.

,2009

elena_mlv@yahoo.com

Vekot koj go ostavivme pozadi nas donese so sebe mnogu inovacii

koi su{tinski ni go promenija `ivotot. Vo odnos na prethodnite
vekovi toa be{e vek so najgolemi promeni i sekako mnogu
dramatien razvoj na naukata. Sega koga sme vo noviot milenium
so pravo se pra{uvame {to toj ni nosi. Utvrdeno e deka se raboti za
biotehnologijata ija osnova e molekularnata genetika, genetskiot
in`enering, a rezultatite na ovie nauki vodat kon kontrolirano i celno
genetski izmeneti organizmi i klonovi. Denes e veke sigurno i
neizbe`no deka ovie genetski modificirani organizmi stanaa del od
na{iot sekojdneven `ivot. Praawata od etika tehnika priroda koi
stigaat so novata tehnologija a moe da se kae so industrijat
mnogubrojni. Genetikata so koja se bavea samo relativno malku
brojna nauna zaednica stana tema za diskusija na raznovrsna
populacija. Meutoa tuka nikoj ne se eguva. Dodeka edni
oekuvaat deka ovaa tehnologija e vnese mnogu pozitivni promeni
vo nasiot ivot znaajno e go podigne e go podobri kvalitetot
na ivotot otvaraji novi perspektivi, drugi izrazuvaat otvoren strav
pred monite posledici od prenesuvae na genite od organizam na
organizam pobivaji gi site prirodni prepreki. Sprema prvite stanuva
zbor za revolucioneren ekor za dobroto na ovetvoto, a drugite
smetaat deka e potencijalna
realna opasnost koja se zakanuva na okolinata stvaraji
monstruozni organizmi. stana
del od naite ivoti poznavaeto na ovaa tehnologija e mnogu
vano ne samo za naunicite tuku za proizvoditelite,
potruuvaite graanite koi se soouvaat ili ponatamu e se sooat
so produktite na . Ako minatiot vek bee vek
na naukata predviduvaata pokauvaat deka ovoj vek e bide vek
na informacii. Za da javnosta zavzeme pravilen stav formira
mislee za kako za posledicite
na ovaa tehnologija potrebno e da ima pravovremena lesno
razbirliiva objektivna informacija.

: , ,
.

Apstract
The century that we have left behind has brought us many innovations witch
essentially altered our life. In connection with the previous centurys that was a
century with the biggest changes and dramatic development of the science. Now,
when we are in the new millennium, we writefully ask oweselves what does it brought
to us. It was established that it was the biotechnology whose baisic is the molecular
genetics, the genetic engennering and the results of these sciences are leeding the way
to controlled and aimed genetic altered organisms and clones. Today its already sure
and inevitable that these genetic modified organisms are part of our everyday life. The
pigs from etical and technical nature which came with the new technology and with
the industry are more numbered. The genetics, with whom was working a small
numbered science community, become a subject of disscusion for various population.
The division of opinions is unavoidable and its in the human nature, alought its not
all in the retorics and the academic disscusion, and as we say when we jocke its not
everything in love there is something in the money. While some of the people are
expecting that this technology will bring us a lot positive changes in our lives and
significantly will rise up the quality of live. The other people expresses fear before the
possible consecweces from transferring the gens from organism to organism.
Acordding to the first one it is a revolutionary step for the good of mankind and for
the others, they think that genetically modified technology Is potencial and a real
threat to the environment creating monstruose organisms. Genetically modified
technology became part of our lives and the knowledge of this technology is very
important, not only for the scientistcs but to the manufactures, the costumers and for
the citizents who are faced or will face with the products of genetically modified
technology. If the previous century was the century of science, the provisions show
that this century will be the century of informatinos. For the public to take the proper
attitude and form an opinion for the genetically modified technology as well as for the
consequence of this technology its needed and easyly conprehensible and objective
information

()
.


.
-
, ,
.

. ,
,
. ,
.

.
,
.
, , , 1990
.

1990 FlavrSavr Calgene,
.

Zeneca
1990 . 1998, Dr Arpad Pusztai
, ,
. 1998
Lord Sainsbury , Tony Blair,

.
. 1999 .
, Oxfordshire
. 2000
.
, 2 9 Oxfordshire.
9 10

.

.
2004 Margaret Beckett

.
, 2009 , , ,
, GM free.
1991 - 2005
170002 55% .

