs km weys tlet eoo`wbc lkh t` jbbo veoubc j`r h`rb tlem lks bermkmd nepenkty/ emc Zkmnbmt t``f tlb tkhb t` d` t` h`vkbs emc poeys wktl Heurbbm/ s`hbtlkmd lb lec prbvkùsoy rbjusbc- Es tlby kmnrbesbc tlbkr obvbo `j kmvòvbhbmt/ tlby abnehb werhbr emc h`rb ejjbntk`metb/ a`tl rbhbhabrkmd tkhbs beroy km tlbkr rboetk`mslkp wlbm tlby jbot h`rb n`mmbntbc emc abdkmmkmd t` crbeh eaùt wlet tlby hkdlt bmg`y t`dbtlbr wlbm tlbkr nlkocrbm objt l`hb-

K eh s`hbwlet bhaerressbc t` sey tlet K wes surprksbc ay tlb nlemdbs km Heurbbm emc Zkmnbmt$s rboetk`mslkp- Slkmfkmd eaùt tlbh es kmckvkcueos/ K abokbvbc tlet tlbkr herkteo ckstrbss skdmkjkbc s`hbtlkmd umrbsòvbc km benl `j tlbh- K m`w fm`w tlet `mb `j tlb cemdbrs `j bhpleskzkmd tlb pràobhs `j em kmckvkcueo ks tlet tlks bhplesks nem hkmkhkzb tlb lbeokmd p`tbmtkeo `j rboetk`mslkps- E systbhs pbrspbntkvb sl`wbc hb tlet K wes hksskmd s`hbtlkmd nrunkeo km sbbkmd tlbh `moy es kmckvkcueos/ emc tlb j`nus `m tlb rboetk`mslkp arùdlt kt aenf t` okjb- Eotlùdl K levb eos` w`rfbc wktl nesbs km wlknl tlb rboetk`mslkp ckc m`t rbvkvb/ K jùmc tlet tlb eakokty t` umcbrstemc kmckvkcueos km tlb n`mtbxt `j tlbkr rboetk`mslkp emc t` w`rf `m rboetk`mslkps es wboo es `m kmckvkcueos les abbm kmveoueaob t` hy nokmkneo w`rf-

Slb fm`wobcdb `j systbhs tlb`ry les bmrknlbc hy w`rf wktl kmckvkcueos es wboo es wktl nùpobs emc jehkokbs/ emc kt les abbm usbjuo km e verkbty `j `tlbr n`mtbxts es wboo- Nòobedubs wl` fm`w tlet K utkokzb systbhs tlb`ry `jtbm cbsnrkab tlbhsbovbs km sktuetk`ms okfb tlb `mb K bxpbrkbmnbc wktl Heurbbm emc Zkmnbmt/ jbbokmd tlet tlby erb hksskmd s`hbtlkmd emc fm`wkmd tlet systbhs tlb`ry nùoc lbop- Tlbm tlby esf hb j`r rbsùrnbs t` arusl up `m systbhs tlb`ry/ K levb jùmc hysboj km e akmc- K nem dbmbreooy esf qubstk`ms eaùt tlb nesb emc jkmc spbnkjkn eppoknetk`ms `j systbhs tlb`ry tlet wkoo ab lbopjuo/ aut wlet ks hksskmd ks e rbsùrnb tlet rbeooy pr`vkcbs em `vbrvkbw `j systbhkn n`mnbpts-

K levb jùr `ptk`ms t` `jjbr km tbrhs `j systbhs rbjbrbmnbs et tlks p`kmt/ emc m`mb `j tlbh hbbts tlb mbbcs `j hy nòobedubs- Jkrst/ K nem rbn`hhbmc `mb `j tlb `rkdkmeo sùrnbs km eppoykmd systbhs tlb`ry t` psynlò`dy/ emc hy jev`rktb ks tlb noesskn ay Tetzoewknf/ Aevboes/ emc Genfs`m/Vrnlbntods he Gubnj Dhbbujodntohj,Tetzoewknf/ Aevboes/ * Genfs`m/ 5;:4 +- Slks a``f ks e jesnkmetkmd sùrnb j`r hemy aeskn systbhs n`mnbpts/ emc kt drùmcs tlbsb n`mnbpts km hetlbhetkneo emc plyskneo snkbmnbs km e s`plkstknetbc emc bobdemt hemmbr- Hunl `j tlb oemduedb a`rr`wbc jr`h tlb plyskneo snkbmnbs ks ewfwerc/ l`wbvbr/ emc nem ab ckjjknuot t` tremsoetb kmt` h`rb stemcerc psynlò`dkneo prkmnkpobs- K rbn`hhbmc tlb a``f t` emy`mb wl` les tlb nurk`skty emc wlbrbwktleo t` h`vb tlrùdl kt/ aut kt c`bsm$t jkt tlb akoo j`r h`st nokmknkems emc stucbmts- E sbn`mc `ptk`m ks `mb `j tlb dbmbreo systbhs a``fs tlet erb hbemt t` ab usbjuo km e verkbty `j luhem systbhs ,Lems`m/ 5;;2 6 Oeszo`/ 5;41 6 Tbkmabrd/ 1995 +- Eotlùdl tlbsb a``fs eos` rbvkbw lbopjuo n`mnbpts/ tlbkr eppokneakokty t` tlb prentknb `j psynlò`dy ks okhktbc- E tlkrc `ptk`m ks `mb `j tlb bxnboobmt jehkoy tlbrepy tbxta``fs `m tlb herfbt/ wlknl a`tl rbvkbw dbmbreo systbhs n`mnbpts emc cbteko eppoknetk`ms jr`h verkùs jehkoy tlbrepy trecktk`ms ,Mknlòs/ 1959 6 Mknlòs * ^nlwertz/ 1995 +- Slbsb a``fs c` em bxnboobmt gà `j rbvkbwkmd tlb lkst`ry `j jehkoy tlbrepy emc `j lkdlokdltkmd kts n`mtbhp`rery usb/ aut nokmknkems wl` erb m`t kmvòvbc km jehkoy w`rf jkmc tlbkr rbobvemnb okhktbc- Jkmeooy/ tlbrb ks em ùtstemckmd a``f eaùt eppoykmd jehkoy systbhs n`mnbpts t` w`rf wktl kmckvkcueos/ wlknl usbs hunl `j tlb kmj`rhetk`m tlet `mb wùoc jkmc km e jehkoy tlbrepy tbxt es e aenfcr`p j`r w`rfkmd wktl kmckvkcueos ,Tenltbo * Tenltbo/ 5;<: +- Aut wlet ks hksskmd km tlb nurrbmt oktbreturb ks e a``f tlet eccrbssbs tlb arèc tlbhbs `j systbhs tlb`ry km psynlò`dy tlet utkokzbs nober/ rbeceaob oemduedb emc nokmkneo bxehpobs-

Slb oenf `j `tlbr systbhs rbjbrbmnbs km psynlò`dy quknfoy trkddbrs `mb `j hy pbt pbbvbs/ tlb hbrdbr `j systbhs tlb`ry emc jehkoy tlbrepy epprènlbs- Kt ks vbry n`hh`m j`r e stucbmt t` tboo hb/ ‟K jkmc systbhs tlb`ry vbry kmtbrbstkmd/ aut K pràeaoy w`m$t usb kt/ skmnb K c`m$t wemt t` w`rf wktl jehkokbs-‘ Cbpbmckmd `m tlb cey/ tlb p``r stucbmt hefkmd tlks n`hhbmt hey dbt e o`md cketrkab eaùt tlb rbobvemnb `j systbhs tlb`ry t` eoo `j psynlò`dy/ m`t skhpoy t` jehkokbs- Km jekrmbss/ kt ks trub tlet wktlkm psynlò`dy/ hunl `j tlb eppoknetk`m `j systbhs tlb`ry n`hbs jr`h tlb jehkoy tlbrepy h`vbhbmt `j tlb 5;:9s emc 5;49s/ s` tlb n`mjusk`m ks umcbrstemceaob- [bt K jkmc tlks n`mjusk`m umj`rtumetb abneusb kt okhkts tlb usb `j tlbsb n`mnbpts emc hkmkhkzbs tlb rbobvemnb `j tlb tlb`ry- Slb usb `j systbhs tlb`ry es sym`myhùs wktl jehkoy tlbrepy sbbhs bspbnkeooy ummbnbssery/ es systbhs tlb`ry les abbm eppokbc km auskmbss emc `tlbr cksnkpokmbs ,Z- E- Emcbrs`m/ 5;;4 6 Lekmbs/ 5;;< 6 ^bmdb/ 5;;9 +- K levb n`hb t` rboy `m tlb aeskn n`mnbpts `j systbhs tlb`ry es tlb jùmcetk`m `j hy prentknb/ emc K abokbvb tlet tlbsb n`rb n`mnbpts levb pr`vkcbc n`mskstbmt/ lbopjuo drùmckmd- Es nurrbmt cksnussk`ms eaùt tlb kmtbdretk`m `j psynlò`dkneo sbrvknbs kmt` hbckneo emc bcunetk`meo systbhs levb kmnrbesbc/ K sbb tlet systbhs n`mnbpts nùoc ab usbc es e lbopjuo jùmcetk`m j`r hemy cksnussk`ms- Slb tkhkmd sbbhs rkdlt t` rbvkskt e aeskn fm`wobcdb `j systbhs prkmnkpobs/ emc kt ks hy l`pb tlet tlks a``f nem pr`vkcb tlks typb `j jùmcetk`m j`r w`rf wktl eoo typbs `j systbhs-

]ekt @s Zystgds Yegary1

^` gust wlet ks systbhs tlb`ry0 Hemy `j tlb n`mnbpts tlet wb wkoo bxpo`rb km tlks a``f erb eorbecy jehkoker emc levb abbm cbsnrkabc tlrùdl `tlbr plko`s`plkneo emc snkbmtkjkn trecktk`ms- Km s`hb weys/ tlb tbrhsystabs tgahryks e hksm`hbr/ es tlbrb ksm$t e skmdob cbjkmktk`m `r trecktk`m tlet wùoc queokjy es e ckstkmnt tlb`ry- Kmstbec/systabs tgahrynem ab cbjkmbc es e sbt `j umkjykmd prkmnkpobs eaùt tlb `rdemkzetk`m emc jumntk`mkmd `j systbhs-Tystabserb cbjkmbc es hbemkmdjuo wlòbs tlet erb hekmtekmbc ay tlb kmtbrentk`m `j tlbkr perts ,Oeszo`/ 5;41 +- Rskmd tlks dbmbreo cbjkmktk`m/ systbhs nem kmnoucb `rdemkshs/ s`nkeo drùps/ emc bvbm bobntr`mkn bmtktkbs- H`st `j tlb n`mnbpts tlet K wkoo cksnuss nem ab trenbc t` tlb w`rf `j Oucwkd v`m Abrteoemjjy/ e akò`dkst wl` wes a`rm km Zkbmme km 5;95 ,Abrteoemjjy/ 5;:< 6 Cevkcs`m/ 5;<> +- Em bxnboobmt cksnussk`m `j Abrteoemjjy$s w`rf nem ab jùmc km e ak`dreply ay `mb `j lks stucbmts/ Herf Cevkcs`m/ wl` n`mvkmnkmdoy nepturbs tlb wey tlet systbhs tlb`ry arùdlt t`dbtlbr tlb nuttkmd(bcdb trbmcs `j tlb oest nbmtury- Es cksnussbc km tlb mbxt nleptbr/ Abrteoemjjy wes rbentkmd t` tlb snkbmtkjkn n`mtr`vbrskbs `j lks tkhb ay trykmd t` bxehkmb akò`dkneo plbm`hbme km e lòkstkn/ hbtl`ckneo hemmbr- Abrteoemjjy$s ,5;:<+ suhhery w`rf wes tremsoetbc kmt` Bmdoksl esLajarnc Tystab [gahry#ybt es tlb systbhs tlb`rkst Brvkm Oeszo` ,5;41+ p`kmts ùt/ e h`rb ennuretb tremsoetk`m wùoc abLajarnc Tystabs [andgojls*Qetlbr tlem trykmd t` nrbetb e mbw tlb`ry/ Abrteoemjjy kcbmtkjkbc dbmbreo prkmnkpobs tlet nùoc ab usbc km e verkbty `j cksnkpokmbs t` h`vb snkbmtkjkn kmqukry j`rwerc- Lks l`pb wes t` nrbetb e typb `j hbtepbrspbntkvb tlet nùoc eoo`w e n`hh`m oemduedb km huotkpob erbes `j stucy-

Km hemy weys/ Abrteoemjjy$s l`pbs levb abbm rbeokzbc/ es systbhs prkmnkpobs levb abbm kmn`rp`retbc kmt` e remdb `j snkbmtkjkn pereckdhs- Yereoobo t` Abrteoemjjy$s w`rf km akò`dy/ w`rf ay tlb hetlbhetknkem M`rabrt Tkbmbr ,5;3<+ eos` bxpo`rbc systbhkn kcbes/ wlknl pr`vkcbc tlb aesks j`r ertkjknkeo kmtbookdbmnb- Rskmd tlb jùmcetk`meo kcbes `j Abrteoemjjy emc Tkbmbr/ tlb h`vbhbmt t` usb systbhs tlb`ry t` nrbetb kmtbrcksnkpokmery stucy abdem t` dr`w emc cbvbo`p curkmd emc ejtbr T`roc Ter KK- Slks h`vbhbmt nuohkmetbc km sbvbreo metk`meo n`mjbrbmnbs emc hbbtkmds/ h`st m`teaoy tlb Heny$s n`mjbrbmnbs/ lboc abtwbbm 5;3: emc 5;2> ,Lbkhs/ 5;;5 +- Slb r`stbr `j tlbsb n`mjbrbmnbs rbecs es e wl`$s wl` km systbhs tlb`ry/ stertkmd wktl M`rabrt Tkbmbr emc kmnouckmd tlb mbur`plyskò`dkst Terrbm HnNuoo`nl/ tlb s`nkeo psynlò`dkst Furt Obwkm/ emc tlb emtlr`pò`dksts Drbd`ry Aetbs`m emc Herderbt Hbec- Kt ks ckjjknuot t` fm`w bxentoy wlet leppbmbc et tlbsb n`mjbrbmnbs emc l`w tlby kmjoubmnbc oetbr snkbmtkjkn stucy/ es tlbrb wbrb m` wrkttbm rbn`rcs `j tlb pr`nbbckmds jr`h tlb jkrst sbvbreo n`mjbrbmnbs- ^bbkmd wl` ettbmcbc/ ckcm$t ettbmc/ emc objt oetbr n`mjbrbmnbs obevbs hunl r``h j`r spbnuoetk`m eaùt tlb pr`nbss `j slerkmd kcbes et tlks obvbo- Tlet ks nober/ l`wbvbr/ ks tlet systbhs kcbes erb nurrbmtoy kmjoubmtkeo km auskmbss/ s`nkò`dy/ emtlr`pò`dy/ emc hetlbhetkns ,Cevkcs`m/ 5;<> +- Slb spbnkjkn eppoknetk`m `j systbhs kcbes ks umkqub km benl `j tlbsb erbes/ ybt tlb jumcehbmteo n`mnbpts erb surprkskmdoy skhkoer- Km benl erbe/ e systbhs epprènl eccs em bhplesks `m sbbkmd pràobhs km n`mtbxt/ o``fkmd et l`w kmtbrentk`ms nrbetb emc hekmtekm pràobhs/ emc bxehkmkmd tlb weys tlet pettbrms nem rbhekm n`mstemt `r nlemdb-

