A 1

PEN0AhULUAN
8arWa seja| rarus|a ru|a| r|dup oerrasyara|al, ra|a seja| saal |lu seouar geja|a yarg
d|seoul rasa|ar sos|a| oer|ulal d| da|arrya. 3eoaga|rara d||elaru|, da|ar rea||las sos|a| rerarg l|da|
perrar d|jurpa| sualu |ord|s| rasyara|al yarg |dea|. 0a|ar pergerl|ar l|da| perrar d|jurpa| |ord|s| yarg
rerggaroar|ar oarWa se|urur |eoulurar sel|ap Warga rasyara|al lerperur|, se|urur per||a|u |er|dupar
sos|a| sesua| rarapar alau se|urur Warga rasyara|al dar |orporer s|sler sos|a| rarpu reryesua||ar
dergar lurlular peruoarar yarg lerjad|.
Pada ja|ur yarg searar, seja| lurourrya ||ru pergelaruar sos|a| yarg rerpurya| ooye| slud| |er|dupar
rasyara|al, ra|a seja| |lu pu|a slud| rasa|ar sos|a| ru|a| d||a|u|ar. 0ar| rasa |e rasa para 3os|o|og
rergurpu||ar dar rerg|orparas||ar ras|| slud| re|a|u| oeragar perspe|l|l dar lo|us perral|ar yarg
oeroeda-oeda, r|rgga pada a|r|rrya sera||r rerper|eoar ja|ar urlu| rerpero|er pardargar yarg
|orprerers|l serla WaWasar yarg |uas da|ar rerarar| dar rerje|as|ar lerorera sos|a|.
Keoeradaar rasa|ar sos|a| d| lergar |er|dupar rasyara|al dapal d||elaru| secara cerral re|a|u| oeoerapa
proses dar larapar ara||l|s, yarg sa|ar salurya oerupa larapar d|agros|s. 0a|ar rerd|agros|s rasa|ar
sos|a| d|per|u|ar seouar perde|alar seoaga| perarg|al urlu| reroaca aspe| rasa|ar secara |orseplua|,
ya|lu person o|ame approaon dar sysrem o|ame approaon.
Person o|ame approaon rerupa|ar sualu perde|alar urlu| rerarar| rasa|ar sos|a| pada |eve| |rd|v|du.
0|agros|s rasa|ar rererpal|ar |rd|v|du seoaga| ur|l ara||sarya. 3edarg|ar perde|alar sysrem o|ame
approaon rerupa|ar ur|l ara||s|s urlu| rerarar| suroer rasa|ar pada |eve| s|sler. Vasa|ar sos|a| seoaga|
|ord|s| yarg dapal rergraroal perWujudar |esejarleraar sos|a| pada g|||rarrya se|a|u rerdororg adarya
l|rda|ar urlu| re|a|u|ar peruoarar dar peroa||ar. PerWujudar |esejarleraar sel|ap Wargarya rerupa|ar
larggurg jaWao se|a||gus perar v|la| oag| |eoer|argsurgar regara.
3a|ar salu corlor rasa|ar sos|a| yarg ada |a|ar rasa|ar rusa|rya ||rg|urgar r|dup d| se||lar ||la Polrel
|erusa|ar ||rg|urgar rerurju||ar oarWa res||pur ada peroedaar-peroedaar s|lal dasar rasa|ar-rasa|ar
||rg|urgar r|dup, oa|| d| regara-regara dur|a |el|ga raupur d| regara-regara |rduslr| raju, rarur |rp|||as|
dar |orse|uers| |og|s dar| |eryalaar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar a|ar |r| je|as a|ar rer|rpa serua oargsa dar
se|urur ural rarus|a d| dur|a oar|ar sega|a suroer r|dup dar pergr|dupar, lerrasu| peradaoar ural
rarus|a |lu serd|r|.
Varus|a da|ar rererur| |eoulurar r|duprya rerer|u|ar suroer daya a|ar yarg oerupa : larar, a|r dar
udara dar suroer daya a|ar yarg |a|r yarg lerrasu| |e da|ar suroer daya a|ar yarg dapal d|peroararu|
raupur yarg l|da| dapal d|peroararu|. Narur der|||ar, rarus d|sadar| oarWa suroer daya a|ar yarg ||la
per|u|ar rerpurya| |eleroalasar d| da|ar oarya| ra|, ya|lu |eleroalasar lerlarg |elersed|aar rerurul
|uarl|las dar |ua||lasrya. 3uroer daya a|ar lerlerlu juga rerpurya| |eleroalasar rerurul ruarg dar Wa|lu.
0|er seoao |lu, d|per|u|ar perge|o|aar suroer daya a|ar yarg oa|| dar o|ja|sara. Arlara ||rg|urgar dar
rarus|a sa||rg rerpurya| |a|lar yarg eral.
Ada |a|arya rarus|a sargal d|lerlu|ar o|er |eadaar ||rg|urgar d| se||larrya, ser|rgga a|l|v|lasrya oarya|
d|lerlu|ar o|er |eadaar ||rg|urgar d| se||larrya. Keoeradaar suroer daya a|ar dar suroer daya yarg |a|r
rererlu|ar a|l|v|las rarus|a serar|-rar|. K|la l|da| dapal r|dup larpa udara dar a|r. 3eoa|||rya, a|l|v|las
rarus|a yarg sargal rerpergarur| |eoeradaar suroer daya dar ||rg|urgar d| se||larrya. Kerusa|ar
suroer daya a|ar oarya| d|lerlu|ar o|er a|l|v|las rarus|a. 8arya| |asus-|asus percerarar dar |erusa|ar
||rg|urgar yarg d|a||oal|ar o|er a|l|v|las rarus|a, seperl| : percerarar udara, percerarar a|r, percerarar
larar serla |erusa|ar rular yarg seruarya l|da| ler|epas dar| a|l|v|las rarus|a dar pada a|r|rrya a|ar
rerug||ar rarus|a |lu serd|r|.
Peroargurar yarg rerpurya| lujuar urlu| rer|rg|al|ar |esejarleraar rasyara|al l|da| dapal
lerr|rdar|ar dar| pergguraar suroer daya a|ar, rarur e|sp|o|las| suroer daya a|ar yarg l|da|
rerg|rdar|ar |erarpuar dar daya du|urg ||rg|urgar rerga||oal|ar rerosolrya |ua||las ||rg|urgar.
8arya| la|lor yarg reryeoao|ar |ererosolar |ua||las ||rg|urgar serla |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar yarg dapal
d||derl|l||as| dar| pergaralar d| |apargar.
Verg|rgal |orp|e|srya perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup dar perrasa|arar yarg oers|lal ||rlas se|lor dar
W||ayar, ra|a da|ar pe|a|saraar peroargurar d|per|u|ar perercaraar dar pe|a|saraar perge|o|aar
||rg|urgar r|dup yarg seja|ar dergar pr|rs|p peroargurar oer|e|arjular, ya|lu peroargurar e|oror|,
sos|a| oudaya serla ||rg|urgar r|dup yarg oer|roarg seoaga| p||ar-p||ar yarg sa||rg lergarlurg dar sa||rg
rerper|ual salu sara |a|r.
Narur der|||ar, la|la d| |apargar ser|rg|a|| oerlerlargar dergar apa yarg d|rarap|ar. la| |r| lerou|l|
dergar rerururrya |ua||las ||rg|urgar r|dup dar| Wa|lu |e Wa|lu, d|lurju||ar oeoerapa la|la d| |apargar
yarg dapal d|aral|. la|-ra| yarg oer|a|lar dergar perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup d| daerar da|ar era oloror|
daerar, arlara |a|r :
O go se|lora| dar daerar. 0loror| daerar yarg d|rarap|ar dapal re||rpar|ar seoag|ar |eWerargar
rerge|o|a ||rg|urgar r|dup d| daerar oe|ur rarpu d||a|sara|ar dergar oa||.
O Perdaraar yarg ras|r sargal |urarg urlu| o|darg ||rg|urgar r|dup. Prograr dar |eg|alar resl|
d|du|urg dergar dara yarg rerada| apao||a rergrarap|ar |eoerras||ar dergar oa||. wa|aupur oeg|lu,
rarur |eryalaarrya l|da| adarya dara dar| AP8N yarg d|a|o|as||ar |argsurg |e daerar urlu|
perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup.
O |sp|o|las| suroer daya a|ar ras|r ler|a|u rergedepar|ar |eurlurgar dar| s|s| e|oror|. 3uroer daya
a|ar serarusrya d|gura|ar urlu| peroargurar urlu| rercapa| |esejarleraar rasyara|al. wa|aupur
|eryalaarrya l|da| der|||ar, e|sp|o|las| oarar laroarg rarya rergurlurg|ar seoag|ar rasyara|al.
O erarrya perega|ar ru|ur ||rg|urgar, |rususrya da|ar pergaWasar. 8er|a|lar dergar |rp|ererlas|
peralurar perurdargar ada|ar s|s| pergaWasar pe|a|saraar peralurar perurdargar. 8arya|
pe|arggarar yarg d||a|u|ar (percerarar ||rg|urgar, perusa|ar ||rg|urgar), rarur sargal |erar d|
da|ar peroer|ar sar|s| ru|ur.
O erarrya perararar rasyara|al lerlarg ||rg|urgar r|dup. Perararar dar |esadarar a|ar
perl|rgrya ||rg|urgar r|dup seoag|ar rasyara|al ras|r |erar. T|da| rarya rasyara|al go|orgar
oaWar, lelap| dapal juga rasyara|al go|orgar reregar |e alas oar|ar yarg oerperd|d||ar l|rgg| pur
ras|r |urarg |esadararrya lerlarg ||rg|urgar r|dup.
O Pererapar le|ro|og| yarg l|da| rarar ||rg|urgar. Pererapar le|ro|og| l|da| rarar ||rg|urgar dapal
lerjad| urlu| rergrarap|ar ras|| yarg |rslarl dar cepal urlu| dapal d|r||ral|.
A 2
|NTEN8|TA8 0AN K0HPLEK8|TA8 HA8ALAh
Rusa|rya ||rg|urgar r|dup lerulara rasa|ar peruoarar ||||r saal |r| rerjad| pero|caraar yarg ser|us
|arera rerupa|ar arcarar oag| |er|dupar d| our|. Peruoarar ||||r lerjad| a||oal ra||rya suru our| yarg
rerupa|ar ras|| dar| a|l|v|las rarus|a dar rerjad| ou|l| gaga|rya rode| peroargurar g|ooa| yarg oersardar
pada e|sp|o|las| dar e|lra|s| suroer daya a|ar secara oer|eo|rar. Kera||ar suru our| 0, C saal |r|
reryeoao|ar oarya| p|ra| rercar| cara urlu| reroual |eadaar l|da| rerjad| |eo|r ouru| |ag|. A||oal
|orserlras| |aroor yarg oerlaroar secara s|gr|l||ar d| alrosler pasca Revo|us| lrduslr|, |era||ar suru our|
d|per||ra|ar a|ar ra|| 5 C yarg oera||oal pada |e|acauar ||||r d| serua oe|arar our|.
3eoaga| corlor, rasa|ar |ap|sar ozor yarg sera||r rusa| dar rer|p|s. 0zor ada|ar gas yarg secara a|ar|
lerdapal d| da|ar alrosl|r. Per|p|sar |ap|sar ozor dar perarasar g|ooa| / peruoarar ||||r rerupa|ar dua
rasa|ar yarg sa||rg ler|a|l. Per|rg|alar lerperalur perru|aar our| reryeoao|ar lururrya lerperalur
|ap|sar slralosler. la| |r| rerper|aroal peru||rar |ap|sar ozor. l|ruWar NA3A rerper||ra|ar oarWa a||oal
perarasar g|ooa|, peru||rar |ap|sar ozor a|ar ler|aroal 18 larur dar| per||raar seru|a, ya|r| larur 208
yarg seru|a 2050. 8araya yarg o|sa l|rou| a||oal |erusa|ar |ap|sar ozor, ya|lu sera||r l|rgg|rya l|rg|al
rad|as| uv-8 yarg dapal rercapa| perru|aar our|.
Vasa|ar rusa|rya ||rg|urgar r|dup |a|rrya ya|lu |asus urpur ap|rdo. Tergge|arrya oeoerapa W||ayar
Kecaralar Pororg, 3|doarjo |arera serourar |urpur yarg rurcu| dar| |eg|alar e|sp|o|las| gas PT ap|rdo
8rarlas ada|ar |asus yarg pa||rg lere|spos r|rgga saal |r|. 3eja| ou|ar Ve| 200, |urpur paras lerus-
rererus rerga||r dar| da|ar our| dar l|da| o|sa d|rerl||ar sarpa| se|ararg. Proses pergeoorar yarg d|duga
|ual rerga|ar| |esa|arar prosedur le|ar reroual oeoerapa W||ayar lerseoul lerrapus dar| pela dar
jur|arrya ras|r a|ar oerlaroar. 3ecara geogral|s, Kecaralar Pororg rerpurya| |ela| slraleg|s |arera
oerada d| lergar oeoerapa ja|ur |a|u ||rlas pere|oror|ar arlar |ola dar de|al dergar oeoerapa |aWasar
|rduslr|.
Tararrya juga sargal suour r|rgga a|l|v|las perlar|ar lararar pargar juga ler|a|sara secara oa|| d| s|r|.
