LESSON 4 UNDERSTANDING LENSES

Introduction A lens is a transparent material which consists of at least one curved surface. Images formed by lenses due to the phenomenon of refraction of light. Rays of light travelling through the optical centre pass through the lens in a straight line. Rays of light from objects at infinity ( distant objects) are parallel rays. Types of lenses (i) Convex lens @ Converging lens @ Positive lens

Optical centre , P

: A point which all rays traveling through this point pass through the lens in a straight line. : A straight

Principal axis , AB line which

(ii) Concave lens @ Diverging lens @ Negative lens

passes through the optical centre ,P at a right angles to the plane of the lens. Principal focus, F : A point on the principal (Focal point) axis to which incident rays of light traveling parallel to the principal axis , converge after refraction through a convex lens. Or A point on the principal

Common terminology of lenses

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axis from which incident rays of light traveling parallel to the principal axis appear to diverge after refraction through a concave lens. Focal length , f distance : The

Example 1 A convex lens of focal length 40 cm. Determine the power of the lens. Solution

between the principal focus ,F and the optical centre ,P. Object distance , u : Distance of the object from the optical centre,P : Distance of

Example2 A lens with a power - 5D. (a) Calculate the focal length of the lens. (b) What is the type of the lens? Solution

Image distance , v the

image from the optical centre,P Power of lenses (P) Power of a lens . atau 100 f( cm) The unit of power of a lens is Dioptre (D) or m-1 Convex lens : the power is taken to be positive Concave lens : the power is taken to be negative P = 1 f = 1

Experiment to estimate the focal length of a convex lens. A convex lens is turned to face a distant object. The position nof the screen is adjusted until a sharp inverted image is formed on the screen. The distance of the screen from the optical centre of the lens is measured =x The focal length of the lens = x Experiment to estimate the power of a convex lens. A convex lens is turned to face a distant object. The position nof the screen is adjusted until a sharp inverted image is formed on the screen.

Focal length @ P =

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The distance of the screen from the optical centre of the lens is measured =x The focal length of the lens = x The power of the lens is determined by using the formula Power = 1 . Focal length To determine the characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lens by using ray diagrams. Ray diagrams for Convex lens (a) u<f

(c) f < u < 2f

Characteristics of image : .. .. (d) u = 2f

Characteristics of image : (b) u = f

Characteristics of image : ... .. (e) u > 2f

Characteristics of image :
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Characteristics of image :

 ..

(f)

u Ray diagrams for Concave lens (a) u < f

OR

Characteristics of image : OR Characteristics of image : . ................ . Conclusion: Object distance ,u u<f u=f f <u< 2f u = 2f u > 2f u= Characteristics of image Characteristics of image : .. Conclusion: . (b) f<u <2f

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Object distance ,u u<f f < u < 2f

Characteristics of image

Image distance, v

+ if the image is real ( image is formed on the right side of the lens. - if the image is virtual ( image is formed on the left side of the lens.

+ if the image is real ( image is formed on the right side of the lens. - if the image is virtual ( image is formed on the left side of the lens.

To determine the characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lens by using ray Lens equations

Focal Always + Always length, f ower of Always + Always length, P Linear Size of image magnification,m Image and ImI =1 object are the same size Enlarged image ImI >1 Diminished ImI <1 image Example 3

f = focal length distance v = image distance linear magnification ho = object height height Sign Conventions Convex lens Object Always + distance Object is ,u always placed to the left of the lens

u = object m=

hi = image

An object of height 2 cm is placed at 30 cm from a convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm. What is (a) the image distance (b) the linear magnification (c) the image height (d) the characteristics of the image Solution

Concave lens Always + Object is always placed to the left of the lens

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Experiment to investigate the realtionship between the object distance,u and the image distance, v for a convex lens. Example 4 An object of height 6 cm is placed at 20 cm from a concave lens of power 2.5 D. What is (a) the image distance (b) the image height (c) the linear magnification (d) the characteristics of the image Solution Hypothesis: The image distance ,v decreases as the object distance increases. Aim of the experiment : To investigate the relationship between the object distance,u and the image distance,v. Variables in the experiment: Manipulated variable: object distance,u Responding variable: image distance, v Fixed variable: focal length of the lens, f List of apparatus and materials: Convex lens, lens holder, white screen, cardboard with a cross-wire in a triangular cut-out , light bulbs and ruler Arrangement of the apparatus:

Meaning of real image and virtual image A real imge is one which can be cast on a screen. A virtual imge is one which cannot be cast on a screen. Effect on the image produced when the upper portion of a lens is covered by a card. The size and position of the image is the same as before. The brightness of the image, however , is reduced.