Es wb wkoo sbb km upn`hkmd nleptbrs/ tlb heg`r r``ts `j systbhs tlb`ry wktlkm psynlò`dy n`hb jr`h tlrbb heg`r erbes ,Mknlòs * ^nlwertz/ 1995 +- Jkrst/ Drbd`ry Aetbs`m abdem t` stucy psynl`petlò`dy jr`h e systbhs pbrspbntkvb- Km 5;23/ Aetbs`m g`kmbc psynlketrkst C`m Genfs`m km Yeo` Eot`/ Neokj`rmke/ t` stucy jehkokbs wktl snlkz`plrbmkn hbhabrs- Ay 5;2;/ tlby lec nrbetbc tlb Hbmteo Qbsbernl Kmstktutb emc wbrb g`kmbc ay psynlò`dksts Yeuo Tetzoewknf emc G`lm Tbefoemc/ es wboo es ay `tlbr jehkoy tlbrepy pk`mbbrs/ kmnouckmd Gey Leoby emc Zkrdkmke êtkr- ^bn`mc/ km 5;3:/ Hurrey A`wbm abdem w`rfkmd wktl h`tlbrs emc tlbkr snlkz`plrbmkn nlkocrbm et tlb Hbmmkmdbr Nokmkn/ emc ay tlb hkc(5;29s/ lb lec bxpemcbc tlks w`rf t` kmnoucb oerdb jehkoy drùps ,A`wbm/ 5;<2 +- Lb n`mtkmubc w`rfkmd t` eppoy systbhs n`mnbpts t` umcbrstemc tlb weys tlet tlb bxtbmcbc jehkoy kmjoubmnbc kmckvkcueo psynl`petlò`dy/ jkrst et tlb Metk`meo Kmstktutbs `j Lbeotl emc tlbm et Db`rdbt`wm Rmkvbrskty- E tlkrc erbe `j systbhs w`rf nehb km tlb 5;29s/ wlbm Metlem Enfbrhem ,5;::+ wes bxpemckmd trecktk`meo psynl`cymehkn cbjkmktk`ms `j rboetk`mslkp pràobhs et tlb Jehkoy Hbmteo Lbeotl Nokmkn km Mbw [`rf- Eoo `j tlbsb prentktk`mbrs emc rbsbernlbrs j`nusbc `m ckjjbrbmt espbnts `j systbhs tlb`ry/ aut eoo wbrb kmvòvbc km tlb slkjt ewey jr`h bxehkmkmd pràobhs km em kmckvkcueo emc okmber hemmbr t` o``fkmd h`rb et n`mtbxt emc nkrnuoer neuseokty/ wlknl wkoo ab bxpo`rbc km suasbqubmt nleptbrs-

Hemy wùoc erdub tlet tlb do`ry ceys `j jehkoy tlbrepy `nnurrbc km tlb 5;49s emc beroy 5;<9s emc tlet skmnb tlbm/ tlb jkboc les abbm ckskoousk`mbc wktl tlb `vbreoo bjjkneny `j jehkoy trbethbmt- Slbrb wes nbrtekmoy em bm`rhùs ehùmt `j bxnktbhbmt erùmc jehkoy tlbrepy et tlks tkhb/ emc hemy wktlkm tlb jkboc jbot tlet wb lec jkmeooy jùmc tlb uotkhetb emswbr t` psynlò`dkneo pràobhs- Slb `rkdkmeo kcbeoksh `j tlb jehkoy tlbrepy h`vbhbmt sbbhs quekmt t`cey/ es wb umcbrstemc h`rb eaùt tlb jrbqubmtoy kmtrenteaob meturb `j luhem pràobhs- Tb erb m`w h`rb ewerb `j dbmbtkn emc akò`dkneo kmjoubmnbs `m luhem ablevk`r/ emc wb levb e h`rb rbeokstkn pknturb `j tlb ckjjknuoty `j `vbrn`hkmd nleoobmdbs sunl es vkòbmnb emc treuhe- Tlkob nùpob emc jehkoy tlbrepy les rbhekmbc p`puoer/ wb erb hunl h`rb ewerb `j tlb n`hpobxktkbs kmvòvbc km pr`vkckmd tlks typb `j sbrvknb- Et tlb sehb tkhb/ hemy systbhs n`mnbpts levb abbm kmtbdretbc kmt` `tlbr tlbrepy h`cbos- Kcbes `j n`mtbxt/ nuoturb/ emc akckrbntk`meo kmjoubmnb erb pert `j vkrtueooy eoo psynlò`dkneo tlb`rkbs m`w/ eotlùdl tlbsb epprènlbs hey m`t ckrbntoy nrbckt systbhs tlb`ry j`r tlbsb n`mnbpts- Kt ks ckjjknuot j`r e psynlò`dkst t` hefb kt tlrùdl e cey wktlùt sbbkmd rbjbrbmnbs t` `mb `j tlb heg`r systbhs n`mnbpts tlet wb wkoo cksnuss-

K l`pb tlb nesb j`r tlb utkokty `j systbhs tlb`ry wkoo pbrvecb benl nleptbr/ es K lkdlokdlt e nbmtreo n`mnbpt km tlb h`cbo emc okmf tlb n`mnbpt t` e heg`r tlb`rbtkneo eppoknetk`m- K levb p`sktk`mbc benl n`mnbpt km rboetk`m t` `tlbr snkbmtkjkn kcbes/ emc K l`pb tlet yù wkoo ab nleoobmdbc t` tlkmf eaùt tlb`ry km a`tl e arèc emc spbnkjkn hemmbr- @mb `j tlb fby ecvemtedbs `j systbhs tlb`ry ks tlet kt eoo`ws e hbtepbrspbntkvb/ emc es e snkbmtkst emc snlòer/ K abokbvb tlet qubstk`mkmd ùr akd(pknturb essuhptk`ms ks bssbmtkeo- @mb `j hy jev`rktb a``fs km drecuetb snl`ò/ Sl`hes Fulm$s[ga Ttrudtura he Tdoajtoeod ]avhcutohjs,5;49+ / ùtokmbc tlb wey tlet snkbmtkjkn fm`wobcdb dr`ws/ nlemdbs/ emc ks cksnercbc `vbr tkhb- Lb p`sktbc tlet snkbmnb ks dukcbc ay e c`hkmemt pereckdh/ wlknl lb neoobc ‟m`rheo snkbmnb/‘ emc m`tbc tlet snkbmtkjkn bvkcbmnb tbmcbc t` ab ennbptbc kj kt jkt wktl nurrbmt m`rheo snkbmnb emc t` ab herdkmeokzbc `r kdm`rbc kj kt ckc m`t/ et obest umtko tlbrb wbrb sujjknkbmt kmn`mskstbmt cete t` pusl j`r e rb`rdemkzetk`m `j tlb`ry- Lb neoobc tlks rb`rdemkzetk`m e snkbmtkjkn rbvòutk`m/ emc tlb pr`nbss lb cbsnrkabs ks n`mskstbmt wktl tlb typb `j cksn`mtkmuùs nlemdb wb wkoo cksnuss km oetbr nleptbrs- Qbeckmd Fulm lbopbc hb rbhbhabr tlet abkmd e psynlò`dkst ks pert `j em bvbr(bhbrdkmd pr`nbss/ emc K tlkmf tlet systbhs tlb`ry nem ab sbbm es tlb sehb typb `j bvòvkmd/ cymehkn aesb `j fm`wobcdb-

Zgvgf Zystgd`j Jafjgpts

J`r purp`sbs `j kmtr`cuntk`m/ lbrb K$oo bhpleskzb vbry arkbjoy tlb prkmnkpobs tlet wkoo ab n`vbrbc km tlb a``f/ es wboo es sl`w tlb aeskn j`rhet K jòo`w- Benl nleptbr ks cbskdmbc t` n`vbr e skmdob heg`r n`mnbpt km cbptl emc tlbm jbeturb e psynl`tlbrepy hbtl`c tlet pr`vkcbs em bspbnkeooy rbobvemt utkokzetk`m `j tlet kcbe- @j nùrsb/ benl `j tlb psynlò`dkneo tlb`rkbs tlet K cksnuss n`mtekms hemy/ kj m`t eoo/ `j tlb n`mnbpts K wkoo n`vbr/ s` tlbrb ks s`hbtlkmd ertkjknkeo eaùt okmfkmd e tlb`ry t` `mb skmdob kcbe- Jurtlbr/ hemy `j tlb psynl`tlbrepy epprènlbs K rbjbrbmnb n`hb jr`h tlb jehkoy tlbrepy trecktk`m/ pbrleps hefkmd kt eppber tlet K levb jeoobm kmt` tlb trep `j bquetkmd systbhs tlb`ry wktl jehkoy tlbrepy- Aut hy l`pb ks tlet ay n`mskstbmtoy h`vkmd abtwbbm e dbmbreo n`mnbpt emc e spbnkjkn tlb`rbtkneo eppoknetk`m/ K nem sl`w a`tl tlb rbobvemnb emc tlb utkokty `j tlb dbmbreo n`mnbpt j`r hemy typbs `j systbhs- ^khkoeroy/ K l`pb tlet e cksnussk`m `j a`tl tlb`ry emc tbnlmkqub wkoo arkmd tlb n`mnbpts t` okjb- K levb jùmc tlet tlb systbhs kcbes wb cksnuss erb a`tl aeskn emc pr`jùmc emc tlet tlb abst wey t` rbeooy umcbrstemc benl kcbe et e cbbpbr obvbo ks t` eppoy benl km e verkbty `j weys- K wkoo usb tlb tbrhsdcoajtemcpntoajts`hbwlet kmtbrnlemdbeaoy/ es benl tbrh les e lkst`ry km tlb kcbes wb wkoo cksnuss/ emc a`tl tbrhs levb ckstkmnt ecvemtedbs emc cksecvemtedbs- ^khkoeroy/ K wkoo eotbrmetb tlb usb `j dbmcbr oemduedb tlrùdlùt tlb a``f/ umobss K hbem t` rbjbr t` e spbnkjkn dbmcbr- Jkmeooy/ tlb nesb bxehpobs tlet K wkoo usb erb n`hp`sktbs `j entueo nesbs tlet K levb sbbm km hy prentknb/ aut eoo levb abbm h`ckjkbc `r cksduksbc t` pr`tbnt em kmckvkcueo kcbmtkty- K levb usbc akts emc pkbnbs `j rbeo nokmkneo st`rkbs/ aut m`mb `j tlb nesb bxehpobs rbjbrs t` e skmdob nokmkneo nesb- Hy l`pb ks tlet K levb nepturbc e psynlò`dkneo trutl km tlb nesb hetbrkeo/ aut K eh cbtbrhkmbc m`t t` nrbetb e jbbokmd tlet K levb abtreybc emy hetbrkeo `r sp`fbm et emy`mb$s bxpbmsb-

D`kmd aenf t` vkbw Zkmnbmt emc Heurbbm$s rboetk`mslkp tlrùdl tlb sbvbm n`mnbpts tlet K wkoo n`vbr km tlb a``f/ wb nem sbb tlet bvbm `m e prbokhkmery obvbo/ e systbhkn obms `jjbrs s`hbtlkmd aby`mc wlet ks evekoeaob km `tlbr psynlò`dkneo tlb`rkbs- ^tertkmd wktl tlb kcbe `j n`mtbxt/ wb nem jkrst o``f et tlbkr rboetk`mslkp es e wlòb emc tlbm bxehkmb tlb wey tlet tlb herrkedb ks bhabccbc km `tlbr rboetk`mslkps- Zkmnbmt emc Heurbbm a`tl veoub tlbkr nlkocrbm khhbmsboy/ aut abkmd km tlb jehkoy n`mtbxt c`bsm$t bmrknl tlbkr rboetk`mslkp et tlks p`kmt- ^khkoer sktuetk`ms bxkst wktl Zkmnbmt$s w`rf emc Heurbbm$s jrkbmcslkp mbtw`rfs- Et tlks p`kmt/ tlbsb `tlbr n`mtbxts n`hpbtb wktl tlb herrkedb retlbr tlem n`hpobhbmtkmd kt- Slby put h`rb tkhb emc bmbrdy kmt` `tlbr n`mtbxts emc tlus levb h`rb p`sktkvb bxpbrkbmnbs km `tlbr n`mtbxts-

Ejtbr sbbkmd eoo tlb rboetk`mslkps km wlknl Zkmnbmt emc Heurbbm erb drùmcbc/ emc sbbkmd tlb n`mmbntk`ms abtwbbm tlbsb suasystbhs/ wb nem h`vb `m t` o``fkmd et tlb umkqub wey tlet systbhs tlb`ry eccrbssbs neuseokty- E h`rb trecktk`meo epprènl t` neuseokty hkdlt o``f et tlb kmckvkcueo pràobhs tlet Heurbbm emc Zkmnbmt arkmd t` tlb herrkedb- Rskmd systbhkn kcbes `j neuseokty/ retlbr tlem aoehkmd Zkmnbmt$s mernkssksh `r Heurbbm$s cbprbssk`m j`r tlb pràobhs km tlb herrkedb/ wb nem o``f et tlb huotkpob jent`rs tlet n`mtrkautb t` Zkmnbmt$s sboj(kmvòvbhbmt emc t` Heurbbm$s pesskvb wktlcreweo- Jurtlbr/ wb nem sbb tlb nkrnuoer pettbrms tlrùdl wlknl eoo `j tlbsb suasystbhs kmjoubmnb `mb em`tlbr emc nrbetb tlb umkmtbmcbc n`msbqubmnb `j e ckstemt umsetksjykmd herrkedb- Slks bhplesks `m nkrnuoer emc huotkpob neuseokty ks obss aoehkmd tlem e okmber epprènl emc eos` pr`vkcbs e arècbr pbrspbntkvb `m kmtbrvbmtk`m-

^ystbhs tlb`ry lbops us umcbrstemc l`w emc wly tlks pettbrm rbsksts nlemdb emc eos` dkvbs us kcbes eaùt l`w tlb pettbrm nem ab tremsj`rhbc- Tb nem o``f et tlb weys tlet n`hhumknetk`m fbbps tlb pràobh o`nfbc km poenb aut nùoc eos` nrbetb em evbmub j`r nlemdb- Zkmnbmt jbbos rbokbvbc wlbm Heurbbm turms t` lbr jrkbmcs j`r supp`rt/ es lb jbbos kmecbquetb km eccrbsskmd lbr secmbss erùmc tlbkr nlkocrbm obevkmd l`hb- Heurbbm sbbs Zkmnbmt$s rbountemnb t` okstbm h`rb juooy emc supp`rtkvboy es e skdm `j lks sbojkslmbss emc oenf `j nerkmd/ emc slb wktlcrews jr`h n`mmbntk`m wktl lkh- Lb tlbm oeabos lbr wktlcreweo es e skdm `j cbprbssk`m `r e hkcokjb nrksks/ rbkmj`rnkmd lks retk`meob j`r fbbpkmd lks ckstemnb- Tb nem sbb tlet tlks n`hhumknetk`m rbkmj`rnbs tlb pettbrm emc tlet kt bsteaokslbs e strunturb wktlkm tlb systbh tlet ksm$t jumntk`meo- Heurbbm jbbos no`sbr t` lbr jrkbmcs emc t` lbr nlkocrbm tlem t` lbr lusaemc/ suddbstkmd pràobhs wktl aùmcerkbs emc pr`xkhkty-

O``fkmd et tlb cbvbo`phbmt `j tlb strunturb `vbr tkhb/ wb nem sbb tlet jehkoy lkst`ry emc cbvbo`phbmt eos` kmjoubmnb tlb nurrbmt pràobhs km tlb herrkedb- Slb ckstemt/ j`rheo rboetk`mslkp abtwbbm Zkmnbmt$s perbmts emc Heurbbm$s o`ss `j lbr h`tlbr es e yùmd ecuot dkvb tlbh m` vksk`m `j l`w t` nrbetb e werh/ setksjykmd rboetk`mslkp ejtbr tlb nlkocrbm obevb l`hb- Tb nem khedkmb tlet beroy nlkocl``c pettbrms rbkmj`rnb tlks ckjjknuoty bvbm jurtlbr/ es Zkmnbmt$s tbhpoetb km rboetk`mslkps ks t` dekm eppr`veo tlrùdl bxtbrmeo sunnbss/ wlkob Heurbbm$s kmvòvbs tefkmd nerb `j tl`sb erùmc lbr/ wktlùt em ewerbmbss `j lbr `wm cbskrbs- Slb kmtbrsbntk`m `j lkst`ry emc cbvbo`phbmt jurtlbr suddbsts tlet tlbsb pràobhs erb okfboy t` ab bvbm h`rb hbemkmdjuo emc pekmjuo es tlb nùpob jenbs e rboetk`mslkp wktl benl `tlbr wktlùt tlb ckstrentk`m `j nlkocrbm-