A|ar lelap|, oercara yarg lerjad|rya larpa perrar d|duga rerpora|porarda|ar seruarya. urpur paras
yarg reryerour dar| da|ar our| dar |erud|ar rerggerarg| perru|aar rerjad||ar oeoerapa oag|ar
W||ayar |lu seperl| |ola ral| yarg sudar l|da| o|sa d|rur| |ag|. Ralusar orarg |epa|a |e|uarga |er||argar
rurar yarg le|ar rere|a oargur dergar segerap perjuargar. 8eoerapa ralus re|lar |arar saWar produ|l|l
l|da| o|sa d|larar|. Ruas ja|ar lo| 3uraoaya 0erpo| oo|er d||ala|ar rarp|r |urpur. Pu|urar oargurar paor||
rarus oerrerl| oeroperas| ser|rgga oarya| pe|erja |er||argar rala percarar|ar. luourgar |e|eraoalar yarg
le|ar lerja||r eral arlar arggola rasyara|al d| lerpal |lu serla lerou|l| rarpu reryalu|ar rere|a seoaga|
saudara ada|ar |e|ayaar yarg la| lerr||a| rargarya. K|r| |e|ayaar la| oerWujud |lu le|ar rarcur. 3o||dar|las
sos|a| yarg sudar leroargur da|ar jarg|a Wa|lu |ara serla rarpu rerjad||ar rere|a rerasa lerlerar
se|ararg r||arg.
0arpa| sos|a| oercara lerseoul rercerr|r|ar |rler|orrya pos|s| rasyara|al |ec|| da|ar |eg|alar oerregara,
a|l|v|las o|sr|s dar juga pe|a|saraar proses peroargurar seoaga|rara ra|rya. Vere|a lerpa|sa rerjad|
sa|s| yarg re||ral se|a||gus |oroar yarg rerga|ar| darpa| peroargurar oeror|erlas| |eurlurgar raler|
serla |eregarar l|s||. Para pe|a|u o|sr|s serla perurus |eo|ja|ar perer|rlarar da|ar |eryalaarrya |erap
|a|| oerarggapar oarWa |eg|alar o|sr|s serla peroargurar rarya per|u d||a|u|ar oerdasar|ar pr|rs|p-pr|rs|p
yarg rerdu|urg percapa|ar |eurlurgar serla rer|r|ra||ar |erug|ar. Telap| apao||a para pe|a|u usara
oersed|a rer|||r|arrya secara |eo|r se|sara, rere|a serarusrya sadar oarWa pardargar seperl| |lu rarus
d|l|rgga||ar.
0a|ar |orle|s lrdores|a a|lua|, e|sp|o|las| |aWasar laroarg secara ||ar, perou|aar |arar larpa
rerg|rdar|ar |elerluar lala ruarg, peroaoalar rular ||rdurg, pergaro||ar |e|ayaar |aul secara oer|eo|rar
juslru sera||r |rlers|l lerjad|. T|da| jararg lerjad| per|rp|r rasyara|al adal yarg daru|u rerjad| garda
lerdepar pe|eslar|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup se|ararg sudar ada yarg oera||r perar rerjad| ca|o oag| pe|epasar
larar u|ayal / rular adal urlu| d|e|sp|o|las| o|er per|||| roda| dar| |uar W||ayar rere|a. Kel||a rular d|oa|a|
alau poror-poror oa|au d|leoarg| urlu| d|jad||ar laroa| udarg a|ar oera||oal larar yarg l|da| ler||rdurg|
o|er poror a|ar rerga|ar| degradas| rulu dar oar|ar |orgsor apao||a rujar rer|rpa.
8er|eraar dergar |asus oercara yarg rer|rpa oeoerapa W||ayar d| Kecaralar Pororg |r|, pada saal
lerjad|rya rerarg PT ap|rdo 8rarlas sudar oerusara rerurju||ar larggurg jaWao sos|a| perusaraar
urlu| rerargar| para |oroar. Narur yarg d|sayarg|ar, 8adar Perge|o|a V|rya| dar 0as serla PT ap|rdo
8rarlas l|da| rersos|a||sas||ar secara je|as |epada rasyara|al apa yarg lergar d||a|u|ar. Padara| |eg|alar
e|sp|oras| gas dar| da|ar our| rerupa|ar |eg|alar yarg rerpurya| res||o l|rgg|.
3ecara |ese|ururar our| ||la sedarg rerga|ar| rasa|ar |eseralar yarg cu|up |orp|e|s. 8arya| red|a
lerus reryorol| |eseralar our| yarg ouru|. 8eoerapa orarg rerjad| lero|asa dergar ser|rgrya oer|la lerlarg
oaraya lerradap ||rg|urgar r|dup, rurg||r oar|ar oerp|||r |lu ou|ar rasa|ar oesar se|ara |lu l|da|
rerpergarur| rere|a. Karera percerarar our| ||la ||r| oeg|lu re|uas, |erurg||rar oesar ra| |r| le|ar
rerg|roas |eo|r dar| salu aspe| |er|dupar ||la. Corlor |asus-|asus |erusa|ar pada ||rg|urgar a|ar :
O Kerusa|ar sarudra. 3eoag|ar oesar ||ar d| sarudra d||uras. 3ualu |aporar o|er Prograr |rg|urgar
l|dup P88 reryala|ar oarWa Z0 W||ayar perarg|apar ||ar d| |aul sargal d|e|sp|o|las| ser|rgga
reprodu|s| l|da| dapal alau rarya dapal rergras|||ar ||ar sejur|ar yarg d|larg|ap| re|ayar.
O Kerusa|ar rular. 0eloreslas| yarg oer|eo|rar reroer||ar oarya| s|s| regal|l lerradap rular. eryaprya
pepororar rerga||oal|ar pergurargar |apas|las our| urlu| reryerap |aroor d|o|s|da dar |r| rerjad|
peryeoao perarasar g|ooa|.
O |roar oeracur. Perouargar oarar oeroaraya d| daral raupur d| |aul ada|ar proo|er ser|us yarg
oerpolers| rerdalarg|ar oaraya oesar oag| julaar orarg. |roar rad|oa|l|l, |ogar oeral, dar produ|
sarp|rgar p|asl|| ada|ar oeoerapa ursur yarg dapal reryeoao|ar aororra||las, perya||l dar |eral|ar
pada rarus|a dar reWar.
O 8arar ||r|a yarg sera||r rara|. 3e|ara 100 larur lera|r|r, rarp|r 100.000 oarar ||r|a oaru le|ar
d|gura|ar. 8arar ||r|a |r| a|r|rrya rasu| |e udara, larar, a|r, dar ra|arar ||la. 8arar ||r|a yarg le|ar
d|uj| sejur|ar oesar dapal reryeoao|ar |ar|er alau perya||l |a|rrya.
A 3
LATAR ELAKANC HA8ALAh
|rg|urgar r|dup dar suroer-suroer |er|dupar lrdores|a oerada d| aroarg |erarcurar a||oal
overe|sp|o|las| se|ara 32 larur. 8er|a|urya oloror| daerar dergar l|da| d|serla| larggurg jaWao dar|
pe|a|sara regara sererlara perusa|ar ||rg|urgar dar suroer |er|dupar oer|argsurg d| depar
rala. |rg|urgar r|dup rerupa|ar s|sler |esaluar ruarg dergar serua oerda, daya, |eadaar dar rar|u|
r|dup lerrasu| rarus|a dar per||a|urya yarg rererlu|ar per||er|dupar serla |esejarleraar rarus|a dar
ra|r|u| r|dup |a|rya.
lular seoaga| oag|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup rerupa|ar assel peroargurar yarg d|per|u|ar urlu| |esejarleraar
rarus|a yarg perarlaalarrya per|u d||eslar||ar dar l|da| rer|rou||ar degradas| ||rg|urgar. Kord|s|
|erusa|ar rular yarg aral parar se|ararg |r| rerupa|ar a|ar rasa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup, rasa|ar |r|
rerupa|ar |el|rpargar yarg lerjad| da|ar sualu e|os|sler yarg d|a||oal|ar o|er lerpulusrya s|||us
o|ogeo||r|a |arera ada ursur e|os|sler yarg r||arg. Korvers| rular rerjad| |arar ror produ|l|l lerradap
||rg|urgar r|dup rerupa|ar sa|ar salu peryeoao l|rou|rya rasa|ar, seperl| : oarj|r, |e|er|rgar, |er|s||rar
dar |e|aparar yarg rerupa|ar rasa|ar rul|r oeroaga| daerar d| lrdores|a dar rerjad| rasa|ar g|ooa|.
3eoerarrya a|ar rasa|ar |erusa|ar rular |r| ada|ar per||a|u yarg l|da| pedu|| dar| p|ra|-p|ra| yarg
oer|eraar |argsurg dergar rular oa|| perer|rlar, |rslars| peregarg ra| rular, alaupur rasyara|al se||lar
yarg rergarggap rular seoaga| |arar |osorg larpa per||||, ser|rgga rere|a rerasa oeoas re|a|u|ar apa
saja sesua| |ererda| rere|a. Kepedu||ar lerradap rular rarus d|larar|ar sed|r| rurg||r, re|a|u| relode
sesua| dergar larap perararar sel|ap orarg.
lular rerupa|ar sa|ar salu suroer |er|dupar yarg rerga|ar| arcarar |arera l|rgg|rya |orl|||
|eperl|rgar urlu| rerga|ses dar rergorlro| suroer |er|dupar lerseoul. 3uroer-suroer pergr|dupar
d|per|a|u|ar seoaga| asel dar |orod|l| yarg o|sa d|e|sp|o|las| urlu| |eurlurgar sesaal dar |eperl|rgar
|e|orpo| lerlerlu. 0| lrdores|a, proses pergrusa|ar rular a|ar, pra|le| peroa|arar rular dar |arar le|ar
rererpal| urular perlara d| dur|a. la| |r| reroaWa lrdores|a rerjad| regara da|ar urular |el|ga pe|epas
er|s| |aroor leroesar d| dur|a sele|ar Arer||a dar Cr|ra. Keoa|arar rular yarg lerjad| pada larur 199Z-
1998 le|ar rerga||oal|ar 10 jula re|lar rular lrdores|a rerga|ar| |erusa|ar dergar jur|ar |erug|ar
rercapa| 3 r||||ar do|ar Arer||a.
Keoeragarar lurgs| rular lerseoul sargal rerurg||r|ar lrdores|a urlu| o|sa selara dar rerjad| pe|opor
oag| regara-regara oer|eroarg |a|rrya da|ar ra| rerdesa| regara-regara raju agar segera rerurur|ar
er|s|. lular d| lrdores|a l|da| a|ar perrar rerjad| oa||, apao||a or|erlas| perer|rlar rarya rergejar
perdapalar regara dar der| |eperl|rgar peroda|. 8||a ada seseorarg yarg le|ar re|a|u|ar pergrusa|ar
rular, |lu arl|rya d|a le|ar rerug||ar serua orarg dur|a dar rerarpas o|s|ger yarg serarusrya o|sa
d|rasa|ar urlu| r|dup.
3e|a|r |lu |erusa|ar rular yarg lerjad| l|da| oerrerl| oeg|lu saja, rasa|ar |r| a|ar rer|rou||ar rasa|ar
g|ooa| se|arjulrya, d| arlararya :
O 0|ooa| warr|rg. Perarasar g|ooa| dapal d|parar| seoaga| |ejad|ar rer|rg|alrya lerperalur rala-rala
alrosler, |aul dar daralar our|, seoaga| a||oal dar| ele| rurar |aca. 0|rara rad|as| dar| s|rar ralarar|
rasu| dar lerjeoa| d| da|ar alrosler a||oal gas rurar |aca, ser|rgga rera|||ar suru perru|aar our|.
O Peruoarar l|||r. Peruoarar ||||r sudar ru|a| d|o|cara|ar pada larur 1980 oerdasar|ar
|aporar nrerovernmenra| Pane| Dn 0||mare 0nane (lPCC) yarg reryala|ar oarWa le|ar lerjad|
peruoarar ||||r yarg rerurju||ar adarya darpa| regal|l lerradap serua aspe| |er|dupar rarus|a,
seperl| : rergrarcur|ar rao|lal dar spes|es |arg|a.
O Tergarggurya Keslao||ar |os|sler. Terjad|rya |orvers| d| rular raWa garoul a|ar rerpergarur|
s|sler r|dro|og| pada rular lerseoul. Kel||a poror d|leoarg a|ar lerjad| suos|ders| ser|rgga larar
garoul yarg s|lalrya r|dropoo|| l|da| a|ar dapal |ag| reryerap a|r. 3uos|ders| pada rular raWa garoul
reryeoao|ar oa|ler| perousu| a|ar r|dup d|larar garoul
3e|a|r ra| lerseoul popu|as| rarus|a ada|ar arcarar leroesar dar| rasa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup d| lrdores|a.
3el|ap orarg rerer|u|ar ererg|, |arar dar suroer daya yarg oesar urlu| oerlarar r|dup. Narur popu|as|
oerlurour |eo|r cepal dar| |erarpuar our| dar ||rg|urgar ||la urlu| rerperoa||| suroer daya yarg ada,
ser|rgga pada a|r|rrya |erarpuar our| a|ar ler|arpau| dar oer|roas pada |ua||las r|dup rarus|a yarg
rerdar. 0ergar l|rgg|rya |aju perlurourar popu|as|, ra|a jur|ar |eoulurar ra|arar pur rer|rg|al
padara| |arar yarg ada sargal leroalas. urlu| rererur| |eoulurar ra|arar, ra|a rular pur ru|a| d|oaoal
rao|s urlu| reraroar jur|ar |arar perlar|ar yarg ujurgrya juga ra|arar urlu| rarus|a. Korvers| rular
rerjad| larar perlar|ar o|sa reryeoao|ar eros|.
8erdasar|ar la|lor peryeoaorya, oerlu| |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup d|oeda|ar rerjad| 2 jer|s, ya|lu :
O 8erlu| Kerusa|ar |rg|urgar l|dup A||oal Per|sl|Wa A|ar.
