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MANET- Mobile Ad-hoc Network

HC VIN HNG KHNG VIT NAM KHOA IN T VIN THNG

--oOo--

MANET Mobile Ad-hoc Network

Gi ng vin: Thy V VN TN

Sinh vin th c hi n: HNG VNG PHAN THNH HIP TRN THANH LONG

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I.

TNG QUAN V MANET:

1. Khi nim c bn: Cc thit b di ng nh cc my tnh xch tay, vi c trng l cng sut CPU, b nh ln, dung lng a hng trm gigabyte, kh nng m thanh a phng tin v mn hnh mu tr nn ph bin trong i sng hng ngy v trong cng vic. ng thi, cc yu cu kt ni mng s dng cc thit b di ng gia tng ng k, bao gm vic h tr cc sn phm mng v tuyn da trn v tuyn hoc hng ngoi ngy cng nhiu. Vi kiu thit b in ton di ng ny, th gia nhng ngi s dng di ng lun mong mun c s chia s thng tin. Mt mng ty bin l mt tp hp cc thit b di ng hnh thnh nn mt mng tm thi m khng cn s tr gip ca bt k s qun l tp trung hoc cc dch v h tr chun no thng c trn mng din rng m cc thit b di ng c th kt ni c. Cc node c t do di chuyn v thit lp n ty . Do , topo mng khng dy c th thay i mt cch nhanh chng v khng th d bo => N c th hot ng mt mnh hoc c th c kt ni ti Internet.

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Vy MANET (mobile ad hoc network) l mt tp hp ca nhng node mng khng dy , nhng node ny c th c thit lp ti bt k thi im v ti bt c ni no. Mng MANET khng dng bt k c s h tng no. N l

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mt h thng t tr m my ch di ng c kt ni bng ng v tuyn v c th di chuyn t do, thng hot ng nh mt router.

2. Lch s pht trin:

- Mobile Ad-hoc Network - MANET trc y cn c gi l mng v tuyn gi, v c ti ti tr, pht trin bi DARPA trong u thp nin 1970. - Sau mt mng mi: SUSAN (Adaptive Survivable Network) c xut bi DARPA vo nm 1983 h tr m t m ng quy m ln hn, m nh m hn. Th i gian ny, Ad- hoc c s d ng m t 1 lo i mng nh tiu chu n IEEE802.11. Mobile Ad-hoc Network c nh ngha bi IETF

II.

C IM CA MANET:
ng u cui l mt node t tr. N c th mang chc nng ca host v router. Bn cnh kh nng x l c bn ca mt host, cc node di ng ny c th chuyn i chc nng nh mt router. V vy thit b u cui v chuyn mch l khng th phn bit c trong mng Manet.

Thit b t tr u cui (Autonomous terminal): Trong Manet, mi thit b di

Phn chia hot ng (Distributed operation): V khng c h thng mng nn tng cho trung tm kim sot hot ng ca mng, nn vic kim st v qun l hot ng ca mng c chia cho cc thit b u cui. Cc node trong MANET i hi phi c s phi hp vi nhau. Khi cn thit cc node hot ng nh mt relay thc hin chc nng ca mnh. Vd: nh bo mt v nh tuyn. nh tuyn a ng: Thut ton nh tuyn khng dy c bn c th nh tuyn mt chng v nhiu chng da vo cc thuc tnh lin kt khc nhau v giao thc nh tuyn. Singalhop Manet n gin hn multihop vn cu trc v thc hin vi chi ph thp v t ng dng. Khi truyn cc gi d liu t mt ngun ca n n im trong phm vi truyn ti trc tip kh ng dy, cc gi d liu s c chuyn tip qua mt hoc nhiu trung gian cc nt. Cu hnh ng (dynamic network topology): v cc node l di ng, nn cu trc mng c th thay i nhanh v khng bit trc v cc k t n i gia cc thi t b u cu i c th thay i theo th i gian. MANET s thch ng tuy n v
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iu kin lan truyn ging nh mu di ng v cc node mng di ng. Cc node di ng cc nt trong mng thit lp nh tuyn ng vi nhau khi chng di chuyn, hnhthnh mng ring ca chng trong khng trung. Hn na, m t user trong Manet c th khng ch ho t ng trong mng li di ng c bit, m cn c th yu cu truy cp vo mt mng c nh cng cng (V d: Internet). Dao ng v dung lng lin kt (Fluctuating link capacity): Bn cht t l bit li cao ca kt ni khng dy cn quan tm trong mng MANET. T u cui ny n u cui kia c th c chia s qua mt vi chng. Knh giao tip u cui chu nh hng ca nhiu, hiu ng a ng, s giao thoa, v bng thng ca n t hn so vi mng c dy. Trong mt vi tnh hung, truy cp ca hai ngi dng c th qua nhiu lin kt khng dy v cc lin kt ny c th khng ng nht. Ti u ha cho thit b u cui (light-weight terminals): Trong hu ht cc trng hp cc node trong mng MANET l thit b vi tc x l ca CPU thp, b nh t v lu tr in nng t. V vy cn phi ti u ha cc thut ton v c ch.