Jkmeooy/ e systbhs pbrspbntkvb usbs s`nkeo n`mstruntkvksh t` bxehkmb tlb nuotureo merretkvbs tlet dkvb tlbkr st`ry hbemkmd aut okhkt tlb p`sskakoktkbs j`r nlemdb- Tlbm Heurbbm ettbmcs e jrkbmc$s ckv`rnb perty emc sbbs tlb prbveobmnb `j rboetk`mslkps bmckmd es nlkocrbm prbperb t` obevb l`hb/ kt ks beskbr j`r lbr t` tboo lbrsboj tlet tlb tkhb hkdlt ab rkdlt j`r lbr t` bmc lbr herrkedb- A`tl Zkmnbmt emc Heurbbm bxprbssbc ckjjbrbmt verketk`ms `m nuotureo abokbjs erùmc hkccob edb- Zkmnbmt cksnùmtbc Heurbbm$s jbbokmds `j secmbss ay ettrkautkmd tlbh t` e hkcokjb nrksks/ wlkob Heurbbm wes pbsskhkstkn eaùt Zkmnbmt$s eakokty t` nlemdb/ seykmd tlet hkccob(edbc hbm erb stunf km tlbkr weys-

Tbevkmd tlbsb tlbhbs t`dbtlbr/ K lec abj`rb hb e rknl vkbw `j eoo tlet lec nrbetbc emc hekmtekmbc tlb pràobh/ aut K eos` nùoc tep kmt` e wbeotl `j kmtbrvbmtk`m stretbdkbs j`r eccrbsskmd tlb pràobh- K wes eaob t` lbop Zkmnbmt emc Heurbbm kcbmtkjy e slerbc vksk`m j`r tlbkr rboetk`mslkp/ wlknl lec abbm dkvbm sl`rt slrkjt es tlby ettbmcbc t` `tlbr perts `j tlbkr okvbs- Es wùoc ab prbckntbc ay systbhs tlb`ry/ wlbm tlb herrkedb khpr`vbc/ a`tl Zkmnbmt emc Heurbbm rbp`rtbc tlet tlby wbrb leppkbr es kmckvkcueos emc tlet tlbkr jehkoy okjb wes h`rb setksjykmd- Slbkr n`hhumknetk`m khpr`vbc km queokty emc quemtkty/ wlknl km turm kmnrbesbc tlbkr n`mmbntk`m emc eotbrbc tlb strunturb `j tlbkr herrkedb emc tlbkr jehkoy- Km hefkmd tlbsb nlemdbs/ K abokbvb tlet tlby m`t `moy rbw`rfbc tlbkr `wm jehkoy obdenkbs aut eos` pessbc eo`md e mbw rboetk`meo tbhpoetb t` tlbkr nlkocrbm- Slb kmtbrpoey abtwbbm rboetk`meo emc kmckvkcueo nlemdb wes rbwerckmd t` wktmbss emc devb hb e nlemnb t` bxpbrkhbmt wktl systbhs tlb`ry ckrbntoy- K l`pb tlet es wb h`vb kmt` bxpo`rkmd tlbsb tlbhbs km h`rb cbptl/ yù wkoo levb e skhkoer bxpbrkbmnb `j kmtboobntueo dr`wtl emc bxpbrkbmtkeo bhp`wbrhbmt- Slbsb o`jty dèos erb nbrtekmoy n`mskstbmt wktl e tlb`ry tlet sbbfs t` bxpoekm bvbrytlkmd jr`h et`hs t` tlb umkvbrsb-

Cnoptdr ;

Cg`tdxt

Bvbm kj yù levb lberc tlb st`ry `j tlb aokmc hbm emc tlb bobplemt/ kt abers rbpbetkmd- H`st sùrnbs trenb kt aenf t` Kmcke/ emc kt sl`ws up km ûjk/ Aucclkst/ Gekm/ emc Lkmcu trecktk`ms- Bvbm n`hkmd jr`h tlbsb ckjjbrbmt pbrspbntkvbs/ tlb aeskns `j tlb st`ry erb prbtty n`mskstbmt- E drùp `j aokmc hbm erb stucykmd umcbr e obermbc rbokdkùs obecbr- Slby erb kmstruntbc t` d` emc àsbrvb es hunl es tlby nem eaùt em bobplemt- Slb sbvbm aokmc hbm d` km t` àsbrvb tlb bobplemt/ emc tlbm tlb tbenlbr rbturms t` qukz tlbh- @mb `j tlbh seys/ ‟K fm`w eoo eaùt em bobplemt- Em bobplemt ks okfb e trbb trumf6 em bobplemt les e 39(kmnl ckehbtbr/ kt$s sturcy/ emc kt$s str`md-‘ Slb mbxt `mb seys/ ‟M`/ m`/ m`/ yù erb kmn`rrbnt% Em bobplemt ks okfb e weoo/ kt$s arèc/ emc kt c`bsm$t levb tlet nkrnuhjbrbmnb- [ù$rb rkdlt tlet kt ks sturcy/ aut yù$vb d`t tlb slepb eoo wr`md-‘ Slbm tlb mbxt stucbmt seys/ ‟K c`m$t fm`w l`w yù nùoc ab s` hksdukcbc- Em bobplemt ks okfb e r`pb/ kt$s juoo `j jkabrs emc kt$s arkstoy-‘ ^` `j nùrsb/ tlby eoo stert erdukmd eh`md tlbhsbovbs eaùt tlb trub meturb `j em bobplemt- Slb tbenlbr okstbms j`r e wlkob/ tlbm st`ps eoo `j tlbh km tlbkr trenfs emc hefbs `mb `j hy jev`rktb stetbhbmts7 ‟[ù erb eoo rkdlt emc yù erb eoo wr`md- [ù eoo cbsnrkab tlb bobplemt/ aut m`mb `j yù fm`w tlb trub meturb `j em bobplemt- Em bobplemt ks eoo `j tlbsb tlkmds/ aut m`mb `j tlbsb tlkmds ks em bobplemt-‘

Duot`pog ^grspgjt`vgs

Slb st`ry kooustretbs tlb systbhkn n`mnbpt `j n`mtbxt km e nùpob `j ckjjbrbmt weys- @m tlb h`st aeskn obvbo/ tlb st`ry sl`ws tlb jeooeny km trykmd t` umcbrstemc tlb trub meturb `j emy typb `j plbm`hbm`m- @ur pbrnbptk`ms wkoo eoweys ab s`hbwlet okhktbc/ emc s` nbrtekmoy levkmd e merr`wbr pbrspbntkvb ks d`kmd t` ab pràobhetkn/ emc ybt l`w c` wb levb e pbrspbntkvb tlet ks m`t merr`w0 Slb tesf `j nrbetkmd e sujjknkbmtoy arèc pbrspbntkvb `jtbm sbbhs eoh`st khp`sskaob- Yert `j wlet wb oberm jr`h tlb st`ry ks tlet emy umcbrstemckmd `j rbeokty ks eoweys okhktbc ay ùr `wm kmckvkcueo n`mtbxt/ tlus ùr umcbrstemckmd cbpbmcs `m tlb pert `j tlb bobplemt ckrbntoy km jr`mt `j us- Km tlbrepy/ kt ks lerc j`r hb t` j`rdbt tlks st`ry/ abneusb s` jrbqubmtoy/ pb`pob km nùpobs emc jehkokbs erb skhkoer t` tlb aokmc hbm stucykmd tlb bobplemt- Kt ks m`t umn`hh`m j`r hb t` lber em erduhbmt skhkoer t` tlb jòo`wkmd7

‟[ù mbbc t` ab h`rb jkrh emc cksnkpokmbc wktl ùr fkcs- Slby weof eoo `vbr yù% L`w erb tlby d`kmd t` oberm t` tefb nerb `j tlbhsbovbs wlbm yù c` bvbrytlkmd j`r tlbh0 [ù$vb d`t t` tboo tlbh m`/ emc hefb tlbh jòo`w tlrùdl `m tlbkr nl`rbs- Kt ks ùr gà t` ab surb tlet tlby erb n`hpbtbmt emc rbsp`mskaob-‘

‟Aut yù erb eoweys ybookmd emc snrbehkmd/ tbookmd tlbh wlet tlby erb c`kmd wr`md- Jehkoy okjb ks supp`sbc t` ab werh emc pobesemt/ m`t okfb a``t nehp- [ù erb eoweys `rcbrkmd tlbh erùmc% K wemt tlbh t` jbbo n`mtbmt emc d``c eaùt tlbhsbovbs-‘

Slb kr`my `j tlks erduhbmt ks tlet kt ks lkdloy okfboy tlet a`tl perbmts erb rkdlt- Okfb tlb aokmc hbm erdukmd eaùt wlbtlbr em bobplemt ks e trbb trumf `r e r`pb/ jr`h e ckstemnb `mb nem sbb tlet kt c`bsm$t hefb sbmsb j`r perbmts t` erdub eaùt wlbtlbr nlkocrbm slùoc cbvbo`p rbsp`mskakokty `r sboj(bstbbh/ tlet kt ks eoh`st nbrtekm tlet perbmts uotkhetboy wemt nlkocrbm t` levb a`tl- Aut systbhs tlb`ry eos` lbops us umcbrstemc tlb kmbvkteakokty `j huotkpob pbrspbntkvbs/ km tlet benl `j us wkoo aesb ùr umcbrstemckmd `j emy sktuetk`m `m ùr ckrbnt bxpbrkbmnb/ wlknl wkoo ab kmjoubmnbc ay e muhabr `j n`mtbxtueo jent`rs- Km systbhs tlb`ry/ tlks slkjt km pbrspbntkvb eoo`ws us t` bxehkmb tlb ckjjbrbmnb abtwbbm ‟bktlbr/`r‘ emc ‟a`tl/emc‘ fkmcs `j tlkmfkmd- Tlbm wb bmdedb km ‟a`tl/emc‘ tlkmfkmd/ tlb qubstk`ms wb esf abdkm t` nlemdb- Kmstbec `j wlknl pbrspbntkvb ks n`rrbnt/ wb nem esf/ ‟L`w c` tlbsb tw` tlkmds rboetb t` benl `tlbr0 Tlet n`mtbxt c`bs benl pbrs`m crew jr`h km prbsbmtkmd e pbrspbntkvb0 Tlet ks tlb p`sskaob `vbroep abtwbbm pbrspbntkvbs/ emc l`w c` tlby ckjjbr0 Tlbm c`bs tlks pbrspbntkvb jkt abst/ emc wlbm c`bs kt jkt obest0‘ ^` wktl tlb erdukmd perbmts/ wb wùoc wemt t` fm`w7 ‟Tlbm c`bs strunturb w`rf wboo km tlks jehkoy/ emc wlbm c`bs supp`rt w`rf wboo0 L`w c`bs tlb kcbe `j `rcbr emc rbsp`mskakokty rboetb t` tlb kcbe `j nerb emc sboj bstbbh0 L`w nùoc tlbsb veoubs abdkm t` n`hpobhbmt benl `tlbr/ retlbr tlem n`hpbtkmd edekmst benl `tlbr0‘ Qbjbrrkmd aenf t` tlb bobplemt st`ry/ kt ks besy t` sbb tlet t` umcbrstemc tlb meturb `j tlb bobplemt/ tlb huotkpob àsbrvbrs erb d`kmd t` levb t` okstbm t` benl `tlbrs‛ pbrspbntkvbs- Slb pereoobos t` luhem rboetk`mslkps erb pr`jùmc7 tlb rbn`dmktk`m tlet t` truoy umcbrstemc e pràobh km n`mtbxt/ kt ks khpbretkvb t` okstbm t` tlb pbrspbntkvb `j benl pbrs`m kmvòvbc km tlb pràobh-

Slb m`tk`m `j huotkpob pbrspbntkvbs ks eos` jùmcetk`meo t` tlb prentknb `j psynl`tlbrepy- Abkmd eaob t` sey t` e nokbmt/ ‟K tlkmf tlbrb ks h`rb tlem `mb wey t` o``f et tlks‘ ks e jesnkmetkmd pert `j ùr ròb es tlbrepksts- @jtbm/ petkbmts abn`hb hkrbc km tlbkr bxpbrkbmnb `j tlbkr pràobhs emc nem$t tefb e stbp aenf t` sbb eotbrmetkvbs- Tb erb khpoknktoy kmvktbc t` bxehkmb tlb pràobh km tlb arècbr n`mtbxt `j tlb nokbmt$s okjb/ km tlb n`mtbxt `j ùr bxpbrtksb es psynlò`dksts/ emc km tlb n`mtbxt `j ùr `wm bxpbrkbmnb wktl tlb nokbmt- Tb erb entueooy eoo`wbc t` ab tlb wksb pbrs`m km tlb st`ry emc t` slerb ùr hbtepbrspbntkvb `m tlb petkbmt$s kssubs- Slb trknf ks/ `j nùrsb/ tlet `mnb wb erb esfbc t` ent es tlb wksb pbrs`m km tlb st`ry/ wb s`hbtkhbs stert t` abokbvb tlet wb nem entueooy sbb emc umcbrstemc tlb wlòb bobplemt- Kt ks `mb tlkmd t` ab eaob t` sey/ ‟Levb yù o``fbc et tlet jr`h e ckjjbrbmt vemtedb p`kmt0 Slbrb$s h`rb tlem `mb wey t` o``f et yùr struddob6 obt$s try em`tlbr pbrspbntkvb/‘ aut jr`h tlbrb kt nem ab surprkskmdoy besy t` abokbvb tlet wb fm`w ùr nokbmts‛ rbeokty abttbr tlem tlby c`- Tlkob K eppoeuc tlb wksl j`r akd(pknturb tlkmfkmd tlet ks kmlbrbmt km systbhs tlb`ry/ tlb jent tlet benl `j ùr pbrspbntkvbs ks okhktbc ay ùr `wm n`mtbxt ks bqueooy bssbmtkeo km tlb tlb`ry- Es wb wkoo sbb km drbetbr cbptl wlbm wb teof eaùt nuoturb emc p`sth`cbrmkst epprènlbs km Nleptbr </ tlbrb ks e n`hpobx aeoemnkmd ent kmvòvbc km uskmd tlb bxpbrtksb dekmbc jr`h ùr tlb`rbtkneo fm`wobcdb wlkob eos` bhp`wbrkmd ùr nokbmts t` cbvbo`p tlbkr `wm bxpbrtksb–bspbnkeooy wlbm tlby erb h`rb jehkoker wktl e ckjjbrbmt pert `j tlb bobplemt-

Dgkf`fmbuo ]eaogs

M`t `moy c`bs systbhs tlb`ry rbn`dmkzb huotkpob pbrspbntkvbs/ tlbrb ks e sbn`mc n`mnbpt tkbc t` tlb kcbe `j n`mtbxt km systbhs tlet ks bqueooy jùmcetk`meo- Slb `tlbr n`mnbpt ksjhjsubbntovoty#e tbrh usbc t` cbsnrkab tlb plbm`hbm`m tlet tlb wlòb ks drbetbr tlem tlb suh `j kts perts ,Tetzoewknf/ Aevboes/ * Genfs`m/ 5;:4 +- Slks ks em`tlbr kcbe tlet ks m`t mbw/ es kt ks jrbqubmtoy trenbc t` tlb Drbbf plko`s`plbr Erkst`tob ,Lems`m/ 5;;2 +- Yert `j tlb m`tk`m `j m`msuhhetkvkty nem ab umcbrst``c tlrùdl ùr luhem tbmcbmny t` `rdemkzb plbm`hbme kmt` hbemkmdjuo wlòbs- O``fkmd aenf t` Dbsteot psynlò`dy beroy km tlb 19tl nbmtury/ wb erb rbhkmcbc `j Hex Tbrtlbkhbr$s w`rf `m luhem pbrnbptk`m ,Fkmd * Tbrtlbkhbr/ ,1992+ 6 Tbrtlbkhbr/ 5;2; +- Slks w`rf kooustretbc tlb wey tlet ùr arekms wkoo jkoo km tlb mbnbssery kmj`rhetk`m s` tlet em ehakduùs pknturb wkoo hefb sbmsb- @mb bxbrnksb usbc rbpbetbcoy t` cbh`mstretb pbrnbptueo wlòbs sterts wktl tlb pknturb km Jkdurb 1-5 emc esfs pb`pob t` stetb wlet tlby sbb- Slks jkdurb ks nrbcktbc t` T-B- Lkoo/ wl` puaokslbc kt km tlbVudiluh`r hedezkmb km 5;52 ,Tbksstbkm/ 1959 +- Dbmbreooy/ suagbnts sbb bktlbr e yùmd w`hem ,wl` ks turmbc ewey jr`h tlb àsbrvbr/ wktl e jekroy str`md nlkm emc e mbnfoenb+ `r em òc w`hem/ wktl e oerdb m`sb/ o``fkmd c`wm-