8eroaga| oerlu| oercara a|ar yarg a|r|r-a|r|r |r| oarya| re|arda lrdores|a le|ar rer|rou||ar darpa|
rusa|rya ||rg|urgar r|dup. Per|sl|Wa a|ar yarg oerdarpa| pada |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup, arlara |a|r :
- elusar gururg oerap|. elusar gururg oerap| lerjad| |arera a|l|v|las ragra d| perul our| yarg
rer|rou||ar le|arar |ual |e|uar re|a|u| purca| gururg oerap|. 8araya yarg d|l|rou||ar o|er |elusar gururg
oerap|, arlara |a|r : rujar aou vu||ar|| (reryeoao|ar gargguar perralasar), |ava paras (dapal rerusa| dar
reral||ar apa pur yarg d||a|u|), aWar paras (dapal reral||ar ra|r|u| r|dup yarg d||a|u|), gas yarg
rergardurg racur, raler|a| padal (dapal rer|rpa perurarar).
- 0erpa our|. 0erpa our| ada|ar gelarar |u||l our| yarg o|sa d|seoao|ar |arera oeoerapa ra|, arlara
|a|r : |eg|alar ragra /a|l|v|las gururg oerap|, lerjad|rya larar lurur, raupur |arera gera|ar |erperg d|
dasar sarudra. Pada saal gerpa oer|argsurg lerjad| oeoerapa per|sl|Wa seoaga| a||oal |argsurg raupur
l|da| |argsurg, arlara |a|r : oeroaga| oargurar rooor, larar d| perru|aar our| rere|ar dar ja|ar rerjad|
pulus, larar |orgsor a||oal gurcargar.
- Arg|r lopar. Arg|r lopar lerjad| a||oal a||rar udara dar| |aWasar yarg oerle|arar l|rgg| reruju |e
|aWasar oerle|arar rerdar. 3erargar arg|r lopar oag| regara-regara d| |aWasar 3arudra Pas|l|| dar
Al|arl|| rerupa|ar ra| yarg o|asa lerjad|.. 3erargar arg|r lopar / pul|rg oe||urg dapal rer|rou||ar
|erusa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup da|ar oerlu| : rerooor|ar oargurar, rusa|rya area| perlar|ar dar per|eourar,
reroaraya|ar pereroargar, rer|rou||ar oroa| oesar yarg dapal rerergge|ar|ar |apa|.
O Kerusa|ar |rg|urgar l|dup |arera Fa|lor Varus|a
Varus|a seoaga| perguasa ||rg|urgar r|dup d| our| oerperar oesar da|ar rererlu|ar |e|eslar|ar
||rg|urgar r|dup. Varus|a seoaga| ra|r|u| c|plaar Turar yarg oera|a| oud| rarpu reruoar Wajar dur|a
dar| po|a |er|dupar sederrara sarpa| |e oerlu| |er|dupar roderr seperl| se|ararg |r|. Narur ser|rg|a|| apa
yarg d||a|u|ar rarus|a l|da| d||roarg| dergar per|||rar a|ar rasa depar |er|dupar gereras| oer||ulrya.
8arya| |erajuar yarg d|ra|r o|er rarus|a reroaWa darpa| ouru| lerradap |e|argsurgar ||rg|urgar
r|dup. 8eoerapa oerlu| |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup |arera la|lor rarus|a, arlara |a|r :
- Terjad|rya percerarar (percerarar udara, a|r, larar, dar suara) seoaga| darpa| adarya |aWasar
|rduslr|.
- Terjad|rya oarj|r, seoaga| darpa| ouru|rya dra|rase alau s|sler perouargar a|r dar |esa|arar da|ar
rerjaga daerar a||rar surga| dar darpa| pergrusa|ar rular.
- Terjad|rya larar |orgsor, seoaga| darpa| |argsurg dar| rusa|rya rular.
8eoerapa u|ar rarus|a yarg oa|| secara |argsurg raupur l|da| |argsurg reroaWa darpa| pada |erusa|ar
||rg|urgar r|dup, arlara |a|r :
- Pereoargar rular secara ||ar (perggurdu|ar rular).
- Perouruar ||ar.
- Verusa| rular oa|au.
- Per|rourar raWa-raWa urlu| peru||rar.
- Perouargar sarpar d| seroararg lerpal.
- 8argurar ||ar d| daerar a||rar surga| (0A3).
A 4
PENANCANAN HA8ALAh ERA8|8 HA8YARAKAT
Vasa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup |r| dapal juga d|larggu|arg| dergar parl|s|pas| rasyara|al yarg lurul serla d|
da|arrya. Narur seoe|urrya, dapal d|le|usur| |eo|r jaur oarWa peroargurar e|oror| yarg oeror|erlas|
pada perlurourar le|ar rergras|||ar |r|s|s ||rg|urgar r|dup dur|a yarg d|larda| dergar rer|rg|alrya
perarasar g|ooa|. 0ura rergalas| rasa|ar lerseoul d|per|u|ar sualu agerda peroargurar e|oror| yarg
oer|e|arjular ya|lu upaya yarg reryeras||ar arlara peroargurar e|oror| dar ||rg|urgar r|dup. urlu|
oerparl|s|pas| secara a|l|l d|r|roau serua rasyara|al d| dur|a oer|or|lrer urlu| rerarar salu poror oaru
sel|ap larurrya, reryeoar|ar r||a|-r||a| ||rg|urgar r|dup. 3edarg|ar urlu| rergradap| larlargar g|ooa|
rasyara|al rarus oe|ajar ||ru pergelaruar dar le|ro|og|, rergrerl||ar e|sp|o|las| ||rg|urgar yarg oer|eo|r
dar rergr|roau dur|a |rduslr| urlu| oerperar da|ar rergalas| |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup dur|a.
Karera |lu sargal je|as oarWa serua orarg d| ru|a our| |r| da|ar rerarlaal|ar suroer daya a|ar urlu|
|era|rurar rarus|ar d|||ul| sualu |eg|alar pere||raraar dar rerjaga jargar sarpa| lerjad| |erusa|ar alas
suroer daya a|ar yarg ada. 3adar alau l|da| po|a peroargurar e|oror| d| dur|a ||la saal |r| sudar
re|arggar |a|dar-|a|dar yarg ada lerradap perarlaalar suroer daya a|ar. la| |r| ler||ral dar| e|p|o|las|
suroer daya a|ar yarg oer|eo|rar, seperl| : peroaoalar rular, e|sp|o|las| perlaroargar, |rduslr|a||sas| yarg
se|a|u rergejar |eurlurgar yarg sel|rgg|-l|rgg|rya.
Karera |lu per|u d|usara|ar agar rasyara|al urur sadar dar rerpurya| |esadarar pada |e|eslar|ar
||rg|urgar r|dup, rerpurya| |rlorras| yarg cu|up lerlarg rasa|ar-rasa|ar yarg d|radap|, dar rerpurya|
|eoerdayaar da|ar oerperar serla pada proses pergaro||ar |epulusar der| |eperl|rgar orarg oarya|.
3eja|ar dergar oloror| daerar, pe||rparar WeWerarg |epada perer|rlar daerar d| o|darg perge|o|aar
suroer daya a|ar dar pe|eslar|ar ||rg|urgar rergardurg ra|sud urlu| rer|rg|al|ar perar rasyara|al
|o|a| da|ar perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup.
Vasyara|al pur dapal juga oerparl|s|pas| da|ar re|eslar||ar W||ayar pes|s|r yarg rer||||| oarya| rarlaal
oag| |er|dupar rarus|a. w||ayar pes|s|r rerupa|ar daerar perleruar arlara daral dar |aul, |e arar daral
re||pul| : oag|ar daralar oa|| |er|rg raupur lererdar a|r yarg ras|r d|pergarur| s|lal-s|lal |aul, seperl|
pasarg surul, arg|r |aul, dar pereroesar a|r as|r. w||ayar pes|s|r secara urur reroer||ar garoarar oesar,
oelapa |orp|e|s|las a|l|v|las e|oror| dar e|o|og| lerjad| d| W||ayar |r|. Korp|e|s|las a|l|v|las e|oror|, seperl|
: per||arar, par|W|sala, peru||rar, perruourgar reroer||ar le|arar yarg cu|up oesar lerradap
|eoer|arjular e|o|og| W||ayar pes|s|r, seperl| : e|os|sler rargrove, padarg |arur dar lerurou |ararg.
Perarar rasyara|al rerjad| oag|ar lerperl|rg yarg l|da| lerp|sar|ar da|ar upaya rerge|o|a ||rg|urgar
pes|s|r dar |aul. Perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar secara lerpadu lerou|l| reroer||ar pe|uarg perge|o|aar yarg cu|up
ele|l|l. 3a|ar salu oerlu| perge|o|aar yarg cu|up oerpe|uarg reroer||ar jar|rar ele|l|l|las da|ar
perg|rp|ererlas|arrya ada|ar perge|o|aar oeroas|s rasyara|al (oommun|ry oaseo manaemenr).
Korur|las rasyara|al yarg rer||||| adal |sl|adal, r||a|-r||a| sos|a| raupur |eo|asaar oeroeda dar| salu lerpal
|e lerpal |a|rrya. 0|er |arera |lu, da|ar proses perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar per|u rerperral||ar rasyara|al
dar |eoudayaarrya, oa|| seoaga| suoje| raupur ooje| perge|o|aar lerseoul. 0ergar rerperral||ar ra| |r|
dar |ord|s| l|s|| juga a|ar|ar dar| ||rg|urgar pes|s|r dar |aul, proses perge|o|aarrya d|rarap|ar dapal
rerjad| |eo|r lerpadu, |arcar dar ele|l|l serla d|ler|ra o|er rasyara|al selerpal.
Proses perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar ada oa||rya d||a|u|ar dergar |eo|r rerardarg s|luas| dar |ord|s| |o|a| agar
perde|alar perge|o|aarrya dapal d|sesua||ar dergar |ord|s| |o|a| daerar yarg a|ar d||e|o|a. Pardargar |r|
larpa|rya re|evar urlu| d||a|sara|ar d| lrdores|a dergar cara rerperral||ar |ord|s| rasyara|al dar
|eoudayaar serla ursur-ursur l|s|| ras|rg-ras|rg W||ayar yarg rurg||r rer||||| peroedaar d|sarp|rg
|esaraar. Perar serla rasyara|al da|ar perge|o|aar |r| |eo|r d||era| dergar |sl||ar perge|o|aar oeroas|s
rasyara|al.
Korsep perge|o|aar suroer daya a|ar dar ||rg|urgar pes|s|r dar |aul oeroas|s rasyara|al rer||||| oeoerapa
aspe| pos|l|l, ya|lu :
O Varpu rerdororg l|rou|rya pereralaar da|ar perge|o|aar suroer daya a|ar dar ||rg|urgar.
O Varpu rerel|e|s||ar |eoulurar-|eoulurar rasyara|al |o|a| yarg spes|l||.
O Varpu rer|rg|al|ar rarlaal |o|a| oag| se|urur arggola rasyara|al yarg ada.
O Varpu rer|rg|al|ar el|s|ers| secara e|oror|s raupur le|r|s.
la| |r| je|as rerurju||ar oarWa perar rasyara|al da|ar perge|o|aar suroer daya dar ||rg|urgar seopl|ra|
rurg||r rarus se|roarg, ler|oord|ras| dar lers|r|ror|sas|. Vasyara|al juga rerpurya| larggurg jaWao dar
lurul oerperar serla urlu| rerjaga |e|eslar|ar dar |eoer|arjular suroer daya a|ar dar ||rg|urgar.
Perarggu|argar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar pes|s|r dar |aul per|u d||a|u|ar secara ral|-ral| agar lujuar dar| upaya
dapal d|capa|. Verg|rgal oarWa suoje| dar ooje| perarggu|argar |r| ler|a|l eral dergar |eoeradaar
rasyara|al pes|s|r, d| rara rere|a juga rerpurya| |elergarlurgar yarg cu|up l|rgg| lerradap |elersed|aar
suroer daya d| se||lar, seperl| : ||ar, udarg, |ep|l|rg, |ayu rargrove, ra|a perarggu|argar |erusa|ar
||rg|urgar pes|s|r dar |aul yarg oeroas|s rasyara|al rerjad| p|||rar yarg o|ja|sara urlu| d||rp|ererlas||ar.
Perarggu|argar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar pes|s|r dar |aul oeroas|s rasyara|al d|rarap|ar rarpu rerjaWao
persoa|ar yarg lerjad| d| sualu W||ayar oerdasar|ar |ara|ler|sl|| suroer daya a|ar dar suroer daya rarus|a
d| W||ayar lerseoul.
Tujuar |rusus perarggu|argar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar pes|s|r dar |aul oeroas|s rasyara|al da|ar ra| |r|
d||a|u|ar urlu| :
O Ver|rg|al|ar |esadarar rasyara|al rergera| perl|rgrya rerarggu|arg| |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar.
O Ver|rg|al|ar |erarpuar rasyara|al urlu| oerperar serla da|ar pergeroargar rercara
perarggu|argar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar secara lerpadu yarg sudar d|seluju| oersara.
O Veroarlu rasyara|al selerpal rer|||r dar rergeroarg|ar a|l|v|las e|oror| yarg |eo|r rarar
||rg|urgar.
O Veroer||ar pe|al|rar rergera| s|sler pe|a|saraar dar pergaWasar upaya perarggu|argar |erusa|ar
||rg|urgar pes|s|r dar |aul oeroas|s rasyara|al.