The procudere of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. The distance between the cardboard and the convex lens is measured by using a ruler , u The screen is moved back and forth until a sharp image is formed on it. The distance between the screen and the lens is measured , v. The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other object distances ,u. Tabulate the data:

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u v Analysis the data: Plot the graph v against u

From the equation , 1 u=v f = 1 u + 1 v and

Determination of the focal length by using graph method. (i) Graph 1 against 1 or vice versa u v .

Conclusion :

(iii) Graph m against v

From the equation , 1 f = 1 u + 1 v

From the equation , 1 m=v f u = 1 u + 1 v and

Conclusion :

(ii) Graph u against v or vice versa

Conclusion :

(iv) Graph 1 against u m ______________________

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(vi) Graph u against 1 m

From the equation , 1 m=v f u = 1 u + 1 v and From the equation , 1 m=v f u = 1 u + 1 v and

Conclusion : Conclusion :

v) Graph v against m

From the equation , 1 m=v f u = 1 u + 1 v and

Conclusion :

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Which of the following diagrams is true?

TUTORI
1 The image produced by a lens is caused by the A B C D 2 total internal reflaction of ray diffraction of ray refraction of ray reflection of ray

The diagram shows parallel rays of light is incident to a combination of plastics with different refractive index.

Which of the following drawing is not correct path of the light rays?

Which of the following diagrams is correct? 5 Which of the following is true?

The diagram shows parallel rays of light passing through a liquid in glass container. [ The refractive index of the liquid = 1.35 ]

A The unit of the power of lens is Watt B The power of a convex lens is negative C A lens with a shorter focal length has a lower power D The rays of light passes through the optical centre of lens without any refraction 6 Diagram shows light rays passing through a convex lens .

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What is the distance P ? A B C D 7 Image distance Object distance Focal length Optical length 11 What is the power of a convex lens which has a focal length 50 cm ? A C E -0.2 D -2.0 D 4.0 D B D 0.2 D 2.0 D

The diagram shows the action of a magnifying glass. Which point is the principal focus of the lens?

12 The power of a lens is - 40 D. What is the type of the lens and its focal length? 8 The diagram shows an image ,I is formed by a convex lens. Where is the position of the object? Type of length length A Concave lens 102 m B Concave lens x 10-2 m C Convex lens 102 m D Convex lens 10-2 m E Concave lens 10-2 m Focal -2.5 x -2.5 -2.5 x -2.5 x -4.0 x

The diagram shows an image ,I is formed by a concave lens. Where is the position of the object?

13 A convex lens of focal length ,f. The lens produces a enlarged , virtual and upright image.The object distance is A B C D less than f between f and 2f same as 2f more than 2f

10 Figure shows four light rays A,B,C and D passing through a convex lens. F is the focal point of the length. Which of the following path of the light rays is not correct?

14 A light bulb is placed at the principal focus of a convex lens. After travelling through the lens the rays of light is A B C parallel converge diverge

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15 The focal length of a convex lens is f . Which of the following object distances , u will produced an inverted image ? A C u<f f < u < 2f B D u >f u > 2f Which of the following is not true? A The focal length of the lens is 60 cm B The linear magnification is 1 C The image I is a real image 19 A convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm is turned to face a distant object. The position of the screen is adjusted until a sharp inverted image is formed on the screen. What is the distance of the screen from the lens ? A cm C cm E u / cm the image A B C D 10 15 35 45 Virtual and bigger Virtual and bigger Real and smaller Real and smaller Characteristics of 50.0 cm 20 The characteristics image is produced by a concave lens is A B C D magnified,virtual,upright diminished,virtual,upright magnified,real,inverted diminished,real,inverted 25.0 cm D 40.0 15.0 cm B 20.0

16 The diagram shows an object which is placed at u cm from centre of a convex lens. The focal length of the lens is 20 cm.

Which of the following characteristics of the image is not correct when u is 10 cm ,15 cm , 35 cm and 45 cm from the lens?

17 An object is placed 25 cm in front of a convex lens and its image is formed at infinity. If the object is placed 20 cm in front of the lens , the image is A B C the inverted smaller than object formed on the same side as object

21 An object is placed at 18.0 cm from a convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm. What is the the characteristics of image ? A B C D virtual, upright and magnified real, inverted and magnified virtual ,upright and diminished real, inverted and diminished

18 The diagram shows an object ,O is placed in front of a convex lens produced an image , I.

22 A lens is placed between a light bulb and a secreen. The distance between the light bulb and screen is 60.0 cm. The position of the lens is adjusted until the size of the
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image is same as the size of the object. What is the type and the focal lenghth of the lens? Type of lens length A cm B cm C cm D 15 cm Convex lens Convex lens Concave lens Concave lens Focal 30 15 30