B`murg 3&;[`umd dkro/`oc w`hem pbrnbptueo slkjt

Slks typb `j bxbrnksb ks jesnkmetkmd abneusb wb nem àsbrvb e pr`nbss tlet ks typkneooy umn`msnkùs es wb hefb sbmsb `j ùr w`roc- H`st pb`pob metureooy pbrnbkvb `mb khedb `r tlb `tlbr/ sl`wkmd tlet wb khhbcketboy `rdemkzb tlb crewkmd kmt` s`hbtlkmd n`lbrbmt- Slks lbops t` bxpoekm wly wb dbt t`` ettenlbc t` tlb kcbe tlet ùr pert `j tlb bobplemt ks tlb wlòb–ùr pbrnbptk`m les `rdemkzbc kt tlks wey- J`r hemy pb`pob/ sbbkmd tlb `tlbr vbrsk`m `j tlb pknturb kmvòvbs nlemdkmd tlb kmtbrprbtetk`m dkvbm t` verkùs espbnts `j tlb crewkmd- Slbsb bxbrnksbs sl`w tlb weys tlet ùr pbrnbptk`ms nem slkjt/ s`hbtkhbs succbmoy/ wlbm tlb n`mtbxt erùmc tlbh slkjts- Tlbm K levb e stucbmt wl` les e lerc tkhb sbbkmd `mb `j tlb tw` khedbs/ K try t` levb tlbh kcbmtkjy `mb pkbnb `j tlb crewkmd/ fm`wkmd tlet tlbm tlb n`mtbxt wkoo slkjt erùmc kt emc tlet tlb pbrspbntkvb wkoo tlbm abn`hb wlòb- Kj tlby erb eaob t` sbb tlb òc w`hem/ j`r bxehpob/ K hkdlt j`nus `m levkmd tlbh sbb lbr m`sb es tlb yùmd w`hem$s nlkm- Qetlbr tlem skhpoy j`nuskmd `m tlb mbw wlòb ,kt ks e yùmd w`hem6 c`m$t yù sbb lbr0+/ tlb eakokty t` stert wktl e fby pert `j em àgbnt emc tlbm aukoc e mbw wlòb sbbhs nbmtreo t` ùr pbrnbptk`m- Slks j`nus `m `tlbr perts `j tlb wlòb lbops us t` h`ckjy wlet wb sbb es jkdurb ,km tlb j`rbdrùmc+ emc wlet wb sbb es drùmc ,km tlb aenfdrùmc-+ K jkmc tlks slkjt km jkdurb(drùmc pbrnbptk`m skhkoer t` wlet leppbms km psynl`tlbrepy/ es nokbmts ettbmc t` tlb tlkmds tlet tlby jkmc h`st skdmkjknemt emc khp`rtemt- O``fkmd et kssubs jr`h huotkpob vemtedb p`kmts `jtbm eoo`ws e skdmkjknemt nlemdb km pbrspbntkvb/ es tlb pbrnbptk`m ks `rdemkzbc kmt` e mbw wlòb- @mnb tlb slkjt tefbs poenb/ kt nem eos` ab surprkskmdoy ckjjknuot t` rbturm t` tlb `rkdkmeo pbrnbptk`m-

E skhkoer wey `j o``fkmd et m`msuhhetkvkty ks t` bxehkmb tlb weys tlet drùps `j àgbnts abn`hb wlòb bmtktkbs- Oeszo` ,5;41+ hefbs tlb ckstkmntk`m abtwbbm lbeps emc wlòbs/ m`tkmd tlet e a`wo `j pbemuts ks e lbep/ aut e pbemut poemt ks e wlòb- D`kmd aenf t` ùr cbjkmktk`m `j e systbh/ wb sbb tlet e a`wo `j pbemuts ks m`t em `rdemkzbc bmtkty tlet ks hekmtekmbc ay tlb kmtbrentk`m `j kts perts/ aut noberoy e pbemut poemt hbbts tlet cbjkmktk`m- Cbnkckmd wlbtlbr e drùp `j pb`pob hbbts tlb cbjkmktk`m `j e systbh nem ab h`rb ckjjknuot- Es wb bxehkmb tlb n`mnbpt `j m`m(suhhetkvkty/ kt ks beskbr t` sbb tlb fkmcs `j kmtbrentk`ms emc rboetk`mslkps tlet turm drùps kmt` e wlòb- Tb eoo fm`w eaùt tlet typb `j symbrdy tlet `nnurs km s`hb drùps/ wlbrb e nbrtekm hkxturb `j pb`pob nrbetbs e jbbokmd `r eth`splbrb tlet nùocm$t ab prbckntbc ay fm`wkmd tlb kmckvkcueo hbhabrs- Emy`mb wl` stuckbs `rdemkzetk`ms emc tbehs ks eos` ewerb `j tlb bjjbnt `j dbttkmd gust tlb rkdlt cymehkn abtwbbm poeybrs t` hexkhkzb sunnbss- Kt c`bsm$t hbem tlet tlb kmckvkcueo perts erbm$t khp`rtemt/ ybt `jtbm wlet wb sbbf km drùps ks tlb jbbokmd `j abkmd pert `j s`hbtlkmd oerdbr- Okvkmd km Nlkned` curkmd tlb esnbmcemnb `j Hknlebo G`rcem `m tlb Auoos pr`jbssk`meo aesfbtaeoo tbeh/ K wes jesnkmetbc t` sbb tlb kmtbrpoey abtwbbm kmckvkcueo pbrj`rhemnb emc drùp pbrj`rhemnb- @j nùrsb/ emy tbeh wùoc abmbjkt jr`h levkmd e w`roc(noess poeybr okfb Hknlebo G`rcem/ ybt kmktkeooy lks kmckvkcueo sfkoos wbrb m`t bmùdl t` dueremtbb sunnbss- Rmcbr Nènl Ylko Genfs`m/ l`wbvbr/ s`hbtlkmd `m tlb tbeh abdem t` nlemdb- Tktl obecbrslkp/ tkhb/ emc prentknb/ s`hbl`w tlbsb kmckvkcueo tbehhetbs wbrb eaob t` jumntk`m hunl `j tlb tkhb es e n`lbskvb wlòb- Es emy aesfbtaeoo jem fm`ws/ tlb Nlkned` tbehs lbecbc ay Genfs`m uotkhetboy w`m skx w`roc nlehpk`mslkps- Km tlks kmstemnb/ kt wes nober tlet tlb wlòb wes drbetbr tlem tlb suh `j tlb perts-

Tlkob tlb n`mnbpt `j vkbwkmd e systbh lòkstkneooy hey sbbh pbrjbntoy o`dkneo `m tlb surjenb/ wb mbbc t` rbhbhabr tlet e drbet cbeo `j Tbstbrm snkbmnb ks aesbc `m bxentoy tlb `pp`sktb n`mnbpt- S` d` aenf t` `mb `j tlb jùmcbrs `j systbhs tlkmfkmd/ Oucwkd v`m Abrteoemjjy/ wb fm`w tlet hunl `j ùr bxpbrkhbmteo pr`nbcurb ks aesbc `m ksòetkmd plbm`hbme jr`h tlbkr bmvkr`mhbmt km `rcbr t` rbcunb verkeakokty- S` put Abrteoemjjy$s w`rocvkbw km n`mtbxt/ tlb prentknb `j akò`dy wes c`hkmetbc ay tw` `pp`skmd j`rnbs et tlb tkhb `j lks trekmkmd ,Abrteoemjjy/ 5;:< 6 Cevkcs`m/ 5;<> +- Slb jkrst pbrspbntkvb/ hetbrkeoksh/ p`sktbc tlet tlbrb wbrb fby hetbrkeos/ `r aukockmd ao`nfs/ tlet hecb up eoo okvkmd hettbr- Tktlkm tlb hetbrkeokst trecktk`m/ tlb h`st khp`rtemt tlkmd e snkbmtkst nùoc c` wes arbef c`wm emy okvkmd tlkmd kmt` kts n`rb bobhbmts- Km n`mtrest/ tlb vkteoksts jbot tlet tlbrb wes e skdmkjknemt okjb j`rnb tlet cr`vb akò`dkneo pr`nbssbs emc tlet e hbnlemkstkn vkbw `j akò`dy wùoc kdm`rb tlb prkhery j`rnb- Slks vkbw nem ab kooustretbc tlrùdl o``fkmd et tw` pbrspbntkvbs t`werc bvòutk`mery eceptetk`m- Tktlkm tlb hbnlemkstkn vkbw/ remc`h dbmbtkn hutetk`ms `nnur tlet hey `r hey m`t ab jev`reaob km tlb bmvkr`mhbmt/ emc tlb vkteokstkn vkbw suddbsts e hestbr poem wktl e purp`sbjuo/ jkmeo neusb-

Slb arkookemnb `j Abrteoemjjy$s epprènl wes tlet kt uotkhetboy arkcdbc tlbsb pbrspbntkvbs ay `jjbrkmd e tlkrc wey t` o``f et akò`dy- Qetlbr tlem skhpoy erdukmd wlbtlbr tlb hbnlemkstkn `r tlb vkteokstkn epprènl wes entueooy trub/ Abrteoemjjy t``f e stbp aenf t` bxehkmb tlb weys tlet tlbsb kcbes rboetb t` benl `tlbr emc t` sbb wlet tlb kcbes c`m$t eccrbss- Km c`kmd s`/ lb m`tbc tlet `mb heg`r pràobh wktl tlb hbnlemkstkn vkbw ks tlet kt w`rfs abttbr wktl no`sbc systbhs tlem wktl `pbm systbhs- Km no`sbc systbhs/ plbm`hbme nem ab ksòetbc jr`h tlbkr bmvkr`mhbmts emc tlbm rbcunbc t` tlbkr n`hp`mbmt perts- Km n`mtrest/ km `pbm systbhs/ `rdemkshs erb n`mstemtoy bxnlemdkmd kmj`rhetk`m wktl tlb bmvkr`mhbmt emc erb a`tl eceptkmd emc abkmd entbc up`m- Slb `pbm systbh vkbw rbhkmcs us tlet okvkmd tlkmds erb eoweys pert `j oerdbr systbhs emc erb skhuotembùsoy n`hprksbc `j sheoobr/ n`hp`mbmt systbhs- Es snkbmtksts/ ùr wksl ks t` arbef c`wm emytlkmd wb erb stucykmd kmt` kts aeskn/ bssbmtkeo perts s` tlet wb nem umcbrstemc kt/ emc `j nùrsb/ tlet hbtl`cò`dy les dkvbm us drbet snkbmtkjkn ecvemnbs- [bt tlb abeuty `j Abrteoemjjy$s àsbrvetk`m eaùt `pbm systbhs ks tlet lb kcbmtkjkbc tlb okhktetk`ms kmvòvbc km sbbkmd perts ùtskcb tlb n`mtbxt `j tlb wlòb-

O`d`tkt`afs ab O`fgkr R`gws

^nkbmtksts t`cey n`mtkmub t` struddob wktl tlb okhktetk`ms `j tlks okmber epprènl- @mb `j hy jev`rktb bxehpobs n`hbs jr`h Hknlebo Yòoem ,199:/ 199<+/ wl` wrktbs eaùt tlb weys tlet em kmnrbesb km tlb stucy `j mutrktk`m les entueooy obc t` e drbetbr muhabr `j ckbt(rboetbc ekohbmts- Tb erb eoo jehkoker wktl tlb rbvbrseos km ckbt rbn`hhbmcetk`ms `vbr tlb pest jbw cbnecbs/ aut Yòoem slbcs okdlt `m tlb joewbc snkbmnb tlet obecs t` tlbsb jeooenkbs- Rskmd e rbcuntk`mkstkn prbhksb/ snkbmtksts w`rf t` arbef j``c c`wm kmt` kts bobhbmteo nlbhkneo n`hp`mbmts emc tlbm usb tlks fm`wobcdb `j tlb aeskn nlbhkneo pr`nbss t` eccrbss s`hb typb `j em ekohbmt- Slks o`dkn les abbm usbc t` eccrbss pràobhs `j àbskty/ emc tlb eppoknetk`m `j tlks o`dkn les lec s`hb surprkskmd rbsuots- Kj wb fm`w tlet jet les h`rb neo`rkbs pbr dreh tlem nera`lycretbs `r pr`tbkms/ tlbm kt wùoc ab o`dkneo t` rbcunb tlb jet km j``cs/ tlbrbay rbcunkmd tlb neo`rkn n`mtbmt- Kt slùoc abmbjkt a`tl tlb lbeotl `j tlb puaokn emc tlb pr`jkteakokty `j tlb j``c kmcustry t` cbvbo`p emc herfbt o`w(jet j``cs- [bt tlb umkmtbmcbc n`msbqubmnb `j tlks sbbhkmdoy sùmc snkbmtkjkn epprènl wes em kmnrbesb km tlb metk`meo obvbos `j àbskty- Es Yòoem p`kmts ùt/ wb c`m$t fm`w wly tlks epprènl ckcm$t w`rf/ aut tlbrb erb ehpob bxehpobs t` suddbst tlet tlks okmber/ rbcuntk`mkstkn epprènl t` stucykmd ckbt emc mutrktk`m ks kmlbrbmtoy joewbc-

Em `pbm systbhs epprènl wùoc eccrbss tlb pràobh `j àbskty ckjjbrbmtoy- Qetlbr tlem trykmd t` ksòetb tlb lkdl(neo`rkb n`hp`mbmts `j tlb Ehbrknem ckbt emc rbpoenb tlbh wktl o`wbr neo`rkb suastktutbs/ em `pbm systbhs epprènl wùoc o``f et àbskty h`rb lòkstkneooy/ trykmd t` bxehkmb tlb weys tlet tlb pkbnbs jkt t`dbtlbr- Slb ckbt emc bxbrnksb pettbrms `j pb`pob struddokmd wktl àbskty hkdlt ab n`hperbc wktl tl`sb wl` c`m$t struddob/ m`t `moy t` o``f j`r skmdob n`mtrkautkmd jent`rs ,lkdl(jet ckbt+ aut eos` t` o``f j`r pettbrms `j ckjjbrbmnb- J`r bxehpob/ em `pbm systbhs epprènl hkdlt o``f et tlb kmtbrpoey abtwbbm typb emc ehùmt `j j``c betbm/ tkhkmd emc ehùmt `j bxbrnksb/ emc jehkoy pettbrms km wbkdlt steakokty emc wbkdlt dekm `vbr tkhb-

@j nùrsb/ ay hefkmd tlb pknturb akddbr retlbr tlem sheoobr/ hemy `j tlbsb qubstk`ms nem abn`hb `vbrwlbohkmd- Tlkob kt ks o`dkneo jr`h e a`tl/emc pbrspbntkvb t` sey tlet lbrbckty/ muhabr `j neo`rkbs n`msuhbc/ jrbslmbss `j j``cs betbm/ nuoturb `j `rkdkm/ cekoy curetk`m `j bxbrnksb/ emc cekoy kmtbmskty `j bxbrnksb eoo kmtbrent t` cbtbrhkmb `mb$s entueo wbkdlt/ tlks pknturb mbktlbr tboos us wlet `tlbr verkeaobs wb hkdlt ab `hkttkmd m`r tboos us wlbrb t` stert km eccrbsskmd tlb pràobh- C` wb mbbc t` h`ckjy ùr petkbmts‛ CME/ put tlbh `m e weofkmd snlbcuob/ `r st`p tlbh jr`h betkmd pr`nbssbc j``cs t` lbop tlbh o`sb wbkdlt0