Kasus |a|r perargarar rasa|ar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar o|er rasyara|al seperl| rasa|ar sarpar. 3el|ap
a|l|l|las rarus|a pasl| rergras|||ar sarpar yarg jur|ar dar vo|urerya seoard|rg dergar l|rg|al |orsurs|
||la lerradap oararg alau raler|a| yarg ||la gura|ar serar|-rar|. Korp|e|s|las perargarar persarparar
sera||r rer|rg|al se|r|rg dergar oer|eroargrya sualu |ola. Kesadarar rasyara|al per|u d|l|rg|al|ar |ag|
dergar ra||r rerdarrya l|rg|al |esadarar rasyara|al urlu| rerjaga |eoers|rar ||rg|urgar.
Perge|o|aar sarpar lerpadu oeroas|s rasyara|al ada|ar sualu perde|alar perge|o|aar sarpar yarg
d|dasar|ar pada |eoulurar dar perr|rlaar rasyara|al, d|rercara|ar, d||a|sara|ar, d||orlro| dar d|eva|uas|
oersara rasyara|al. 0a|ar pergerl|ar |r| pererar ulara da|ar perge|o|aar sarpar ada|ar rasyara|al.
Korsep perargarar sarpar yarg oa|| ada|ar perargarar sarpar yarg d|ru|a| dar| suroerrya. 3uroer
sarpar yarg oerasa| dar| rasyara|al, seoa||rya d||e|o|a o|er rasyara|al yarg oersarg|ular agar rere|a
oerlarggurg jaWao lerradap sarparrya serd|r|.
8eroas|s rasyara|al ou|ar oerarl| da|ar pergoperas|arrya se|a|u rarus d||a|u|ar o|er rasyara|al, lelap|
oo|er juga d||a|u|ar o|er |eroaga alau oadar proles|ora| yarg rarpu dar d|oer| rardal o|er rasyara|al.
Yarg perl|rg ada|ar apa yarg |aya| dar rea||sl|s d||a|u|ar urlu| rerecar|ar rasa|ar sarpar yarg
d|radap| o|er rasyara|al lerseoul. 0a|ar pe|a|saraarrya, perge|o|aar sarpar lerpadu oeroas|s rasyara|al
sargal oeragar lergarlurg s|apa yarg rergaro|| |r|s|al|l, d|l|rg|al rara ||la ru|a| dar s|apa saja yarg
d|||oal|ar. Prograr perge|o|aar sarpar lerpadu oeroas|s rasyara|al rerupa|ar s|rerg| |e|ualar dara dar|
perer|rlar daerar d|padu|ar dergar |e|ualar sos|a| rasyara|al serla |e|ualar le|ro|og| dar| para ar||.
41 Hengembangkan 8|stem 8os|a| Yang Respons|f
3|sler sos|a| yarg respors|l pur dapal ||ul rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar yarg ada. 3eperl|
corlor, oarj|r oesar larur 2002 dar 200Z rerupa|ar perga|arar par|l oag| Warga Ja|arla. Peryeoaorya
|arera curar rujar yarg sargal l|rgg|. 0a|ar rerarggu|arg| oarj|r yarg sel|ap larur lerjad|, Perer|rlar
Prov|rs| 0Kl se|a|u oerupaya reroargur |esadarar rasyara|al urlu| ||ul serla da|ar rere||rara
||rg|urgar, lerulara d| daerar de|al surga|. Verarg ra| lerseoul l|da| serudar reroa||||ar le|apa|
largar. 8ulur Wa|lu l|da| seoerlar urlu| rerd|s|p||r|ar rasyara|al lerradap |epedu||ar ||rg|urgar yarg
oerdarpa| lerjad|rya oarj|r. V|sa|rya, l|da| rerouarg sarpar |e surga|.
Verarggu|arg| oarj|r d| Ja|arla per|u perar a|l|l rasyara|al. Perprov 0Kl le|ar rer|rjar dara |epada 8ar|
0ur|a seoesar Rp 1,2 lr|||ur rarya urlu| rergeru| |a|| d| Ja|arla yarg perur sarpar dar |urpur. Ka|au l|da|
d|du|urg o|er rasyara|al dergar rerouarg sarpar |e surga|, ra|a usara Perprov 0Kl a|ar s|a-s|a. Jad|,
upaya rer|r|ra||ar lerjad|rya oarj|r sargal lergarlurg pada |esadarar rasyara|al da|ar rerjaga
||rg|urgar ras|rg-ras|rg.
Kasus yarg sara |a|rrya rergera| sera||r rerurur |ua||las a|r surga| 3uraoaya. Padara| dar| surga|
3uraoaya |r||ar dua jula orarg rerggarlurg|ar |eoulurar a|r r|rurrya. urlu| rergeroa|||ar |ua||las |a||
3uraoaya, ya|lu rerper|ual |orlro| rasyara|al re|a|u| pergeroargar lrarsparars| dar perar serla
rasyara|al. 3urga| 3uraoaya rerupa|ar ural rad| |eoulurar a|r Warga 3uraoaya, d|aWa| larur 190 ras|r
oarya| d|jurpa| pu|urar jer|s ||ar |o|a| yarg d||orsurs| rasyara|al. 3el|ap pag| dar sore pasl| ||la leru|
a|l|v|las rasyara|al oarlarar, arlara |a|r sel|ap sore ser|rg d|jurpa| oocar p|rgg|r |a|| oerra|r dar rard|,
re|ayar rerjar|rg ||ar dar rarc|rg ou|us. T|rgg|rya |eare|aragarar rayal| oa|| l|ora raupur laura,
ler|derl|l||as| 112 jer|s lararar yarg oer|ras|al ooal, pu|urar jer|s u|ar, serargga, dar rerupa|ar sararg
oeroaga| jer|s oururg a|r.
lrduslr|a||sas| yarg l|da| oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar seja| larur 19Z0 dergar rerouarg ||roar |rduslr|rya |e
oadar surga| 3uraoaya larpa re|a|u| proses pergo|arar ||roar ser|rgga |ua||las a|r ||roarrya d| oaWar
slardar yarg d|lelap|ar o|er 0uoerrur Kepa|a 0aerar T|rg|al l JaWa T|rur Tarur 1989. lrduslr| lerseoul
ururrya rerouarg ||roar |e surga| da|ar oerlu| ca|rar yarg secara rorlo|og|s |erur dar oeroau.
8eoerapa parareler perl|rg yarg d|gura|ar urlu| rerarlau |ua||las a|r arlara |a|r :
O Ke|erurar. Ke|erurar a||oal l|rgg|rya padalar ler|arul da|ar ||roar ya|r| seoesar 100 ppr. 3edarg|ar
padalar ler|arul pada oadar a|r surga| 3uraoaya rercapa| 200 - 1500 ppr. Padalar ler|arul yarg l|rgg|
a|ar rer|rou||ar |e|erurar yarg dapal rerga||oal|ar : rerurur|ar o|s|ger ler|arul da|ar oadar a|r
yarg se|arjulrya rergarggu sup|a| o|s|ger oag| orgar|sre a|r dar rerurur|ar perelras| caraya
ralarar| yarg rasu| |e da|ar oadar a|r.
O 8arar orgar||. 8eoerapa |rduslr| juga rerouarg ||roar yarg |aya a|ar oarar orgar||, lerulara paor||
pu|p dar |erlas. Kardurgar orgar|| yarg l|rgg| pada pera|rar dapal rer|rg|al|ar eulrol||as| (perupu|ar
pera|rar) ser|rgga rer|rou||ar pe|eda|ar popu|as| lurourar a|r, seperl| a|ae, pnyrop|ankron, dar
ercerg gordo|. Pe|eda|ar popu|as| |r| oerdarpa| pada rer|rg|alrya |eoulurar o|s|ger ler|arul da|ar
a|r.
O Terperalur. |roar yarg d|ouarg o|er |rduslr| ururrya rer||||| lerperalur yarg l|rgg|, lerulara
|rduslr| yarg re|a|u|ar proses lerrerlas| lerperalur a|r ||roarrya |eo|r dar| 3 derajal Ce|c|us, l|rgg|rya
lerperalur |r| a|ar oerdarpa| pada gargguar s|sler l|s|o|og| orgar|sre a|r lerulara ||ar yarg sargal
sers|l|ve lerradap peruoarar suru drasl|c.
O Ka|| 3uraoaya 8u|ar Terpal 3arpar. 0arpa|rya perouargar ||roar yarg rer|rou||ar percerarar
|a|| 3uraoaya d||rd||as||ar dergar ser|rgrya lerjad| per|sl|Wa |eral|ar ||ar secara rasa|. A|r |erur, ary|r
dar sese|a|| dar| dasar surga| rurcu| gurpa|ar |urpur yarg ar|s, P0AV pur rarus rer|rg|al|ar
perjerr|rar oarar a|r r|rur. 3argal d|sayarg|ar, perer|rlar dergar sega|a |rslars| yarg reroaWar|
rasa|ar ||rg|urgar seo|ar-o|ar l|da| ||ul carpur dar ler|esar re||rdurg| |rduslr| percerar rerjad|
ou|l| rere|a l|da| perrar oerar-oerar ser|us rerargar| sel|ap perrasa|arar surga| 3uraoaya yarg
rerjad| larggurg jaWaorya.
42 Pemanfaatan Hoda| 8os|a|
Verarlaal|ar roda| sos|a| juga rerupa|ar sa|ar salu la|lor perl|rg da|ar rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar
|erusa|ar sos|a|. 3eperl| |asus oercara oarj|r yarg re|arda Ja|arla larur arggarar 2008, Perprov 0Kl
le|ar rerga|o|as||ar arggarar urlu| perarggu|argar oarj|r seoesar Rp 813,9Z1 r|||ar. llu oerupa
pergeru|ar |a||, pe|erjaar peroa||ar p|rlu-p|rlu a|r, dar percepalar peroeoasar |arar 8KT. 3e|a|r |lu
perer|rlar le|ar rery|ap|ar arggarar dar| AP8N / AP80 urlu| peroeoasar larar oargurar dar
rerpercepal proses peroayarar garl| rug|.
Kasus yarg sara ya|lu oarj|r yarg rererdar Ja|arla separjarg a|r|r |r|. Vasa|ar |r| rergradarg |e|uarga
yarg |eroa|| |e rurarrya. Veroers|r|ar |eroa|| rurar dar| |urpur yarg lerl|rgga| dar rercegar ler|era
perya||l a||oal oarj|r ada|ar larlargar d| depar rala. Perder|laar |eo|r oeral |ag| d|rasa|ar rere|a yarg
rurarrya rusa| alau oar|ar raryul d|lerjarg a|r oarj|r yarg rerga||r deras seraya reroaWa sarpar. 0|
|aWasar RT / Rw 005 / 011 Ke|urarar 8|rlaro, Kecaralar Pesarggrarar, Ja|arla 3e|alar, yarg oerada d|
o|o|r 3urga| Pesarggrarar, rurar-rurar yarg oerjara| se||lar 50 reler dar| o|o|r surga| ras|r lererdar.
0| dapur urur, de|al rurar para |oroar, ras|r ada |es|ou|ar rerasa| o|er |ou-|ou. Para |ou yarg
lergaourg d| da|ar orgar|sas| Prograr Kesejarleraar Ke|uarga dar 3uara lou Pedu|| (3lP) juga ||ul oaru-
reroaru reroargur dapur urur. Peroag|ar |erja yarg d|sos|a||sas||ar segera larpa| da|ar |erja d|
l|rg|al |orur|las saal rergalas| oarj|r. Kel||a oarj|r surul, peroag|ar |erja yarg je|as juga lerjad|. Para |ou
lelap ler||oal da|ar dapur urur |arera res||pur a|r surul, lelap| oarya| rurar |er||argar oararg.
Para |ou juga oerlarggurg jaWao urlu| urusar rercuc| oaju-oaju yarg |olor ler|era |urpur. 0| daerar
lerseoul, res||pur |ou-|ou arggola 3lP oerjur|ar 300 |e|uarga dar| Z00 |e|uarga yarg |eoarj|rar, lelap|
oarluar yarg dalarg urlu| rere|a d|oag| oersara dergar |e|uarga yarg l|da| rerjad| arggola 3lP dar
|operas| s|rpar-p|rjarrya. 0| ||rg|urgar RT lerpal l|rgga|, sa||rg oarlu juga l|da| leroalas rarya d| arlara
Warga as||, lelap| juga re||pul| separur dar| 150 |e|uarga yarg rerupa|ar perdalarg dar l|rgga| d| rurar |os.
0rarg Ja|arla ser|rg d||ala|ar ru|a| re|urlur ||alar sos|a|rya dar rerjad| |eo|r |rd|v|dua|. 8arj|r
rerou|l||ar ||alar sos|a| |lu l|da| re|urlur, Wa|aupur oerlu| ||alar sos|a| |lu oeruoar d|oard|rg|ar dergar
rasa |a|u. l|alar sos|a| lerseoul l|da| |ag| rurcu| da|ar oerlu| |eserlaar d| da|ar orgar|sas| |erasyara|alar
yarg rassa| alau oar|ar |eserlaar d| da|ar parla| po||l||. l|alar sos|a| |lu lelap oerlarar, lelap| da|ar oerlu|
yarg |eo|r |rlorra| dar |orggar.