III.

KIU KT NI V CH HOT NG:

1. Cc kiu kt ni topo mng 1.1. Mng my ch di ng:

topo ny cc thit b ch lin kt vi mt my ch duy nht. cc thit b khc lin kt qua my ch nh hnh v:

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1.2.

Mng c cc thit b di ng khng ng nht:

topo ny cc my c th lin kt trc tip vi nhau trong phm vi ph sng ca mnh.

2. Ch hot ng
2.1. Ch IEEE-ad hoc:

Ch ny th cc node di ng truyn thng trc tip vi nhau m khng cn ti mt c s h tng no c. Trong ch ny th cc lin kt khng th thc hin qua nhiu chng.
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2.2.

Ch c s h tng:

Ch ny th mng bao gm cc im truy cp AP c nh v cc node di ng tham gia vo mng, thc hin truyn thng qua cc im truy cp. Trong ch ny th cc lin kt c th thc hin qua nhiu chng.

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IV. PHN LOI MANET:

1. Theo giao thc:
Singal-hop: Mang Manet nh tuyn singal-hop l loi m hnh mng ad-hoc n gin nht. Trong , tt c cc node u nm trong cng mt vng ph sng, ngha l cc node c th kt ni trc tip vi nhau m khng cn cc node trung gian. M hnh ny cc node c th di chuyn t do nhng ch trong mt phm vi nht nh cc node lin kt trc tip vi cc node khc trong mng.

Multi-hop: y l m hnh ph bin nht trong mng MANET, n khc vi m hnh trc l cc node c th kt ni vi cc node khc trong mng m c th khng cn kt ni trc tip vi nhau. Cc node c th nh tuyn vi cc node khc thng qua cc node trung gian trong mng. m hnh ny hot ng mt cch hon ho th cn phi c giao thc nh tuyn ph hp vi m hnh mng MANET.

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Mobile multi-hop: M hnh ny cng tng t vi m hnh th hai nhng s khc bit y l m hnh ny tp trung vo cc ng dng c tnh cht thi gian thc: audio, video.

2. Theo chc nng:

Mng Manet ng cp (Flat): Trong kin trc ny tt c cc node c vai tr ngang hng vi nhau (peer-topeer) v cc node ng vai tr nh cc router nh tuyn d liu gi trn mng. Trong nhng mng ln th cu trc Flat khng ti u ha vic s dng ti nguyn bng thng ca mng v nhng message iu khin phi truyn trn ton b mng. Tuy nhin n thch hp trong nhng topo c cc node di chuyn nhiu. Mng Manet phn cp (Hierarchical): y l m hnh s dng ph bin nht. Trong m hnh ny th mng chia thnh cc domain, trong mi domain bao gm mt hoc nhiu cluster mi cluster chia thnh nhiu node. C hai loi node l master node v nomal node.
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Master node l node qun tr mt router c nhim v chuyn d liu ca cc node trong cluster n cc node trong cluster khc v ngc li. Ni cch khc n c nhim v nh mt gateway. Normal node l cc node nm trong cng mt cluster. N c th kt ni vi cc node trong cluster hoc kt ni vi cc cluster khc thng qua master node.