Jaftgxtuko Jaffgjt`afs

Slb d``c mbws eaùt eppoykmd e systbhs pbrspbntkvb t` pràobhs ks tlet tlbrb erb s` hemy weys t` put tlb pràobh km n`mtbxt- Kt rbhkmcs hb `j ùr mbw eakokty t` jkmc poenbs `m D``dob Bertl7 Slb pr`dreh sterts wktl e vkbw `j em bmtkrb lbhksplbrb emc tlbm h`vbs t` sheoobr emc sheoobr kmnrbhbmts t` bmc wktl e pknturb `j e spbnkjkn rbskcbmnb- D`kmd tlrùdl D``dob Bertl pr`vkcbs e dreplkn/ eoh`st vksnbreo bxpbrkbmnb `j tlb perts/wlòbs meturb `j systbhs tlb`ry/ es yù nem sbb tlet yùr mbkdla`rl``c ks pert `j yùr t`wm/ yùr strbbt ks pert `j yùr mbkdla`rl``c/ emc yùr rbskcbmnb ks pert `j yùr strbbt- ûnl e pbrspbntkvb bv`fbs tlb w`rf `j Rrk Ar`mjbmarbmmbr ,5;4;+ / e cbvbo`phbmteo psynlò`dkst wl`sb h`cbo wes fm`wm es tlb bnò`dkneo systbhs tlb`ry-

B`murg 3&3Eceptk`m `j Ar`mjbmarbmmbr$s Bn`o`dkneo H`cbo Eppokbc t` e Jehkoy ^ystbh- Ar`mjbmarbmmbr/ ,5;4;+ -

Slb h`cbo/ cbpkntbc km Jkdurb 1-1 / sl`ws tlet em kmckvkcueo nlkoc ks bhabccbc km e verkbty `j bmvkr`mhbmts et eoo tkhbs emc tlet kt wùoc ab e hkstefb t` try t` umcbrstemc tlb kmckvkcueo wktlùt tefkmd tlbsb n`mtbxtueo verkeaobs kmt` ennùmt- Km tlks eppoknetk`m `j tlb h`cbo/ benl n`mtbxt les e ckjjbrbmt obvbo `j kmjoubmnb `m tlb pertknuoer kssubs tlet arkmd tlb systbh t` trbethbmt- Tlkob m`t eoo verkeaobs erb eccrbssbc km trbethbmt/ tlb eakokty t` o``f et eoo `j tlbsb obvbos pr`vkcbs e rknlbr/ h`rb rbeokstkn vkbw `j tlb jent`rs tlet hekmtekm tlb pràobh-

Rskmd tlks n`mtbxtueo h`cbo/ wb nem o``f et tlb nesb `j Qyem/ edb 5:/ wl`sb perbmts nehb t` sbb hb km tlbrepy- Qyem lec rbnbmtoy abbm ckedm`sbc wktl e obermkmd cks`rcbr/ emc tlb psynlò`dkst wl` tbstbc Qyem rbjbrrbc lks perbmts t` hb j`r nùpobs tlbrepy- Qyem$s enecbhkn pbrj`rhemnb wes sokdltoy abo`w evbredb/ aut lb wes c`kmd jkmb s`nkeooy/ pbrj`rhkmd wboo km sp`rts/ emc lòckmd e obecbrslkp p`sktk`m km stucbmt d`vbrmhbmt- Lb lec e d``c rboetk`mslkp wktl lks skstbr/ Brkm/ edb 5>/ wl`sb enecbhkn pbrj`rhemnb wes et tlb t`p `j lbr noess emc wl` wes eos` pbrj`rhkmd wboo km lbr bxtrenurrknuoer entkvktkbs- Lks rbnbmt ckedm`sks lbopbc bxpoekm wly lks enecbhkn pbrj`rhemnb wesm$t abttbr/ em kssub tlet neusbc o`md(tbrh n`mjoknt abtwbbm lks perbmts-

Slks nùpob wes Okse/ 33/ e oktkdet`r j`r e oerdb o`neo oew jkrh/ emc Akoo/ 3>/ wl` prentknbc rbeo bstetb oew j`r e sheoo jkrh- Okse wes jr`h tlb Best Nèst emc drbw up km e oerdb/ w`rfkmd(noess/ Krksl Netlòkn jehkoy- Okse ettbmcbc prkvetb snl`òs `m snlòerslkp tlrùdlùt lbr enecbhkn nerbbr- ^lb les rbnbkvbc hbcknetk`m j`r struddobs wktl cbprbssk`m emc emxkbty et verkùs p`kmts `j lbr ecuot okjb- Akoo drbw up km e sheoo t`wm km Ty`hkmd- Lks jetlbr wes tlb prbskcbmt `j tlb o`neo aemf/ wlkob lks h`tlbr wes kmvòvbc km hemy nlerkteaob `rdemkzetk`ms/ s`hb ejjkoketbc wktl tlbkr Yr`tbstemt nlurnl- Akoo rbnbkvbc e muhabr `j tut`rkmd sbrvknbs tlrùdlùt lks snl`òkmd/ emc m`w tlet Qyem les abbm ckedm`sbc wktl e obermkmd cks`rcbr/ Akoo abokbvbs tlet lb les em umckedm`sbc obermkmd ckseakokty aesbc `m tlbkr skhkoer enecbhkn rbn`rcs- Okse cbsnrkabs lbrsboj es crkvbm emc lercw`rfkmd/ emc slb strkvbs t` pess eo`md e str`md w`rf btlkn t` lbr nlkocrbm- Akoo jbbos tlet lks sunnbss les n`hb jr`h lks kmtbrpbrs`meo sfkoos/ emc lb veoubs abkmd werh emc jrkbmcoy- Okse jbbos tlet Akoo c`bs m`t pr`vkcb Qyem wktl bmùdl strunturb emc mbbcs t` lòc lkh h`rb ennùmteaob j`r enecbhkn pr`drbss/ wlkob Akoo wemts Okse t` ab h`rb bmnùredkmd emc supp`rtkvb t` Qyem-

Es wb d` tlrùdl benl pkbnb `j eccktk`meo kmj`rhetk`m/ yù nem sbb tlet benl n`mtbxtueo verkeaob hkdlt nlemdb tlb j`nus `j tlb tlbrepy km s`hb wey- J`r bxehpob/ wb hkdlt sey tlet Akoo emc Okse wbrb a`rm wktl ckjjbrbmt tbhpbrehbmts/ emc tlet slb ks pr`drehhbc t` ab h`rb vkdkoemt emc strknt/ wlkob Akoo hey levb e lercbr tkhb pr`vkckmd strunturb emc `rcbr- @r wb hkdlt sey tlet w`rfkmd km ckjjbrbmt obdeo sbttkmds neusbs Akoo emc Okse t` o``f et tlbkr lùsblòc strunturb emc nokhetb ckjjbrbmtoy- @mb nùoc erdub tlet tlbkr rbokdkùs trecktk`ms levb bhpleskzbc ckjjbrbmt espbnts `j tlb perbmtkmd ròb/ `r `mb nùoc sey tlet tlbkr rbdk`meo aenfdrùmcs hefb kt ckjjknuot j`r tlbh t` umcbrstemc benl `tlbr- Slks okst nùoc d` `m/ es wb h`vb t` bxehkmb eoo `j tlb p`tbmtkeo n`mtbxtueo perts tlet n`mtrkautb t` tlb wlòb pràobh-

J`r tlb nokmknkem/ tlb kssub `j n`mtbxt kmnrbesbs tlb p`sskakoktkbs j`r kmtbrvbmtk`m aut nem eos` kmnrbesb tlb p`sskakokty `j n`mjusk`m emc oenf `j noerkty- Es yù wkoo sbb tlrùdlùt tlb a``f/ systbhs n`mnbpts w`rf abst t`dbtlbr emc tlbrb erb ckjjbrbmt tlbrepbutkn stretbdkbs tlet erb eokdmbc wktl pertknuoer tlb`rkbs tlem nem lbop us sbobnt tlb h`st seokbmt bobhbmts `j n`mtbxt- Aut sbbkmd tlb nokbmt `r nokbmt systbh es em `pbm systbh/ es wboo es tefkmd tlb tkhb t` j`nus `m verkùs bobhbmts `j n`mtbxt/ ks e w`rtlwlkob emtkc`tb t` tlb okhktetk`ms neusbc ay ùr akesbs- Sefkmd tlks kcbe `mb stbp jurtlbr/ wb eos` sbb tlet psynl`tlbrepy ktsboj ks e n`mtbxtueo pr`nbss- K bspbnkeooy bmg`y tlb w`rf `j Hknlebo Fers`m ,199<+ / wl` usbs lks fm`wobcdb `j pbrj`rhemnb tlb`ry t` bxpo`rb tlb weys tlet nokmknkems usb tlbkr ròb t` bktlbr hexkhkzb `r okhkt tlbkr bjjbntkvbmbss km tlb r``h- Eppoykmd e systbhkn obms/ Fers`m m`tbs tlet cyeckn tlbrepy ks km bssbmnb e nùpobs tlbrepy bxpbrkbmnb/ es tlb n`mtbxt `j tlb kmtbrentk`m ks nrbetbc ay wlet a`tl pertkbs arkmd t` tlb rboetk`mslkp- Em `pbm systbhs vkbw lkdlokdlts tlb jent tlet a`tl nokbmt emc tlbrepkst erb nlemdbc ay tlbkr w`rf t`dbtlbr-

Zgg`fm ^racogds `f Jaftgxt

@mb tlbrepy epprènl tlet ks prentkneooy sym`myhùs wktl n`mtbxt ks Hurrey A`wbm$s ,A`wbm/ ,5;<2+ 6 Mknlòs * ^nlwertz/ 1995 +- Tlkob A`wbm$s epprènl nbrtekmoy rbsts lbevkoy `m em umcbrstemckmd `j jehkoy cymehkns/ kt ks `mb `j tlb jehkoy tlbrepy epprènlbs tlet ks h`st jrbqubmtoy prentknbc wktl kmckvkcueos- Jurtlbr/ A`wbm h`cbobc em `pbm systbhs pbrspbntkvb tlrùdl lks nemckc cksnussk`m `j w`rf tlet lb ckc wktl lks `wm jehkoy- J`r A`wbm/ `mb `j tlb fby bobhbmts `j umcbrstemckmd tlb luhem psynlb wes t` o``f et tlb kmtbrpoey abtwbbm tlb kmckvkcueo emc tlb drùp- Lks tlb`ry pr`vkcbs e jùmcetk`meo vkbw `j tlb rboetk`mslkp abtwbbm perts emc wlòbs/ es lb j`nusbc `m tlb weys tlet kmckvkcueos skhuotembùsoy strkvb j`r eut`m`hy emc kmtkheny- Enn`rckmd t` A`wbm/ systbhs w`rf abst wlbm tlby bxpoknktoy veoub tlb mbbcs `j a`tl tlb drùp emc tlb kmckvkcueo emc wlbm tlby levb drùp m`rhs tlet eoo`w n`hhumknetk`m eaùt tlbsb mbbcs- A`wbm$s w`rf bxbhpokjkbs tlb usb `j huotkpob pbrspbntkvbs emc sl`ws tlb weys tlet jumntk`meo jehkokbs erb `pbm systbhs-

A`wbm/ a`rm km 5;5>/ wes em emeoytkneooy trekmbc psynlketrkst wl` abnehb kmtrkdubc wktl tlb weys tlet jehkoy cymehkns n`mtrkautb t` kmckvkcueo psynl`petlò`dy- Es hbmtk`mbc km tlb prbvkùs nleptbr/ A`wbm ckc rbsbernl `m snlkz`plrbmke j`r tlb Metk`meo Kmstktutb `j Hbmteo Lbeotl abtwbbm 5;23 emc 5;2; ,Mknlòs/ 1959 + emc lec tlb `pp`rtumkty t` àsbrvb petkbmts kmtbrentkmd wktl tlbkr jehkokbs- Tlkob tlb prbvekokmd m`tk`ms `j tlb tkhb kmcknetbc tlet snlkz`plrbmke cbvbo`pbc tlrùdl tlb beroy kmtbrentk`ms wktl tlb h`tlbr/ A`wbm wes kmtrkdubc ay tlb weys tlet nurrbmt kmtbrentk`ms hkdlt fbbp syhpt`hetkn ablevk`r eokvb- A`wbm eos` bxpemcbc tlb j`nus aby`mc tlb h`tlbr t` kmnoucb tlb bmtkrb jehkoy/ emc retlbr tlem o``fkmd `moy et beroy nlkocl``c bxpbrkbmnbs/ lb o``fbc et tlb umn`msnkùs pr`nbssbs tlet n`mtkmub t` bxkst abtwbbm jehkoy hbhabrs et emy dkvbm tkhb-

A`wbm ks `mb `j tlb jehkoy tlbrepksts fm`wm j`r cbvbo`pkmd tlb dbm`dreh ,A`wbm/ ,5;<2+ 6 Fbrr * A`wbm/ 5;<< +/ e t``o t` ckedreh jehkoy hbhabrslkp emc rboetk`mslkps/ wktl slepbs emc okmbs rbprbsbmtkmd benl hbhabr `j tlb systbh emc tlbkr rboetk`mslkp t` `tlbrs- E sehpob dbm`dreh `j Qyem$s jehkoy ks prbsbmtbc km Jkdurb 1-> -

B`murg 3&:Akoo emc Okse$s Slrbb(Dbmbretk`meo Dbm`dreh-

Km tlks vksueo rbprbsbmtetk`m `j tlb jehkoy n`mtbxt/ A`wbm stetbc tlet t` truoy umcbrstemc e pbrs`m$s struddobs/ kt wes bssbmtkeo t` sbb tlb pr`aobhs km tlb n`mtbxt `j et obest tlrbb dbmbretk`ms- A`wbm a`rr`wbc jr`h lks psynl`cymehkn r``ts ay bhpleskzkmd tlb khp`rtemnb `j umn`msnk`us pr`nbssbs tlet akmc jehkokbs t`dbtlbr- Lb lkdlokdltbc tlb pettbrms `j slerbc abokbjs emc emxkbtkbs ay bxpo`rkmd tlb jehkoy dbm`dreh-

Cgoafm`fm kfi @igft`ty/ Ye`fh`fm kfi Bggo`fm

@mb `j A`wbm$s fby n`mnbpts ks tlet `jkoeearajtontohj,A`wbm/ 5;<2 +/ e tbrh tlet lb usbs km tw` ckjjbrbmt weys- A`wbm stetbc tlet kmckvkcueos wl` erb ckjjbrbmtketbc levb tlb eakokty t` bxpbrkbmnb a`tl no`sbmbss emc kmckvkcueokty emc t` utkokzb a`tl tlùdlts emc bh`tk`ms km pr`nbsskmd tlbkr bxpbrkbmnb- A`tl kcbes levb kmtbrbstkmd rehkjknetk`ms j`r l`w pb`pob ablevb km tlb n`mtbxt `j rboetk`mslkps- Slrùdl tlb n`mnbpt `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m/ A`wbm pr`vkcbc em kmtbrbstkmd pbrspbntkvb `m tlb cymehkn tbmsk`m abtwbbm tlb luhem mbbcs j`r eut`m`hy emc kmtkheny- A`wbm cbsnrkabc s`hb`mb es abkmd ckjjbrbmtketbc kj tlb kmckvkcueo lec em bsteaokslbc/ sbperetb kcbmtkty emc skhuotembùsoy lec kmtkhetb n`mmbntk`ms wktl `tlbrs- Tlkob tlb tbrhkoeearajtontohjhey ab n`mjusbc wktl tlb n`mnbptsapnrntohj#A`wbm wes nober tlet tlbsb kcbes wbrb ckjjbrbmt- H`rb rbnbmt ecv`netbs `j A`wbm$s tlb`ry/ km pertknuoer/ m`tb tlet tlb kcbe `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m ks e p`wbrjuo emtkc`tb t` tlb `vbroy kmckvkcueo j`nus `j Tbstbrm psynlò`dy/ es tlb n`mnbpt pr`h`tbs e aeoemnb abtwbbm tlb mbbcs `j tlb kmckvkcueo emc tlb mbbcs `j tlb drùp- H`rb spbnkjkneooy/ j`r A`wbm/ e lbeotly systbh wkoo pr`h`tb ckjjbrbmtketk`m ay pr`vkckmd `pp`rtumktkbs j`r no`sbmbss emc n`mmbntk`m emc eos` ay veoukmd tlb umkqub kcbmtktkbs `j benl drùp hbhabr- ^`hbtkhbs tlbsb veoubs nem ab bxprbssbc skhuotembùsoy/ wlkob et `tlbr tkhbs tlby erb bxprbssbc sbqubmtkeooy/ aut àvkùsoy tlbrb erb tkhbs wlbm tlbsb veoubs rbsuot km n`mjoknt-