Voda| sos|a| rerurul del|r|s| Rooerl Pulrar ada|ar |elerruourgar d| arlara |rd|v|du re|a|u| jar|rg sos|a| dar
rorra-rorra sa||rg reroer| serla sa||rg percaya d| arlara rere|a yarg rerg||al dar dapal reroual
rasyara|al rarpu rergradap| larlargar dar| |uar dar re|arg|ar raju. 0| da|ar roda| sos|a| |r|, re|a|u|
oerlu| jejar|rg sos|a|rya yarg |rlorra|, pererpuar juga ||ul reryuroarg pada ||alar sos|a| d| rasyara|al. 0|
da|ar perleruar ar|sar rero|cara|ar |era||ar rarga-rarga seroa|o yarg |argsurg rerergarur| rere|a
dar |e|eceWaar rere|a |epada per|rp|r reger| |r|. Veroargur roda| sos|a| ada|ar proses lar|| u|ur yarg
rarus ada sa||rg percaya dar sa||rg reroer| d| arlara rere|a.
Voda| sos|a| ou|ar|ar dagargar po||l||. N||a|-r||a| |eoersaraar resl| d||eroa|||ar |epada oaga|rara
|eoudayaar ra|yal rerperlarar|ar d|r|rya larpa |orardo po||l||. 3a|ar salu roda| sos|a| |lu ada|ar lrad|s|
oers|r desa. Voda| sos|a| seperl| |r| juslru rurcu| oersara dergar dalargrya oarj|r yarg re|arda oarya|
daerar d| reger| ||la.
Kord|s| |a|r a||oal oarya|rya oercara yarg lerjad| d| lrdores|a, perer|rlar rerpurya| urdarg-urdarg No.
21 larur 200Z lerlarg Perarggu|argar 8ercara. Perer|rlar juga re|a|u| 8APPNA3 le|ar re|urcur|ar
prograr ras|ora| ya|r| Rercara A|s| Nas|ora| Pergurargar R|s||o 8ercara. Tujuar ulararya prograr |r|
ada|ar lerWujudrya rasyara|al yarg larggur da|ar rergradap| arcarar oercara.
Pada pr|rs|prya, arggarar perer|rlar rerupa|ar |nsrrumen keo|akan pa||rg perl|rg. 0| sarp|rg |lu arggarar
juga rercerr|r|ar kom|rmen dar p|||rar-p|||rar yarg d|oual perer|rlar. 8ar|ar dapal rerjad| a|ar yarg
d|gura|ar perer|rlar urlu| rercapa| lujuar-lujuar e|oror| dar peroargurar. Perer|rlar juga d|lurlul
urlu| rerd|slr|ous||ar arggarar secara lelap sasarar. Vasa|ar a|ar rurcu| |el||a Perer|rlar 0aerar l|da|
rarpu rerge|o|a dar rerlrarlorras||ar |el|ga lurgs| lerseoul dergar ele|l|l.
43 Pemanfaatan |nst|tus| 8os|a|
lrsl|lus| sos|a| pur rere|||| perar yarg sargal perl|rg oag| upaya peroa||ar ||rg|urgar r|dup. 3eperl| da|ar
peralurar perer|rlar ya|lu urdarg-urdarg |rg|urgar l|dup (uul) yarg rererlu|ar oarWa sel|ap orarg
rerpurya| ra| alas ||rg|urgar yarg oa|| dar seral. Juga sel|ap orarg rerpurya| ra| dar |eWaj|oar urlu|
oerperar serla da|ar perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup, Waj|o rere||rara dar rercegar serla rerarggu|arg|
|erusa|ar dar percerarar yarg dapal rerusa| ||rg|urgar.
Perer|rlar rarus rerc|pla|ar lerpal-lerpal yarg rerurjarg ||rg|urgar r|dup, r|sa|rya : dergar
reryed|a|ar larar-larar, rular oualar dar pepororar urlu| pergr|jauar se|a||gus urlu| reryerap a|r.
3edarg|ar p|ra| sWasla d|r|rla urlu| oerparl|s|pas| da|ar perge|o|aar dar pere||raraar ||rg|urgar,
rerc|pla|ar |aWasar r|jau yarg oa|| se||lar paor|| dar perurarar |aryaWar.
3|rgapura sargal oerras|| da|ar rererap|ar |esadarargar ||rg|urgar rasyara|alrya dar l|da| segar urlu|
rererap|ar sargs| yarg oeral dergar derda ser|rgga rasyara|al la|ul reroual pe|arggarar. Vere|a le|ar
oarya| rerel|| ras|| dar| |esadarar lerseoul oag| peroargurar regararya. 3|rgapura le|ar oeruoar rerjad|
sa|ar salu lujuar W|sala lerperl|rg d| dur|a dar rerupa|ar daroaar urlu| d||urjurg| |arera |olarya ler|era|
oers|r, leralur dar de|al dergar ||rgurgar yarg d|lala secara oa||. 3erarusrya ||la oe|ajar dar| regara
lelargga ||la |lu dar rer|rurya larpa oer|ec|| ral|.
Perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar lerrasu| percegarar, perarggu|argar |erusa|ar dar percerarar serla peru||rar
|ua||las ||rg|urgar le|ar rerurlul d||eroarg|arrya oeroaga| perarg|al |eo|ja|saraar dar prograr serla
|eg|alar yarg d|du|urg o|er s|sler perdu|urg perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar |a|rrya. 3|lal |eler|a|lar dar
|ese|ururar dar| esers| ||rg|urgar le|ar reroaWa |orse|uers| oarWa perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar, lerrasu|
s|sler perdu|urgrya l|da| dapal oerd|r| serd|r|, a|ar lelap| ler|rlegras||ar dar rerjad| ror dar oerseryaWa
dergar se|urur pe|a|saraar peroargurar se|lor dar daerar.
Perer|rlar pusal pur reroer||ar |eserpalar |epada perer|rlar daerar urlu| ||ul serla reroarlu
rerperoa||| ||rg|urgar r|dup yarg sudar rusa| parar, ya|lu dergar urdarg-urdarg 32 Tarur 2001 lerlarg
Perer|rlarar 0aerar dar PP No. 25 Tarur 2000 lerlarg KeWerargar Perer|rlar dar KeWerargar Prop|rs|
seoaga| 0aerar 0loror, da|ar o|darg ||rg|urgar r|dup reroer||ar perga|uar po||l|s re|a|u| lrarsler
olor|las dar| perer|rlar pusal |epada daerar :
O Ve|ela||ar daerar pada pos|s| perl|rg da|ar perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup.
O Verer|u|ar pra|arsa |o|a| da|ar rerdesa|r |eo|ja|ar.
O Veroargur ruourgar |rlerdeperders| arlar daerar.
O Verelap|ar perde|alar |eW||ayarar.
0apal d||ala|ar oarWa |orse|uers| pe|a|saraar uu No. 32 Tarur 2001 dergar PP No. 25 Tarur 2000,
Perge|o|aar |rg|urgar l|dup l|l|| le|arrya ada pada daerar, ra|a |eo|ja|ar ras|ora| da|ar o|darg
||rg|urgar r|dup secara e|sp||s|l PR0PNA3 rerurus|ar prograr yarg d|seoul seoaga| peroargurar
suroer daya a|ar dar ||rg|urgar r|dup. Prograr |lu rerca|up :
O Prograr Pergeroargaar dar Per|rg|alar A|ses lrlorras| 3uroer 0aya A|ar dar |rg|urgar l|dup.
Prograr |r| oerlujuar urlu| rerpero|er dar reryeoar|uas|ar |rlorras| yarg |erg|ap rergera| polers| dar
produ|l|v|las suroer daya a|ar dar ||rg|urgar r|dup re|a|u| |rverlar|sas| dar eva|uas| serla pergualar
s|sler |rlorras|.
O Prograr Per|rg|alar le|l|l|las Perge|o|aar, Korservas| dar Rerao|||las| 3uroer 0aya A|ar.
Tujuar dar| prograr |r| ada|ar rerjaga |ese|roargar perarlaalar dar pe|eslar|ar suroer daya a|ar dar
||rg|urgar r|dup rular, |aul, a|r udara dar r|rera|. 3asarar yarg a|ar d|capa| da|ar prograr |r| ada|ar dapal
d|rarlaal|arrya suroer daya a|ar urlu| rerdu|urg |eoulurar oarar oa|u |rduslr| secara el|s|er dar
oer|e|arjular.
O Prograr Percegarar dar Pergerda||ar Kerusa|ar dar Percerarar |rg|urgar l|dup.
Tujuar prograr |r| ada|ar rer|rg|al|ar |ua||las ||rg|urgar r|dup da|ar upaya rercegar |erusa|ar dar
percerarar ||rg|urgar dar peru||rar |ua||las ||rg|urgar yarg rusa| a||oal perarlaalar suroer daya a|ar
yarg oer|eo|rar serla |eg|alar |rduslr| dar lrarsporlas|.
O Prograr Peralaar Ke|eroagaar dar Perega|ar lu|ur, Perge|o|aar 3uroer 0aya A|ar dar
Pe|eslar|ar |rg|urgar l|dup.
Prograr |r| oerlujuar urlu| rergeroarg|ar |e|eroagaar, rerala s|sler ru|ur, perarg|al ru|ur dar
|eo|ja|ar serla rerega||ar ru|ur urlu| reWujud|ar perge|o|aar suroerdaya a|ar dar pe|eslar|ar
||rg|urgar r|dup yarg ele|l|l dar oer|ead||ar.
O Progar Per|rg|alar Perarar Vasyara|al da|ar Perge|o|aar 3uroer 0aya a|ar dar Pe|eslar|ar lurgs|
|rg|urgar l|dup.
Tujuar dar| prograr |r| ada|ar urlu| rer|rg|al|ar perarar dar |epedu||ar p|ra|-p|ra| yarg oer|eperl|rgar
da|ar perge|o|aar suroer daya a|ar dar pe|eslar|ar lurgs| ||rg|urgar r|dup.
431 0rgan|sas| Hasyarakat
0rgar|sas| rasyara|al yarg ada rerupa|ar sa|ar salu la|lor pa||rg perl|rg da|ar rergurarg| rasa|ar
||rg|urgar r|dup yarg ada. 3a|ar salurya ada|ar gera|ar ural ls|ar. 3ecara derogral|s jur|ar ural ls|ar
re|al|l cu|up oesar ya|lu se||lar 1,5 r||yard dar jur|ar lerseoul d|per||ra|ar a|ar lerus oerlaroar, ural |s|ar
rerpurya| polers| yarg oesar da|ar perye|aralar ||rg|urgar. 0|er |arera |lu gera|ar ural ls|ar urlu|
rergalas| |r|s|s ||rg|urgar dapal d|ru|a| dar| oudaya d| l|rg|al |e|urga, orgar|sas| perer|rlar, |eroaga
|eagaraar, parla| po||l||, pordo| pesarlrer, perguruar l|rgg|.
Jur|ar ural ls|ar yarg oesar rerupa|ar roda| yarg oesar urlu| re|a|sara|ar peroargurar e|oror|
yarg oer|e|arjular dergar syaral ural ls|ar rarus rerarar| dar rergelaru| lerlarg ruourgar arlara
peroargurar e|oror| dar ||rg|urgar r|dup serla re|a|u|arrya da|ar l|rda|ar r||| da|ar |er|dupar serar|-
rar|. J||a ada |or|lrer dar| se|urur ural ls|ar d| dur|a da|ar sel|ap larur , l|ap orarg rerarar poror
ra|a d| dur|a |r| a|ar lerjad| peraroarar poror oaru se||lar salu selergar r||yar l|ap larurrya.
0era|ar lerseoul se|ara erar larur a|ar rergras|||ar poror oaru sejur|ar 9 r||yar dar a|ar reryara|
jur|ar perdudu| dur|a. arg|ar |r| sargal ele|l|l urlu| rercegar lerjad|rya |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup
dur|a. Perararar poror dapal d||oserlras||ar pada |arar |r|l|s, |arar-|arar |osorg d| rurar largga alau
las|||las urur.
Corlor orgar|sas| rasyara|al |a|rrya ada|ar wAll. 0ergar du|urgar 33 |eroaga parl|s|par yarg lerd|r|
dar| 23 |eroaga sWadaya rasyara|al dar 10 |e|orpo| perc|rla a|ar, wAll Jogja|arla oer|erja pada
oeoerapa |aWasar da|ar upaya rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar, seoaga| oer||ul :
O KaWasar Verap|
0ururg Verap| yarg rerpurya| |el|rgg|ar 3100 rdp|, se|a||gus rerupa|ar sa|ar salu gururg oerap| lera|l|l
d| dur|a. 0ururg Verap| r|rgga saal |r| ras|r |erla| dergar |eare|aragarar rayal|, oudaya serla |ear|lar
|o|a| rasyara|alrya. Advo|as| yarg d||a|u|ar wAll Jogja|arla sa|ar salurya ada|ar pero|a|ar perelapar
|aWasar 0ururg Verap| rerjad| Tarar Nas|ora| re|a|u| 3K Verlr| Kerularar No. 131 larur 2001.
O KaWasar Verorer
Pegururgar Verorer rerupa|ar |aWasar |aWasar |arsl, se|a|r rerlar lerradap oercara |orgsor, W||ayar |r|
juga rerupa|ar W||ayar peryargga oerda cagar oudaya yarg ler|ela| d|se||lar |aWasar Verorer, sa|ar
salurya ada|ar Card| 8orooudur. Advo|as| yarg d||a|u|ar wAll Jogja|arla d| |aWasar |r| ada|ar pero|a|ar
perlaroargar rarrer o|er PT. Vargo|a d| dusur 3e|orejo 0esa Ngargorelro, se|a||gus pero|a|ar Raperda
perlaroargar yarg rercararya a|ar rerelap|ar |aWasar |r| seoaga| |aWasar laroarg d| Kaoupaler
Vage|arg.