D 26.7 cm side of the

as the object the other lens as the object

25 The diagram shows an image I of an object O is formed by a convex lens.

23 An object is placed at a distance 10 cm in front of a convex lens of power 5D. What is the image distance and the characteristic of the image? Image distance Characteristic of the image 10.0 cm Virtual Real image Virtual Real image

What is the linear magnification of the image? A C E 0.5 3.0 5.0 B D 1.0 4.0

A image B 10.0 cm C 20.0 cm image D 20.0 cm

26 An object is placed at a distance30 cm from a convex lens with a focal length of 25.0 cm. What is the linear magnification ? A C E 2 4 6 B D 3 5

24 An object is placed at a distance 80 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. What is the image distance and the characteristic of the image? Image distance Characteristic of the image A 16.0 cm of the lens B 16.0 cm side of the C 26.7 cm of the lens same side as the object the other lens as the object same side

27 A convex lens with a focal length of 20.0 cm to form an image which is 2 times the size of the object. What is the object distance ? A cm C cm E 60.0 cm 28 An object of height 5 cm is placed at 15 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10.0 cm. What is the image height ? A C 5 cm 15 cm D B 10 cm 20 cm 30.0 cm D 40.0 10.0 cm B 15.0

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25 cm

29 An object of height 6.0 cm is placed at 8 cm from a convex lens of power 50 D. What is the image height? A 2 cm B 4 cm C 5 cm D 6 cm E 8 cm 30 A convex lens is used to produce a real, magnified and inverted image. What is the effect on the image produced when the upper portion of the lens is covered by a coin ? A The upright image is formed B The size of the image is reduced C The brightness of the image is reduced 31 The diagram shows a graph of object distance,u against image distance ,v of the lens.

What is the focal length of the lens? A cm C cm E 18.0 cm 16.0 cm D 17.0 14.0 cm B 15.0

33 The Figure shows an image of letters FIZI when viewed through a glass of water.

What is the focal length of the lens? A C E 5 cm 20 cm 80 cm D B 10 cm 40 cm

32 The diagram shows a graph of image distance,v against linear magnification ,m of the lens.

(a) State the light phenomenom that causes the image FIZI to be enlarged.

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(b) What is the change size of the image if the water is replaced with a transparent liquid of a greater density? (c) The glass of water is replaced with a lens M with focal length of 10 cm. The distance between the book cover and the centre of the lens is 8 cm. It is observed that the image FIZIK is enlarged. (i) Name the type of lens M.

34 The figure shows parallel light rays are incident onto a convex lens . The light rays converge after passing through the lens.

.. (ii) Calculate the distance of the image from lens M.

(a) What is the position of the object? ................................................. ................... (b) State the characteristics of the image. ................................................. ................... (c) Determine the power of the lens.

(iii) In the space below sketch a ray diagram to show how the image is formed.

(d) An object 4 cm in height places at a distance 15 cm from the lens. Calculate (i) the image distance

(ii) the image height

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(iii) the characteristics of the image ........................................... ................ ........................................... ............... (e) When a light bulb is placed in front of the convex lens , parallel light rays is produced after passing through the lens. What is the position of the light bulb? ................................................. ................... 35 The diagram shows an object is placed in front of a convex of focal length 15.0 cm. (c) The object height is 2.5 cm,calculate the image height. (d) What will happen to the characteristis of the image when (i) the convex lens is replaced by a concave lens of focal length 15.0 cm. ........................................... ................. ........................................... ................. (ii) the object is placed at the 10 cm mark. ........................................... ................. ........................................... ................. 36 When an object is placed 40 cm from a convex lens ,the image formed is of the same size as the object. (a) Determine, (i) the focal length of the lens (a) (i) Complete the ray diagram in the diagram above to show the formation of the final image. (ii) State the characteristics of the image. ........................................... ................. (b) Determine the linear magnification.

(ii)

the power of the lens

(b) If the object is now placed in front of the lens, an image which is 4 times the size of the object is formed. (i) Calculate the object distance.

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(ii) State the characteristics of the image. ........................................... ................. (c) State the light phenomenom that causes the image is formed by the lens? ................................................. .................. (d) What is the effect on the image produced when the lower portion of the lens is covered by a card? ................................................. ..................

37 The figure shows two different situations for two long sighted men X and Y . To correct the longsighted ,a concave lens is used. .

State one suitable inference that can be made. (b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an investigation. (c) With the use of apparatus such as convex lens , screen, and other apparatus , describe an experimental framework to test your hypothesis. In your description , state clearly the following: (i) Aim of the experiment (ii) Variables in the experiment (iii) List of apparatus and materials (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus (v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. (vi) Way you would tabulate the data (vii)Way you would analysis the data
(a)

Observe the thickness of each lens and focusing of each images to correct the long-sighted. Based on the observations:

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