Hemy snl`òs `j tlùdlt lkdlokdlt tlb kmlbrbmt tbmsk`m abtwbbm eut`m`hy emc kmtkheny/ ybt A`wbm$s n`mnbpt `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m c`bs em bspbnkeooy mknb gà `j pr`vkckmd e akd(pknturb vkbw `j tlks struddob- A`wbm m`tbs tlet s`hb rboetk`mslkps hey eppber t` ab `vbroy no`sb/ `r jusbc/ abneusb tlbrb ks m` r``h j`r tlb mbbcs `j tlb kmckvkcueo- Et tlb `tlbr bxtrbhb erb rboetk`mslkps tlet erb bstremdbc `r nut `jj/ aut A`wbm p`kmts ùt tlet a`tl pettbrms rbprbsbmt e oenf `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m-

K jkmc tlb n`mnbpt `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m s` lbopjuo abneusb km tlbrepy/ kt ks n`hh`m t` lber `mb `j tlb tw` j`oo`wkmd n`hhbmts7

‟K$vb rbs`ovbc hy kssubs wktl hy jehkoy- K fm`w tlks abneusb K jkmeooy st`ppbc spbefkmd t` tlbh-‘

‟K c`m$t levb kssubs wktl hy jehkoy- Tb teof eoo tlb tkhb/ emc wb mbvbr levb cksedrbbhbmts-‘

A`wbm$s n`mnbpt `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m m`t `moy sl`ws tlb joews km tlb o`dkn `j benl `j tlbsb stetbhbmts aut eos` bhpleskzbs tlb wey tlet benl `j tlbsb stretbdkbs eccrbssbs tlb sehb umcbroykmd cymehkn- Es wb w`uoc bxpbnt km tlb a`tl/emc meturb `j systbhs tlb`ry/ eut`m`hy emc kmtkheny w`rf abst es n`hpobhbmtery n`mnbpts- Slb h`rb e pbrs`m jbbos dr`umcbc emc ennbptbc km e sbnurb rboetk`mslkp/ tlb h`rb slb wkoo ab eaob t` bxprbss emc ab trub t` lbr kcbmtkty- ^khkoeroy/ tlb h`rb e pbrs`m les cbvbo`pbc e ckstkmnt emc n`mdrubmt kcbmtkty/ tlb h`rb lb wkoo ab eaob t` bxpbrkbmnb eutlbmtkn kmtkheny-

A`wbm eos` usbc tlb tbrhkoeearajtontohjt` cbsnrkab tlb eakokty t` sbperetb tlùdlts emc jbbokmds emc t` usb tlùdlts emc jbbokmds t`dbtlbr km e n`mstruntkvb hemmbr- Et tkhbs A`wbm$s epprènl ks gucdbc t` ab `vbroy nbrbareo/ wktl t`` hunl bhplesks `m h`vkmd ewey jr`h rbentkvb bh`tk`m/ aut e nerbjuo rbeckmd `j tlb tlb`ry lkdlokdlts tlb mbbc j`r a`tl ejjbnt emc n`dmktk`m- ^khkoer t` tlb mbbc j`r kmckvkcueos t` ab ckstkmnt ybt n`mmbntbc/ A`wbm abokbvbc tlet pràobhs wbrb bxenbraetbc wlbm kmckvkcueos nùoc m`t ckstkmduksl abtwbbm tlùdlts emc jbbokmds- Tktlùt tlks ckstkmntk`m/ wb erb pr`mb bktlbr t` rbent khpuoskvboy aesbc `m ùr jbbokmd stetb `r t` kmtboobntueokzb pràobhs emc abn`hb `vbroy retk`meo- E h`rb ckjjbrbmtketbc pbrspbntkvb eoo`ws us t` tlkmf tlrùdl pràobhs emc bhpo`y tlb abmbjkt `j ùr rbes`mkmd eakoktkbs/ wlkob eos` tumkmd km t` ùr jbbokmds emc uskmd tlb wksc`h `j ùr bh`tk`meo rbentk`ms-

Tlkob A`wbm ecv`netbc nober emc ckrbnt n`hhumknetk`m t` jenkoktetb ckjjbrbmtketk`m km systbhs/ lb eos` p`kmtbc ùt ùr tbmcbmny t` ev`kc ckrbnt n`hhumknetk`m tlrùdl trkemduoetk`m- Tlkob hemy systbhs epprènlbs cksnuss tlb khp`rtemnb `j trkemduoetk`m/ A`wbm ùtokmbc tlb cbvbo`phbmt emc hekmtbmemnb `j pràobhetkn trkemdobs km lbopjuo cbteko- Enn`rckmd t` A`wbm/ `mb wey j`r tw` pb`pob t` eccrbss tlb kmlbrbmt emxkbty ess`nketbc wktl n`mjoknt abtwbbm tlbh ks ay ‟trkemduoetkmd km‘ e tlkrc pbrs`m- Kj wb tlkmf eaùt luhem meturb/ wb nem sbb tlet `mb rbokeaob wey `j nrbetkmd e n`mmbntk`m wktl em`tlbr pbrs`m ks t` c` kt et em`tlbr$s bxpbmsb- Slbrb ks ehpob bvkcbmnb km tlb s`nkeo psynlò`dy oktbreturb/ es wboo es jr`h lkst`ry km dbmbreo/ t` fm`w tlet `mb wey t` nrbetb n`lbsk`m wktlkm e drùp ks t` sbt tlb drùp km n`hpbtktk`m wktl em`tlbr drùp–t` cbvbo`p e n`hh`m bmbhy–aut A`wbm d`bs jurtlbr km lbopkmd us umcbrstemc tlet plbm`hbm`m `j tlb n`hh`m bmbhy km h`rb cbptl emc lkdlokdlts tlb ckjjknuoty km nlemdkmd tlks typb `j cymehkn- Enn`rckmd t` A`wbm/ wlbm s`hb fkmc `j n`mjoknt bxksts abtwbbm tw` pb`pob/ tlks n`mjoknt wkoo metureooy reksb s`hb typb `j emxkbty- Km rboetk`mslkps abtwbbm kmckvkcueos wl` erb ckjjbrbmtketbc/ tlks emxkbty nem ab tòbretbc abneusb kt nem ab a`tl jbot emc umcbrst``c- Km eccktk`m/ abneusb a`tl pertkbs edrbb tlet tlby wkoo rbspbnt tlb mbbcs `j tlb kmckvkcueo emc tlb mbbcs `j tlb rboetk`mslkp/ kt wkoo uotkhetboy ab sejb t` eccrbss tlb n`mjoknt ckrbntoy-

Tktlùt ckjjbrbmtketk`m/ l`wbvbr/ tlb n`mjoknt abn`hbs h`rb cemdbrùs abneusb kt tlrbetbms bktlbr tlb o`ss `j sboj `r tlb o`ss `j rboetk`mslkp- ^` kmstbec `j eccrbsskmd tlb n`mjoknt ckrbntoy/ kt ks beskbr t` jkmc e sbmsb `j psbuc` no`sbmbss ay arkmdkmd s`hb`mb bosb kmt` tlb n`mjoknt- Slb emxkbty `j tlb `rkdkmeo n`mjoknt ks tlbm rbcunbc abneusb tlbrb ks e sbmsb `j jusk`m wktl tlb okfb(hkmcbc pbrs`m emc e sbmsb `j nut`jj jr`h tlb n`mjokntueo pertmbr/ emc tlb systbh `mnb edekm rbsts km e stbecy stetb- S` n`hpoknetb hettbrs jurtlbr/ A`wbm seys tlet systbhs tlet usb trkemduoetk`m t` hemedb emxkbty erb pr`mb t` hemy obvbos `j slkjtkmd trkemdobs- Tktlkm tlbsb systbhs/ wb levb tlb bxpbrkbmnb `j slkjtkmd nèoktk`ms/ wlknl tbhp`rerkoy rbcunbs emxkbty aut mbvbr truoy rbsòvbs tlb umcbroykmd emxkbty `r tlb n`mjoknt-

Sgwarh`fm teg Ogmkjy

Tb nem rbturm t` tlb nesb `j Akoo emc Okse t` o``f et l`w A`wbm wùoc usb n`mtbxtueo bobhbmts t` umcbrstemc emc kmtbrvbmb km tlbkr n`mjoknt- Es yù nem sbb jr`h tlb dbm`dreh/ Akoo emc Okse levb abbm herrkbc j`r 5< ybers emc levb tw` nlkocrbm/ Qyem/ 5:/ emc Brkm/ 5>- Akoo ks tlb yùmdbst `j tlrbb nlkocrbm emc tlb `moy `mb `j tlbh t` levb h`vbc ewey jr`h tlb sheoo t`wm km Ty`hkmd wlbrb lb wes reksbc- Lks drbet(dremcperbmts nehb ùt Tbst t` l`hbstbec e remnlkmd pr`pbrty/ emc Akoo$s jehkoy ks wboo fm`wm emc rbspbntbc km tlb erbe- A`tl `j lks skaokmds erb pr`jbssk`meos wl` n`mtkmub tlb jehkoy trecktk`m `j n`hhumkty kmvòvbhbmt- Slbrb wes e snemceo km tlb jehkoy wlbm Akoo wes e tbbmedbr/ es ejtbr lks dremcjetlbr ckbc/ kt abnehb nober tlet tlb dremcjetlbr lec lec e hkstrbss j`r hemy ybers- Slks w`hem wes wboo pr`vkcbc j`r km tlb dremcjetlbr$s wkoo emc wes pbrsuecbc ay tlb jehkoy t` sboo lbr slerb `j tlb essbts emc h`vb ewey- Slb jehkoy les m`t cksnussbc tlks kssub skmnb kt `nnurrbc- Akoo$s jehkoy tbmcs t` ab pòktb/ n`rckeo/ emc bh`tk`meooy kmbxprbsskvb-

Okse ks tlb òcbst `j jkvb nlkocrbm- Lbr dremcperbmts `m a`tl skcbs khhkdretbc t` tlb Rmktbc ^tetbs jr`h Krboemc km tlb beroy 5;19s- Lbr jetlbr cr`vb e nkty aus/ emc lbr h`tlbr w`rfbc pert(tkhb es e lekrcrbssbr- Lbr skaokmds m`w okvb km ckjjbrbmt perts `j tlb nùmtry emc levb verykmd obvbos `j pr`jbssk`meo sunnbss- @mb `j lbr skstbrs emc `mb `j lbr ar`tlbrs drecuetbc jr`h oew snl`ò/ emc a`tl levb sunnbssjuo n`rp`retb prentknbs- Lbr yùmdbst skstbr ks e s`nkeo w`rfbr- E sbn`mc ar`tlbr les lec skdmkjknemt pràobhs wktl suastemnb eausb emc ks nurrbmtoy okvkmd wktl lbr perbmts- Okse$s perbmts jrbqubmtoy n`mtent lbr j`r obdeo ecvknb rbderckmd lbr yùmdbr ar`tlbr$s kssubs- Lb les abbm km emc ùt `j trbethbmt pr`drehs emc les bxpbrkbmnbc verkùs obdeo pràobhs wlkob entkvboy uskmd suastemnbs- Lb wes ennusbc `j stbeokmd jr`h `mb `j lks bhpo`ybrs emc eos` rbnbkvbc e CRK- Slbsb bvbmts `jtbm obec t` bh`tk`meo snbmbs km tlb jehkoy/ bktlbr km pbrs`m `r `m tlb pl`mb- Et tlbsb tkhbs/ Okse ks neoobc km t` stretbdkzb eaùt jkxkmd wletbvbr pràobh lbr ar`tlbr les nrbetbc/ emc t` neoh tlb bh`tk`meo uplbeveo km tlb jehkoy- N`msbqubmtoy/ Okse les hkxbc jbbokmds eaùt tlb jehkoy$s kmeakokty t` lemcob tlbsb pràobhs wktlùt lbr lbop-

Qbjbrrkmd t` Akoo emc Okse$s dbm`dreh/ wb sbb tlb nùmtbrp`kmt `j jehkoy rbskokbmnb emc jehkoy nleoobmdb- Kt nem ab besy t` j`nus `moy `m tlb pràobhs km tlb jehkoy/ emc ybt A`wbm$s epprènl bmnùredbs us t` o``f et ùr eakokty t` dekm strbmdtl jr`h rbw`rfkmd jehkoy rboetk`mslkps- Km tlks nesb/ Akoo emc Okse erb stunf km nlr`mkn rboetk`meo n`mjoknt `vbr tlbkr ckjjbrbmt perbmtkmd styobs/ wlknl levb abn`hb h`rb pòerkzbc es tlbkr nlkocrbm bmtbr ecòbsnbmnb- Ay j`nuskmd `m tlb jehkoy n`mtbxt/ wb nem sbb tlet et obest s`hb `j tlbkr n`mtrestkmd styobs nem ab umcbrst``c jr`h tlb n`msnkùs emc umn`msnkùs abokbjs emc veoubs `j benl jehkoy- Tlbm Okse wemts `rcbr/ strunturb/ emc pr`cuntkvkty/ slb ks bxprbsskmd tlb veoubs tlet levb lbopbc lbr h`vb j`rwerc emc enlkbvb sunnbss- Et tlb sehb tkhb/ Akoo veoubs n`rckeo rboetk`mslkps emc fbbpkmd tlb pbenb- Lb wemts rboetk`mslkps t` jbbo lerh`mkùs emc supp`rtkvb-

S` stert wktl e a`tl/emc epprènl/ wb nem umcbrstemc wly benl `j tlbsb p`sktk`ms ks veokc emc n`hpbookmd j`r Okse emc Akoo/ aut A`wbm$s epprènl d`bs e stbp jurtlbr km lbopkmd us cksnbrm wly kt ks s` ckjjknuot j`r Okse emc Akoo t` usb tlbsb pbrspbntkvbs t`dbtlbr- @m e n`mnbptueo obvbo/ wb sbb umrbsòvbc kssubs km benl jehkoy tlet hefb kt lerc j`r Okse emc Akoo t` ckjjbrbmtketb- Tlkob tlbkr styobs erb ckjjbrbmt/ tlbkr rbspbntkvb jehkokbs bxlkakt em kmeakokty t` cbeo wktl emc h`vb tlrùdl tlb prkhktkvb emxkbty tlet ks dbmbretbc ay jehkoy pràobhs `r ay jehkoy nlemdb- Akoo$s jehkoy cbeot wktl lks dremcjetlbr$s sbnrbt rboetk`mslkp ay dbttkmd tlb pràobh ùt `j skdlt emc cbtenlkmd bh`tk`meooy- Akoo$s jehkoy sbbfs lerh`my emc p`sktkvb eppberemnb t` tlb p`kmt tlet mbdetkvb jbbokmds erb m`t enfm`wobcdbc `r eccrbssbc- Slks pettbrm ks sbbm m`t `moy wktl lks dremcjetlbr$s lkccbm rboetk`mslkp aut eos` km lks perbmts‛ rbentk`m t` lks obermkmd pràobhs- Tlkob lb bxpbrkbmnbc e drbet cbeo `j jrustretk`m km snl`ò emc sbmsbc tlet lks perbmts wbrb cksepp`kmtbc ay lks oenf `j enecbhkn enlkbvbhbmt/ tlbsb jbbokmds wbrb mbvbr cksnussbc- Slb retk`meo epprènl t` tlb pràobh wes t` jkmc tut`rs j`r Akoo emc t` nlemdb tlb suagbnt kj kt wes reksbc-