O KaWasar Per|olaar
Kola seoaga| pusal perer|rlarar dergar a|l|v|las rasyara|al yarg sargal |orp|e|s rerupa|ar daerar
dergar peruoarar e|o|og| yarg sargal cepal. Perrasa|arar yarg ada rerupa|ar a||oal dar| a|l|l|las
rasyara|al yarg l|rgg|, ser|rgga per|u adarya rercara perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar |ola yarg oer|e|arjular.
Advo|as| yarg a|l|l d||a|u|ar wAll d| |aWasar |r| ada|ar rerdororg agar do|urer AV0A dar Tala Ruarg
d|jad||ar seoaga| do|urer per||rdurgar |aWasar-|aWasar |ola, rerdororg perer|rlar
dar srake no|oer urlu| re|a|u|ar peruoarar lerradap |eo|ja|ar |eoers|rar |rususrya sarpar
O KaWasar Pes|s|r 3e|alar
KaWasar parla| se|alar rerupa|ar daerar |arsl dar guru| pas|r yarg lerseoar d| 3 |aoupaler d| Prop|rs|
0aerar lsl|reWa Jogja|arla. Advo|as| d| |aWasar |r| a|l|l d||a|u|ar wAll Jogja|arla oer|a|lar dergar
pero|a|ar rercara peroargurar ja|ur ||rlas se|alar, pero|a|ar perge|o|aar pas|r o|j| oes|, r|l|gas| oercara
gerpa dar lsurar|, serla pergeroargar par|W|sala oeroas|s rasyara|al.
432 0rgan|sas| 8wasta
0rgar|sas| sWasla dapal juga ||ul aro|| oag|ar da|ar upaya rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar.
3a|ar salurya yarg d||a|u|ar o|er 0V alau 0ara V|lra |rg|urgar yarg re|a|sara|ar sualu prograr yarg
oerrara co C|ly. co C|ly rerupa|ar sualu prograr |roval|l yarg re||oal|ar oeroaga| |orporer d| sualu
|ola urlu| reWujud|ar |ola yarg rarar ||rg|urgar. 0ara V|lra |rg|urgar (0V) ada|ar seouar orgar|sas|
ror perer|rlar dergar lo|us |eg|alar pada rasa|ar percerarar ||rg|urgar, rergge|ar acara unoneon
Ta|k dergar lera co C|ly dergar rergrad|r|ar rarasuroer dar| 8adar Pergerda||ar |rg|urgar l|dup
0aerar Prop|rs| JaWa 8aral (8Pl0 Jaoar) dar PT KaWasar lrduslr| Jaoaoe|a, To|.
Top|| |r| d|p|||r se|r|rg dergar ra||r rerouru|rya |ua||las ||rg|urgar r|dup d| lrdores|a dar| rar| |e rar|.
Kord|s| |r| d|seoao|ar, arlara |a|r o|er ras|r oarya|rya rasyara|al yarg l|da| pedu|| lerradap ||rg|urgar,
ras|r rerdarrya pergelaruar rasyara|al lerradap darpa| regal|l dar| |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar serla ras|r
oeragarrya perararar rasyara|al lerradap perl|rgrya rerjaga |ua||las ||rg|urgar yarg oa||. 0| sarp|rg
|lu, la|lor |er|s||rar dar ras|r oe|ur oerja|arrya perega|ar ru|ur ||rg|urgar yarg legas juga
oerpergarur lerradap rerouru|rya |ua||las ||rg|urgar.
0| lrdores|a, |orsep co C|ly ||r| sedarg d||eroarg|ar o|er 8Pl0 Jaoar yarg d|oag| da|ar oeoerapa
larap. 0a|ar pereraparrya, |orsep |r| arlara |a|r re||pul| sos|a||sas| |e se|o|ar-se|o|ar, rerala alau
regos|as| dergar |eg|alar ru|u dar r|||r |ola urlu| parl|s|pas| da|ar prograr co C|ly serla rerala
|e|eroagaar dar |eo|ja|ar perer|rlar urlu| |eo|r rerdu|urg co c|ly. 3e|a|r |lu, ada |orsep co lrduslr|a|
slale yarg d||eroarg|ar KaWasar lrduslr| Jaoaoe|a C||ararg. KaWasar |rduslr| yarg cu|up oesar |r|
oer|r|s|al|l urlu| rergeroarg|ar |orsep yarg d|laWar|ar o|er Kererler|ar |rg|urgar l|dup da|ar
|erarg|a Prograr |rg|urgar l|dup lrdores|a Jerrar lerseoul, |arera |orsep |r| rergulara|ar
perlurourar o|sr|s oer|e|arjular yarg oerlurpu pada l|ga p||ar, ya|lu ||rg|urgar, sos|a| dar e|oror|. 0a|ar
perja|ararrya, Jaoaoe|a le|ar rerjad| oenonmarkoeroaga| |aWasar |rduslr| d| lrdores|a |arera rerpurya|
|rlraslru|lur |erg|ap, rarajerer lerpercaya dar |rovas| yarg l|da| perrar oerrerl|.
433 0pt|ma||sas| Kontr|bus| 0a|am Pe|ayanan 8os|a|
Peroargurar daerar d||a|sara|ar urlu| reroerdaya|ar rasyara|al da|ar arl| yarg se|uas-|uasrya
rergardurg ra|ra d|rers| o|ol|s|| (|eseralar jasrar| dar ||rg|urgar) dar d|rers| sp|r|lua| (|esejarleraar
rorar|ar). urlu| reWujud|ar upaya per|rg|alar rulu suroer daya rarus|a dar ||rg|urgar r|dup yarg
sa||rg rerdu|urg dergar perde|alar parad|gra seral, rerpr|or|las|ar upaya per|rg|alar |eseralar
||rg|urgar r|dup dar rarus|a |lu serd|r|.
0a|ar ra| peroa||ar ||rg|urgar r|dup, ada larlargar oesar yarg d|radap| daerar-daerar, ya|lu sera||r
re|uasrya gargguar perya||l dar ||rg|urgar, sera||r |arg|arya parl|s|pas| rasyara|al da|ar
rerye|esa||ar rasa|ar ||rg|urgar. Pergerda||ar po|us| pera|rar dar udara, peryed|aar a|r oers|r dar upaya
perge|o|aar sar|las| ||rg|urgar |a|rrya rarus |eo|r oarya| rerdapal|ar perral|ar.
Per|rg|alar pe|ayarar lerus d|l|rg|al|ar, |rususrya oag| go|orgar rasyara|al yarg rerlar lerradap
perya||l a||oal rusa|rya ||rg|urgar r|dup. la| lerseoul rarus d|larggu|arg| dar pe|ayarar |eseralar
rasyara|al |ola rarus d||eroarg|ar sesua| dergar per|eroargar rasyara|al |ola.
8eoerapa |eg|alar yarg dapal d|pr|or|las|ar, ya|lu :
O Perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup oeroas|s rasyara|al.
Parl|s|pas| rasyara|al da|ar rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar sargal perl|rg, j||a rasyara|al
rau aro|| oag|ar ra|a |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar pur sed|||l der| sed|||l dapal d|alas|.
O Peroargurar |eseralar ||rg|urgar.
0a|ar re|a|sara|ar peroargurar |eseralar ||rg|urgar, rasyara|al dar perer|rlar rarus rer|rjau |eo|r
daru|u daerar-daerar yarg coco| urlu| peroargurar yarg l|da| a|ar rerusa| ||rg|urgar r|dup yarg sudar
ada.
O Pergeroargar ||ru pergelaruar dar le|ro|og| perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar seral.
0ergar |erarpuar le|ro|og| dar ||ru pergelaruar yarg sudar cargg|r, perer|rlar dapal rergu|ur
seoerapa oesar |esuourar larar dar ||rg|urgar urlu| re|a|u|ar prograr peroargurar ||rg|urgar r|dup
ser|rgga l|da| a|ar rerusa| ||rg|urgar r|dup yarg sudar ada.
434 Kerjasama dan Jar|ngan
Adarya |erjasara arlara p|ra| perer|rlar dergar p|ra| |a|r serla rasyara|al da|ar upaya rerarggu|arg|
rasa|ar ||rg|urgar sargal|ar perl|rg. Kererler|ar |rg|urgar l|dup (Kl) sedarg oerupaya agar Ara||sa
Vergera| 0arpa| |rg|urgar (AV0A) dapal oerja|ar dergar ele|l|l d| daerar-daerar yarg oaru
d|oerdaya|ar. Narur rerperoa||| perde|alar perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar d| lrdores|a l|da| a|ar rudar. Ada
dua a|asar urlu| ||rerja yarg ouru|.
Perlara, res||pur lerdapal |rveslas| yarg suoslars|a| pada |eo|ja|ar ||rg|urgar dar pergeroargar
|epegaWa|ar, pe|a|saraar peralurar dar prosedur d| |apargar ras|r ouru|. Kedua, oarya| prov|rs| dar
|aoupaler reroual |rlerprelas| oaru rergera| peralurar-peralurar yarg ada alau rerc|pla|ar prosedur
peralurar yarg se|ururrya oaru. Karera |ardasar ras|ora| |r| ser|rg d|aoa||ar ra|a Kl rer|rla 8ar|
0ur|a agar oe|erja sara da|ar rerev|s| |eo|ja|ar yarg ada dar |erarg|a |e|eroagaar AV0A.
Kaj|ar AV0A, 8ar| 0ur|a rergupas rasa|ar |rl| urlu| reryesua||ar s|sler peralurar perge|o|aar
||rg|urgar dergar peruoarar |ord|s| deserlra||sas|. Kaj|ar |r| rerer|u|ar gaourgar slud| ara||l|s,
percorlorar daerar, dar d|a|og |eo|ja|ar d| l|rg|al ras|ora| raupur daerar. 3eoaga| corlor dua prov|rs| d|
JaWa 8aral dar Ka||rarlar T|rur rere||l| oaga|rara s|sler AV0A lerpusal saal |r| dapal d|var|as||ar
ser|rgga pr|or|las d| oeroaga| daerar dapal d|lerlu|ar oerdasar|ar |apas|las dar |eoulurar yarg ada. rpal
slud| ara||l|s perdu|urg d|rarcarg urlu| rerper|ual dar rererlu|ar ras||-ras|| percorlorar d| l|rg|al
prov|rs|. 0ulpul dar| slud| a|ar rererlu|ar pergeroargar rarcargar do|urer |eo|ja|ar yarg rerjad|
dasar urlu| rev|s| Peralurar AV0A No. 2Z/1999.
Kerjasara |a|rrya ya|lu |erjasara arlara regara-regara oer|eroarg yarg rero|cara|ar lerlarg peruoarar
||||r. 0ua larur |a|u, regara-regara oer|eroarg rergaju|ar perlaryaar |r| da|ar pero|caraar rergera|
peruoarar ||||r. 3e||lar 30 regara oer|eroarg dar| Alr||a, Arer||a al|r dar KaWasar As|a Pas|l|| |rg|r
rerarlaal|ar re|ar|sre l|rars|a| larap aWa| urlu| reroayar regara-regara yarg le|ar rerye|aral|ar
rular lrop|srya.
3ero||ar regara |rduslr| le|ar rerjarj||ar dara seoesar u3S155 jula urlu| rerja|ar|ar |r|s|al|l 10 larurar
lerseoul. Negara-regara lerseoul, re||pul| : Jerrar (u3S59 jula), lrggr|s (S30 jula), 8e|arda (S22 jula),
Auslra||a dar Jeparg (ras|rg-ras|rg S10 jula), Perarc|s dar 3W|ss (ras|rg-ras|rg SZ jula), serla 0errar|
dar F|r|ard|a (ras|rg-ras|rg S5 jula). arure 0onservanoy yarg oer|edudu|ar d| Arer||a juga oerjarj| a|ar
reroer||ar S5 jula.
Fas|||las Ker|lraar Karoor lular rerjad| ou|l| oarWa dur|a pedu|| lerradap r||a| rular g|ooa| dar s|ap urlu|
reroayarrya. Fas|||las |r| lerd|r| dar| dua |orporer, ya|lu dara |es|apar yarg oerr||a| u3S100 jula a|ar
reryed|a|ar r|oar urlu| reroarlu regara-regara reroerlu| s|sler dar proses perarlauar dar
pergalurar perarlaalar rular dergar cara-cara yarg dapal d|percaya. 8eoerapa regara juga dapal rerjua|
pergurargar er|s| gas |epada 0ara Karoor yarg oerr||a| u3S200 jula yarg d|du|urg o|er regara-regara
|aya raupur se|lor sWasla dar orgar|sas|-orgar|sas|.
Tujuar ulara las|||las |r| ada|ar urlu| reru|a| pasar |aroor rular yarg rerdu|urg |orservas| rular. 3aal
|r|, regara-regara oer|eroarg l|da| dapal reraWar|ar |red|l |aroor dar| deooasas| dar degradas| rular
|epada pasar |aroor yarg ooor|rg ser||a| S30 r||yar yarg le|ar oer|eroarg oerdasar|ar |esepa|alar
Prolo|o| Kyolo |arera da|ar prolo|o| |r| regara-regara |rduslr| dapal reru|ar|ar seoag|ar er|s| |aroor
rere|a dergar reroe|| |red|l dar| regara-regara oer|eroarg yarg rarya rergada|ar proye|-proye| rarar
||rg|urgar.
8arya| yarg oerrarap oarWa |aroor rular lerseoul a|ar d|carlur|ar da|ar |esepa|alar yarg oaru |el||a
rasa |or|lrer perlara Prolo|o| Kyolo oera|r|r pada larur 2012. Karera dur|a saal |r| |er||argar se||lar 13
jula re|lar rular selarur (se|uas regara N||aragua alau Yurar|), ra|a polers| |orservas| yarg d||orpersas|
oerdasar|ar |aroor rular sargal oesar. Verurul per||raar 8ar| 0ur|a, lrdores|a r|sa|rya dapal rerpero|er
u3S100 jula sarpa| S2 r||yar selarur dar| pasar |aroor rular.