Vi cc c ch trn mng s dng ti nguyn bng thng hiu qu hn v cc tin nhn ch phi truyn trong 1 cluster. Tuy nhin vic qun l tnh chuyn ng ca cc node tr nn phc tp hn. Kin trc mng phn cp thch hp cho cc mng c tnh chuyn ng thp. Mng MANET kt hp (Aggregate): Mng = Zones, Zone = nodes Mi node bao gm hai mc topo : Topo mc thp ( node level ), v topo mc cao (zone level ) Mi node c trng bi: node ID v zone ID. Trong mt Zone c th p dng kin trc ng cp hoc kin trc phn cp.

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V.

NH TUYN TRONG MNG MANET:

Trong mng thng tin v tuyn ni chung v mng Ad hoc ni ring do mi nt mng u c kh nng di chuyn nn topo mng cng thay i theo thi gian. c im ny gy ra kh khn trong vic truyn ti gi tin. Ring mng Ad hoc gi tin mun n c ch th phi truyn qua nhiu trm v nt mng do gi tin n c ch th nt mng phi s dng phng php nh tuyn . Giao thc nh tuyn c hai chc nng: Tm, chn ng tt nht v chuyn gi tin n ng ch. Ta s cp su hn v vic tm, chn ng ca cc nt. 1. nh tuyn Bellman-Ford: Nhiu lc nh tuyn trc y c xy dng cho mng khng dy Ad hoc da trn thut ton Bellman-Ford. Cc lc ny cng c nghin cu gii quyt cc vn ca lc Distance Vector (DV). Trong thut ton Bellman-Ford, mi nt duy tr mt bng nh tuyn hay ma trn cha thng tin khong cch v thng tin v nt k tip ca mnh trn ng i ngn nht ti ch bt k, trong khong cch chnh l chiu di ngn nht t nt ti ch. cp nht thng tin v ng i ngn nht mi nt s thng xuyn trao i bng nh tuyn vi cc nt bn cnh n. Da trn bng nh tuyn t cc nt ln cn , nt no bit c khong cch ngn nht t cc ln cn ca n ti nt bt ch bt k. Do , vi mi nt ch, nt xut pht s chn mt nt trung gian cho chng k tip sao cho khong cch t n qua nt trung gian ti nt ch l nh nht . Cc thng tin tnh ton mi ny s c lu tr vo bng
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nh tuyn ca nt ny v c trao i vng cp nht nh tuyn tip theo. nh tuyn ny c u im l n gin v tnh ton hiu qu do c im phn b. Tuy nhin nhc im ca n l hi t chm khi topo mng thay i v c xu hng to cc vng lp nh tuyn c bit l khi cc iu kin lin kt khng n nh. 2. nh tuyn tm ng: Cc giao thc mi nh DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) v WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol) da trn DBF cung cp nh tuyn lp t do. Cho d l vn c gii quyt th vn cn tn ti vn v thiu chnh xc trong nh tuyn DBF, vn ny c th gy ra suy gim hiu sut mng. Nguyn nhn dn n s thiu chnh xc l do nt mng khng c c cac thng tin trng thi ton mng dn n cc quyt nh a ra ch ti u trong phm vi cc b, n khng m bo mt gii php ti u trong mi trng di ng. Thm vo khi DBF ch duy tr mt ng i duy nht ti ch, n thiu kh nng thch nghi vi cc li lin kt v yu cu nghin cu m rng cho cc h tr multicasting. nh tuyn on-demand: 3. nh tuyn On-demand c bit n nh DC (Diffusion Computation) cng c s dng trong mng khng dy. Trong lc nh tuyn On-demand, mt nt xy dng ng i bng cch cht vn tt c cc nt trong mng. Gi cht vn tm c ID ca cc nt trung gian v lu gi phn Path. Khi d tm cc cht vn, nt ch hay cc nt bit ng i ti ch tr li cht vn bng cch phc p source routed cho ni gi. Do nhiu phc p nn c nhiu ng i c tnh ton v duy tr. Sau kh tnh ton ng i nt lin kt bt k bt u cc cht vn , phc p khc nn lun cp nht nh tuyn. Mc d cc tip cn da trn c s DC c chnh xc cao hn v phn ng nhanh hn vi s thay i mng nhng ph tr iu khin qu mc do thng xuyn yu cu flooding c bit khi tnh di ng cao hn v lu lng dy c phn b u nhau. Kt qu l cc giao thc nh tuyn Ondemand ch ph hp vi mng khng dy bng thng rng tr truyn gi nh v lu lng rt nh. nh tuyn vng:

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nh tuyn vng l mt giao thc nh tuyn khc thit k trong mi trng Ad hoc. y l giao thc lai gia nh tuyn On-demand vi mt giao thc bt k tn ti. Trong nh tuyn vng mi nt xc nh vng ring khi nt khong cch nht nh. nh tuyn vng trung gian s dng nh tuyn Ondemand tm ng i. u im ca nh tuyn vng l kh nng m rng cp khi nhu cn lu tr cho bng nh tuyn gim xung. Tuy nhin do gn ging vi nh tuyn On-demand nn nh tuyn vng cng gp phi vn v tr kt ni v im kt thc ca cc gi yu cu.

VI.

CC GIAO THC NH TUYN

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Phn loi giao thc nh tuyn: nh tuyn theo bng (proactive): Trong phng php nh tuyn theo bng, cc node trong mng MANET lin tc nh gi cc tuyn ti cc node duy tr tnh tng thch, cp nht ca thng tin nh tuyn. V vy, mt node ngun c th a ra mt ng dn nh tuyn ngay lp tc khi cn. Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng, tt c cc node cn duy tr thng tin v cu hnh mng. Khi cu hnh mng thay i, cc cp nht c truyn lan trong mng nhm thng bo s thay i. Hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng u k tha v sa i c tnh tng thch t cc thut ton chn ng dn ngn nht trong cc mng hu tuyn truyn thng. Cc thut ton nh tuyn theo bng c s dng cho cc node cp nht trng thi mng v duy tr tuyn bt k c lu lng hay khng. V vy, tiu thng tin duy tr cu hnh mng i vi cc giao thc ny thng l ln. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn in hnh theo bng trong MANET gm: + Giao thc nh tuyn khng dy WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol) + nh tuyn vector khong cch tun t ch DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector) + nh tuyn trng thi ti u lin kt OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) . nh tuyn theo yu cu (reactive): Trong phng php nh tuyn theo yu cu, cc ng dn c tm kim ch khi cn thit, hot ng tm tuyn bao gm c th tc xc nh tuyn. Th tc tm tuyn kt thc khi mt tuyn c tm thy hoc khng c tuyn kh dng sau khi xc minh ton b tp hon v tuyn. Trong mng MANET, cc tuyn hot ng c th ngng do

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tnh di ng ca node. V vy, thng tin duy tr tuyn l ti quan trng i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu. So vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng, cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu thng c tiu trao i thng tin nh tuyn nh hn. V vy, v mt nguyn tc, cc giao thc ny c kh nng m rng tt hn so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng. Tuy nhin, vn ln nht ca cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu l tr do tm kim tuyn trc khi chuyn tip thng tin d liu. V d v mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu gm: + Giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) + Giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector routing) + Giao thc nh tuyn theo th t tm thi TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) Giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp: Cc giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp c xut kt hp cc c tnh u im ca cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng v theo yu cu. Thng thng, cc giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp Manet c s dng trong kin trc phn cp. Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng v theo yu cu c trin khai trong cc cp thch hp. Mt s v d v giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp: + Giao thc nh tuyn vng ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) + Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt da trn vng ZHLS (Zone-based Hierarchical Link State routing) + Giao thc nh tuyn mng ty bin lai HARP (Hybrid Ad hoc Routing Protocol), v.v... Ngoi ra, chng cng c phn loi theo cch khc: Link state protocol : trong cc giao thc loi ny, cc router s trao i LSA (Link state advertisement) vi cc router khc xy dng v duy tr c s d liu v trng thi ca ton mng (Network topology database). Cc thng tin ny c trao i di dng multicast (Mt router n nhiu router khc). Nh vy mi router s c mt ci nhn y v c lp v ton mng (Routing table chung) v t s tm cch xy dng ng i ngn nht n ch. Distance vector protocol : trong giao thc loi ny, cc router s ch trao i bng nh tuyn (Routing table) ring ca mnh n cc router

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lng ging c kt ni trc tip vi mnh. Nh vy cc router ny khng t bit c ng i n ch, khng bit cc router trung gian m phi da vo bng nh tuyn ca router lng ging (B chi phi bi cc router lng ging). Trong phn ny ch trnh by hai loi giao thc ph bin trong thc t ng vi mi loi trn.