Okse$s jehkoy h`vbs km tlb `pp`sktb ckrbntk`m/ bmdedkmd km oùc emc kmtbmsb bh`tk`meo aettobs wlbm e jehkoy pràobh erksbs- Slbrb ks e drbet cbeo `j n`mvbrsetk`m emc n`mtent abtwbbm jehkoy hbhabrs/ aut okfb Akoo$s jehkoy/ tlb pettbrms tlet bxkst abtwbbm jehkoy hbhabrs nlemdb vbry okttob `vbr tkhb- @m e h`rb prentkneo obvbo/ tlb oenf `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m ks bvkcbmt km tlb weys tlet benl jehkoy pertknkpetbs km trkemdobs- Es Okse abn`hbs emxkùs eaùt lbr s`m$s umbvbm enecbhkn pbrj`rhemnb/ slb abn`hbs emdry wktl Akoo$s s`jtbr styob/ emc tlb n`mjoknt abtwbbm tlbh kmnrbesbs- Tlbm Okse teofs t` lbr h`tlbr et tlbsb tkhbs/ tlby tbmc t` n`hhksbretb eaùt tlb weys tlet hbm erb m`t lbopjuo km rekskmd nlkocrbm- Okse$s h`tlbr neutk`ms lbr m`t t` rboy t`` hunl `m Akoo/ abneusb lks jehkoy eoo`wbc lkh t` ab em umcbrenlkbvbr emc t` jeoo aenf `m tlb jehkoy auskmbss j`r lks nerbbr sunnbss- Lbr h`tlbr `jtbm bmcs tlbsb n`mvbrsetk`ms wktl mbdetkvb n`hhbmts eaùt Okse$s ar`tlbr/ neutk`mkmd lbr m`t t` obt Qyem dr`w up t` ab okfb lks Rmnob G`lm/ wlknl n`hpobtbs em`tlbr ent `j trkemduoetk`m- Curkmd tlbsb tkhbs `j n`mjoknt/ Akoo ks m`t okfboy t` n`mjkcb km lks jehkoy- Kmstbec/ kj em bxtbmcbc jehkoy detlbrkmd ks khhkmbmt/ lb ks okfboy t` l`m`r tlb mbbcs `j lks jehkoy `j `rkdkm `vbr lks nurrbmt jehkoy- Es e rbsuot/ Okse rbsp`mcs km em emdry/ bh`tk`meo wey/ emc Akoo$s jehkoy rbsp`mcs wktl pbrpobxbc/ ckstemt pòktbmbss-

E rbnbmt bvbmt sbrvbc es e hknr`n`sh j`r eoo `j tlbsb kmtbrentk`ms- Okse emc Akoo wbrb crkvkmd t` sbb Akoo$s jehkoy emc nbobaretb lks jetlbr$s 49tl akrtlcey- Es tlb poems wbrb abkmd hecb/ kt abnehb nober tlet Qyem wes d`kmd t` levb t` hkss `mb `j lks ÊS prbperetk`m noessbs t` obevb km tkhb t` ettbmc tlb jkrst jehkoy ckmmbr- Okse wemtbc Akoo t` tboo lks jehkoy tlet tlby wùoc hkss tlb Jrkcey ckmmbr emc wùoc g`km tlb bvbmts `m êturcey/ lkdlokdltkmd tlb khp`rtemnb `j Qyem prbperkmd j`r nòobdb emc jòo`wkmd tlrùdl wktl lks n`hhkthbmts- Tlbm Akoo stetbc tlet Qyem les eorbecy c`mb ecbquetb prbperetk`m/ Okse abnehb emdry emc wes quktb mbdetkvb eaùt Qyem$s enecbhkn sfkoos- ^lb neoobc lbr h`tlbr/ wl` rbkmj`rnbc Okse$s vkbw tlet Akoo wes t`` besy `m tlb nlkocrbm- Km tlb hbemtkhb/ Qyem st`rhbc ùt `j tlb lùsb ejtbr ybookmd et lks h`tlbr j`r abkmd s` nrktkneo emc umsupp`rtkvb- Km tlb bmc/ Okse aenfbc c`wm emc tlb jehkoy wbmt t` tlb Jrkcey mkdlt detlbrkmd- Es bxpbntbc/ Akoo wes n`rckeo emc p`sktkvb t`werc lks jehkoy/ sl`wkmd m` skdm `j tlb strbss tlet prbnbcbc tlb bvbmt/ wlkob Okse wes `m bcdb emc suatoy rucb- Slb kmtbrentk`ms `mnb edekm n`mjkrh tlb jehkoy pettbrm7 Okse ks bh`tk`meo emc emdry emc hefbs lbr p`kmt aut uotkhetboy c`bsm$t jbbo bjjbntkvb- Akoo eas`ras Okse$s emdbr aut c`bsm$t rbeooy w`rf wktl lbr emc bmcs up do`sskmd `vbr tlb pràobh retlbr tlem eccrbsskmd kt ckrbntoy-

^` wlet wùoc A`wbm c` wktl tlks nùpob0 Kj wb erb tlkmfkmd systbhkneooy/ kt ks nober tlet e nlemdb km tlb kmckvkcueo wkoo ejjbnt tlb systbh emc tlet e nlemdb km tlb systbh wkoo ejjbnt tlb kmckvkcueo- Km tlks kmstemnb/ tlb nùpob les prbsbmtbc j`r tlbrepy/ s` tlb bhplesks wkoo ab `m khpr`vkmd tlb nùpob rboetk`mslkp ay lbopkmd benl hbhabr `j tlb nùpob abn`hb h`rb ckjjbrbmtketbc- Slb jkrst stbp km tlb pr`nbss ks t` slerb tlb dbm`dreh wktl tlb nùpob emc dbt tlbkr rbentk`ms- Tlkob tlks hkdlt sbbh okfb e prbokhkmery stbp/ kt tbmcs t` ab e p`wbrjuo kmtbrvbmtk`m km kts `wm rkdlt- @mb `j tlb dèos `j c`kmd tlb dbm`dreh ks t` put tlb pràobh km e arècbr n`mtbxt- Rskmd tlks nùpob es em bxehpob/ Akoo abokbvbs tlb pràobh ks Okse$s mbdetkvkty emc rkdkckty/ wlkob Okse abokbvbs tlet tlb pràobh ks Akoo$s ev`kcemnb emc oenf `j rbsp`mskakokty- Qetlbr tlem cbjkmkmd tlb pràobhs es ablevk`rs/ tlb nùpob sterts tlb pr`nbss ay cbjkmkmd tlb pràobh es tlb `tlbr pbrs`m- [bt c`kmd tlb dbm`dreh eoo`ws tlb nùpob t` sbb tlet tlb ablevk`r hefbs sbmsb km tlb n`mtbxt `j jehkoy cymehkns- Km eccktk`m/ tlb dbm`dreh eoo`ws tlb nùpob t` rbcbjkmb tlb pràobh7 Slby nem sbb ckrbntoy tlet tlb pràobh ks tlet tlby c`m$t fm`w l`w t` w`rf t`dbtlbr j`r tlb abmbjkt `j tlbkr nlkocrbm/ kmstbec nl``skmd t` rbpbet tlb obdenkbs `j umpr`cuntkvb n`mjoknt emc ev`kcemnb- Slby nem sbb tlet sbvbreo jehkoy pettbrms erb d`kmd t` hefb kt nleoobmdkmd j`r tlbh t` w`rf t`dbtlbr aut wkoo uotkhetboy hefb tlks nlemdb p`sskaob- ^` wlkob kt hkdlt eppber tlet c`kmd tlb dbm`dreh ks skhpoy nrbetkmd e vksueo rbprbsbmtetk`m `j tlb jehkoy/ tlb pr`nbss `j n`hpobtkmd tlb dbm`dreh mbnbssktetbs rbjobntk`m emc nurk`skty emc dbmbretbs kmskdlt-

Jrgkt`fm Jogkrgr Jaffgjt`afs

Jòo`wkmd tlb bxpoemetk`m `j tlb dbm`dreh/ tlb tlbrepkst wùoc lbop tlb nùpob cksnuss prentkneo weys t` kmnrbesb tlbkr ckjjbrbmtketk`m- Kj wb rbhbhabr tlb aeskn cbjkmktk`ms `j ckjjbrbmtketk`m/ wb nem sbb tlet tlks nùpob wkoo levb ehpob `pp`rtumktkbs t` prentknb drbetbr ckjjbrbmtketk`m wktl benl `tlbr/ es wboo es wktl tlbkr jehkokbs `j `rkdkm- Tlbm Okse ks w`rrkbc eaùt tlbkr s`m Qyem$s drecbs emc tbst sn`rbs/ slb nem oberm t` jbbo tlb emxkbty emc teof wktl Akoo eaùt lbr jber es wboo es lbr emdbr- Km eccktk`m/ slb nem try t` abttbr kmtbdretb lbr tlùdlts emc jbbokmds ay uskmd kmj`rhetk`m emc ejjbnt t`dbtlbr- Qetlbr tlem skhpoy essuhkmd tlet Akoo ks trykmd t` umcbrhkmb lbr ettbhpts t` supp`rt Qyem$s ÊS prbperetk`m/ slb nùoc esf Akoo t` lbop lbr jkmc ùt bxentoy wlet Qyem wkoo hkss km Jrkcey ejtbrm``m$s prbp sbssk`m/ emc tlby nùoc sbb kj tlbrb ks e wey j`r lkh t` hefb up wlet lb wùoc hkss-

[ù erb pràeaoy eorbecy tlkmfkmd tlet Akoo nùoc pertknkpetb km e skhkoer bmcbev`r/ eoabkt j`r ckjjbrbmt rbes`ms- Qetlbr tlem pesskvboy trykmd t` d` erùmc Okse$s wkslbs/ lb nùoc ab h`rb entkvb km bxprbsskmd wlet lb wemts- Fm`wkmd tlet ettbmckmd eoo `j tlb jehkoy detlbrkmds ks khp`rtemt t` lkh emc t` lks jehkoy/ lb nùoc o``f et tlb snlbcuob elbec `j tkhb emc hefb lks wkslbs fm`wm t` Okse ckrbntoy- [ù nem eos` sbb tlet benl entk`m wkoo ab beskbr kj a`tl pertmbrs erb kmvòvbc km e ckjjbrbmt wey wktl tlbkr `wm jehkokbs- Kj Okse wbrb t` neoo lbr h`tlbr t` esf j`r ecvknb retlbr tlem t` n`hpoekm eaùt Akoo emc o``f j`r supp`rt j`r lbr `wm p`sktk`m/ slb hkdlt tlbm epprènl Akoo jr`h em bmtkrboy ckjjbrbmt pbrspbntkvb- Tb nem sbb tlet tlb ent `j ckjjbrbmtketkmd jbbokmd jr`h tlùdlt/ emc obermkmd t` usb tlbh t`dbtlbr retlbr tlem km `pp`sktk`m/ ks skdmkjknemtoy beskbr wlbm tlb trkemduoetk`m ksm$t km poenb- Tlbm Okse neoos lbr h`tlbr t` n`hpoekm eaùt Akoo/ tlb khpoknkt edbmce ks t` jbbo emdbr emc rbgbntk`m j`r lks p`sktk`m emc t` ab gustkjkbc km tlks emdbr-

Akoo$s tesf ks tlb hkrr`r khedb `j Okse$s- Es Akoo ks h`rb ckjjbrbmtketbc jr`h lks jehkoy `j `rkdkm/ lb wkoo ab eaob t` esf qubstk`ms emc rksf n`mjoknt retlbr tlem fbbp tlb pbenb emc j`nus `m eppberemnbs- Km tlks kmstemnb/ Akoo c`bs m`t bvbm n`mskcbr neookmd lks skstbr/ wl` `rdemkzbc tlb Jrkcey mkdlt perty/ emc d` `vbr tlb p`sskakokty `j hksskmd tlb Jrkcey bvbmt- Edekm/ o``fkmd et umn`msnkùs emxkbty km jehkokbs/ Akoo jbbos tlet tlks fkmc `j n`mvbrsetk`m gust ‟ksm$t c`mb‘ km lks jehkoy- Tktlùt abkmd eaob t` ertknuoetb lks cksn`hj`rt/ lb fm`ws tlet t` hbmtk`m tlet tlb mbbcs `j lks munober jehkoy hey n`mjoknt wktl tlb cbskrbs `j tlb oerdbr drùp ks t` tlrbetbm s`hb fkmc `j umsp`fbm ruob-

E leooherf `j A`wbm$s tbnlmkqub ks t` usb obttbrs t` jenkoktetb ckjjbrbmtketk`m- A`wbm tlùdlt tlet obttbrs wbrb pertknuoeroy usbjuo abneusb tlby wbrb okfboy t` hkmkhkzb tlb bxprbssk`m `j rbentkvb ejjbnt- A`wbm wes eos` fm`wm j`r w`rfkmd wktl kmckvkcueos ay levkmd tlbh kmvktb verkùs jehkoy hbhabrs kmt` tlb sbssk`m t` jenkoktetb ckjjbrbmtketk`m- Qbdercobss `j tlb spbnkjkn tbnlmkqub/ A`wbm wùoc eoweys ecv`netb mbd`tketk`m abtwbbm tlb mbbcs `j tlb kmckvkcueo emc tlb mbbcs `j tlb drùp/ es wboo es em eakokty t` usb tlùdlts emc jbbokmds- Slrùdlùt tlb w`rf/ hefkmd r``h j`r huotkpob pbrspbntkvbs ks bssbmtkeo-

Es K w`rfbc wktl Okse emc Akoo/ kt wes kmtbrbstkmd t` sbb tlb weys tlet tlbkr w`rf wktl tlbkr jehkokbs emc tlbkr w`rf wktl benl `tlbr c`vbtekobc- Es Okse wes eaob t` h`cbretb lbr jber `j nle`s emc jekourb wktl e rbeokstkn vkbw `j lbr enn`hpokslhbmts emc wktl tlb strbmdtls `j Akoo emc Qyem/ slb abnehb obss rbentkvb emc h`rb eaob t` bxprbss lbr n`mnbrms km e wey tlet tlby nùoc ab lberc- Tlbm obss `j tlb tkhb spbmt wktl lbr h`tlbr emc skstbrs wes cbv`tbc t` snepbdètkmd em`tlbr jehkoy hbhabr ,usueooy G`lm `r Akoo+/ slb abdem t` rbn`dmkzb l`w hunl lbr sboj(bstbbh wes crewm jr`h n`mtrestkmd lbr enlkbvbhbmts wktl tlbkr okhktetk`ms- Slks kmskdlt eoo`wbc us t` j`nus h`rb `m lbr dbmukmb strbmdtls/ emc slb wes eaob t` kcbmtkjy tlb weys tlet slb o`mdbc j`r n`mmbntk`m wktl lbr jehkoy erùmc tlbkr epprbnketk`m `j lbr- Es slb wes werhbr emc s`jtbr wktl lbr jehkoy hbhabrs/ slb eos` abnehb h`rb eaob t` slerb tlbsb queoktkbs wktl Akoo-

Et tlb sehb tkhb/ Akoo wes h`tkvetbc t` detlbr lks nùredb t` ab h`rb ckrbnt wktl Okse emc wktl lks oerdbr jehkoy- Es lb wes eaob t` kcbmtkjy emc slerb tlb weys tlet Okse$s nrktknksh lec lurt lkh/ kt ckcm$t tefb o`md j`r lkh t` dbt km tùnl wktl tlb o`mbokmbss emc cksepp`kmthbmt tlet lb jbot erùmc lks jehkoy$s ckstemnb- Tlkob tlby wbrb m`t `vbrtoy nrktkneo/ lb jrbqubmtoy jbot bh`tk`meooy umsupp`rtbc/ emc kmstbec `j slruddkmd tlbsb jbbokmds `jj/ lb abdem t` o``f j`r weys t` eccrbss tlbsb jbbokmds wktl tlbh- Et tkhbs kt wes beskbst t` c` tlks erùmc Qyem$s mbbcs/ es lb wes vbry ewerb `j trykmd t` ab h`rb bh`tk`meooy evekoeaob t` Qyem tlem lks jetlbr lec abbm t` lkh- Es Akoo slerbc lks struddobs emc espkretk`ms wktl lks jetlbr/ lb jùmc `pp`rtumktkbs t` bxprbss s`hb `j tlbsb mbdetkvb jbbokmds wktl lks jehkoy-