.
2005 (2004-50000, 200594000) ,
. 2008/09 32000 2
(
100% ). 2006 89%
, 83% .

Bacilus thuringiensis.
2003 99%
USA 63%, 21%, 6%, 4%
1%. 2006 89%
, 83% .

 1 .

.1

.

.
.
DNA.
DNA .
DNA
.
expression cassette.
DNA
.
, .
.
.
.

.

2.

3.

,
.
" " .

.

.
.
,
.
.
4.

89%

TBA

60%

TBA

TBA

83%

TBA

Flavr Savr

TBA

Roundup ready

Bt

75%

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

Bt corn

Bacilus
thuringiensis.

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

Roundup ready

Golden rice

-
1.

10

. Flavr Savr ,
Calgene FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
1994.
.


.
. 1991

( Arctic flounder )
. .. ''
.
.
2001

-
. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 24,7
.
-
.
.
.
90-

EU
2002.

11

.. ,
.
.
.
25 .
.
, ,
.
.
,
, .
-.
. ,

.
.
"golden rice". 1999, Ingo Potrykus
- Peter Beyer

.
,
.

Roundup Ready Soybeans Monsato Corporation

Roundup WeatherMAX .
5--3
Agrobacterium.
.

.
().

12

Amflora
BASF Plant Science.
( ) ( ),
.
GBSS (Granule Bound Starch
Synthase).
( an anti-sense gene)
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens. anti-sense
GBASS. ,

.

B.t Bacillus
thuringeiensis,
a .
.
. 1999.

, 2001 .
.
2000.

,
Papaya ringspot- , .
80
. ,

. -
" " .
.
1999.
13

4
.
.

. 50- , Gros Michel,
.. .
Fusarium Oxysporum
.. Cavedish. 30
.

.

. ,
,

.

,

.
.

.
.
. ,
, .

. 80-90% .

90% .
.
:
-- (160);
, .
- (101, 2); .

14

-: ( 235), ( 234), (1105)

.
,
.

.
, .
, .

, 1996, 1997,
.
FDA (
) .

-3 .

()
.
.
.
,
.

, a

15


.
.

, .

, ,
,
.
.
:
-DNA . 3,4 Gut

.
-

/
.

. . 1998
,
.

.
, .

.
.
Calgene
.
.
, ,
.

.
, ,

. ,
.
7 20
.

.
2

,

.

.

16

 2S
28
cod .
.
B.thuringiensis
IgE Bt .

Bt . Bt
Cry1Ac / .

.
- ( 8)
200
.
, . Gad c 1
. ( ///

antisense RNA .


.

.
- :
. 2007,
10,000
. 15
, , .
, .
: , (, , )
,
( ), , ,
.
, ,
.

17

(2001/18)

(
);

;

17 2001

19 2004

17
, 2002

;

-

Release Directive (90/220)

Regulation on novel foods

(258/97)

:

GMO
Monitoring

(1829/2003)

- (
)

(
)

(
EFSA)

EFSA

18



:

(EFSA)

-

(-):

.
,

.
:
-
.

10

10

.


(90/220)

.


.

" ",

.



.

6
50.

19

 .
:
-

,
.



.
B.t

.
- ,
,

, .

.
Monsato
Roundup.
- . ,
.
.
- .

.
, .

.
- .

.
.

.
-.
( ) .

.
,
. ,
.
,
"" (
).
Rockefeller Foundation, ,
.
.

20

- .

. ,

. Hepatitis B,
,
.


.
DNA
.


. USDA
(United States Department of Agriculture) EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) : 1.
, 2.
, 3. FDA
(Food and Drug Administration)
- , 4. .

,

.

1.www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food
2.www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php
3.www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood

21

4.www.gmfoodnews.com
5.www.cqs.com/50harm.htm
6.www.who.int/foodsafety/biotech/en
7.www.bionetonline.org/English/Content/ff_cont3.htm
8.www.gmo-compas.org

................................................................................................................1
Apstract..................................................................................................................2
.....................................................................................................................3
................................................................................................................4
.....................................................................................................................6
...............................................................8
..........................................................................................9
....................................................................................................................10

22

......................................................................................................................11
.......................................................................................................................11
.................................................................................................................12
..................................................................................................................12
...................................................................................................................12
...................................................................................................................13
.............................................................................13
..............................................................................................14
, .........................................................................15
...................................................................17
...............................................................................................................19
.........................................................................................21

23