1. Giao thc DSDV(Destination Sequence Distance Vector):

M t: DSDV l giao thc nh tuyn vecto khong cch theo kiu tng bc: trong mi nt mng duy tr bng nh tuyn lu tr ch c th n bc tip theo ca nh tuyn v s bc n ch. DSDV yu cu nt mng phi gi u n thng tin nh tuyn qung b trn mng. u im ca DSDV l m bo khng c ng nh tuyn kn bng cch s dng s th t nh du mi ng. S th t cho bit mc mi ca ng nh tuyn, s cng ln th mc m bo cng cao (ng R c coi l tt hn R nu s th t ca R ln hn, trong trng hp c cng s th t th R phi c s bc nh hn). S th t s tng khi nt A pht hin ra ng n ch D ph v, sau nt A qung b ng nh tuyn ca n ti nt D vi s bc khng gii hn v s th t s tng ln. c im: DSDV ph thuc vo thng tin qung b nh k nn n s tiu tn thi gian tng hp thng tin trc khi ng nh tuyn c a vo s dng. Thi gian ny l khng ng k i vi mng c cu trc c nh ni chung (bao gm c mng c dy), nhng vi mng Ad hoc thi gian ny l ng k, c th gy ra mt gi tin trc khi tm ra c nh tuyn hp l. Ngoi ra, bn tin qung co nh k cng l nguyn nhn gy ra lng ph ti nguyn mng.

2. Giao thc DSR (Dynamic source routing): M t:

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n mt a ch no , node mng ny bt u qu trnh tm kim ng dn (Route discovery). V vy, DSR l giao thc b ng (Ch cp nht trng thi mng v tm ng dn khi c yu cu). Mt u im ca DSR l khng c gi tm ng no c pht i nh k (v khng cn phi cp nht trng thi mng thng xuyn tri ngc vi giao thc Link state). DSR cn c kh nng iu hnh ng dn mt chiu. V DSR tm ng theo yu cu nn n khng thch hp cho cc mng dung lng ln v c tnh di ng cao. Giao thc DSR cng c hai hot ng chnh: (i) tm ng v (ii) bo tr ng dn (Router maintenance). Hnh (2) cho ta thy mt v d n gin ca DSR. Router A, B v C lp thnh mt mng Manet. Router A v C khng kt ni vi nhau trong khi c hai cng kt ni vi router B.

Hnh 2
Th tc tm kim ng: Gi nh rng ban u b nh m trong tt c cc router u trng (nhng router ny cha bit g v s c mt ca nhau v nhng ng dn c th c gia chng). Khi router A mun gi d liu n router C, n pht ra tn hiu yu cu tm ng dn, v qu trnh tm ng dn lc ny mi c kch hot. Router B nhn c yu cu ca A v n nm trong vng ph sng ca A. Router C l a ch ca yu cu v B cha c thng tin no v a ch ca C lc ny, v vy router B gn ID ca n vo trong danh sch cc router trung gian c nh km trong yu cu ca A v chuyn tip
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yu cu n nhng router khc. Khi C nhn c yu cu c gi n t B, n nhn bit rng a ch ca n trng vi a ch ch n. V vy mt ng dn t A n C c tm thy. gip cho router ngun (A) v nhng router trung gian (B) thit lp ng ng dn, router C gi mt thng ip tr li v A trong trng hp y l ng dn hai chiu. Qu trnh ny c thc hin d dng v ID ca nhng router trung gian u nm trong gi yu cu c gi n C. Nhng router trung gian ny sau xy dng cho mnh bng nh tuyn ngay khi chng nhn c tr li t router C. V vy, mt ng dn t A n C c thit lp. c im: Trong qu trnh tm ng, cc router duy tr danh sch ID ca nhng router trung gian trong cc yu cu tm kim gn thi im trnh phi x l cng mt yu cu tm kim (lp). Yu cu tm kim b b qua trong trng hp chng c x l gn thi im v c xc nh l mt yu cu lp. Khi mt router nhn c yu cu v nhn ra rng ID ca n nm sn trong danh sch router trung gian ca yu cu th yu cu ny s b b qua. Qu trnh bo tr ng dn din ra khi ng dn tr nn khng th s dng c v s di chuyn khng on trc ca cc router (c trng ca MANET). Mi router qun l tt c ng dn chuyn tip cc gi, khi mt ng dn hng, mt gi bo co li ng dn (Route error) lp tc c gi v router ngun v ng dn tng ng. V vy, ng dn b hng s b b qua. qun l vic truyn gi d liu iu khin vn khng m bo (topo mng lun thay i), DSR phi da vo giao thc ngm nh MAC (XX) m bo ni nhn lun nhn c d liu hoc n s gi gi d liu iu khin mt s ln nht nh. V DSR l mt giao thc b ng, n khng th bit c router ch b ngt kt ni hay yu cu tm ng b mt. V vy, chi ph vn hnh s ln trong trng hp giao thc MAC khng m bo d liu lun ti c ch. y l mt vn ph bin ca cc giao thc b ng, bi v khi khng nhn c tr li t router ch, router c giao thc b ng s khng th phn bit c hai trng hp (i) li xy ra trong qu
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trnh truyn dn hoc (ii) mt hoc nhiu node mng tr nn khng th s dng c. Giao thc b ng thng s dng nhiu gi xc nhn (Acknowledgement) hoc gi d liu i nhiu ln khc phc vn ny, tuy nhin phng php ny li lm tng chi ph hot ng. Giao thc ch ng pht i cc gi iu khin nh k v b qua cc node mng khi chng khng tr li sau mt s ln pht nht nh, v vy giao thc ny khng mc phi vn trn, tuy nhin vic pht cc gi iu khin mt cch nh k nh vy cng lm tng chi ph.