A 5
UPAYA PENANCANAN HA8ALAh
Ve|eslar||ar ||rg|urgar r|dup rerupa|ar |eoulurar yarg l|da| o|sa d|lurda |ag| dar ou|ar rarya rerjad|
larggurg jaWao perer|rlar alau per|rp|r regara saja, re|a|r|ar larggurg jaWao sel|ap |rsar d| our|.
3el|ap orarg rarus re|a|u|ar usara urlu| rerye|aral|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup d| se||lar ||la sesua| dergar
|apas|lasrya ras|rg-ras|rg. 3e|ec|| apa pur usara yarg ||la |a|u|ar sargal oesar rarlaalrya oag|
lerWujudrya our| yarg |aya| rur| oag| gereras| ara| cucu ||la |e|a|.
upaya perer|rlar urlu| reWujud|ar |er|dupar ad|| dar ra|rur oag| ra|yalrya larpa rarus rer|rou||ar
|erusa|ar ||rg|urgar d|l|rda||arjul| dergar reryusur prograr peroargurar oer|e|arjular yarg ser|rg
d|seoul seoaga| peroargurar oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar. Peroargurar
oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar ada|ar usararer|rg|al|ar |ua||las rarus|a secara oerlarap dergar rererral||ar
la|lor ||rg|urgar. Peroargurar oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar d||era| dergar rara Peroargurar 8er|e|arjular.
Korsep peroargurar oer|e|arjular rerupa|ar |esepa|alar ras|| KTT 8ur| d| R|o de Jer|ro larur 1992. 0|
da|arrya ler|ardurg 2 gagasar perl|rg, ya|lu :
O 0agasar |eoulurar |rususrya |eoulurar po|o| rarus|a urlu| reroparg r|dup.
O 0agasar |eleroalasar ya|lu |eleroalasar |erarpuar ||rg|urgar urlu| rererur| |eoulurar oa||
rasa se|ararg raupur rasa yarg a|ar dalarg.
Adapur c|r|-c|r| Peroargurar 8erWaWasar |rg|urgar ada|ar seoaga| oer||ul :
O Verjar|r pereralaar dar |ead||ar.
O Vergrarga| |eare|aragarar rayal|.
O Verggura|ar perde|alar |rlegral|l.
O Verggura|ar pardargar jarg|a parjarg.
Pada rasa relorras| se|ararg |r|, peroargurar ras|ora| d||a|sara|ar l|da| |ag| oerdasar|ar 08lN dar
PR0PNA3, lelap| oerdasar|ar uu No. 25 Tarur 2000, lerlarg 3|sler Perercaraar Peroargurar Nas|ora|
(3PPN). 3|sler Perercaraar Peroargurar Nas|ora| rerpurya| lujuar, d| arlararya :
a) Verjar|r lercapa|rya pergguraar suroer daya secara el|s|er, ele|l|l, oer|ead||ar, dar oer|e|arjular.
o) Vergopl|ra||ar parl|s|pas| rasyara|al.
c) Verjar|r |eler|a|lar dar |ors|slers| arlara perercaraar, pergarggarar, pe|a|saraar, dar
pergaWasar.
Perer|rlar seoaga| perarggurg jaWao lerradap |esejarleraar ra|yalrya rer||||| larggurg jaWao oesar
da|ar upaya rer|||r|ar dar reWujud|ar leroerlu|rya pe|eslar|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup. la|-ra| yarg d||a|u|ar
perer|rlar arlara |a|r :
O Verge|uar|ar uu Po|o| Agrar|a No. 5 Tarur 190 yarg rergalur lerlarg Tala 0ura Tarar.
O Verero|l|ar uu No. 1 Tarur 1982, lerlarg Kelerluar-|elerluar Po|o| Perge|o|aar |rg|urgar l|dup.
O Veroer|a|u|ar Peralurar Perer|rlar Rl No. 21 Tarur 198, lerlarg AV0A (Ara||sa Vergera| 0arpa|
|rg|urgar).
O Pada larur 1991 perer|rlar reroerlu| 8adar Pergerda||ar |rg|urgar, dergar lujuar po|o|rya :
- Verarggu|arg| |asus percerarar.
- VergaWas| oarar oeroaraya dar oeracur (83).
- Ve|a|u|ar per||a|ar ara||s|s rergera| darpa| ||rg|urgar (AV0A).
O Perer|rlar rercararg|ar gera|ar rerarar sejula poror.
3eoaga| Warga regara yarg oa||, rasyara|al rarus rer||||| |epedu||ar yarg l|rgg| lerradap |e|eslar|ar
||rg|urgar r|dup d| se||larrya sesua| dergar |erarpuar ras|rg-ras|rg. 8eoerapa upaya yarg dapal
d||a|u||ar rasyara|al oer|a|lar dergar pe|eslar|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup, arlara |a|r :
a) Pe|eslar|ar larar (larar dalar, |arar r|r|rg/perou||lar)
upaya pe|eslar|ar larar dapal d||a|u|ar dergar cara rergga|a||ar |eg|alar rerarar poror alau
pergr|jauar |eroa|| (reoo|sas|) lerradap larar yarg seru|a gurdu|. urlu| daerar perou||lar alau
pegururgar yarg pos|s| lararrya r|r|rg per|u d|oargur leraser|rg alau serg|edar, ser|rgga rarpu
rergraroal |aju a||rar a|r rujar.
o) Pe|eslar|ar udara
udara rerupa|ar ursur v|la| oag| |er|dupar, |arera sel|ap orgar|sre oerrapas rerer|u|ar udara. Ka||ar
rergelaru| oarWa da|ar udara ler|ardurg oerare|aragar gas, sa|ar salurya o|s|ger. udara yarg |olor
|arera deou alau pur asap s|sa peroa|arar reryeoao|ar |adar o|s|ger oer|urarg. Keadaar |r| sargal
reroaraya|ar oag| |e|argsurgar r|dup sel|ap orgar|sre. Va|a per|u d|upaya|ar ||al-||al urlu| rerjaga
|esegarar udara ||rg|urgar agar lelap oers|r, segar, dar seral. upaya yarg dapal d||a|u|ar urlu| rerjaga
agar udara lelap oers|r dar seral arlara |a|r :
- Vergga|a||ar perararar poror alau pur lararar r|as d| se||lar ||la. Tararar dapal reryerap gas-
gas yarg reroaraya|ar oag| rarus|a. Tararar rarpu rerprodu|s| o|s|ger re|a|u| proses lolos|rles|s.
- Vergupaya|ar pergurargar er|s| alau perouargar gas s|sa peroa|arar, oa|| peroa|arar rular
raupur peroa|arar res|r. 3a|ar salu upaya pergurargar er|s| gas oeroaraya |e udara ada|ar dergar
rerggura|ar oarar|rduslr| yarg arar oag| ||rg|urgar, serla perasargar l||ler pada cerooorg asappaor||.
c) Vergurarg| alau oar|ar rergr|rdar| pera|a|ar gas ||r|a yarg dapal rerusa| |ap|sar ozor d|
alrosler. 0as lreor yarg d|gura|ar urlu| perd|rg|r pada AC raupur |u||as serla d|pergura|ar d| oeroaga|
produ| |osrel||a ada|ar gas yarg dapal oerseryaWa dergar gas ozor, ser|rgga rerga||oal|ar |ap|sar ozor
reryusul. ap|sar ozor ada|ar |ap|sar d| alrosler yarg oerperar seoaga| l||ler oag| our|, |arera rarpu
rerarlu||ar |eroa|| s|rar u|lrav|o|el |e |uar arg|asa yarg d|parcar|ar o|er ralarar|.
d) Pe|eslar|ar rular
|sp|o|las| rular yarg lerus rererus oer|argsurg seja| daru|u r|rgga ||r| larpa d||roarg| dergar
perararar |eroa||, reryeoao|ar |aWasar rular rerjad| rusa|. Padara| rular rerupa|ar peroparg
|e|eslar|ar |er|dupar d| our|, seoao rular ou|ar rarya reryed|a|ar oarar pargar raupur oarar produ|s|
juga pergras|| o|s|ger, perarar |ap|sar larar, dar rery|rpar cadargar a|r. upaya yarg dapal d||a|u|ar
urlu| re|eslar||ar rular :
- Reoo|sas| alau perararar |eroa|| rular yarg gurdu|.
- Ve|ararg peroaoalar rular secara seWerarg-Werarg.
- Vererap|ar s|sler leoarg p|||r da|ar rereoarg poror.
- Vererap|ar s|sler leoarg larar da|ar |eg|alar pereoargar rular.
- Vererap|ar sar|s| yarg oeral oag| rere|a yarg re|arggar |elerluar rergera| perge|o|aar rular.
e) Pe|eslar|ar |aul dar parla|
3eperl| ra|rya rular, |aul juga seoaga| suroer daya a|ar polers|a|. Kerusa|ar o|ola |aul dar parla| oarya|
d|seoao|ar |arera u|ar rarus|a. Pergaro||ar pas|r parla|, |ararg d| |aul, pergrusa|ar rular oa|au,
rerupa|ar |egalar-|eg|alar rarus|a yarg rergarcar |e|eslar|ar |aul dar parla|.
Adapur upaya urlu| re|eslar||ar |aul dar parla| dapal d||a|u|ar dergar cara :
- Ve|a|u|ar re||aras| parla| dergar rerarar |eroa|| lararar oa|au d| area| se||lar parla|.
- Ve|ararg pergaro||ar oalu |ararg yarg ada d| se||lar parla| raupur d| dasar |aul, |arera |ararg
rerupa|ar rao|lal ||ar dar lararar |aul.
- Ve|ararg pera|a|ar oarar pe|eda| dar oarar ||r|a |a|rrya da|ar rercar| ||ar.
- Ve|ararg pera|a|ar pu|al rar|rau urlu| rercar| ||ar.
l) Pe|eslar|ar l|ora dar laura
Ker|dupar d| our| rerupa|ar s|sler |elergarlurgar arlara rarus|a, reWar, lurourar, dar a|ar se||larrya.
Terpulusrya sa|ar salu rala rarla| dar| s|slerlerseoul a|ar rerga||oal|ar gargguar da|ar |er|dupar. 0|er
|arera |lu, |e|eslar|ar l|ora dar laura rerupa|ar ra| yarg rul|a| d|perral||ar der| |e|argsurgar r|dup
rarus|a. upaya yarg dapal d||a|u|ar urlu| rerjaga |e|eslar|ar l|ora dar laura d| arlararya ada|ar :
rerd|r||ar cagar a|ar dar sua|a rargasalWa, re|ararg |eg|alar perouruar ||ar,
rergga|a||ar |eg|alarpergr|jauar.
Verlr| ||rg|urgar r|dup juga rerercara|ar oeoerapa prograr seoaga| upaya perargarar rasa|ar
|erusa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup, arlara |a|r :
O Program Ad|w|yata
Ad|W|yala ada|ar lerpal yarg oa|| dar |dea| d|rara dapal d|pero|er sega|a ||ru pergelaruar dar oeroaga|
rorra serla el||a yarg dapal rerjad| dasar rarus|a reruju lerc|plarya |esejarleraar r|dup ||la dar reruju
|epada c|la-c|la peroargurar oer|e|arjular. Tujuar prograr Ad|W|yala ada|ar rerc|pla|ar |ord|s| yarg oa||
oag| se|o|ar urlu| rerjad| lerpal peroe|ajarar dar peryadarar Warga se|o|ar
O Program Ad|pura
Ad|pura, rerupa|ar sa|ar salu upaya rerargar| ||roar padal doresl|| d| per|olaar. 0a|ar
per|eroargarrya, ||rg|up |erja Prograr Ad|pura d|lo|us|ar pada upaya urlu| rerdororg |ola-|ola d|
lrdores|a rerjad| |ola 8ers|r dar l|jau. Ada dua |eg|alar po|o| da|ar perargarar ||roar doresl|| dar
ruarg lerou|a r|jau d| per|olaar, ya|lu : rerarlau dar rergeva|uas| ||rerja perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar
per|olaar oerdasar|ar pedorar dar |r|ler|a yarg d|lelap|ar urlu| rererlu|ar per|rg|al ||rerja |ola serla
rer|rg|al|ar |apas|las perer|rlar daerar da|ar perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar per|olaar.
O Program Amda|
AV0A ada|ar |aj|ar rergera| darpa| oesar dar perl|rg urlu| pergaro||ar |epulusar sualu usara dar
|eg|alar yarg d|rercara|ar pada ||rg|urgar r|dup yarg d|per|u|ar oag| proses pergaro||ar |epulusar
lerlarg perye|erggaraar usara dar |eg|alar (Peralurar Perer|rlar No. 2Z larur 1999 lerlarg Ara||s|s
Vergera| 0arpa| |rg|urgar). Varlaal dar| AV0A , |a|ar : oarar oag| perercaraar peroargurar W||ayar,
reroarlu proses pergaro||ar |epulusar lerlarg |e|aya|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup dar| rercara usara, reroer|
rasu|ar urlu| peryusurar d|sa|r r|rc| le|r|s dar| rercara usara, reroer| rasu|ar urlu| peryusurar
rercara perge|o|aar dar perarlauar ||rg|urgar r|dup, reroer| |rlorras| oag| rasyara|al alas darpa|
yarg d|l|rou||ar dar| sualu rercara usara
O Program a|a| K||r|ng Keanekaragaman hayat| Nas|ona|
lrdores|a le|ar reral|l||as| Korvers| Keare|aragarar layal| da|ar oerlu| urdarg-urdarg No. 5 Tarur
1991 lerlarg Pergesarar Korvers| Perser||alar 8argsa-8argsa Vergera| Keare|aragarar layal|. 3esua|
dergar rardal yarg lercarlur da|ar pasa| 18 (3) dar| Korvers| lerseoul ra|a Kererler|ar |rg|urgar
l|dup seoaga| ar|ona| Fooa| Po|nr dar| Korvers| Keare|aragarar layal| reroargur 8a|a| K||r|rg
Keare|aragarar layal| lrdores|a oeroas|s |rlerrel.