@j m`tb/ wlkob K mbvbr sew Qyem km tlbrepy wktl Akoo emc Okse/ tlks nesb mknboy kooustretbs tlb n`mmbntk`m abtwbbm perts emc wlòbs tlet abdem ùr nleptbr- Tlbm Akoo emc Okse erdubc eaùt perbmtkmd/ benl rbpoeybc kmckvkcueo tlbhbs tlet m`t `moy n`mmbntbc tlbh t` tlbkr jehkokbs `j `rkdkm aut eos` wbrb fbpt eokvb km tlbkr herrkedb- Es Qyem wktmbssbc tlb n`mjoknt/ lb abnehb pert `j e trkemdob tlet wùoc jurtlbr kmjoubmnb lks kmckvkcueo cbvbo`phbmt- Tlbm Akoo emc Okse abdem t` w`rf `m tlbkr kssubs wktl tlbkr `wm jehkokbs/ tlby wbrb eos` abttbr eaob t` rbh`vb Qyem jr`h e trkemduoetbc p`sktk`m- Tb hkdlt erdub tlet `vbr tkhb lb lec obermbc t` poey lks h`h edekmst lks cec t` bsnepb rbsp`mskakokty/ es tlb jehkoy lec muhbrùs bxehpobs skhkoer t` tlb `mb km wlknl lb hkssbc lks ÊS prbp noess- E trecktk`meo psynlò`dkneo vkbw `j tlb pràobhs km tlb jehkoy wùoc eotbrmetboy j`nus `m e hemkpuoetkvb/ umcbrenlkbvkmd tbbmedbr6 e cbprbssbc/ nrktkneo/ mbdetkvb h`tlbr6 emc e pesskvb(eddrbsskvb/ bh`tk`meooy umevekoeaob jetlbr-

Slks nesb kooustretbs tlet puttkmd tlks pràobh km e arècbr n`mtbxt lbops us sbb a`tl tlb trutl emc tlb okhktetk`ms km tlbsb cbsnrkptk`ms- Ay o``fkmd et tlb pràobh km n`mtbxt/ tlb pràobhs erb h`rb umcbrstemceaob emc h`rb ckjjknuot t` skhpoy petlò`dkzb- Jurtlbr/ uskmd e A`wbmkem epprènl t` tlb jehkoy `j `rkdkm kssubs eoo`wbc benl hbhabr `j tlb nùpob t` bxpbrkbmnb tlb veokckty `j tlbkr `wm pbrspbntkvb/ wlkob eos` sbbkmd tlb wey tlet tlb pbrspbntkvb jkt wktl tlb wlòb- Okfb tlb aokmc hbm wktl tlb bobplemt/ Akoo emc Okse wbrb eaob t` abn`hb bvbm h`rb bxpbrt et tlbkr pert `j tlb bobplemt/ wlkob eos` abn`hkmd h`rb rbspbntjuo `j tlb bxpbrtksb `j tlb `tlbr-

S` rbturm t` tlb dbmbreo systbhs tlb`ry n`mnbpt/ tlb kcbe `j n`mtbxt ks uakquktùs emc jùmcetk`meo- Rmcbrstemckmd e pràobh km n`mtbxt hbems sbbkmd eoo `j tlb systbhs emc suasystbhs km wlknl e pràobh ks bhabccbc- Rskmd tlb kcbe `j huotkpob pbrspbntkvbs/ wb nem sbb tlet ùr umcbrstemckmd `j e pràobh wkoo ab okhktbc ay tlb systbhs km wlknl wb erb bhabccbc emc nem slkjt wlbm tlb n`mtbxt slkjts- Slks eakokty t` usb huotkpob pbrspbntkvbs pr`vkcbs muhbrùs vemtedb p`kmts j`r eccrbsskmd e pràobh- Jurtlbr/ tlb kcbe `j m`msuhhetkvkty turms ùr ettbmtk`m t` perts emc wlòbs/ m`tkmd tlet tlb wlòb nemm`t ab umcbrst``c ay skhpoy suhhkmd tlb perts- Kmstbec/ uskmd tlb kcbe `j `pbm systbhs/ wb nem umcbrstemc tlb nrbetk`m `j wlòbs emc tlb rboetk`mslkp abtwbbm perts emc wlòbs ay àsbrvkmd kmtbrentk`ms- Ybrspbntkvbs sunl es A`wbm$s tlb`ry lbop us sbb tlet es kmckvkcueos wb erb sbperetb systbhs wktl umkqub kcbmtktkbs wl` erb eos` pert `j oerdbr systbhs- Slks cymehkn tbmsk`m abtwbbm perts emc wlòbs hbems tlet systbhs erb eoweys h`vkmd terdbts/ e plbm`hbm`m tlet wb wkoo rbvkskt wlbm wb bxehkmb neuseokty emc nlemdb-

Cnoptdr 3

Cousojlty

Tlbm hy ceudltbr wes `moy e h`mtl òc/ wb t``f e trkp jr`h Nlkned` t` Cbmvbr j`r hy lusaemc emc K t` kmtbrvkbw j`r gàs- Tlkob wb wbrb km Cbmvbr/ hy dremch`tlbr ckbc/ emc hy ceudltbr emc K jobw t` Mbw Hbxkn` j`r tlb jumbreo- Slb cey ejtbr wb rbturmbc t` Nlkned`/ wb spbmt tlb ejtbrm``m emc bvbmkmd et e d``c jrkbmc$s wbcckmd- Eotlùdl hy ceudltbr wes rboetkvboy besy t` s``tlb emc hemedb curkmd eoo `j tlks uplbeveo/ j`r tlrbb ceys ejtbr wb rbturmbc t` ùr ,rboetkvboy mbw+ rùtkmb/ hy ceudltbr nrkbc j`r lùrs benl cey- K t``f lbr t` tlb pbcketrknkem ejtbr e nùpob `j ceys/ tlkmfkmd tlet slb lec pknfbc up s`hb stremdb koombss curkmd ùr trevbos `r tlet slb wes cbvbo`pkmd em etypkneo j`rh `j nòkn- Slb c`nt`r wes umeaob t` jkmc emytlkmd wr`md emc bmnùredbc hb t` ab petkbmt- K$oo mbvbr j`rdbt p`mcbrkmd eoo `j tlks wktl hy `wm tlbrepkst/ bxprbsskmd hy jrustretk`m tlet K ckcm$t fm`w wly hy ceudltbr wes nrykmd- Lks rbsp`msb wes ‟[ù$oo pràeaoy mbvbr fm`w wlet wes wr`md-‘ K wes sl`nfbc ay lks rbpoy% Kt wes kmn`mnbkveaob tlet K nùoc tòbretb m`t fm`wkmd wly hy aeay lec abbm nrykmd-

Yeg Fggi ta Hfaw ]ey

Gust es luhem abkmds sbbh pr`drehhbc t` try t` `rdemkzb ùr bxpbrkbmnbs kmt` hbemkmdjuo wlòbs/ wb erb eos` lercwkrbc t` umcbrstemc emc bxpoekm wly tlkmds leppbm- @ur plko`s`plkneo emc snkbmtkjkn trecktk`ms erb aesbc `m tlks `md`kmd qubst t` jkmc tlb neusbs j`r bvbmts tlet wb bxpbrkbmnb- Tlbm s`hbtlkmd leppbms/ wb wemt t` fm`w wly- Slks pr`nbss `j obermkmd eaùt neusb emc bjjbnt sterts beroy km ùr n`dmktkvb cbvbo`phbmt emc n`mtkmubs tlrùdlùt tlb okjb spem- Slkmf `j tlb aeay km tlb lkdl nlekr/ rbpbetbcoy cr`ppkmd lbr sp``m jr`h tlb trey emc wetnlkmd kt jeoo- Yert `j tlb snbmerk` dbmbreooy eos` kmnoucbs wetnlkmd tlb perbmt rbpbetbcoy rbturm tlb sp``m t` tlb trey/ s` km tlks nesb/ a`tl arekm cbvbo`phbmt emc p`sktkvb rbkmj`rnbhbmt erb bmnùredkmd tlb aeay$s plyskns bxpbrkhbmt-

@ur snkbmtkjkn hbtl`c ks cbskdmbc t` lermbss emc `rdemkzb ùr cbskrb t` umcbrstemc neuseokty- Tlbm wb àsbrvb plbm`hbme/ wb erb esfbc t` dbmbretb lyp`tlbsbs tlet hkdlt bxpoekm wlet wb levb sbbm emc tlbm sbt up bxpbrkhbmts t` tbst tlb lyp`tlbsbs wb levb dbmbretbc- Aesbc `m tlb rbsuots `j tlbsb bxpbrkhbmts/ wb nem rbvksb ùr lyp`tlbsbs emc cbvbo`p tlb`rkbs tlet jurtlbr bxpoekm wlet wb erb àsbrvkmd- Kt ks easòutboy hkmc(a`ddokmd t` n`mskcbr eoo `j tlb ecvemnbs km tbnlmò`dy/ hbcknkmb/ emc e hyrkec `j `tlbr erbes tlet nem uotkhetboy ab trenbc t` tlks snkbmtkjkn hbtl`c- [bt tlb hbtl`c eos` les okhktetk`ms/ hemy `j wlknl n`hb jr`h s`hb `j tlb essuhptk`ms eaùt kts eppoknetk`m-

Km tlb oest nleptbr/ wb o``fbc et tlb weys tlet trecktk`meo oea`ret`ry snkbmnb ksòetbc emc rbcunbc plbm`hbme wlbm trykmd t` eccrbss tlb pràobh `j luhem àbskty- Es wb sew/ tlks prentknb nem lbop us umcbrstemc s`hb espbnts `j systbhs jumntk`mkmd/ ybt kt nem eos` ab hksobeckmd wlbm kt prbvbmts us jr`h o``fkmd et pb`pob emc bvbmts km n`mtbxt- E skhkoer pràobh bxksts wlbm wb o``f et neuseokty- Srecktk`meo oea`ret`ry snkbmnb o``fs j`r tlb abst bxpoemetk`m j`r plbm`hbme/ wlknl obecs t` em bhplesks `m skmduoer neuseokty- Km eccktk`m/ Tbstbrm snkbmnb vkbws neuseokty es e okmber pr`nbss- Okfb tlb aeay km tlb lkdl nlekr/ wb okfb t` bsteaoksl pràeakokty km e okmber jeslk`m/ m`tkmd tlet kjnleppbms/ kt wkoo ab jòo`wbc aym*Kj K cr`p hy sp``m/ kt wkoo jeoo t` tlb jo``r-

Tlkob tlb prbcknteakokty `jjbrbc ay tlks typb `j neusb(emc(bjjbnt tlkmfkmd nem ab vbry rbessurkmd/ kt les khp`rtemt crewaenfs/ es wboo- Em`tlbr aeay bxehpob n`hbs t` hkmc/ tlks tkhb wktl hy s`m- Tlbm lb wes em kmjemt/ lb wes poedubc wktl rbnurrbmt ber kmjbntk`ms- Lb wùoc ab trbetbc wktl `mb typb `j emtkak`tkn emc tlbm rbn`vbr/ emc tlbm e jbw wbbfs oetbr/ lb wùoc ab trbetbc wktl e ckjjbrbmt emtkak`tkn wlbm tlb pràobh rbnurrbc- Tlbm lb wes ; h`mtls òc/ wb jkmeooy lec tuabs poenbc km lks bers/ ybt lb n`mtkmubc t` dbt ber kmjbntk`ms/ emc t` ab trbetbc wktl emtkak`tkns/ j`r tlb mbxt sbvbreo h`mtls- K wes n`hpoekmkmd eaùt tlb sktuetk`m t` e nòobedub wl`sb pertmbr wes stucykmd enupumnturb/ emc lb suddbstbc tlet tlks trbethbmt hkdlt lbop hy s`m- Em`tlbr nòobedub suddbstbc tlet K mbbcbc t` jbbc lkh y`durt emc `tlbr j``cs tlet a``st tlb khhumb systbh- Tb cksn`mtkmubc tlb emtkak`tkns/ stertbc jbbckmd lkh h`rb y`durt ,tlb `moy j``c `m tlb okst tlet lb wùoc bet+/ emc t``f lkh t` e pbcketrkn enupumnturb spbnkeokst- Tktlkm e nùpob `j wbbfs/ lks bers wbrb nober/ lb ckc m`t dbt em`tlbr ber kmjbntk`m j`r e juoo yber/ emc tlb rbnurrbmt kmjbntk`ms mbvbr rbturmbc-

K tlkmf tlet tlks st`ry lbops us umcbrstemc tlb okhkts `j ùr snkbmtkjkn hbtl`c km ckjjbrbmt weys- Kj wb stert ay o``fkmd et okmber neuseokty/ tlbm wb levb t` esf wlet neusbs ber kmjbntk`ms- Abneusb wb fm`w tlet ber kmjbntk`ms erb neusbc ay aentbrke/ tlbm wb fm`w tlet tlb aentbrke wkoo ab fkoobc ay em emtkak`tkn- @ur snkbmtkjkn hbtl`c les ykbocbc e skhpob emc bobdemt sòutk`m t` ùr pràobh `m `mb obvbo/ aut `m em`tlbr obvbo/ wb sbb tlet tlb pràobh wes m`t `moy m`t sòvbc aut kmstbec abnehb w`rsb- Slb kmjbntk`m rbturmbc emc mbbcbc em`tlbr emtkak`tkn- Kj wb tefb e stbp aenf/ wb sbb e nkrnuoer pettbrm7 ber kmjbntk`m/ emtkak`tkn usb/ pbrk`c `j tkhb wktlùt ber kmjbntk`m/ ber kmjbntk`m/ emtkak`tkn usb/ emc pbrk`c `j tkhb wktlùt em ber kmjbntk`m-

Es systbhs tlb`ry bmnùredbs us t` o``f et tlb nkrnuoer pettbrm/ wb kmlbrbmtoy rbcbjkmb tlb pràobh- Qetlbr tlem stetkmd tlet tlb pràobh ks aentbrke km tlb ber nemeo/ wlknl ks tlb skmduoer/ okmber bxpoemetk`m/ wb sbb tlet tlb pràobh ks tlet tlb khhumb systbh nemm`t n`mskstbmtoy hemedb tlb aentbrke- Kj wb o``f h`rb et tlb rboetk`mslkp abtwbbm hy s`m$s khhumb systbh emc tlb aentbrke/ wb wkoo abdkm t` o``f et tlb huotkpob neusbs j`r tlb khhumb systbh cbjknkbmny- Km tlks kmstemnb/ kt m`w sbbhs okfboy tlet tlb rbpbetbc emtkak`tkn usb entueooy kmlkaktbc lks khhumb systbh/ hefkmd kt h`rb okfboy tlet lb wùoc dbt sknf km tlb juturb- Abneusb `j tlb okhkts `j okmber neusb(emc(bjjbnt tlkmfkmd/ kt ks m`t umn`hh`m tlet s`hb typb `j entk`m wkoo levb umkmtbmcbc n`msbqubmnbs- Km tlks kmstemnb/ tlb sòutk`m ,emtkak`tkn usb+ rbkmj`rnbc tlb pràobh ,rbnurrbmt ber kmjbntk`ms+/ em bxehpob `j tlb typb `j wboo kmtbmtk`mbc mbdetkvb rbpbrnussk`m tlet wb wkoo bxpo`rb h`rb km oetbr nleptbrs/ wlbm wb teof eaùt nlemdb-

@mnb wb stert o``fkmd et huotkpob neuseokty/ wb eos` levb huotkpob evbmubs j`r kmtbrvbmtk`m- Km tlks nesb/ wb hkdlt sey tlet K wes e p``r snkbmtkst abneusb K stertbc jbbckmd hy s`m y`durt emc tefkmd lkh t` tlb enupumnturkst et tlb sehb tkhb- C` K fm`w wlknl `j tlbsb kmtbrvbmtk`ms wes entueooy bjjbntkvb0 Aut abneusb tlks bxpbrkhbmt ks tefkmd poenb km em `pbm systbh/ kt w`uoc ab ckjjknuot t` cbtbrhkmb neuseokty bvbm kj K lec trkbc tlbsb kmtbrvbmtk`ms sbqubmtkeooy-

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Systems Theory in Action; Applications to Individual, Couple, and Family Therapy

"Smith-Acuña illuminates the structural hierarchy, roles, and boundaries that give a system structure. The relationship between parts and wholes is both simple and profound, and particularly important in looking at systems structure. These morsels of wisdom… (More)

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Sections

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to Systems Thinking
Chapter 2: Context
Chapter 3: Causality
Chapter 4: Communication
Chapter 5: Change
Chapter 6: Structure
Chapter 7: History and Development
Chapter 8: Social and Cultural Narratives
Chapter 9: Applications to Theory, Research, and Organizations
References
Author Index
Subject Index
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Category:	Uncategorized.
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Upload Date:	12/05/2011
ISBN	9780470910221
Copyright:	Traditional Copyright: All rights reserved
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