VII. NG DNG CA MANET:

Vi s gia tng ca thit b cm tay cng nh s tin b trong thng tin khng dy. Mng di ng gia tng thm tm quan trng vi s gia tng cc ng dng rng ri. Mng di ng nay c th ap dng nhng ni c t c s h tng hoc khng c trc c s h tng, hoc nhng ni c sn c s h tng t tin, khng tin cho s dng. Mng manet cho php duy tr nhng kt ni hoc thm vo hay d b i mt cch d dng. Nhng b ng dng cho cc mng manet l rt a dng, khong lch ln, di ng, mng c tnh ng cao, mng tnh thng b hn ch bi cng sut ngun. Bn cnh nhng ng dng c trc y trong nhng mi trng truyn thng, nhng ng dng mi s c to ra trong nhng mi trng mi. Nhng ng dng in hnh bao gm: 1. Lnh vc qun s: Trang thit b qun s hin nay thng cha mt s loi thit b my tnh. Manet mng li s cho php qun i tn dng li th ca cng ngh mng ph bin duy tr mt thng tin mng li gia nhng ngi lnh, xe c, v thng tin t b ch huy. Cc k thut c bn ca mng ad hoc n t lnh vc ny. 2. Lnh vc thng mi: MANET c th s dng trong cu h nhm n lc cu tr nhng thin tai. Vd: ha hon, l lt, ng t Lnh vc cu h lm vic trong mi trng khc nhit v nguy him cho h tng thng tin v tc trin khai h thng nhanh th cn thit. Thng tin c chuyn tip vi cc thnh vin trong nhm cu h vi nhau bng mt thit b nh cm tay.

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3. Ni b: Mng manet c th ch ng lin kt mt mng li a phng tin tc thi v tm thi nh s dng my tnh xch tay truyn b v chia s thng tin gia cc i biu tham d nh mt hi ngh, lp hc. Mt cch s dng khc ca loi mng ny l s dng trong gia nh trao i trc tip thng tin vi nhau. Tng t nh vy trong cc lnh vc khc nh taxi dn s, th thao, sn vn ng, thuyn v my bay nh 4. Personal area network (PAN): MANET tm ngn c th n gin ha vic truyn thng gia cc thit b di ng ( PDA, laptop, cellphone). Nhng dy cp c thay th bng vic kt ni v tuyn. Mang manet cng c th m rng chc nng truy cp Internet nh cc mng khc vd nh WLAN, GPRS, v USTM. PAN l mt lnh vc c tim nng ng dng y ha hn ca Manet ph bin trong tng lai.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/manet/charter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ad_hoc_network http://www.google.com http://www.ianchak.com/manet/ Kin trc mng di ng Ah-hoc- Hc vin bu chnh vin thng V cc trang lin quan.

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