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niuton-laibonit. Tuy nhin l i vi cc hm s c tch phn xc inh tc l c th tm ra nguyn hm thay cn. V nh tnh th ta tm nguyn hm thay cn trn v cn di v tm hiu ca chng. i vi 1 s hm s ta khng th tm c nguyn hm thay cn v ng ngha vi vic ta khng th tnh c n 1 cch chnh xc m cn dng n cc phng php tnh gn ng tch phn. Tuy nhin vi 1 bi ton yu cu xt tnh hi t th ta khng th p dng cng thc gn ng c v qu rm r. l l do ta cn bit n cc du hiu hi t ca tch phn. Cc v d di y thuc dng hm c th tm c nguyn hm thay cn ri tnh lim. 1) Vi I=
( ( ) )
=2
=2 lim
= lim
t x= tant , ta c I=
=0,5 arctan 0
(cos 2 + 1)dt
arctan 0
= lim (0,5arctan a+0,25 sin(2arctan a)) =0,5. + 0,25 sin = /4 Do I= /2 R rng tch phn I tn ti hu hn nn I hi t
Ch : bi ch yu cu xt s hi t ca mt tch phn m khng yu cu tnh c th gi tr th mnh c th dng du hiu hi t. Hm f(x)<g(x) m g(x) hi t th f(x) cng hi t Ngc li f(x)<g(x) m f(x) phn k th g(x) phn k Hiu n gin f(x) v g(x) nh 2 ngi ln lt gy v bo v tnh hi t xem nh vic c th i qua 1 cnh cng v s phn k nh vic khng th i qua. nu ngi bo c th i qua cng th d nhin anh gy c th i qua v hiu tng t cho trng hp phn k :d Nhng nu bi yu cu xt s hi t ri tnh m ta bit trc tch phn hi t th nn tnh ra 1 gi tr xc nh ri ly lm cn c khng nh. y gi l nht tin h song iu !?? Nh cch lm trn. 2)
^ ^
dx = lim
^ ^
dx= lim I
Vi I=
dx
(sin )^5 )
=32
(1
vi u=cos t )
cos (arcsin 1
cos (arcsin 1
) =256/15
(v ->0+ th arcsin(
)->/2 do cos(arcsin
) ->0 )
Tch phn I tn ti hu hn nn I hi t. 3)
( )
Ci ny lm tng t nh cu trn nh nhng khc 1 cht xu l c cn trn v cn di u lm cho mu bng 0 tc lm cho hm s gin on nn cn dng gii hn kp nh cng thc 6.9.7 trang 158 Nu khng mun lm gii hn kp th tch nh sau:
( )
Nguyn tc ca vic tch ra th ny l trnh phi dng tch phn kp Cn ch l 1 cn do mnh chn. nn chn sao cho trung bnh ca 2 cn trn di Ri lm tng t nh trn cho tng ci mt. c th lm cho 1 ci ri dng php tng t l lun. tc l lm cho ci Thc hin tng t cho Cch tnh tch phn hm
, / ( , ( ) / ( )
dc kt qu ri vit
ta dc kt qu l
nh sau
(1 x)
dx. (*)
i chiu cng thc mc c) ta thy m=-0,5; n=1; p=-0,5. Vy tha mn iu kin +1 + Nn t 1=t^2 tc = t y suy ra 1/x=t^2+1 v tnh c dx tip tc nhn c 2 v cho x^2 ta c x(1-x)= cui cng thay tt c vo (*) tnh tch phn mi theo n t, v ch i bin th i lun c cn. c2, bin i lng gic ha. X(1-x)=x-x^2=
p s l hi t v kt qu = 4)
im khc ca bi ny l x=1(im lm hm gin on) nm trong khong 2 cn trn v cn di do vy mnh ly n lm cn cn tch Tc l tch
( )
=-
5) Bi ny li c 2 im lm cho hm b gin on nm trong khong gia 2 cn. vy 2 im s l 2 cn ta cn chn tch Vy ta tch nh sau: Ring ci
,
Tm li C cc dng c bn sau trong bi ton xt tnh hi t Dng 1.1: on Ta bin i phn I = ( ) ( ) =lim
( )
hoc :
( ) ( )
= lim
vi I =
( )
Ri tnh tch
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
= lim vi I=
( )
Sau tnh tch phn I v thay cn vo ri tnh lim bnh thng ( Xem v d 2 trn) Nu hm gin on cn di cch lm tng t ch c khc l lim Dng 3 I = ( )
( )
Cch lm: dng gii hn kp hoc tch lm 2 tch phn nh sao cho cc tch phn nh ch b gin on ti 1 cn Tc l I = ( ) =I= ( ) +I= ( ) vi c l im mnh chn bt
k(thng l nm trung bnh khong gia 2 cn a, b) m ti c hm khng b gin on Xem v d 3) trn Dng 4 I = ( ) vi hm f(x) khng b gin on cn nhng li gin on 1
im c thuc khong gia 2 cn Cch lm l tch I = hm b gin on I = ( ) thnh 2 tch phn nh vi cn trung gian l gi tr m ti ( ) = ( ) + ( )
Hai tch phn nh mnh va tch thuc dng 2) dng m hm b gin on ti 1 trong 2 cn. do vy lm dng ny cn lm dc dng 2)
Tuy nhin mnh khng cn tnh c 2 tch phn va tch m ch tnh 1 ci ri dng php tng t din t trnh mt thi gian Dng 5 I = ( ) trong hm f(x) khng b gin on ti cn no nhng b gin
on ti 2 im c,d thuc khong gia 2 cn Cch lm tch I = I= ( ) =I= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) thnh cc tch phn nh m cn trung gian ln lt l c,d + ( ) ( ) + ( )
Trong 2 cn cn
lm dc dng ny cn lm dc dng 2 v 3
V y l cc hm khng th tnh c nguyn hm do vy khng th thay cn v tnh lim nh cc phng php trn. Do vy ta dng du hiu hi t ca tch phn trong sgk 1)
( )
> 1/x m
chng minh c
phn k nn tch phn cho phn k (du hiu trnh by trn) 2) dx t cn suy ra x thuc 1 n cng v cng
Ta c e^(-x^2) c o hm cp 1 l -2x. e^(-x^2)<0 vi mi x >0 do vy hm e^(-x^2) s nghch bin vi mi x >0 nn phn k. Ngoi ra cn c du hiu xt t s nh nh l 2 trang 155 nhng hin ti t cha tm c v d minh ha vi li t ngh ra ci nh bn mnh qu nn t khng a vo y. < 1/ m phn k nn t phn cho cng