O Program 0|k|at L|ngkungan
Perd|d||ar dar pe|al|rar ||rg|urgar r|dup rer||||| perarar yarg sargal perl|rg dar slraleg|s da|ar upaya
rer|rg|al|ar suroer daya rarus|a (30V) o|darg ||rg|urgar r|dup. Ve|a|u| perde|alar relode Ardrogog|
dar per|rjauar |apargar yarg d||a|sara|ar o|er Pusal perd|d||ar dar pe|al|rar (Pu30lKAT) d|rarap|ar
reroer||ar peruoarar per||a|u serla s||ap pos|l|l lerWujudrya pe|eslar|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup yarg
re|a|sara|ar pr|rs|p peroargurar oer|e|arjular.
O Program Ka|pataru
Perdaru|u 8argsa lrdores|a rerorer|ar paralar KAPATARu urlu| rerggaroar|ar sualu lalarar
||rg|urgar yarg seras|, se|aras dar se|roarg arlara rular, larar, a|r, udara, dar ra|r|u| r|dup. 3a|ar salu
pr|rs|p peroargurar ada|ar oer|e|arjular dar oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar. 3eja|ar dergar |lu, Pasa| 10 rurul
uu No. 23 Tarur 199Z, reryeoul|ar oarWa sa|ar salu oerlu| pergrargaar l|rg|al ras|ora| yarg d|oer||ar
o|er Perer|rlar ada|ar KAPATARu. Pergrargaar KAPATARu d|oer||ar pada seseorarg alau |e|orpo|
rasyara|al yarg le|ar rerurju||ar |epe|oporar dar reroer||ar suroargs|rrya d| da|ar rere||rara
|e|eslar|ar lurgs| ||rg|urgar r|dup.
O Program Lang|t |ru
Percerarar udara rerjad| rasa|ar yarg ser|us ler|eo|r larur-larur lera|r|r |r| lerulara d| |ola-|ola oesar.
upaya pergerda||ar percerarar lerrasu| percerarar udara pada dasarrya ada|ar rerjad| |eWaj|oar oag|
sel|ap orarg. Perer|rlar da|ar upaya rer|rg|al|ar |ua||las udara seja| larur 1992 le|ar re|a|sara|ar
Prograr arg|l 8|ru seoaga| upaya urlu| rergerda|||ar percerarar udara oa|| yarg oerasa| dar| suroer
oergera| raupur l|da| oergera|.
O Program P|agam um|
P|agar 8ur| ada|ar seouar de||aras| pr|rs|p-pr|rs|p po|o| urlu| reroargur rasyara|al g|ooa| yarg
oer|ead||ar, oer|e|arjular dar dara| d| aoad |e- 21. P|agar 8ur| oerupaya urlu| rerg||rar| se|urur ural
rarus|a a|ar pergerl|ar oaru lerlarg sa||rg |elergarlurgar g|ooa| dar larggurg jaWao oersara urlu|
|esejarleraar |e|uarga ural rarus|a, ya|lu |er|dupar dur|a yarg |eo|r oesar, dar gereras| yarg a|ar
dalarg.
O Program Pasar erser|
Pasar 8erser| 'oers|r, seral, rarar ||rg|urgar, dar |rdar' rerupa|ar |orsep per|||rar u|arg reruju
per|rg|alar perlorra pasar lrad|s|ora|. Korsep |r| rergarar pada dua ra|, ya|lu : opl|ra||sas| ||rerja pasar
lrad|s|ora| dar per|rg|alar |rlraslru|lur dar pergeroa||ar perar pasar lrad|s|ora| seoaga| d|slr|oulor produ|-
produ| |o|a|.
O Program Pusat Produks| ers|h Nas|ona|
Tujuar perd|r|ar PP8N ada|ar urlu| rerlas|||las|, rerproros||ar dar rerg|ala||s pergeroargar dar
pererapar Produ|s| 8ers|r (P8) d| lrdores|a. PP8N a|ar rersl|ru|as| dar rerdororg |eg|alar-|eg|alar
le|r|s, lu|ar |rlorras|, rerper|uas jar|rgar, proye|-proye| percorlorar dar pe|al|rar P8 ser|rgga
rerurour|ar pasar Produ|s| 8ers|r d| lrdores|a.
A
KE8|HPULAN
3a|ar salu corlor rasa|ar sos|a| yarg ada |a|ar rasa|ar rusa|rya ||rg|urgar r|dup d| se||lar ||la Kerusa|ar
suroer daya a|ar oarya| d|lerlu|ar o|er a|l|v|las rarus|a. 8arya| |asus-|asus percerarar dar |erusa|ar
||rg|urgar yarg d|a||oal|ar o|er a|l|v|las rarus|a, seperl| : percerarar udara, percerarar a|r, percerarar
larar serla |erusa|ar rular yarg seruarya l|da| ler|epas dar| a|l|v|las rarus|a dar pada a|r|rrya a|ar
rerug||ar rarus|a |lu serd|r|.
Rusa|rya ||rg|urgar r|dup lerulara rasa|ar peruoarar ||||r saal |r| rerjad| pero|caraar yarg ser|us
|arera rerupa|ar arcarar oag| |er|dupar d| our|. Peruoarar ||||r lerjad| a||oal ra||rya suru our| yarg
rerupa|ar ras|| dar| a|l|v|las rarus|a dar rerjad| ou|l| gaga|rya rode| peroargurar g|ooa| yarg oersardar
pada e|sp|o|las| dar e|lra|s| suroer daya a|ar secara oer|eo|rar. Kera||ar suru our| 0, C saal |r|
reryeoao|ar oarya| p|ra| rercar| cara urlu| reroual |eadaar l|da| rerjad| |eo|r ouru| |ag|. A||oal
|orserlras| |aroor yarg oerlaroar secara s|gr|l||ar d| alrosler pasca Revo|us| lrduslr|, |era||ar suru our|
d|per||ra|ar a|ar ra|| 5 C yarg oera||oal pada |e|acauar ||||r d| serua oe|arar our|.
lular seoaga| oag|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup rerupa|ar assel peroargurar yarg d|per|u|ar urlu| |esejarleraar
rarus|a yarg perarlaalarrya per|u d||eslar||ar dar l|da| rer|rou||ar degradas| ||rg|urgar. Kord|s|
|erusa|ar rular yarg aral parar se|ararg |r| rerupa|ar a|ar rasa|ar ||rg|urgar r|dup, rasa|ar |r|
rerupa|ar |el|rpargar yarg lerjad| da|ar sualu e|os|sler yarg d|a||oal|ar o|er lerpulusrya s|||us
o|ogeo||r|a |arera ada ursur e|os|sler yarg r||arg. Korvers| rular rerjad| |arar ror produ|l|l lerradap
||rg|urgar r|dup rerupa|ar sa|ar salu peryeoao l|rou|rya rasa|ar, seperl| : oarj|r, |e|er|rgar, |er|s||rar
dar |e|aparar yarg rerupa|ar rasa|ar rul|r oeroaga| daerar d| lrdores|a dar rerjad| rasa|ar g|ooa|.
Vasyara|al pur dapal juga oerparl|s|pas| da|ar re|eslar||ar W||ayar pes|s|r yarg rer||||| oarya| rarlaal
oag| |er|dupar rarus|a. w||ayar pes|s|r rerupa|ar daerar perleruar arlara daral dar |aul, |e arar daral
re||pul| : oag|ar daralar oa|| |er|rg raupur lererdar a|r yarg ras|r d|pergarur| s|lal-s|lal |aul, seperl|
pasarg surul, arg|r |aul, dar pereroesar a|r as|r. w||ayar pes|s|r secara urur reroer||ar garoarar oesar,
oelapa |orp|e|s|las a|l|v|las e|oror| dar e|o|og| lerjad| d| W||ayar |r|.
Verarggu|arg| oarj|r d| Ja|arla per|u perar a|l|l rasyara|al. Perprov 0Kl le|ar rer|rjar dara |epada 8ar|
0ur|a seoesar Rp 1,2 lr|||ur rarya urlu| rergeru| |a|| d| Ja|arla yarg perur sarpar dar |urpur. Ka|au l|da|
d|du|urg o|er rasyara|al dergar rerouarg sarpar |e surga|, ra|a usara Perprov 0Kl a|ar s|a-s|a. Jad|,
upaya rer|r|ra||ar lerjad|rya oarj|r sargal lergarlurg pada |esadarar rasyara|al da|ar rerjaga
||rg|urgar ras|rg-ras|rg.
Verarlaal|ar roda| sos|a| juga rerupa|ar sa|ar salu la|lor perl|rg da|ar rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar
|erusa|ar sos|a|. 3eperl| |asus oercara oarj|r yarg re|arda Ja|arla larur arggarar 2008, Perprov 0Kl
le|ar rerga|o|as||ar arggarar urlu| perarggu|argar oarj|r seoesar Rp 813,9Z1 r|||ar. llu oerupa
pergeru|ar |a||, pe|erjaar peroa||ar p|rlu-p|rlu a|r, dar percepalar peroeoasar |arar 8KT. 3e|a|r |lu
perer|rlar le|ar rery|ap|ar arggarar dar| AP8N / AP80 urlu| peroeoasar larar oargurar dar
rerpercepal proses peroayarar garl| rug|.
lrsl|lus| sos|a| pur rere|||| perar yarg sargal perl|rg oag| upaya peroa||ar ||rg|urgar r|dup. 3eperl| da|ar
peralurar perer|rlar ya|lu urdarg-urdarg |rg|urgar l|dup (uul) yarg rererlu|ar oarWa sel|ap orarg
rerpurya| ra| alas ||rg|urgar yarg oa|| dar seral. Juga sel|ap orarg rerpurya| ra| dar |eWaj|oar urlu|
oerperar serla da|ar perge|o|aar ||rg|urgar r|dup, Waj|o rere||rara dar rercegar serla rerarggu|arg|
|erusa|ar dar percerarar yarg dapal rerusa| ||rg|urgar.
Corlor orgar|sas| rasyara|al ada|ar wAll. 0ergar du|urgar 33 |eroaga parl|s|par yarg lerd|r| dar| 23
|eroaga sWadaya rasyara|al dar 10 |e|orpo| perc|rla a|ar, wAll Jogja|arla oer|erja pada oeoerapa
|aWasar da|ar upaya rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar.
0rgar|sas| sWasla dapal juga ||ul aro|| oag|ar da|ar upaya rerarggu|arg| rasa|ar |erusa|ar ||rg|urgar.
3a|ar salurya yarg d||a|u|ar o|er 0V alau 0ara V|lra |rg|urgar yarg re|a|sara|ar sualu prograr yarg
oerrara co C|ly. co C|ly rerupa|ar sualu prograr |roval|l yarg re||oal|ar oeroaga| |orporer d| sualu
|ola urlu| reWujud|ar |ola yarg rarar ||rg|urgar.
0a|ar ra| peroa||ar ||rg|urgar r|dup, ada larlargar oesar yarg d|radap| daerar-daerar, ya|lu sera||r
re|uasrya gargguar perya||l dar ||rg|urgar, sera||r |arg|arya parl|s|pas| rasyara|al da|ar
rerye|esa||ar rasa|ar ||rg|urgar. Pergerda||ar po|us| pera|rar dar udara, peryed|aar a|r oers|r dar upaya
perge|o|aar sar|las| ||rg|urgar |a|rrya rarus |eo|r oarya| rerdapal|ar perral|ar. Per|rg|alar pe|ayarar
lerus d|l|rg|al|ar, |rususrya oag| go|orgar rasyara|al yarg rerlar lerradap perya||l a||oal rusa|rya
||rg|urgar r|dup. la| lerseoul rarus d|larggu|arg| dar pe|ayarar |eseralar rasyara|al |ola rarus
d||eroarg|ar sesua| dergar per|eroargar rasyara|al |ola.
Adarya |erjasara arlara p|ra| perer|rlar dergar p|ra| |a|r serla rasyara|al da|ar upaya rerarggu|arg|
rasa|ar ||rg|urgar sargal|ar perl|rg. Kererler|ar |rg|urgar l|dup (Kl) sedarg oerupaya agar Ara||sa
Vergera| 0arpa| |rg|urgar (AV0A) dapal oerja|ar dergar ele|l|l d| daerar-daerar yarg oaru
d|oerdaya|ar.
upaya perer|rlar urlu| reWujud|ar |er|dupar ad|| dar ra|rur oag| ra|yalrya larpa rarus rer|rou||ar
|erusa|ar ||rg|urgar d|l|rda||arjul| dergar reryusur prograr peroargurar oer|e|arjular yarg ser|rg
d|seoul seoaga| peroargurar oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar. Peroargurar
oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar ada|ar usararer|rg|al|ar |ua||las rarus|a secara oerlarap dergar rererral||ar
la|lor ||rg|urgar. Peroargurar oerWaWasar ||rg|urgar d||era| dergar rara Peroargurar 8er|e|arjular.
Korsep peroargurar oer|e|arjular rerupa|ar |esepa|alar ras|| KTT 8ur| d| R|o de Jer|ro larur 1992.